transports: Public and goods transportations have the biggest impact on noise nuisances, emission

of greenhouse gases and of CO2 and the biggest part of the petrol in the world is used by transports
producing these gases. There exist four types of transports: the road, aerospace, water and by cable
transports. Each of them has bad consequences. The most polluting one is the air transport.

Environmental consequences: There is every year more and more vehicles on roads partly because of
urban spreading. They release a large quantity of CO2, make many noise and have bad smells. These
impacts are direct effects included far-reaching consequences on global warming. Moreover, not
only the displacements cause pollution but also activities linked to the transports, for example
refining petroleum or making the parts we need to build vehicles. Furthermore, infrastructures
needed for vehicles circulation have also damaging effects on the environment.

-Roads cause soil sealing which has a very bad impact on nature. Soil is essential for the water cycle,
for the nutrition of plants, for filtering dirty water and cleaning parts of the surface pollution. If we
build too much roads, environment won’t be able to beneficiate of these aspects and it will increases
risks of inundations and lot of natural problems. Plants and animals are also victims of roads because
it takes them their habitats away and make them live in polluted places. There are also more and
more animals being killed by vehicles while crossing the road every year due to the increase of traffic,
new roads and the increasing speed of vehicles, so this is a threat to biodiversity.

- The maritime industry is the most polluting one just after the air transport. At least 90% of goods
are imported in EU by ship. They pollute a lot the sea by oil spills, pollutants and waste. Population
also create a problem because their demands of cruises increase, so industries construct new sail
ships from which uses the fabrication a great deal of energy. The setting of them need caused
deforestation in Europe and America until the 19th century but then steam engines have been
developed but in a polluted way. These sail ships generate a large quantity of wastewater and of
pollution. Not many ports are equipped in electricity to provide to these ships, so they need to let
theirs motors on have enough electricity on board. So, this affects the quality of air in port towns.
Ecosystems and coral reefs can be damaged by the huge of tourists in the Artic an Antarctic for
instance.

The pollution causes a lot of damage on the agriculture when crops are exposed to air
pollutants. Animals also suffer from this by eating polluted feed and water. Many yields
are lost and the biodiversity decreases.

Social consequences: First of all, noise damage the health and people who live near the roads are
directly concerned by this.

Transports are also responsible of smog formation (fog which recovers cities in summer and winter).
It is formed by polluting gas and particles in the atmosphere and causes deadly diseases like
cardiovascular diseases and lung cancers.

People’s activities are reduced because transports discourage them to walk for instance, so
sedentary lifestyle increases as well as obesity.

In Europe, problems due to the pollution are very important with for example 400.000
premature deaths at least every year and the most vulnerable people (children and the
elderly) are more concerned by health effects due to pollution.

Economic consequences: The economic sector has been very developed with the transport industry
and this led to mundialisation encouraging far destinations. Despite of the success that transports
industry encountered, it as to be creative now because resources needed to make transports work
become more and more rare. So, this implies to create new types of transports, transports of the
future with less impact on the environment. We call that intelligent transports and it has to be
durable. The researches and the fabrication of that type of transports take a long time and costs a
lot.

-Costs due to the pollution are very high. Pollution over time arises on monuments wall which colour
them in black, it’s very difficult to clean it and it costs a lot. Also, health care is 32 milliard euros per
year in France, so we can’t neglect this sum and the people concerned by these effects.

- Air pollution causes big losses of the harvests, so it is a big loss of benefit for the farmers and the
country. We have then to import food sometimes from other parts of the world and this increases
also pollution and costs of transport.

-Measures taken to reduce pollution are also a loss in economy because it can be a fishing bam for
example due to the intoxicated fish meat or a decrease in tourism in the concerned region.

-But participate to actions that can reduce our carbon-foot print can help use to save money. For
instance, we can do carpooling and that reduces our consummation of petrol, pollutes less and make
us save money.

Present and future issues:

In a few years, there won’t be petrol anymore. This problem is being solved by making cars working
with electricity as we will see later with the bus TOSA. But it is complicated to be efficient with
electric car for example because 8 persons are needed in a car to be as efficient as a bike. So, in the
future we will have to find intelligent ways of being more ecologic and it won’t be easy because we
won’t have the resources that we have now.