FM Radio Receiver

INTRODUCTION

FM Ratio Receiver Project Report. The FM Band transmission has started very
recently in India but its superior technique and quality has attracted the listeners.
Unlike AM, the FM is a separate band and its frequency ranges from 88MHz to 108
MHz. The FM Band can not be received by the conventional AM receivers. Each and
every AM receiver does not incorporate FM facility. The present project is a very low
cost project and it can be fitted to any radio receiver/audio system to receive FM
transmission. The circuit of this project is very simple and can be easily assembled.

Antenna

A theoretical study of radiation from a linear antenna (length l)

Power radiated a (p/l)2

This implies that for the same antenna length, the power radiated by short wavelength
or high frequency signal would be large. Hence the effective power radiated by long
wavelength base band signal would be small for a good transmission, we need high
power hence, this also point out to be need of using high frequency transmission.

Modulation

In amplitude modulated communication, propagation of radio waves from the

transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna takes place in the following two
important ways :

1. Ground Wave Propagation

2. Sky Wave Propagation.

The transmitted radio waves are supported at their lower edge by the ground. The
radio waves have to be vertically polarized, so as to prevent the short circuiting of the
electric field component of the wave. The radio wave induces current in the ground,
over which it passes. It attenuates to some extent due to partial energy absorption by
the ground.

Types of modulations

1. Amplitude Modulation :
In the frequency range 500 kHz. to 30 MHz, amplitude modulation of the signal is
employed and accordingly this frequency range is termed as amplitude modulated
band (AM bond). The earth’s atmosphere is more or less transparent to the
electromagnetic waves in AM band. However, the ionosphere (the topmost layer of
the atmosphere) does not allow the electromagnetic waves in AM band to penetrate it
and they are reflected back. When the frequency of electromagnetic waves is above 40
MHz, they are no longer reflected by the ionosphere but undergo refraction. Keeping
the above facts in view, the amplitude modulated signal in medium wave frequency
range (up to 1500 kHz.) is transmitted by surface wave propagation or also called
ground wave propagation. In the short wave frequency range (from a few MHz to 30
MHz), the amplitude modulated signal is transmitted via reflection from the
ionosphere. It is called sky wave propagation.

2. Frequency Modulation :

For frequencies of electromagnetic waves above 40 MHz, frequency modulation of

the signal is preferred. In the transmission of TV signals, the frequencies of the
electromagnetic waves waves employed ranges from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. The
transmission of electromagnetic waves in this frequency range can neither be made by
surface wave propagation nor by sky wave propagation. The surface wave
propagation is not possible for the reason that the ionosphere cannot reflect the
electromagnetic waves in this frequency range. Further, in the frequency range 30 cm.
to 10 m. FM transmission are made from small antennas.

Advantages

Now-a-days there is a necessity of FM projects in the electronic market. Through this

project different FM stations can be tuned but in India. Presently there is one FM
channel. As such the project is designed for one channel to avoid possible damage of
the coil in tuning again and again. The FM transmission is stereo phonic. As such you
can connect it to any stereo deck and enjoy the stereo sound. Now a days two-in-one
and radios with FM band are available in the market. But without replacing your old
radio set you can connect this project to your old radio/two-in-one and enjoy the FM
transmission. It is quite economical too. Unlike AM receivers, the FM receiver is
assembled through different stages.

(i) FM Amplifier

(ii) Mixer

(iii) Oscillator
(iv) AGC

(v) Discriminator (Detector)

(vi) Audio Pre-Amplifier.

Integrated circuit

All the functions are performed by the IC-5591 which is employed in the circuit. The
audio signal available from the preamplifier is fed to audio output amplifier for further
amplification. The RF of FM band transmission is fed to pin no. 2 of the IC TA5591
through the aerial, which also works for FM amplifier, oscillator and mixer stage. A
ceramic filter of 10.7 MHz. is connected to the local oscillator pin no. 4, 5 and 6 of
IC. A 9 volt DC supply is fed to pin no. 8 of the IC. Pin no. 10 of the IC is
discriminator pin. The audio signal is available from pin no. 11 of the IC. Pin no. 18,
19 and 20 of the IC are IF amplifier pins while pin no. 22 and 24 are local oscillator
pin. Two trimmers are connected to the circuit. The range of the frequency can be
varied by rotating the trimmers. A gang condenser equivalent to the value of the
trimmer can also be used in place of trimmer if available. This project can operate in
the range of 3V to 12 Volt DC supply. However the trimmers are to be adjusted to get
best reception.

Apparatus required

S.No. Part Qty.

1. IC-5591 1

2. Ceramic Filter 10 MHz. 2

3. Resistance 56 E 1

4. Capacitor 470 PF 1

5. Capacitor 22 PF 4

6. Capacitor .022 3

7. 4.7 MFD/63 V. 2

8. One Pole two way switch 1