Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Sampling

Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:

 Find the discrete time equivalent of a continuous time signal.

 Reconstruct the original signal from its samples.
 Learn about the Sampling Theorem.
 Understand the consequences of violation of Sampling Theorem.

Introduction

A process of converting a continuous time signal into discrete time signal uniformly spaced
in time

Where n=integer and Ts=sampling period

Under certain conditions, the original signal is completely recoverable from knowledge of its
samples. This follows from Sampling Theorem. This is exploited in moving pictures where
each frame represents an instantaneous view is projected at a sufficient fast rate to give an
impression of moving picture.

In many contexts, processing discrete time signals is more flexible and preferable due to the
development of Digital Technology which offers inexpensive, lightweight, programmable and
reproducible discrete time systems.

We exploit sampling to convert a continuous time signal into discrete time signal and then
process the discrete time signal using discrete time system and convert it back to continuous
time signal.

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Ideal sampling (Instantaneous sampling)

In case of Ideal Sampling, impulse function is employed to sample a signal. This is called as
ideal sampling because impulse function has zero width and captures the signal value at an
instant which is required. But in practical scenario impulse functions do not exist and we
generally use sinc functions.

After multiplication of impulse train with the continuous time signal the resulting signal is
also an impulse train but here the strength of each impulse corresponds to the signal value
at that instant.

y n  x  t  .TS  t   x  t 

 TS  t  nTs 
n

s   
  X   *     ns 
1 
Y    X   * s      ns  
2 n 2 n 
s   
   X    ns 
2 n 

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

1 
Y    X    ns 
Ts n


Hence the spectrum of sampled signal contains copies of spectrum of the continuous time
signal repeating at regular intervals of s where s represents angular frequency of
sampling.

Case 1: s  2m


Guard band = s  2m 
Guard Band:The band which prevents from high frequency Components not getting mixed
with low frequency components due to presence of guard band, the complete reconstruction
of original signal from its sample is possible.

Case 2: s  2m

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Aliasing: The phenomenon in which the high frequency components taking the identity of
low frequency components is known as aliasing. This causes distortion in the spectrum of the
sampled signal and it does not remain same as the spectrum of continuous time signal. Due
to this complete reconstruction of signal is not possible.

Case 3: s  2m (Ideal sampling)

Nyquist rate or Sampling rate

The rate or frequency at which signal is sampled without distortion or without aliasing is
known as Nyquist rate.

s  2m or fs  2fm

Nyquist interval or Sampling interval

The time required to sample a signal without distortion or aliasing is known as Nyquist
interval.

Tm
Ts 
2

At fs  2fm  minimum Sampling rate

Tm
Ts   max imum Sampling time
2

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Reconstruction of signal

 Any band limited signal which has no frequency component higher them fm Hz can be
easily recovered from the knowledge of samples taken at a frequency slightly higher than
2fm .
 Reconstruction is done by passing the sampled signal through an ideal low pass filter
having cut off frequency slightly higher than fm as shown above as then the output
spectrum is same as the spectrum of continuous time signal.

Solved Examples
 
Problem: For continuous time signal x t  2cos 250t . Find
a) fm
b) fs , Ts
c) The discrete signal obtained at ideal sampling rate
d) x n ? if Ts  3ms

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Solution:

250
a) fm   125 Hz
2
1
b) fs  2fm  250 Hz, Ts   4ms
250
 1 
c) x n  2cos  250n 
250
  2cos n 
 
 3   3n 
d) x n  2cos  250n    2cos  
 1000   4 

Problem: Which of the following signal can be recovered from its samples taken at 180
samples/sec?

(a) sinc(150 t) (b) 2 sinc(200 t) (c) cos(200 t) (d) sinc2 (150  t)

Solution:

Signal Frequency (fm ) Sampling rate( fs  2fm )

sinc(150 t) 75 Hz 150 Hz

2 sinc(200 t) 100 Hz 200 Hz

cos(200 t) 100 Hz 200 Hz

sinc2 (150  t) 150 Hz 300 Hz

180 Hz>150 Hz. so only sinc(150 t) can be recovered from its sample taken at 180 Hz.

Problem: The frequency spectrum of a signal x(t) is shown in figure below

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

If the signal is sampled with a sampling period Ts   / 2 sec, the spectrum of sampled signal
is?


Solution: Sampling interval, Ts  sec
2

2
Sampling frequency, fs  Hz


s  2fs  4rad / sec

The sampling signal is replica of X(j ) at   0, 4, 8,.......

Problem: If a 100 Hz sinusoidal signal is sampled at the rates of 140 Hz, 90 Hz and 30 Hz.
then the aliased frequencies correspond to each sampling rate will be respectively.

Solution: For sampling rate 140 Hz

Aliased Frequency= fs  fm ,

=140-100=40 Hz fs  fm

For sampling rate 90 Hz

Aliased Frequency= fs  fm ,

=100-90=10 Hz fs  fm

For sampling rate 30 Hz

Aliased Frequency= fs  fm ,

=100-30=70Hz fs  fm

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Problem: The signal x(t)= cos(200 t)  3cos(180 t) is ideally sampled at a frequency of

150Hz and passed through a unit gain Low-pass filter with a cut off frequency of 110 Hz.
what frequency components will be present in the output of LPF?

Solution: Spectrum of given signal

Spectrum of sampled signal with sampling frequency fs  150Hz .

Spectrum of LPF is also shown by dotted lines in the figure above.

So in the output frequency components are 50, 60, 90 and 100 Hz

Problem: A signal whose spectrum is shown in figure below is applied to the following
system.

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)


Where, H(f)  5000  (f  5000k)
n

And cut off frequency of the ideal L-P filter is fc =5KHz. Which of the following frequency
component will be present in Y(f)?

Solution: Output of the first filter

Y1 (f)  X(f) * H(f)

1
X(f)  (f  2)  (f  2)
2
1 
Y1 (f)  (f  2)  (f  2) * 5000  (f  5k)
2 n

 2500[(f  5k  2)  (f  5k  2)]

So Y1 (f) will contain frequency components as f(5k  2)KHz where k=0 to 

i.e. the input to LPF contains frequencies f=2 KHz, 3 Hz, 7 Hz, 8 Hz, 12 Hz.....

After passing through LP-filter with cut off frequency fc =5KHz spectrum of Y(f) will have
component of frequencies f1 =2KHz, f2 =3 KHz only

Problem: A signal represented by x(t)= 5cos 400t is sampled at a rate 300samples/s. the
resulting samples are passed through an ideal low pass filter of cut-off frequency
150Hz. which of the following will be contained in the output of the LPF?

Solution: x(t)= 5cos 400t

Spectrum of signal x(t)

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 Signals and Systems (Sampling)

Sampling frequency fs =300Hz

Spectrum of sampled signal is given by summation of X(f)at frequency 0,  300Hz,  600

Hz..........

So the output of LPF will contain Frequency component of 100 Hz only.

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