Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

Continuous Time Fourier Transform

Objective

Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:

 Express a continuous time signal in frequency domain in terms of Fourier Transform.

 Learn basic properties of Fourier Transform.
 Learn the conditions for distortion-less transmission through LTI System.

Introduction:

In previous chapter, we expressed periodic signals as combination of complex exponentials

and in this chapter we will do the same for aperiodic signals. A large class of signals
including all finite energy signals are aperiodic and can be expressed in terms of complex
exponentials. In Fourier series representation, the complex exponentials were harmonically
related whereas in Fourier Transform the separation between complex exponentials is
infinitesimal or we can say that spectrum is continuous.

Fourier said that aperiodic signals can be viewed as periodic signals with infinite period and
2
thus the separation between complex exponential 0  goes to zero and spectrum
T
becomes continuous.

The synthesis of time domain signal from its frequency domain representation in terms of
Fourier Transform is termed as Inverse Fourier Transform.

Fourier Transform

 For Continuous time signals, Fourier Transform is called as Continuous Time Fourier
Transform (CTFT) and for discrete signals it is called as Discrete Time Fourier Transform
(DTFT).

Continuous Fourier Transform

These equations are used to find Fourier Transform of a signals and analyze the frequency
components of a signals and hence these are termed as Analysis Equation.

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

 x t e
 jt
X()  dt


 x t e
 j2 ft
X(f)  dt


Inverse Fourier Transform

These equations are used to derive signal in time domain from frequency domain and hence
these are termed as Synthesis Equation.


1
x(t)   X   e jtd
2 

Drichlet’s Conditions

Like in Fourier Series these conditions must be satisfied for Fourier Transform to converge.

x  t  dt  

1) x(t) must be absolutely integrable 

2) x(t) must have finite number of discontinuities.

3) X(t) must have finite number of maxima and minima.

So, here expect the periodicity condition on x(t), all other conditions must be satisfied for
Fourier Transform to exist.

Note:

1. the spectrum of Fourier Transform is always continuous frequency response

2. its magnitude response is symmetrical and phase response is anti-symmetrical

Solved Examples


Problem: Find Fourier Transform of signal x t  e u t . Sketch magnitude & phase
 at

spectrum

  at jt  1   at j t  

   e u  t  e
 
Solution: X  
 at  jt
dt   e e  at  j t
dt   e dt    e
0 0
 a  j    0

1 a  j
X     2 
a
j

a  j a  2 a2  2 a2  2

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

1
X   
a2  2

 
   tan1  
a


Problem: Find Fourier Transform of signal x t  e u t .
at
 
0 0  1    a  j  t  0
   eatu  t  e jtdt   eate j tdt   ea jtdt

Solution: X     e
 a  j    

1
X   
a  j

Problem: Find Fourier Transform of signal x(t)

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

T  jt
2A  T 
Solution: X     2T Ae
 j T j T
2
dt  A e 2  e 2   sin  

2  j  
  2 

sin x F.T.  w 
 S inc(x)    ASa  
x  2 
sinx
 Sa(x)  F.T.
  A sinc  f 
x

4
Theoretical BW 
T

2
Practical BW  because negative frequencies do not exist practically.
T

 Gain  BW  constant

Problem: Find Fourier Transform of signal x(t) = (t)

 

Solution: X    (t)e dt  e 1
 jt  j 0


Problem: The Fourier transform of signal x(t) shown in figure below is

1
X(j )   A  e j   3e j  
j  

such that the value of A is ______________

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

Solution:

X(j )   x(t)e dt
jt



1 2
  2 e jt dt   3e jt dt
0 1

2 1 3 2
 e jt   e jt 
 j   0  j  1

1
 2  2e j  3e j  3e j 
j  

1
 2  e j  3e j  ................(1)
j  

From the given problem, we have

1
X( j)   A  e j  3e j  ...............(2)
j  

So, comparing equation (1) and (2), we get

A=2

Properties of Fourier Transform

1. Symmetry or duality

if x  t  
F.T.
 X  


Then x t 
F.T.
 2X  or x t 
 X f    F.T.
 
2. Linearity

if x1  t  
F.T.
 X1  

if x2  t  
F.T.
 X 2  


Then ax1 t  bx2 t  
 aX1   bX1  F.T.
   

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

Solved Examples

Problem: Find Fourier Transform of signal x(t) = 1


Solution:  t 
1 F.T.

F.T.
1  2    2      f 

a t
Problem: Find Fourier Transform of the signal x t  e 
a t

Solution: x t  e  eatu t   eatu t 

X    1  1   2a 
   
a  j a  j  a2  2 

a t
Problem: Find Fourier Transform of the signal x t  e  sgn(t)

at
Solution: e sgn  t   eatu  t   eatu  t 

1 1 2 j
X     
a  j a  j a2  2
 
Relation between nature of signal in time domain and frequency domain

Time Domain Fourier Transform

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

Solved Examples

Problem: Consider the following statements regarding the CTFT of two function f1 (t) and
f2 (t) shown in the figure

1. CTFT of f1 (t) is real and even

2. CTFT of f2 (t) is real and odd
3. CTFT of f1 (t) is imaginary and even
4. CTFT of f2 (t) is imaginary and odd

Which of the above statements are true?

Solution: f1 (t) is a real valued even function, therefore its CTFT is also real and even

f2 (t) is a real valued odd function so its CTFT is imaginary and odd.

3. Time shifting
If x  t  
F.T.
 X  
 jt0
Then x  t  t0  
F.T.
e X  

4. Time scaling

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  

1  
Then x  at  
F.T.
 X 
a a

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

5. Time Reversal

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  j 

Then x  t  
F.T.
 X   j 

6. Conjugation

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  j 

Then x *  t  
F.T.
 X *   j 

7. Shifting in frequency

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  

x  t    X    0 
j0t F.T.
Then e

Solved Examples

Problem: Find Transfer Function of the system described by the following equation
y  t   x  t  2  x  t  2

Solution: Y   e   j2
X    e j2X  

Y  
 e j2  e j2  2 jsin  2
X  

Problem: Find Fourier Transform of the signal x t  cos 0t 

j0t  j0t
Solution: x t  cos 0t  e
 e
2
F.T.
1   2  


X         0       0  

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

8. Differentiation in time

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  

d
Then x  t  
F.T.
 jX  
dt
dn
x  t     j X  
F.T. n

dtn

9. Integration in time

If x  t  
F.T.
 X  

t
X  
 x    d 
F.T.
Then + X(0)()

j

Solved Examples

Problem: Find Transfer Function of the system described by the following equation
d2
y t  x  t  3
dt2

Solution: y  t   d 2 x  t  3  e3 j  j X  

2 2

dt

Y  
X  

 2e3 j 

Problem: Find its Fourier Transform of the signal shown below

t
 =


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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

dx
Solution:
dt
t 

d2 x
dt2
t 

d2 x  t  A 2A A
   t     t    t  
dt 2
  

 j X    A e j  2A  A e j  2A 2A 2A

2


cos  



 cos t  1
2A 4A   
X    2 
1  cos    2 sin2    A sin2     ASa2   
   
   2    2  2   2 
 
 2 

F
Problem: If x(t)   X(j )  8 sinc2 ( / ) , then plot signal x(t)?

Solution: Consider a triangular function shown in figure

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)
We know that Fourier transform of the triangular function is

t F   
     sinc2  
  2 
For  =2
t F  2 
    2 sinc2  
2  2 
1 t F  
    sinc2  
2 2 
8 t F  
    8 sinc2  
2 2 
t F  
x(t)  4     8 sinc2  
2 

10. Differentiation in frequency

F.T.
If x(t)  X( )

F.T. d
Then  jtx(t)   X()
d
F.T. dn X()
(  jt)n x(t)  
dn

F.T.
 tneat x(t)  n!
(a  j)n1

11. Convolution

In Time:

x1 (t) * x2 (t)  X1 ()X 0 ()

x1 (t) * x2 (t)  X1 (f)X 2 (f)

In Frequency:

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)
1
x1 (t)x2 (t)  (X () * X 2 ())
2 1
x1 (t)x2 (t)  (X1 (f) * X2 (f))

Solved Examples
Problem: x(t)  eatu(t) is convolved with ebtu(t) . Find response?

 1  1  1  1 1 
Solution: Y()  X()H() =      
 a  j   b  j  (b  a)  a  j b  j 

1
y(t)  [eat  ebt ]u(t)
(b  a)

Problem: Find the inverse Fourier transform of X(j ) shown below

Solution: In rectangular function, X(j ) can be written as

2  2
X(j )  rect    rect  
 2   2 
1  
Since sinc(t) 
F
 rect  
 2
By applying frequency shift property.

1 1
x(t)  sinc(t)e j2  sinc(t)e j2
 
1
 sinc(t) e j2  e j2 

2
 sinc(t)cos 2 t


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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

Some common Fourier Transform Pairs

Signal Fourier Transform

 
ak    k0 
jkw0t
 ak e
K 
2 
k 

e
jkw0t
2    0 

cos w 0 t      0       0  

sin w 0 t               
j 0 0 

1 2  
 
2  2k 
   t  nT 
n
  
T K   T 


1, t  T1 2sin T1

x t  
0, t  T1 
(sin wt)/πt 1,   w
x    
0,   w
 t 1
u(t) 1
   
j
  t  t0  e
 jt0

eatu  t  ,Re  a  0 1
a  j

Solved Examples

Problem: The Fourier transform of signal shown below is

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

 e jt  e jt 
Solution: y(t)  sin(  t) x(t)    x(t)
 2j 
Taking Fourier transform using the frequency shifting property

1 1
Y(j )  X  j(   )  X  j(  )
2j 2j
sin(  ) sin(  )
 
j(  ) j(  )

Problem: Consider the signal X(j ) shown below whose inverse Fourier transform is x(t).


2
The value of 

x(t) dt is __________

Solution:

 
2 1 2


x(t) dt  
2 
X(j ) d

3 1 1 3
1
2 5
 (  5)2 d   (   1)2 d   (  1)2 d   (   3)2 d
3 1 1

16
  1.698
3


Problem: For the signal shown in previous problem, what is the value of  x(t)e dt ?
j3t



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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)
Solution: e x(t)  X  j(  3) (Frequency shifting property)
j3t F

From the definition of Fourier transform


X  j(   3)   x(t)e e dt
j3t  j t




For   0 ,  x(t)e
j3t
dt  X[j( 3)]  2


Energy Spectral Density

ESD specifies the distribution of energy among the different frequency components in the
signal.

  
1


 (x(t)) dt =  x(t)x * (t)dt   x(t)[  X()e jtd] * dt =

2
E=
  
2 
 
1

2 
X * ()[  x(t)e jtdt]d


  
1 1 1 2
E= 
2 
X( )X * ( )d   
2 
X( )X * ( )d  = 
2 
X( ) d

2
ESD, ()  X()

1

Area under ESD
E= 
2 
()d 
2
  
2 1 2 2
E=

 x(t) dt  
2 
X( ) d = 

X(f) df

Power spectral density (PSD)

PSD defines distribution of power in the signal.

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)
1  Area under PSD
S   d   S  f df 

Average power = 
2  2

X f 
2

S    lim
T  T

Important Point

X  0    x  t  dt  Area under x  t 




Fourier Transform of periodic signal


f t 
jn0t
 Cne
n


F     2Cn    n0 
n


F    2  Cn    n0 
n

So Fourier transform spectrum of periodic signals is always discrete.

Distortion less transmission through LTI system

For distortion less transmission, output response must be exact replica of input response.

y  t   kx  t  t0 

Y    e kX  
 jt0

Y    jt0
 ke
X  

H    K
H    n  t 0 

So the conditions for Distortionless Transmission through a LTI System are:

 Magnitude response must be constant.

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)
 Phase response must be linear.

Phase delay & Group delay

When an input to a system is AC signal the response is known as steady state response.

x  t   A cos  t   


y  t   A H   cos t    H   
The time taken to cause the delay in steady state is known as phase delay or group delay.

Phase delay tp  
The delay caused due to single frequency component in the system known as phase delay.

H      
tp      
 

Group delay tg  
The delay caused due to multiple frequency in the system response is known as group delay.
d d
t g     H       
d d

Solved Examples
Problem: The frequency response of a casual and stable LTI system is
1  j
H(j ) 
1  j

The group delay of the system is?

Solution: H(j )  tan1 ( )  tan1   2tan1 

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 Signals and Systems (Fourier Transform)

d
Group delay ()   H(j )
d
d 2
 ( 2 tan1 ) 
d 1  2

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