Underwater Turbine Project Report

Project Report on
UNDERWATER TURBINE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Gavali Swati S.
Bechavade Sanket S.
Bari Chaitanya N.
Ansari Nazish M.
Under the Guidance of:
Ashish Shetty
(Assistant Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

At Shirgoan, Virar (East), Tal.Vasai, Dist.Palghar-401305
2018-2019
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Underwater Turbine is a bonafide work of
Gavali Swati, Bechavade Sanket, Bari Chaitanya, Ansari Nazish submitted to

the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering.
Prof. Ashish Shetty Prof. Lissy Jose

Project Guide Head of Department
Dr. Arun Kumar

Principal
Project Report Approval for B. E.
This project report entitled Underwater Turbine by Gavali Swati, Bechavade Sanket, Bari
Chaitanya, Ansari Nazish is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering.
Examiners
1.--------------------------------------------
(External Examiner)
2.---------------------------------------------
(Internal Examiner)
Date:
Place: Virar East

Declaration
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own
words and where others ideas or words have been included, we have adequately
cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered
to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented
or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by
the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus
not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.
Name of Students Signature

Gavali Swati S.
Bechavade Sanket S.
Bari Chaitanya N.
Ansari Nazish M.
Date:
Place: Virar (East)
I
Acknowledgement
We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who has
supported us throughout the completion of this project. We are thankful for their
guidance, constructive criticism and friendly advice, during the project work. We
express our gratitude to Prof. Ashish Shetty for giving us an opportunity to carry
out project on UNDERWATER TURBINE. We would also like to thank Prof.
Lissy Jose, Head of Civil Department and Dr. Arun Kumar, the Principal for their
whole-hearted support.
Lastly, we express our gratitude towards all those who directly or indirectly
helped us in the completion of our studies.
Name of Students Signature
Gavali Swati S.
Bechavade Sanket S.
Bari Chaitanya N.
Ansari Nazish M.
Date:
Place: Virar East
II
Abstract
In today’s day to day life, electricity is one of the main sources for human life present on the
earth similar to the three basic needs i.e. cloth, shelter and food. But generally, the electricity
is been generated at a power station by electrochemical generators primarily driven by heat
engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission. But now-a-days, it has reached a state where
the population has increased and also the need of electricity is also increasing simultaneously.
Therefore, it is the necessary to adopt new ways of generation of electricity rather than using
the old techniques for generating the electricity through combustion or nuclear fissions that are
emitting emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is more threatening to the
human life existing on the earth.
Due to the threats of global climate changes have led to increased interest in research and
development of renewable energy technologies. As we know, ocean provides vast source of
energy and huge quantities of clean energy can be obtained from the waves of the oceans and
seas renewable energy technologies may developed in upcoming years. Research in ocean
thermal energy conservation, wave energy, tidal energy and offshore wind energy had led to
promising technologies and in some cases, commercial deployment. Renewable energy can be
used without harming marine environment if projects are properly executed and environmental
guidelines are followed. Tidal energy is becoming popular around the worldwide. We are
fortunate in having large untapped sources of renewable energy in the oceans surrounding us.
Renewable solar, tidal and wind energy have potential of reducing dependency on fossil fuels
and their environmentally negative impacts. The tidal energy is predictable and reliable as
compared to that of wind energy. Instead of using the harmful way of generating the electricity,
use of the tidal energy which is non-hazardous and does not have any harmful effects it is much
inevitable
III
CONTENTS
1] Declaration I
2] Acknowledgement II
3] Abstract III
4] Index IV
5] List of Figures VI
6] List of Tables VII
6] List of graphs VIII
INDEX
Sr. Page
No. Chapter No.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General…………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Aim…………………………………………………….…………………... 2
1.3 Objective…………………………………………………………………… 2
1.4 Scope of work……………………………………………………………… 2
1.5 History of generation of electricity………………………………………… 2
1.6 Current scenario…………………………………………………………..... 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General…………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.2 Power generation from tidal and wave energy…………………………….. 8
2.3 Underwater turbine………………………………………............................ 9
2.4 The development of tidal current energy in china……………………......... 9
2.5 Electricity generation by using wind and tidal turbine…………………….. 10
2.6 Tidal energy harvesting……………………………………......................... 11
2.7 Renewable energy from ocean…………………………………………….. 12
2.8 Investigation of the energy potential from tidal stream currents…………... 12
2.9 Assessment of tidal and wave energy conversion technologies in Canada... 13
2.10 A novel method for generation of electricity……………………………… 13
2.11 Tidal energy………………………………………………………………... 14
2.12 Study on a wave energy-based power system……………………………... 14
2.13 Perspective and challenge of tidal power in Bangladesh………………….. 15
2.14 Energy from tidal currents…………………………..................................... 15
2.15 New pneumatic system for tidal energy conversion……………………...... 16
2.16 Effect of tidal stream power generation…………………………………… 17
2.17 Renewable energy sources………………………….................................... 18
2.18 Barriers to the deployment of a 100 MW tidal energy array in the UK…… 18
2.19 Desalination of sea water using thermal and tidal power………………….. 19
IV
2.20 Energy from the ocean and scope of its utilization in India……………….. 19
2.21 Wave and tidal energy……………………………………………………... 20
2.22 Estimation of tidal parameter and harnessing tidal energy………………... 20
2.23 A review on tidal power & its scope in Indian peninsular area……………. 21
2.24 Marine tidal current electric power generation technology………………... 22
2.25 Potential array sites for tidal stream electricity generation of the Pembroke 23
2.26 The economics of tidal stream power……………………………………… 23
2.27 Method for generation of electricity………………………………….......... 24
2.28 Feasibility study and cost- benefit analysis of tidal energy………………... 25
2.29 Tidal power in the UK & reduce greenhouse gas emissions………………. 25
2.30 Assessment of tidal and wave energy conversion technologies in Canada... 26
2.31 A study on energy generation in India…………………………………….. 26
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General…………………………………………………………………….. 28
3.2 Proposed worked……………………………….………………….............. 29
3.3 Use of matlab software…………………………………………………….. 29
4 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS IN MATLAB SOFTWARE
4.1 Brief overview of generic block diagram of hydro-power plant…………... 40
4.2 Excitation system and its function…………………………………………. 44
4.3 Simulation block of hydro-electric power generation……………………. 45
4.4 Underwater Turbine………………………………………………………... 45
4.5 Study on materials used for underwater turbine…………………………… 50
4.6 Methods of underwater concreting………………………………………… 61
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Wind turbine calculation…………………………………………………... 64
5.2 Hydro-electric power generation calculation……………………………… 67
5.3 Underwater turbine calculation……………………………………………. 68
5.4 Estimation, testing and result……………………………………………… 70
6 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………… 73
7 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………….. 75
8 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………… 77
V
List of Figures
Sr. No. Name of Figures Page No.
1 1.6.1 Tidal range along the coast of India 4
2 1.6.2 Tidal turbine Northern Ireland 6
3 3.3.2.1.1 Simulink icon in MATLAB window 31
4 3.3.2.1.2 Simulink’s library browser 32
5 3.3.2.1.3 Simulink workspace 33
6 3.3.2.1.4 Sources Block sets 33
7 3.3.1.2.5. Adding Blocks to Workspace 34
8 3.3.2.1.6 Block diagram for Sine simulation 35
9 3.3.2.1.7 Scope appearance 35
10 3.3.2.1.8 Scope appearance 36
11 3.3.2.4.1.1. Block diagram for output displaying 38
12 4.1.1 Block diagram of Hydro power plant 41
13 4.1.1.1 Block diagram of hydraulic turbine governor 41
14 4.1.2.1 Masked Block of HTG 43
15 4.2.1 Equivalent block 44
16 4.3.1 Simulation Block 45
17 4.4.3.1 Maintenance off underwater turbines 48
18 4.5.1.1.1 Effect of Velocity Shear 51
19 4.5.1.1.2 Blade deflection 52
20 4.6.1.1 Tremie pipe method 61
21 5.3.1.1 DC Current Wave Output 69
22 5.4.2.1 Cost Summary and performance 72
VI
List of Tables
Sr. No. Name of Table Page No.

1 3.3.2.2.1 Keystrokes and action 37
2 4.5.4.1 Water-cement ratio 57
3 4.5.5.1 Unit water content of various size of coarse 58
Aggregates
4 4.5.5.2 Unit water content for different conditions 58
5 4.5.7.1 Concrete mix design advice and recommended
measures
60
6 4.5.7.2 Approximate values of unit water content 61
7 5.4.1 Test on turbines 70
8 5.4.2.1 Capital cost breakdown 70
9 5.4.2.2 COE for alternative energy technologies 71
10 5.4.2.3 Operation and maintenance assumptions and
estimates
71
VII
List of Graphs
Sr. No. Name of Graph Page No.
1 1.5.1 Electricity Generation by Source 03
VIII
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Electric energy is created by the flow of electrons, often called "current," through a conductor, such
as a wire. The amount of electric energy created depends on the number of electrons flowing and
the speed of the flow. Energy can either be potential or kinetic. A lump of coal, for example,
represents potential energy that becomes kinetic when it is burned.
Wave and tidal energy are considered one of the most promising renewable technologies. They are
not only the vast resources, but it is more dependable than the most renewable energy resources.
Wave power at a given site can give 90% of energy with time in compare to Solar and wind which
gives 2-30% of energy with time. There are more than 1000 patented devices for wave and tidal
energy. Tidal and wave power has the great advantage of being highly predictable as that compared
to solar and wind energy. The regularity of the tides along with an immense energy potential helps
to make tidal energy developmentally attractive.
The first tidal barrage dams built across the mouth of estuaries to harness the energy of the tidal
flow. Tidal turbines, also installed in channels with tidal currents, resemble underwater wind
turbines and require current speeds of 2–3 m/s; at lower velocities, harnessing energy from the
current is uneconomical, while higher velocities can damage the turbines. For clean power
generation, wind energy has received a lot of attention lately as one of the most promising and
VIVA Institute of Technology Page 1

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economical sources of energy. Wind power is one of the cleanest types of power available, and can
be currently cost competitive with fossil fuels, depending on sitting. While most research and
promotion of wind energy is focused on land-based sites, interest in offshore wind energy is
growing. Very strong winds regularly blow over the oceans, winds over the ocean attain higher
speeds and are less turbulent than winds over land, and no landforms block accessibility of the
wind over the ocean.
1.2 AIM: To generate the electricity by the gravitational pull of the moon which produces a swift
tidal current and which spins the long blades of the turbine.
1.3 OBJECTIVE:
• To create a never-ending source of energy by which it can be supply to the day-by-day

increasing consumers.
• Use of resource (water) which is found more on our planet.
• To figure out how much electricity can be generated using a single water level.
• Find out at what placement on the wall would be best for placing the fan for maximum
electricity gain.
• To meet the power demand at maximum optimum generated through it.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK:
• To understand the behavior of the underwater turbine when the structure is to be subjected to
move in particular manner.
• To analyses the initial cost and the maintenance of the cost.
1.5 HISTORY OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY:
The generation of electricity is done at power station by electromechanical generator, primarily

driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by means such as the kinetic
energy of flowing wind. Geo-thermal power is one of the other sources for generation of electricity.
The first power plant used coal and today variety of energy resources are used such as coal, nuclear,
natural gas, hydroelectric, wind generator and oil. The primary commercial energy inputs to the
Indian economy are from coal, oils, and hydroelectricity and to a limited extent nuclear energy.

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The technology of each of the major sources including wave conversion, fixed and floating wind
turbines, free flowing current turbines and ocean thermal energy, and discusses the magnitudes of
each of the resources in India, and the particular technical issues each technology is facing.
Graph no.1.5.1 Electricity Generation by Source, 1950-2010
1.6 CURRENT SCENERIO:
India boasts of 7,500 kilometers long coastline, being one of the 20 places worldwide where the
height of the high tide is over five meters higher than the low tide to capture the tidal power
potential. But there are no tidal energy-based power plants in India yet. The National Action Plan
on Climate Change (NAPCC) deemed it necessary to raise renewable energy to 15% by 2020. India
has 150GW of renewable energy potential, yet it has only developed about 14% of this. The highest
levels of tidal energy were measured at Sunder bans in West Bengal, as well as at the Gulf of
Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat. When six candidate sites such as these are added
together, the tidal energy potential comes to 12. 5GW.The total potential from tidal energy and

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wave energy is 53.5GW, which is roughly equivalent to 1/3 of India's total renewable energy
potential of 150GW.
According to the estimates of the Indian government, the country has a potential of 8,000 MW of
tidal energy. This includes about 7,000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat, 1,200 MW in the
Gulf of Kutch and 100 MW in the Gangetic deltas in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal.
According to the GPCL officials, if this 50 MW plant is successfully commissioned, its capacity
will be increased to 200 MW. As per a study conducted by Atlantis Resource Corporation and the
state government two years ago, the Gulf of Kutch has a total potential of 300 MW. The biggest
operating tidal station in the world, La Rance in France, generates 240MW.
Fig.1.6.1 Tidal range along the coast of India Source: Study on Tidal & Waves Energy in India
It was the Durgaduani Creek, 3.75 MW power plants which caught national attention, was
conceived in 1997. In April 2013, it was announced that the project was going to be abandoned
due to project cost escalations, despite the Ministry of Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy
providing 90 per cent of the project costs. In 2011, there was an announcement that a tidal power
plant was under consideration in the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat. With an initial capacity of 50 MW,
it was to be expanded to 200 MW eventually.
In China, Jiangxia Tidal Power Plant is the third largest tidal station in the world after La Rance in
France and Annapolis in Canada. It has 6 bulb turbine generator units, operating in both ebb and
flood tides, producing an annual power output of 7.3x106 kWh. The power station has 69
employees. The power station feeds the energy demand of small villages at a 20 km (12 mi)

Underwater Turbine
distance, through a 35-kV transmission line. The maximum tidal range in the estuary is 8.39 m
(27.5 ft.).
In Canada, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia is home to the only tidal power plant in North America.
The Nova Scotia Tidal Generating Station began operation in 1984, and was built at the mouth of
the Annapolis River. The project was undertaken primarily to demonstrate the application of a
particular type of turbine generator (trade-name, Straflo) for tidal and other low-head hydro
applications. The Straflo machine differs from the conventional hydroelectric turbine-generator
installation in that the turbine and generator are integrated rather than separate units. The average
tidal range in the Annapolis Basin is only about 6.4 m, but the plant, in which only one large turbine
(7.6 m diameter) is installed, produces about 80-100 megawatt hours (MWh) annually for Nova
Scotia’s electrical utility system.
Not far from Annapolis Royal is the Bay of Fundy, which could potentially produce up to 50,000
MW of energy. Detailed studies of the Bay of Fundy tidal power resource concluded that the most
efficient development scheme would be one that would generate that power over a period of about
five hours, twice daily, on the ebb tide. The most cost-effective project was found to be a site in
the Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, at the mouth of Cobequid Bay in the upper reaches of the Bay
of Fundy (where the mean tides are 14.5 m). The site at the Minas Passage, which will be ready for
deployment in 2015, has the potential to produce more than 7,000 MW. Capital costs for initiating
tidal energy projects can be massive as well as difficult to calculate due to the sector's newness and
need for technological innovation.
A more modest alternative project has been proposed at a site in the Cumberland Basin, a site
intersected by the New Brunswick-Nova Scotia border. The site is expected to generate
approximately 1,400 MW, about one-quarter the capacity of the larger site. While it is forecasted
that local Maritime power systems would be able to absorb Cumberland Basin’s output, the huge
capital investment required, even for this smaller project, makes the financial considerations
discouraging.
In Ireland, Sea Gen was installed in Strangford Lough in May 2008. It was towed to the mouth of
the Lough by a barge. The turbine as a whole weighs 1,000t, and is 43m wide from tip to tip.
Designed by engineer Peter Fraenkel, the rotors drive a generator that sends energy along a cable
that then links into the national grid across the Lough in Strangford village.
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Built at Belfast’s Harland and Wolff’s shipyards, the birthplace of the Titanic, Sea Gen took around
14 days to install, with the system literally being bolted onto the Lough’s bed. Sea Gen briefly
delivered 150KW of electricity into the grid while it was being commissioned in July 2008.
Sea Gen has a mobile cross arm on a single supporting pile 3m in diameter and 9m above the
average sea level. The twin rotors begin to generate electricity once the tide runs faster than 1m/s.
At maximum speed, the tips move at around 12m/s, which is around 1/3 of the average wind turbine
speed. The two rotating blades turn at 14rpm and drive a gear box system.
Fig.1.6.2 Strangford Lough Tidal Turbine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL:
The chapter deals with various research papers on analysis of underwater turbine and conclude
their observations in the form of results. The chapter includes research paper on comparative
analysis of different projects executed over worldwide and ideas of implementing in India on
a large scale. Tidal stream turbines are often described as underwater turbines. They are
driven by the kinetic energy of moving water in a similar way that wind turbines use moving
air. The generator is placed into a marine current that typically results when water
being moved by tidal forces comes up against, or moves around, an obstacle or through a
constriction such as a passage between two masses of land. There are sufficient numbers of
such fast flowing underwater currents around the world to make this form of marine renewable
energy worth pursuing.

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2.2 POWER GENERATION FROM TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY(01):
(Md. Mahbubur rahman, nirupom paul)
In order to reduce the threat which is increasing day by day we chose to produce or generate
the electricity in other ways i.e. by using the various new renewable energies available in
nature which is then useful and non-hazardous. Those various ways of producing electricity
are:
i.Using the windmill that converts the wind energy into rotational energy by means of vanes
called blades used to generate electricity.
ii.Use of water turbines which may depend on the impulse of the working fluid on turbine
blades or the reaction between the fluid and the blades to turn the turbine shaft which in turn
driven the generator.
Now, thinking upon the above two methods we found out a new way to generate the electricity.
The combination of windmill and the way of power generation of the turbine. The difference in
production of electricity is, here one of the main source of renewable energy is used i.e. the
oceans or the sea. As the 75% of the earth is surrounded by the oceans and sea in which waves
are formed. Using this energy of waves, generation of electricity is as similar to the process of
generation of electricity done in turbine. The only difference is the turbine needs more velocity
of the running water generally from the penstocks provided at various levels in a dam so as to
rotate at a specific speed. But in this type of production of electricity the use of wave energy is
used which naturally occurs or are created due to the wind blowing above the surface of the sea
having high intensity which occurs easily.
Though generating power from wave is not recently introduced subject at all, very few works
have been done using the surface wave of ocean compared to the system of energy generation
from storing a huge amount of water and releasing suddenly. This research is also about
generating the energy by using some submerged objects that are connected to a generator. The
frequency of the waves is proportional to the engendered. That’s why; wave energy is an
intermittent source of energy.

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2.3 UNDERWATER TURBINE(02):
(Rakesh patel)
As per the name itself “UNDERWATER TURBINE” it is the combination of the wind mill and
the way of power generation of turbine. As stated the windmill is placed below the surface of
oceans the blades of windmill rotates due to the waves or the tides formed and due to it
generation of electricity is done by converting the wave or tidal energy into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is then transformed into electrical energy from the sun’s heat absorbed
by the surface of the ocean. This energy has lot of applications such as electricity generation,
water desalination, hydrogen production, or refrigeration and air conditioning. Both these ways
and system of energy conversions are versatile
The process of energy provided by tides and waves are different or can say that the process
originating of tide and waves are different. Tides are formed due to the gravitational pull of
moon and that of waves are formed due to the blowing wind above the surface of sea or ocean,
both these are acceptable. The tidal energy provides ten hours a day as that of wave energy.
Both these energies do not produce any type of gases or waste and does not harm the
environment. This methods are reliable than that of standard method to transfer the conventional
technique.
2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY IN CHINA(03):
(Hong-wei liu, shun ma)
Environment pollution and depletion of traditional fossil fuels are consumed at a large scale
and it also has an impact on the environment and adding up to the existing pollution and
influencing the harmonious development of economy society and environment. Many of the
countries are focusing on the reduction of the pollution due to increase in the global warming in
the climate and to overcome this problem many countries around the world started to invest time
and money on the clean and renewable energy, such as wind, solar, and oceans, etc. ocean
current is formed by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun (for the tidal current), the
temperature difference of ocean water, the monsoon wind and the salinity difference etc. the
Chinese government has passed a landmark renewable energy law and also made several plans
such as, National Guideline on Medium and Long Term Program for Science and Technology
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Development, the renewable energy law in which enhancing energy diversity and security has
been emphasized. In the coming years, it can be expected that more renewable energy policies
would be made.
According to the Coastal and Rural Ocean Energy Resource Investigation which has assessed
over 130 water channels at national level in 1989, it was found that tidal current energy resource
is distributed unevenly across China. Most of the tidal energy is concentrated in three coastal
regions which are north of Yellow sea, East Sea and South Sea respectively. Thus, it is very
suitable for tidal current energy. In order to develop and make people aware of renewable energy
sources, the Renewable Energy Law was revised. As a result, china national offshore oil
corporation, Eastern Electric Corporation, etc. have expressed great interest in the exploitation
of wind energy and ocean energy.
2.5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY USING WIND AND TIDAL TURBINE(04):
(Girish k. Mahajan, ajit chaudhari)
Wind energy is the energy produced from the simple air in motion and this motion is caused by
the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. The air over the sea absorbs the heats faster
than the land and so the air moves from the sea to the land causing the wind but in the night the
air motion is changed from the land to the sea because the air over the sea cools faster than the
air over the land. This wind is hardly predictable source of energy. Tidal energy is due to the
gravitational influence of the moon and the sun on the earth due to the rotation of the earth
relative to the moon and the sun which produces two high and two low waters each day (12.4 h
cycle). This rotation makes the rise and fall of the tides and these tides are predictable. These
tides run approximately six hours in one direction and then reverse for another six hour in the
opposite direction. As “High Energy Density” is one of the main advantages of the tidal in
stream energy, cheap rotors are used for power output, predictable energy and due to it
integration is easy and hence low environmental impact and bird disturbance. The tides have
high density of seawater than that of the wind, as the tides are having 800 times more density
than that of the wind.
The use of fossil fuel can be replaced by the wind energy as it helps to reduce the Green House
Gases emissions and climate change which directly leads to low environment pollution. But the

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wind energy having some issues such as killing of birds, creating noisy effect, and also impact
on rituality. The use of wind energy is much useful in rural areas where facility of transmission
is limited. The wind energy resource is intermittent and nonhazardous as it does not create any
type of bad effects on environment. To increase the reliability of wind energy new techniques
and improvement in forecasting methods helps in establishing the operating practice.
As mentioned above, the wind energy is used to create the electrical energy using the windmills
and is used everywhere in today’s date in the whole world. In the same way these windmills can
be used in the sea or the oceans below the surface and by help of the tides and the waves formed
can be by using the principle same as that of the producing the electrical energy using the
windmills. I this underwater mills, the potential to extract the energy form the marine current is
a new way to create the electrical energy. The purpose for this is to install both the type of
windmills at a time at sea. This power system will be interesting to conceive the energy together
in the form of wind and marine current energy.
2.6 TIDAL ENERGY HARVESTING(05):
(S.s. shevkar, k.a otari)
The generation of the electrical power is similar to that of the hydroelectric power generation.
This generation of electric power is the simplest way which involves a dam across an inlet and
is allowed to flow in bidirectional flow through a sluice gate whenever the dam having the tidal
basin gets filled with the rising tidal water and is filled to the capacity of the dam. The tidal
basin is them released through a turbo generator from which the power can be generated during
the flood tide whenever the water is pulled back, and the occurrence of flood tide is followed
up. Application of desalination and production of hydrogen in water electrolysis is also done
with the use of the tidal power. The generation of tidal power is new technique which needs
further research work and also the investigations.
The tidal power is formed due to the tides formed in the sea which are predictable, reliable and
everlasting and also non-hazardous and does not emit any type of harmful gas, no wastes are
formed. The gravitational interaction between the moon, sun and the earth attributers, the
rhythmic rising and lowering of the tidal height leads to tides and thus forming of the tidal
power. Also the movement of moon affects the tides to form as it creates the gravitational pull

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of moon occurs tides are formed. There are 3 main ways to form the patterns of the operations
included in the generation of the electricity they are as follows:
i.Ebb generation
ii.Flood generation
iii.Two way generation
iv.Tidal lagoons concept
v.Grid generation of tidal generation
2.7 RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM OCEAN(06):
(Robin pelc, rod m. Fujita)
As per this paper shows that ocean can produce two types of energy thermal energy from the
sun’s heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. As we know that oceans cover
70% of earth’s surface, making them the world’s largest solar collectors. The sun’s heat warms
the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference creates
thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the
Gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. As a Result, tides
and waves are intermittent sources of energy, while ocean thermal energy is fairly constant. The
ocean also provides, naturally, various mechanisms to collect, Concentrate and transform that
energy into forms that might be more useful. The Oceans are a heat engine that transforms solar
energy into the kinetic energy of wind, Waves and current.
2.8 INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM TIDAL STREAM

CURRENTS(07):
(Kadir orhan, roberto mayerle)
Indonesia has various high potential sources for renewable energy production; the percent of the
renewable energy contribution in primary energy mix is currently very low. The development
of renewable energy in Indonesia is regulated by a Presidential Decree which states that the
contribution of renewable energy should be increased to 17% of the total national primary
energy mix by 2025, which includes the wave and tidal energy. The decree also states that
efforts, including research, should be intensified to reach this goal.

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In order to install the technology to capture ocean renewable energy, it may be necessary to
conflict with ocean space users. Involving stakeholders from various fields in the development
process, and taking policy issues and zoning plans into account is of importance. Otherwise,
particularly in the districts like Alas and Bali where coastal areas are being used for a wide range
of activities such as aquaculture, fishing and tourism, it is inevitable to face major problems. In
this paper, results of the tidal stream resource assessment performed for the straits between
Indian Ocean and inner Indonesian seas.
2.9 ASSESSMENT OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGIES IN CANADA(08):
(Kenneth lee)
A small number of tidal and wave energy conversion technology demonstrations are in place
internationally, and some are starting to emerge in Canada. For example, the Pearson College -
EnCana - Clean Current Tidal Power Demonstration Project was deployed at Race Rocks
Ecological Reserve in British Columbia in 2005. Verdant Power is currently planning the
Cornwall Ontario Renewable Energy (CORE) project in the St. Lawrence River, which will
demonstrate a redesigned Free Flow turbine and is expected to grow to a commercial-scale
array.
Much of the development work on these technologies is driven by the private sector. To ensure
that these technologies are consistent with Canada's conservation and sustainability priorities, it
is essential to acquire a firm understanding of their feasibility for deployment and potential
environment implications for all three Canadian coasts.
2.10 A NOVEL METHOD FOR GENERATION OF ELECRTICITY(09):
(Kannabiran, dhanabal)
Decarburization of the UK's electricity supply by 2030. In their report, Future Marine Energy,
published in 2006, the Carbon Trust estimated that stream energy could meet 5% of the UK's
electrical energy needs, reducing the country's dependence upon carbon intensive imported
fossil fuel. Other studies have predicted that tidal generators could produce up to 10% of the
UK's electrical energy needs. Points not lost on UK government and the devolved

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administrations that see the industrial growth opportunities that tidal generators could offer.
Tidal flows have the advantage of being as predictable as the tides that cause them; both in terms
of timing and in judging their maximum velocity. This long-term predictability helps greatly in
electricity generation, enabling the total amount of power that needs to be generated.
2.11 TIDAL ENERGY(10):
(Thomson, whelan and gill)
The concept is easy and simple to understand as we use windmill above the water surface, in
this project it will be underwater. By using tidal energy electric energy can be produce. There
are three categories tidal energy technologies use a barrage - a dam - to harvest power from the
height difference between high tide and low tide. The Power is generated through tidal turbines
located in barrage and their commercial feasibility has been well established thorough the
operation of plant.
2.12 STUDY ON A WAVE ENERGY BASED POWER SYSTEM(11):
(Lorand szabo, claudiu operea)
An important feature of ocean energy resources is their high density, the highest one among the
renewable. The most well developed technologies for deriving electrical power from the ocean
include tidal power, wave power and ocean thermal energy conversion. From these possibilities,
the wave energy conversation seems to have the greatest general application.
It has been estimated that the practical economic contribution of the wave energy converters
could be 2,000 Tw/year, similar to current installed nuclear or hydroelectric generation capacity.
The first wave energy device patent was registered in 1799 by Girard in Paris! Still then more
than 1500 wave energy device patents had been registered.
The most well developed technologies for deriving electrical power from the ocean include tidal
power, wave power and ocean thermal energy conversion.
Wave power plants as all the power plants in general, require some sort of control. In the first
place, start up, close down and emergency procedures have to be designed and implemented.
The design requirement of a wave energy converter is to generate useful electricity supply from
the kinetic and potential energy of irregular ocean waves. Numerous wave energy conversion

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(WEC) devices have been proposed, that rely on different modes of wave motion or electrical
generation systems to achieve these design objectives.
2.13 PERSPECTIVE AND CHALLENGE OF TIDAL POWER IN BANGLADESH(12):
(Alamgir hossain, atiqur rahman)
Renewable energy means sustainable energy which is environment friendly, cost effective, non-
polluting and future predicted energy sources. Bangladesh, only 46% people are in grid
connected, is one of the lowest electricity consumptive country regionally and globally. The
Power System Master Plan (2010)" recommending that the 50% of power generation would be
coal-based but this planning is not environmentally friendly, security energy planning, rather it
helps in the increasing global warming through breathing CO2. As fossil fuels are depleting at
a higher rate, so we have to think to other sources mainly renewable. The country is going to be
facing a severe energy crisis after the fossil fuel finish. So, country has no energy security in
this respect.
Scarcity of power is a principal infrastructural handicap in the development and growth of any
country. The total cost for these works is US $ 10161350 and finally. These provide for the
total project considering administrative costs like leases, remunerations, fees, etc.
These pollution and emanation guide to environmental dilapidation which results bigger climate
hazard and natural disasters. Power demand is increasing higher and becoming more as years
go further, but growing high nature demand is going to be encountered by vulnerable energy
source plan [6], though recently need for power is being met by quick-rental power plants
which require costly liquid fuels. To proceed fully toward renewable energy sources require
some time, so in between these transaction periods fossil fuel can play a vital role. Toward the
moving secured and sustainable energy sources, tidal power can assist to play a role in
this regard.
2.14 ENERGY FROM TIDAL CURRENTS(13):
(Dr. Brett beamsley, ross vennell)
The proposed research will contribute directly to overcoming the major barrier to industry
investing in tidal current energy—the absence of information on the scale of investment required
and the income from that investment. New Zealand’s renewable electricity generation must
almost double by 2050, if we are to achieve a 100% renewable generation target. This is a

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complex non-linear problem, as large-scale power production modifies the available resource.
The approach developed would initially be applied to Cook Strait, kick-starting the investment
required to unlock its potential to supply a large part of our electricity needs.
The first aim is to develop a hybrid-modelling tool to rapidly determine power production and
the impacts on tidal flows of large-scale tidal turbine farms, in order to provide greater certainty
for initial investments in developing. The results will be communicated through a refereed
publication and NZ conference presentation and meetings with potential stakeholders. To
estimate power output and the impact on flows, turbines must be included within the coastal
hydrodynamic model. One approach to reducing the computational cost of modelling individual
turbines is to use a 2D-model with enhanced bottom drag at the turbine locations. Secondly,
developing tidal energy within New Zealand would create new marine engineering, technology
and service industries for a worldwide renewable energy industry.
2.15 NEW PNEUMATIC SYSTEM FOR TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION(14):
(Malathe khalil, ahmad sedaghat)
Tidal and wave energies are stored in the ocean and can be extracted to contribute in reducing
the total energy demand in the world due to the availability of water bodies. Recently the cost
of ocean energy is very competitive due to improvements in the current technologies. The power
that can be extracted from the oceans on earth is around 1 TW. It corresponds to massive energy
production which can compete with hydro and nuclear power production plants. The renewable
energies are free energy sources, such as wind, solar radiation, geothermal and ocean energy.
Wave energy can be converted to electricity by several ways. Tidal energy stores potential and
kinetic energies forms. Tidal barrages used to harness tidal potential energy and tidal current
turbines used to extract the kinetic energy component in the tides. The gravitational force of the
sun and the moon on earth in addition to the rotational motion of the moon and earth around
each other, are the main reasons of the tidal energy. Tides energy is tides movement’s energy
dissipation which can be converted to useful energy through tidal stream turbine. The proposed
device in this work has a great advantage over other tidal devices due to the fact that the turbine
is not in direct contact with ocean water (saline) since the compressed air is running the turbine
blades.

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The objective of this paper is to present the new design with some of basic formulations in
energy production .In this paper, a new device is designed to convert the tidal energy to electrical
energy.
2.16 EFFECT OF TIDAL STREAM POWER GENERATION(15):
(G. I. Shapiro)
Tidal energy is almost inexhaustible despite the gradual reduction of kinetic energy of the
Earth’s rotation due to the dissipation of tidal currents via friction and turbulence. This process
is very slow, during the last 620 million years the Earth has lost only 17% of its rotational energy
(Williams, 2000). It has to be noted that despite being named “tidal energy converters” the tidal
stream devices located on the shelf extract energy from the total incoming current which is
composed of wind driven and density driven.
Tidal energy has two components, the first is the potential energy due to sea level variations,
and the second comes from the kinetic energy of the tidal streams. It is the potential energy of
the tides which is commonly used for electricity generation. As of August 2010, there are 6
commercially operational tidal power plants: La Rance, France (240MW capacity, built in
1966); Kislaya Guba Bay, Russia (1.7MW, 1968); Annapolis, Canada (20MW, 1985); Strang
ford Lough, Northern Ireland (1.2MW, 2008); Uldolmok, South Korea (1.0MW, 2009),
Jiangxia, China (3.2MW, 1980).
Ocean tides are driven by the Earth’s rotation in combination with gravitational forces from the
Sun and the Moon. The tidal dissipation in the Earth’s shelf seas is on average about 2.5TW.
Tidal power is considered to be an important source of renewable energy for the UK and those
European countries which are exposed to high levels of tidal energy. Despite its relatively high
cost, the generation of electricity from tidal energy may be a potential stable source of renewable
energy for the future. This notion is particularly important in the assessment of the alteration to
residual currents.

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2.17 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES(16):
(Mehebub alam, mandela gain)
As per this paper India is fourth largest consumption of energy after United States, China and
Russia. As per the rates of rapid urbanization and improving standards of living of millions of
Indian households, the demand is likely to grow significantly. As per this paper the domestic
power demand of India was 918 billion units in 2012. It is expected that at 9.8% annual growth
the demand will reach 1640 billion units by 2020.At this pace, India will require 390 GW in
next eight years which is almost double its current installed capacity. The main concern arises
on how to protect the fossil fuel for our coming generation with simultaneously utilizing the
different resources of energy for high and sustained. The consequent negative environmental
impact of fossil fuels has led India to a conscious policy to word renewable sources.
2.18 BARRIERS TO THE DEPLPOYMENT OF A 100 MW TIDAL ENERGY ARRAY

IN THE UK(17):
(Stuart r. J. Walker)
In the UK and across the world, work is ongoing to reduce harmful emission from conventional
power generation, as well as to develop renewable sources and gradually de-carbonize to grid.
As per paper, the carbon trust estimated that a contribution of up to 20% of the UK’s energy
requirement could be achieved from tidal energy. As per given article, tidal power has a distinct
advantage over many forms of renewable energy, namely the predictability of its output As per
paper, in UK currently produced electricity by coal and gas fired power station is 7% of the
demand. This paper discusses the challenges which must be overcome in order to install a 100
MW array in the UK, which is seen as appositive step towards a viable tidal energy. Tidal power
has a distinct advantage over many other forms of renewable energy, namely the predictability
of its output. Whereas solar radiation, wind speed and wave height are all unpredictable with
any accuracy beyond single day timescales, tides are known years in advance. This offers the
tantalizing prospect that in the future tidal power could provide part of the UK’s energy “base
load”, currently provided by coal and gas-fired power stations. However, before this possibility
can even be considered, the scale of output required must be considered. For example, the UK’s
largest base load power station is the coal fired Drag plant in North Yorkshire, which produces

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4,000 MW (7% of the UK’s demand) of base load. The current total installed tidal generation
capacity in the UK is a quarter of a percent of this, at 10 MW in 2011.
2.19 DESALINATION OF SEA WATER USING THERMAL AND TIDAL POWER(18):
(Abhay dixit)
As per the fresh water survey we had less water to use as drinking and other works regarding
water. We have to increase the water resources so in future we will not any type of problem
regarding the fresh water. Sea water desalination is new technique for freshwater resources
replacement, has been highly admired the freshwater resources are nowadays increasingly short,
seawater desalination is a new technique for freshwater resources replacement, has been highly
admired by many countries and institutions. But in the area’s such as Remote Island, due to the
high input, high consumption, equipment complex reasons and degradation of natural resources,
resulting in seawater desalination technology is not used in production and practiced; therefore
the development of a clean energy-efficient desalination technique is close. In recent years,
research on seawater desalination gradually increased the concern of researchers, and issues
related to energy-efficient desalination has become a hot spot.
2.20 ENERGY FROM THE OCEAN AND SCOPE OF ITS UTILIZATION IN INDIA(19):
(R. C. Sharma, niharika sharma)
As per this paper shows that ocean can produce two types of energy thermal energy from the
sun’s heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. As we know that oceans cover
70% of earth’s surface, making them the world’s largest solar collectors. The sun’s heat warms
the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference creates
thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the
Gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. As a Result, tides
and waves are intermittent sources of energy, while ocean thermal energy is fairly constant. The
ocean also provides, naturally, various mechanisms to collect, Concentrate and transform that
energy into forms that might be more useful. The Oceans are a heat engine that transforms solar
energy into the kinetic energy of wind, Waves and current.

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2.21 WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY(20):
(Wang, asif, m & muneer)
There are basically two methodologies for creating tidal power: the use of tidal dams or ocean
currents. Dams are based on using a barrage at a bay or estuary with a large tidal range. Power
is generated primarily at ebb tides as the barrage creates a significant head of water, much like
a hydroelectric dam. This technology is very well established at La Ranke, France where a
240MW plant has operated since 1966. A 20MW facility has also been present in Annapolis,
Nova Scotia since 1984. However, estuaries are amongst the world’s most productive and
sensitive ecosystems, and the flooding by these barrages causes a great disruption to their natural
processes. The sources of tidal power production are fast flowing tidal currents. The
gravitational pull of the moon causes water to flow in from the ocean twice a day on the flood
tides, and outward during ebb tides. Additional monthly and annual lunar cycles vary the
strength of these currents. Narrow and shallow constrictions produce the fastest and most
powerful movements of current, whose energy can be harnessed using ocean turbines. Tidal
power is classified as a renewable energy source, because tides are caused by the orbital
mechanics of the solar system and are considered inexhaustible within a human timeframe. The
root source of the energy comes from the slow deceleration of the Earth's rotation. The Moon
gains energy from this interaction and is slowly receding from the Earth. Tidal power has great
potential for future power and electricity generation because of the total amount of energy
contained in this rotation.
2.22 ESTIMATION OF TIDAL PARAMETER AND HARNESSING TIDAL
ENERGY(21):
(Zaheer uddin, anila kausar)
Tides play a very important role in the formation of global climate as well as the ecosystems for
ocean habitants. At the same time, tides are substantial potential source of clean renewable
energy for future human generations. The analysis of tidal behavior has been developed by many
notable mathematicians and applied physicists, including Newton, Laplace, Airy, George
Darwin and Kelvin. Tide is affected by the near shore hydrography, bottom friction, Coriolis
acceleration, and resonant effect. Tidal range is influenced by the relative distance and position
of the earth, the sun, and the moon. There are many factors that influenced the tide and each of
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these variables can be represented mathematically by one or more sine wave function and are
called harmonic constituents of the tides. Another factor that influenced the tide is called surge,
caused by meteorological effects including wind, atmosphere pressure changes etc. Energy
crisis seems to be a global problem and every country is now looking for alternative and
sustainable way to generate electricity to meet its ever growing energy demand and to minimize
the environmental hazards.
2.23 A REVIEW ON TIDAL POWER & ITS SCOPE IN INDIAN PENINSULAR

AREA(22): (kundan kumar, priyank srivastav)
A variety of different technologies are currently under development throughout the world to
harness this energy in all its forms including waves (40,000 MW), tides (9000 MW) and thermal
gradients (180,000 MW). The total available potential of wave energy in India along the 6000
Km of India’s coast is estimated to be about 40,000 MW – these are preliminary estimates. This
energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes.
India has a long coastline with the estuaries and gulfs where tides are strong enough to move
turbines for electrical power generation. Oceans cover 70 percent of the earth’s surface and
represent an enormous amount of energy in the form of wave, tidal, marine current and thermal
gradient. None at the moment, but India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy said in Feb.,
2011 that, it may provide financial incentives for as much as 50 percent of the cost for projects
seeking to demonstrate tidal power. Deployment is currently limited but the sector has the
potential to grow, fueling economic growth, reduction of carbon footprint and creating jobs not
only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains. In 2000 NIOT Goa, launched a
programmed to conduct study on technologies for producing high quality clean drinking water
and energy from the ocean. The objective was to generate 2 - 3 lakh liters per day freshwater
using the Low Temperature Thermal Desalination technology by 1 MW OTEC Power Plant.
But it was dropped due to difficulties in installations. In 2014 Atlantis Energy proposed to install
and develop 50-200 MW Tidal stream based power plant at Gulf of Cambay.

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2.24 MARINE TIDAL CURRENT ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

TECHNOLOGY(23):
(Charpentier, s. E. Ben elghali)
Oceans, covering more than 70 % of the earth, have long been appreciated as a vast renewable
energy source. The energy is stored in oceans partly as thermal energy, partly as kinetic energy
(waves and currents) and also in chemical and biological products. Numerous techniques for
extracting energy from the sea have been suggested, most of which can be included in one of
the following categories: wave energy, marine and tidal current energy, ocean thermal energy,
energy from salinity gradients (osmosis), and cultivation of marine biomass. The kinetic energy
present in marine and tidal currents can be converted to electricity using relatively conventional
turbine technology. To harness the kinetic energy in waves present a different set of technical
challenges and a wide variety of designs have been suggested. Ocean thermal energy conversion
is possible in locations with large temperature differences, extracting energy with a heat engine.
Salinity gradients can be exploited for energy extraction through the osmotic process. The
cultivation of marine biomass can yield many useful products, including renewable fuels for
electricity generation. However, due to technology limitations and economic considerations,
osmotic and thermal energy developments are limited [1-3].Only a fraction of the global ocean
energy resource can be found in sites economically feasible to explore with the available
technology. However, this fraction could still make considerable contribution to electricity
supply. This is the reason why the marine renewable sector is currently the focus of much
industrial and academic research around the world [4-5]. Sites with attractive wave climate and
intense tidal currents are abundant in the vicinity of the European coastline. It has been shown
that 48% of the European tidal resource is in the UK, 42% in France, and 8% in Ireland. There
are basically two ways of generating electricity from marine and tidal currents: by building a
tidal barrage across an estuary or a bay in high tide areas, or by extracting energy from free
flowing water (tidal kinetic energy).

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2.25 POTENTIAL ARRAY SITES FOR TIDAL STREAM ELECTRICITY

GENERATION OF THE PEMBROKESHIRE COAST(24):
(Iain fairley, miles wilis)
Tidal stream energy deployments are only economically viable in discrete geographic areas
where sufficient flow velocities are combined with suitable bathymetry. Tidal stream turbines
are well recognized as a method of deriving electricity from the tides without the need for larger
structures such as barrages or lagoons. Wales has a significant percentage of the total UK‘s tidal
resource, located in three areas: Bristol Channel; Pembroke shire; and Anglesey. This work
presents Pembroke shire (Figure 1) as a case study. The work identifies potential tidal stream
deployment sites based on tidal current and depth constraints, calculates likely power output and
considers constraints to propose the most likely regions for turbine deployment in Pembroke
shire. Individual devices have specific depth constraints depending on both blade and foundation
design: in this study a hypothetical 10m diameter turbine with a gravity foundation was used to
generate depth and gradient constraints. The potential for a Severn Barrage to affect tidal
streams, long term deployments will naturally favor locations around Anglesey and Pembroke
shire. Both areas not only have excellent tidal stream resource, but are close to good port
facilities and large energy demand areas.
2.26 THE ECONOMICS OF TIDAL STREAM POWER(25):
(Boronowski s, monahan k.)
Adequate investment in renewable energy assets in the electricity sector a pressing concern for
policy makers due to the growing sense of unease about the environmental damage and CO2
emissions from traditional thermal generating sources. Currently in British Columbia, about 90
per cent of electricity is generated by large-scale hydro or other clean or renewable resources
and, under the 2007 BC Energy Plan, the Government commits to maintain this high standard.
However, energy demand in the province is expected to increase by 45 per cent over the next
20 years and the heritage capacity of the existing dams has already been exhausted. Without
further investment in renewable energy, British Columbia’s generating mixture is predicted to
include an increasingly larger percentage of “dirtier” fuels. In theory, tapping local renewable
energy resources such as hydro, wind or solar could provide a solution to these issues, but studies

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have found that their benefits in terms of displaced emissions, effective capacity and fuel costs
decrease as their penetration into the electricity grid increases.
This is because these types of renewable power are only available at intermittent intervals and
there is currently no practical way to store the power to be dispatched when it is needed.
Therefore, efficiency losses or ‘wasted’ energy arises when the system operator cannot ramp-
down the thermal sources instantaneously when the renewable resource becomes available.
There has recently been a surge of enthusiasm into a relatively new form of renewable energy:
tidal stream power. Tidal stream power works in a similar fashion to wind power, using large
turbines installed underwater to harness the kinetic energy supplied by tidal currents rather than
the wind. It has the advantage over other forms of renewable energy of being regular and mostly
predictable and therefore may be more appealing to system operators as they attempt to balance
supply with demand in any given period. Recently, it has gained international recognition and
utility-scale turbines have now been approved for installation in Nova Scotia and British
Columbia. British Columbia has been identified as an ideal location for resource extraction with
potential power capacity in the range of 3000MW, equivalent to 21.8% of BC’s 2007 generating
capacity.
2.27 METHOD FOR GENERATION OF ELECRTICITY(26):
(Kannabiran, dhanabal)
Energy derived from the moon now trickles into an Arctic tip of Norway via a novel underwater
turbine like device powered by the rhythmic slosh of the tides. Decarburization of the UK’s
electricity supply by 2030. In their report, Future Marine Energy, published in 2006, the Carbon
Trust estimated that tidal stream energy could meet 5% of the UK’s electrical energy needs. The
tidal turbine is bolted to the floor of the Kvalsund channel and is connected to the nearby town
of Hammerfest’s power grid on September 20th. This is the first time in the world that electricity
directly from a tidal current has been feed into a power grid. The blades automatically turn and
rotate at a pace of seven revolutions per minute, which is sufficient to produce 700,000 kilowatt
hours of non-polluting energy per year- enough to power about 35 Norwegian homes.

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2.28 FEASIBILITY STUDY AND COST- BENIFIT ANALYSIS OF TIDAL ENERGY(27):
(D. Jackson, t. Persoons)
About 96% of its energy coming from fossil fuels, Ireland as a nation, is almost totally dependent
on it. On the 31st May 2002 Ireland ratified the Kyoto Protocol to limit its greenhouse gas
emission to 13% above 1990 levels by the first commitment period 2008-2012. In order to
reduce their contribution to greenhouse gases, the Government also released a white paper
setting out goals to be reached by Ireland. This report pledged 33% renewable by 2020and15%
by 2010. However due to recession there goals have been reduced to the required values of the
original agreement. Due to oil levels around the world drop and fossil fuels in general, becomes
scarcer and greater demand placed on them, the price of buying fossil fuels will undoubtedly
become more expensive. This could lead to major political problems and result has led to a
change in global policies. Due to its small market size and peripheral location within Europe
Ireland will not have the luxury to continue to rely on fossil fuels. Ireland is currently spending
of around €7 Billion per annum on importing its energy needs. If Ireland does not invest in
renewable energy supplied, then in a long term the country will be open to being economically
dominated by energy supplying countries
2.29 TIDAL POWER IN THE UK & REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS(28):
(T. J. Hammons)
This paper examines in a form not conveniently referenced in the literature heretofore the
generation of electricity by tidal power in the UK with respect to complying with the Kyoto and
the Bali Protocols. Assess in broad terms the costs, benefits and impact of a project to generate
power from the tidal range of the Severn Estuary, including environmental, social, regional,
economic, and energy market impacts. Consider what measures the Government could put in
place to bring forward a project that fulfils regulatory requirements. Approximately 40% of the
UK’s electricity will have to be generated from renewable by 2020 as a result of a legally binding
EU target under the Bali Protocol. Tidal energy is derived from the gravitational forces of
attraction that operate between a molecule on the earth and moon, and between a molecule on
the earth and sun. The exact nature of periodic response varies according to the interaction

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between lunar and solar gravitation effects, respective movements of the moon and sun, and
other geographical peculiarities.
2.30 ASSESSMENT OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGIES IN CANADA(29):
(Kenneth lee)
A small number of tidal and wave energy conversion technology demonstrations are in place
internationally, and some are starting to emerge in Canada. For example, the Pearson College -
EnCana - Clean Current Tidal Power Demonstration Project was deployed at Race Rocks
Ecological Reserve in British Columbia in 2005.
Verdant Power is currently planning the Cornwall Ontario Renewable Energy (CORE) project
in the St. Lawrence River, which will demonstrate a redesigned Free Flow turbine and is
expected to grow to a commercial-scale array. Much of the development work on these
technologies is driven by the private sector.
To ensure that these technologies are consistent with Canada's conservation and sustainability
priorities, it is essential to acquire a firm understanding of their feasibility for deployment and
potential environment implications for all three Canadian coasts.
2.31 A STUDY ON ENERGY GENERATION IN INDIA(30):
(Sujata eresimi, mallikarjun)
This paper introduces the major projects and activities taken place in India to trap electrical
energy from the ocean waves across and around the coastline. It focuses on the importance given
for the new researches on the wave energy conversion technologies. Finally it was conclude that
by using this renewable energy source as one of the advanced technology, we can reduce the
risk of fossil fuel import and we can save it for future utilization in combination with the
renewable energy source to meet the Indian Power requirement up to certain extent. Keywords:
Ocean, waves, fossil fuel, power-load, realistic.
Energy is a basic input to the national economy. The primary commercial energy inputs to the
Indian economy are from coal, oils, and hydroelectricity and to a limited extent nuclear energy.
We know that in Indian perspective there is tremendous scope for the energy from the ocean as

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India has a long coastline of about 7500 km and about 336 islands in Bay of Bengal and Arabian
Sea. Oceans cover about 71% of the earth’s surface, making them the world’s largest solar
collectors. They receive, store and dissipate energy through various physical processes. As per
present technological status, recoverable energy in oceans exists mainly in the form of waves,
tides and temperature difference (between surface and deep layers). Hence the ocean can
produce two types of energy, tides and waves produce mechanical energy whereas temperature
difference produces thermal energy.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL:
The methodology of sea wave power generation includes basic design and output analysis. The
tidal current has some advantages due to which this energy are more attractive and is compatible
with the environment. Therefore, many countries around the world are doing the research works
in this field. On this basis, the tidal current energy is converted into mechanical energy and that
mechanical energy into electrical energy. We used many energy resources in order to generate
electricity such as geothermal and the hydroelectricity, etc. which leads to the emissions of
carbon dioxide. In order to reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide a new way of generating
the electricity is been adopted by opting the use of the natural energy resources i.e. the wind and
the marine current energy both at the same time.

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Many wave energy technologies representing a range of operating principles have been
conceived, and in many cases demonstrated, to convert energy from waves into a usable form
of energy.
3.2 PROPOSED WORK:
• To generate electricity from renewable source of energy i.e. oceans and sea
• Implementing idea of underwater turbine which relates to the placing of the turbine
underwater at specified depth.
• Selection of site according to the parameters defined as per the conditions required for
implementation of the plant.
• After site selection, depth, atmospheric pressure all are assumed on ideal conditions.
• Collection of the data required for the designing of the components of the turbine.
• Designing of the underwater turbine.
• Using MATLAB software designing of each components of underwater turbine.
• Calculating the actual readings by using MATLAB software.
• Considering ideal conditions getting the readings according to the available conditions
• Overall estimation of the structure made underwater and of the electricity supply.
• Theoretical readings to be compared with the standard values of the project related sites.
• After which we can conclude whether it can be implanted on the selected site for the project.
3.3 USE OF MATLAB SOFTWARE
3.3.1 GENERAL:
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a matrix-oriented tool for mathematical programming, applied

for numerical computation and simulation purposes. Together with its dynamic simulation
toolbox Simulink, as a graphical environment for the simulation of dynamic systems, it has
become a very powerful tool suitable for a large number of applications in many areas of
research and development. These areas include mathematics, physics, chemistry and chemical
engineering, mechanical engineering, biological and medical sciences, communication and
control systems, digital signal, image and video processing, system modeling and simulation,
statistics and probability. Generally, MATLAB is perceived as a high-level language and

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interactive environment that enables to perform computational tasks faster than with traditional
programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses
the Mu PAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing abilities
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions
are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include: Application development, including Graphical User Interface building. A typical
programmatic workflow for solving a linear elasticity problem includes these steps:
• Create a special structural analysis container for a solid (3-D), plane stress, or plane strain
model.
• Define 2-D or 3-D geometry and mesh it.
• Assign structural properties of the material, such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and
mass density.
• Specify a damping model and its values for a dynamic problem.
• Specify gravitational acceleration as a body load.
• Specify boundary loads and constraints.
• Specify initial displacement and velocity for a dynamic problem.
• Solve the problem and plot results, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, stress, strain,
von Mises stress, principal stress and strain.
3.3.2 CONTROLLING AND MODELLING IN SIMULINK OF MATLAB:
Simulink is a software package for modelling, simulating, and analysing dynamical systems. It
supports linear and nonlinear systems, modelled in continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid
of the two. Systems can also be multidate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated
at different rates (Parlous, 2001). For modelling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface
(GUI) for building models as block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. With this
interface, we can draw the models just as we would with pencil and paper (or depict them as it
is done in most textbooks). Simulink includes a comprehensive block library of sinks, sources,
linear and nonlinear components, and connectors. We can also customize and create our own
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blocks. Models are hierarchical. This approach provides an insight how a model is organized
and how its parts interact. After we define a model, we can simulate it, using a choice of
different methods, either from the Simulink menus or by entering commands in MATLAB's
command window. The menus are particularly convenient for interactive work, while the
command-line approach is very useful for running a batch of simulations (for example, if we
are doing Monte Carlo simulations or want to sweep a parameter across a range of values).
Using scopes and other display blocks, we can see the simulation results while the simulation
is running. In addition, we can change parameters and immediately see what happens, for "what
if" exploration. The simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for post
processing and visualization. And because MATLAB and Simulink are integrated, we can
simulate, analyse, and revise our models in either environment at any point (Parlous, 2001)
3.3.2.1 Starting Simulink:
To start a Simulink session, we'd need to bring up MATLAB program first (Nguyen, 1995).
From MATLAB command window, enter: >> SIMULINK
Alternately, we may click on the Simulink icon located on the toolbar as shown:
Fig. 3.3.2.1.1 Simulink icon in MATLAB window
Simulink's library browser window like one shown below will pop up presenting the block set
for model construction

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Fig. 3.3.2.1.2 Simulink’s library browser
To see the content of the block set, click on the "+" sign at the beginning of each toolbox. To
start a model, click on the NEW FILE ICON as shown in the screenshot above. Alternately,
we may use keystrokes CTRL+N. A new window will appear on the screen. We will be
constructing our model in this window. Also, in this window the constructed model is
simulated. A screenshot of a typical working (model) window looks like one shown below:

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Fig. 3.3.2.1.3 Simulink workspace
A simple model is used here to introduce some basic features of Simulink. the steps below to
construct a simple model.
Step 1: Creating Blocks.
From SIMSCAPE CATEGORIES section of the SIMULINK LIBRARY BROWSER window,

click on the "+" sign next to the Simulink group to expand the tree and select (click on) POWER
SYSTEMS.
Fig. 3.3.2.1.4 Sources Block sets

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A set of blocks will appear in the BLOCKSET group. Click on the SPECIALIZED
TECHNOLOGY. Again, click on the fundamental blocks. Then click on the various types of the
fundamental blocks provided accordingly and drag it to the workspace window (also known as
model window)
Fig. 3.3.1.2.5. Adding Blocks to Workspace.
Now we have established a source of our model.
To save a model, click on the floppy diskette icon or from FILE menu, select Save or CTRL+S.
All Simulink model files will have an extension “. mdl". Simulink recognizes the file with. mdl
extension as a simulation model (similar to how MATLAB recognizes files with the extension .m
as an M File). Continue to build the model by adding more components (or blocks) to the model
window. We will add the Scope block from Sinks library, an Integrator block from Continuous
library, and a Mux block from Signal Routing library.
Step 2. Making connections.
To establish connections between the blocks, move the cursor to the output port represented by ">"
sign on the block. Once placed at a port, the cursor will turn into a cross "+" enabling us to make
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connection between blocks. To make a connection: left-click while holding down the control key
(on the keyboard) and drag from source port to a destination port. The connected model is shown
below.
Fig. 3.3.2.1.6 Block diagram for Sine simulation
A sine signal is generated by the Sine Wave block (a source) and displayed on the scope (fig. 7).
The integrated sine signal is sent towards the scope, to display it along with the original signal from
the source via the Mux, whose function is to multiplex signals in form of scalar, vector, or matrix
into a bus.
Fig no 3.3.2.1.7 Scope appearance

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Fig. 3.3.2.1.8 Scope appearance
Step 3. Running simulation.
Now the simulation of the simple system above can be run by clicking on the play button (,
alternatively, we may use key sequence CTRL+T, or choose Start submenu under Simulation
menu).
Double click on the Scope block to display of the scope.
To view/edit the parameters, simply double click on the block of interest.
3.3.2.2 Handling of blocks and lines:
The table below describes the actions and the corresponding keystrokes or mouse operations:
Actions Keystrokes or Mouse Actions

Copying a block from a library Drag the block to the model window with the
left mouse button on the OR use choose
between select the COPY and PASTE from
EDIT menu.
Duplicating blocks in a model Hold down the CTRL key and select the block.
Drag the block to a new location with the left
mouse button.

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Display block's parameters Click doubly on the bloc

Flip a block CTRL-F
Rotate a block CTRL-R
Changing blocks' names Click on block's label and position the cursor
to desired place
Disconnecting a block Hold down the SHIFT key and drag the block
to a new location
Drawing a diagonal line Hold down the SHIFT key while dragging the
mouse with the left button.
Dividing a line Move the cursor to the line to where we want
to create the vertex and use the left button on
the mouse to drag the line while holding down
the SHIFT key.
Table no. 3.3.2.2.1: Keystrokes and actions
3.3.2.3 Simulink block libraries:
Simulink organizes its blocks into block libraries according to their behavior. The Simulink
window displays the block library icons and names: The Sources library contains blocks that
generate signals. The Sinks library contains blocks that display or write block output. The Discrete
library contains blocks that describe discrete-time components. The Linear library contains blocks
that describe linear functions. The Nonlinear library contains blocks that describe nonlinear
functions. The Connections library contains blocks that allow multiplexing and demultiplexing,
implement external Input/Output, pass data to other parts of the model, create subsystems, and
perform other functions. The Block sets and Toolboxes library contains the Extras block library of
specialized blocks. The Demos library contains useful MATLAB and Simulink demos.

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3.3.2.4 Viewing and analyzing simulation results:
Output trajectories from Simulink can be plotted using one of three methods (The MathWorks,
1999): Feeding a signal into either a Scope or an XY Graph block. Writing output to return
variables and using MATLAB plotting commands. Writing output to the workspace using To
Workspace blocks and plotting the results using MATLAB plotting commands.
3.3.2.4.1 Using the scope block:
We can use display output trajectories on a Scope block during a simulation. This simple model
shows an example of the use of the Scope block:
Fig. 3.3.2.4.1.1. Block diagram for output displaying
The display on the Scope shows the output trajectory. The Scope block enables to zoom in on an
area of interest or save the data to the workspace. The XY Graph block enables to plot one signal
against another
3.3.3 MODELING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS WITH SIMULINK:
Simulink's primary design goal is to enable the modeling, analysis, and implementation of
dynamics systems so then mechanical systems. The mechanical systems consist of bodies, joints,
and force elements like springs. Modeling a mechanical system need the equations of motion or
the mechanical structure. Thus, in general mechanical systems can be simulated by two ways:
• Using graphical representation of the mathematical model.

• Drawing directly the mechanical system using Sim Mechanics.

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3.3.3.1 Look under Mask:
To visualize the content of this subsystem, select one of the leg subsystems and right-click select
Look Under Mask.
3.3.4 CONCLUSION:
The modeling of mechanical systems requires a language capable to describe physical phenomena
in multiple energy domains, in continuous time or discrete time. Recent advances in modeling have
resulted in several languages satisfying these requirements. Simulink of MATLAB is one of such
languages. Simulink is a software package that enables to model, simulate, and analyze dynamic
systems, i.e., the systems with outputs and states changing with time. Simulating a mechanical
system is a two-step process with Simulink involved. First, we create a graphical model of the
system to be simulated, using the Simulink model editor. Then, we use Simulink to simulate the
behavior of the system over a specified time span
Using Simulink of MATLAB, two examples of modeling and simulation were presented. We
focused on the Simulation methods used to represent the dynamics of the mechanical systems. For
this reason, in this chapter we explain the two methods used for modeling these systems. This
chapter featured an explanation in what manner a mechanical system is simulated.
The models achieved in MATLAB/Simulink and their simulations allow to study the mechanical
system behavior, and to recognize the contribution of each modelled effect to the dynamics of the
system. The results obtained could be useful for establishing adapted control laws.

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS IN MATLAB SOFTWARE
4.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF GENERIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HYDRO-POWER

PLANT: -
• The Generic Block Diagram of HYDRO-POWER PLANT is given below:
• The Major Blocks include:
1. Turbine
2. Governor
3. Synchronous Machine
4. Transformer

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5. Converter Units
6. Grid
Fig no. 4.1.1 Block diagram of Hydro power plant
4.1.1 Detailed block diagram of Hydraulic Turbine Governor:
The Hydraulic Turbine and Governor implements the non-linear hydraulic turbine system model,
a PID governor and a servomotor. The generic block diagram of HYDRAULIC TURIBINE
GOVERNOR SYSTEM is given below:
Fig no. 4.1.1.1 Block diagram of hydraulic turbine governor

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The several parameters of HTG are stated as below:
1. Servo-motor:
The gain Ka and time constant Ta, in seconds (s), of the first-order system representing the
servomotor. Default is [ 10/3 0.07].
2. Gate opening limits:
The limits gmin and gmax (per unit) imposed on the gate opening, and Vgmin and Vgmax (per
unit/s) imposed on gate speed. Default is [ 0.01 0.97518 -0.1 0.1].
3. Permanent droop and regulator:
The static gain of the governor is equal to the inverse of the permanent droop Rp in the feedback
loop. The PID regulator has a proportional gain Kp, an integral gain Ki, and a derivative gain Kd.
The high-frequency gain of the PID is limited by a first-order low-pass filter with time constant Td
(s). Default is [ 0.05 1.163 0.105 0 0.01].
4. Hydraulic turbine:
The speed deviation damping coefficient β and water starting time Tw (s). Default is [ 0 2.67].
5. Droop reference:
Specifies the input of the feedback loop: gate position (set to 1) or electrical power deviation (set
to 0). Default is 0.
6. Initial mechanical power:
The initial mechanical power Pm0 (per unit) at the machine's shaft. This value is automatically
updated by the load flow utility of the Power gui block. Default is 0.7516.

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4.1.2 DETAILS OF I/O FUNCTIONS OF HTG SYSTEM:
Fig no. 4.1.2.1 Masked Block of HTG
• wref: The speed reference, in per unit. It is normally connected to a Constant block with the
value set to 1.0 per unit.
• Pref: The electrical power reference, in per unit. It is set to a constant value corresponding to
the initial active power drawn from the Synchronous Machine block connected to the Steam
Turbine and Governor block.
• wm: The generator's speed, in per unit. This is one of the signals in the last output of the
Synchronous Machine model (internal variables).
• d_theta: The generator's power angle deviation. It is also one of the signals in the last output of
the Synchronous Machine model (internal variables).
• dw_5-2: Output a vector containing the speed deviations, in per unit, of masses 5, 4, 3, and 2.
• Tr5-2: Output a vector containing the torques, in per unit, transmitted by masses 5, 4, 3, and 2.
• gate: Gate opening in per unit.
• Pm: The mechanical power, in per unit, that you connect to the first input of a Synchronous
Machine block.

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4.2 EXCITATION SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTION:
Basically, excitation system act as excitation system for synchronous machine and regulate its
terminal voltage in generating mode.
The block equivalent of excitation system along with I/O parameters are explained below with its
diagram.
Fig no. 4.2.1 Equivalent block
4.2.1 BLOCK I/O PARAMETERS:
• V-ref: The desired value, in per unit, of the stator terminal voltage.
• V-d: vd component, in per unit, of the terminal voltage.
• V-q: vq component, in per unit, of the terminal voltage
• V-stab: Connect this input to a power system stabilizer to provide additional stabilization of
power system oscillations.
• V-f: The field voltage, in per unit, for the Synchronous Machine block.

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4.3 SIMULATION BLOCK OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION:
The generic block of simulation model of Hydro-electric power generation is given below:
Fig no. 4.3.1 Simulation Block

4.4 UNDERWATER TURBINE
4.4.1 GENERAL:
The chapter deals with description about underwater turbine, their advantages and disadvantages
and also its types i.e. Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis.
4.4.1.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF UNDERWATER TURBINE:
4.4.1.1 ADVANTAGES:
1. The most important and highly significant benefit of using the power of the tides is that there
are no fuel costs. The energy is fuelled by the reliable and sustainable force of the ocean. Although

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initial construction costs are high, the overall maintenance of the equipment and the return of power
in the form of electricity can help offset this expense.
2. Tidal power is also an emission free source of power, providing clean energy
byharnessing this natural resource. It can be used to displace other electricity
producing methods that rely on the burning of fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels like coal,
contribute to the greenhouse effect because they release poisons into the atmosphere like carbon
dioxide. Sulphur is also a result of burning fossil fuels and contributes to the cause of acid rain in
our environment.
3. Tidal power can also provide secondary benefits because transportation corridors can be built
above the tidal generators. These can support roadways, water mains, rail lines, or communication
lines, which again can offset the expense of installing the tidal equipment.
4. And, unlike renewable resources such as wind power, the ebb and flow of the ocean tides
are entirely predictable and consistent and aren’t affected by outside forces such as the weather.
5. Tides are predictable and go in and out twice a day, making it easy to manage positive spikes.
6. Its predictability makes it easy to integrate into existing power grids. Tidal energy is completely
renewable.
7. Tidal energy produces no emissions.
8. Energy output is a 100% reliable, as tides are as sure as the moon hidden beneath the water.
9. When the tides go out gravity sucks the water through the turbines to generate electricity
10. Tidal energy reduces dependency on oil reserves from other countries.
11. Dams built can double as protective cover for coastline during rough weather.
12. While the use of tidal energy must be considered as a future source of energy,
environmental and cost concerns will have to be addressed. As technology advances, there is no
reason not to believe that engineers, scientists, biologists and other related professionals will
develop a way to harness the tide more effectively.
13. One of the most important and highly significant benefits of using the power of the tides is
that there are no fuel costs. The energy is fueled by the reliable and sustainable force of the ocean.
Although initial construction costs are high, the overall maintenance of the equipment and the
return of power in the form of electricity can help offset this expense.
14. Tides are predictable and go in and out twice a day, making it easy to manage positive
spikes.

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15. While the use of tidal energy must be considered as a future source of energy,
environmental and cost concerns will have to be addressed. As technology advances, there is no
reason not to believe that engineers, scientists, biologists and other related professionals will
develop a way to harness the tide more effectively.
4.4.1.2 DISADVANTAGES:
1. The major difficulties with this type of system is that the off-shore turbines cost more money
than land wind-based turbines.
2. They are also more expensive to maintain as they function under water. Furthermore, sea water
is corrosive to steel and other metals because of the salt content.
3. Fishing has to be restricted in the areas of the power plant.
4. Damages habitat up to 500 km away.
4.4.2 TYPES OF UNDERWATER TURBINE:
Comparing with wind and wave energy both are the intermittent energy. The tidal current has some
advantages due to which this energy are more attractive and is compatible with the environment.
Therefore, many countries around the world are doing the research works in this field. On this
basis, the tidal current energy is converted into mechanical energy and that mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The converters are then categorized into main two types:
1 Horizontal axis.
2 Vertical axis.
a) Horizontal Axis:
The rotor shaft is horizontal to the direction of flow of water.
b) Vertical Axis:
Although the vertical axis turbine can move in bidirectional movement, the efficiency of the
vertical axis turbine is much lower than that of horizontal axis turbine. To improve the efficiency
of vertical axis turbine some addition of the mechanisms is done but making the entire mechanism
more complex.

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4.4.3 MAINTENANCE OF UNDERWATER WINDMILL:

• Maintenance of the device while it is submerged in fast currents would be exceptionally
challenging and expensive, so a key patented feature of the technology is that the rotor and drive
train (i.e. gearbox and generator) can be raised completely above the surface.
• Once raised, any maintenance or repairs can readily be carried out from the structure attended
by a surface vessel.
Fig No.4.4.3.1 Maintenance off underwater Turbines

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4.4.4 EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT OF UNDERWATER TURBINES:
"I think we have invented one of the least offensive energy methods," MCT technical director Peter
Fraenkel told Deutsche Welle. He explained that the effect on marine life would be minimal. "Any
kind of higher marine mammals is as likely to run into it as a human begin is to walk into a brick
wall." Not only do marine creatures mainly move faster than the rotor, water spirals through it in
such a way that even jellyfish would be likely to go right through without being harmed.
Greenpeace climate and energy campaigner Robin Oakley told Deutsche Welle he didn't expect
negative impacts from Sea flow either. When it comes to environmental impact, "there's a very big
positive that has to be taken into account," Oakley said. "You have to weigh the effects carefully,
he said. "That can't be allowed to slow down the development of green energy."
To date, it has not yet had a full year of operation unconstrained by other research considerations.
From installation until November 2009 the system could only be operated when two marine
mammal observers were on board, and able to look out for seals that might be in danger from the
rotors (which rotate at about 14 rpm). Further seal monitoring restraints continued to reduce
operation to daylight hours until March 2010, so energy yield was significantly reduced. There is
great concern to avoid sanctioning anything that could cause negative environmental impact at the
Strang ford site. After two years of independent environmental monitoring no sign of a detrimental
effect has so far been detected. At the time of writing, seal movements near the turbine still have
to be monitored in real time using sonar by an operator onshore who can shut the turbines down
within five seconds if they feel a seal might be in danger. It is expected that this requirement may
soon also be relaxed as there are no signs yet of seals having so far been harmed. The environmental
monitoring programmed which will run for five years in total will cost some £2 million by the time
it concludes. It has been very useful in terms of environmental data acquisition and giving new
insights on the behavior of seals and other marine wild-life endemic to this environmentally
significant location.
The common seal, which despite the name suggests, are in decline and need to be protected from
harm. This one at Strang ford has a cell-phone frequency transponder attached to the back of its
head to allow it to be tracked. Its movements can be plotted by a computer as part of the major
environmental monitoring programmed being conducted primarily by Queen’s University Belfast

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and the Sea Mammal Research Unit of the University of St Andrews to ensure that it is not causing
any environmental harm.
4.5 STUDY ON MATERIALS USED FOR UNDERWATER TURBINE
4.5.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR BLADES OF TURBINE:
The blades themselves consist of a mix of glass and carbon fiber prepregs, all oven-cured. The spar
caps (110 mm/4.33 inches at the thickest point) are unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg.
4.5.1.1 DESIGN CHALLENGES:
There are three factors that govern the energy capture by any water current kinetic energy
converter: the swept area of the rotor(s); the speed of the flow (kinetic energy is proportional to the
velocity cubed) and the overall efficiency of the system. There have been many challenges to make
tidal turbines commercially viable, among these has been the need to place the systems in the right
locations where the water depth, current flow patterns and distance to the grid make a project
economically viable, and to make units efficient and easy to maintain.
Perhaps the greatest challenge relates to creating an underwater structure with foundations capable
of withstanding extremely hostile conditions. The drag from a 4.5 m/s current experiences at the
peak of a spring tide at Strang ford is equivalent to designing a wind turbine to survive wind speeds
of 400 km/h (250 mph).
Most recent turbine installation is located in Strang ford Narrows, Northern Ireland. It became
operational in 2008 using twin 16 m diameter rotors each sweeping over 200 m2 of flow that
develop a rated power of 1.2 MW at a current velocity of 2.4 m/s. It is accredited by Ofgem as a
UK power station and is the largest and most powerful water current turbine in the world, by a
significant margin, with the capacity to deliver about 10 MWh per tide, adding up to 6,000 MWh
a year. Its distinctive shape and functions have been developed by years of trials of locating and
operating underwater systems.

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Fig no.4.5.1.1.1 Effect of Velocity Shear
Blade CAD design
Using the dimensions from a CAD model of the blade was constructed. The shape of each of the
ten foil profiles was obtained from the software Java Foil which was used to provide the coordinates
of 60 points describing each profile. The coordinates were rotated by the twist angles indicated.
The center of rotation used is located at a quarter of the chord line from the leading edge. This
corresponds approximately to the aerodynamic center of the foil sections. The points were then
imported in a CAD software at the appropriate radial location with the axis of the blade going
through the quarter-chord point of each foil section. The discreet points describing each section
were used to generate smooth interpolated curves which were in turn used as support for an
interpolated lofted surface. The blade CAD model was originally constructed with SolidWorks but
it was found difficult to build a smooth transition from the circular root attachment to the blade
main section. In the end, the Multi Surf/Surface Works (developed by Aero Hydro) add-in to
SolidWorks was used as it provides better control of lofted surfaces. It should be noted that because
of the feature at the blade root necessary to attach it to the hub, the blade section at the very root
(r/R 0.1) is a circle 44 mm in diameter rather than the foil section whose characteristics are given.
The blade section then rapidly and smoothly morphs from the circular shape of the root into a foil
section so that from r/R 0.2 it corresponds exactly to the dimensions given. The data of the table
were nevertheless used without alteration for the BEM modelling. This approximation was

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considered acceptable given that the blade root makes a relatively small contribution to torque,
thrust, and bending moment.
Fig no. 4.5.1.1.2 Blade deflection
4.5.2 MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR UNDERWATER CONCRETING:
4.5.2.1 INGREDIENTS PRESENT IN SEA WATER:
As we all know, sea water is basically an accumulation of all river waters coming from many parts
of their catchment – bringing lot of impurities on their way. Sea also has many living elements
inside it so food waste generated by them or their dead bodies also generate some impurities. The
vehicles plying in sea have tendency to liberate gases and other waste which are discharged in sea
water. Above all, sea water is stagnant water spread over millions of miles and that water which is
not floating water so it often starts degrading. These are physical observations. The resultant effect
of all these happenings is formation of some salts in sea water. These salts possess unique property
of deteriorating the surroundings like weakness generated in sea side structures, industries, steel

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and concrete structures. Even surfaces of ships sailing in sea need very strong protective coating to
resist severe attack of sea salts. Various salts present in sea water have been tested and are found
as under.
4.5.2.2 INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF SALTS PRESENT IN SEA WATER ON CEMENT AND

CONCRETE:
Chloride present in sea water largely contributes in deteriorating effects on cement and concrete.
Chlorides react with element responsible for attributing binding property to cement and make it
ineffective. Thereby the binding property of cement starts reducing. As a result, the concrete matrix
starts depolarizing which creates heterogeneity in concrete mass over a period of time.
This phenomenon generates crevices within the concrete mass due to which concrete starts losing
density and ultimately durability of concrete is adversely affected.
Chlorides being acidic in nature they react with alkalinity and nullify alkalinity of concrete mass.
Reduction of alkalinity of concrete mass accelerates reinforcement corrosion by anodic medium
becoming stronger than cathodic medium.
4.5.2.3 OPTIONS OF NULLIFYING EFFECTS OF INJURIOUS SALTS ON CONCRETE:
Various options to nullify injurious effects of sea salts present in sea water include the following:
• Desalination of sea water by suitable technique like reverse osmosis. This is an effective method
but has few disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is the effluent generated during the
desalination process which is highly corrosive and needs to be suitably treated even before it is
discharged back to sea. Yield of declined water is only 40 to 50% which makes huge loss of water.
The method also involves high cost.
• Epoxy coated or stainless-steel reinforcement:
Epoxy coated reinforcement bars are used with specific design consideration in concreting along
coastal areas but major factor which needs to be taken care is of loss of bond between concrete and
reinforcement bars. High cost is another major criterion for epoxy coated or stainless-steel
reinforcement bars.

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4.5.2.4 CEMENT:
A powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed
with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete. Following cement types use in project: -
• Ordinary Portland cement, high early-strength Portland cement, and moderate-heat Portland
cement shall conform to JIS R 5210; blast-furnace slag cement to JIS R 5211; and fly-ash cement
to JIS R 5213.
• Cement other than above shall be checked for quality as an anti-washout underwater concrete,
and its method of use thoroughly examined.
• Since the records of anti-washout underwater concrete use are few, cement is limited to those
types which have a proven record.
• Cements other than ordinary Portland cement should be checked for mixing effectiveness with
the anti-washout admixture, a suitable method should be selected for the type of cement.
4.5.2.5 AGGREGATES:
4.5.2.5.1 FINE AGGREGATES:
Fine aggregate is the portion of the aggregate passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve for Bituminous
Concrete or passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve for Portland Cement Concrete. Following fine
aggregate use in project: -
• Fine aggregate shall conform to the Standard Specifications for Concrete.

• The allowable limit of chloride ion content where sea-sand is used in reinforced concrete
structures shall be 0.02% of absolute dry weight of fine aggregate.
• The fine aggregate used shall be a type judged to be non-harmful according to an alkali-silica
reaction test.
• Where granulated blast-furnace slag is used, it should conform to JIS A 5012 “Granulated Blast-
furnace Slag Aggregate for Concrete. “Where crushed sand is used, it should conform to JIS A
5004 “Crushed Sand for Concrete” Where crushed sand is used, it should be borne in mind that the
required unit water content will be larger for a given fluidity.

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• The allowable limit for chloride in the concrete should be determined through a comprehensive
consideration of the structure's required durability, the environmental conditions, etc. Where the
anti-washout underwater concrete is being used for reinforced concrete, the quantity of chloride
ions should be less than 0.30 kg/m3 from the view point of quality control. Where sea-sand is used
as the fine aggregate, chloride ions in the sea-sand should account for less than 0.02% (0.03% by
conversion to NaCl) of absolute dry weight of fine aggregate.
• Where the antiwashout underwater concrete is to be placed in sea water, the alkali contained in
the concrete is supplemented by alkali metals from the seawater. Also, since the structure is
permanently immersed in water, maintenance and repair can be difficult.
• For these reasons, the aggregate should be one judged harmless according to alkali-silica
reaction tests, thus falling on the safe side as far as the alkali-aggregate reaction is concerned.
4.5.2.5.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:
If the size of the aggregate is more than 45mm then we called it as “coarse aggregate”. coarse
aggregate is among the basic ingredients of concrete.
• The coarse aggregate used shall conform to the Standard Specifications for Concrete.
• The coarse aggregate shall be one judged non-harmful according to alkali-silica reaction tests.
• Restrictions on the physical properties of the coarse aggregate used in anti-washout underwater
concrete are basically the same as those for ordinary concrete.
• However, it should be remembered that where coarse aggregate is used, the anti-washout
Properties when the concrete is dropped underwater would tend to be lower.
4.5.3 ADMIXTURES:
• The action of adding an ingredient to something else is knows as Admixtures.
• Water-reducing agents and AE water-reducing agents used as admixture shall conform to JIS
A6204 and shall have no ill effects on the concrete when used in conjunction with the anti-washout
admixture.
• High-range water-reducing agents used as admixtures shall conform to “Quality Standards for
Superplasticizers for Concrete” of the Standards of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, and
should have no ill effects on concrete when used in conjunction with the Anti-washout admixture.

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• Since the number of water-reducing agents and AE water-reducing agents with proven records
of use in anti-washout underwater concrete is limited, it is not clear whether all of them are free of
harmful effects in mixing, and certain mixing effects can be expected. It is necessary to check
through past records, tests, etc., prior to use of such agents.
• Where an anti-washout admixture of the cellulose system is used, no AE water-reducing agent
will normally be used as air entrainment is determined by the anti-washout admixture and no
improvements in fluidity due to air entraining will be recognized.
• Generally, AE water reducing agents are used for their water-reducing effects and to delay or
accelerate setting. Where an anti-washout admixture of the acrylic system is used, the air content
is adjusted with an AE water-reducing agent.
4.5.4 WATER CEMENT RATIO:

• The water-cement ratio shall be determined in consideration of the required concrete Strength
and durability.
• When the water-cement ratio is determined based on the compressive strength using specimens
prepared under water.
• The relationship between compressive strength and water-cement ratio shall as a rule be
determined by tests using specimens prepared underwater. The standard of age of the specimen
shall be 28 days.
• The water-cement ratio shall be the reciprocal of cement-water ratio corresponding to mix
proportioning strength (f’cr) in the relational equation between cement-water ratio(c/w) at the
standard age and compressive strength (f’cw) of specimen prepared underwater. The mix
proportioning strength (f’cr) shall be the result obtained by multiplying design standard strength
(f’ck) with the proper coefficient.

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4.5.4.1 MAXIMUM WATER-CEMENT RATIO OF CONCRETE DETERMINED FROM

DURABILITY (%): (Table No. 4.5.4.1)
Type of structure
Non-reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete
Environment
In fresh water 65 55
In sea water 60 50
4.5.5 UNIT WATER CONTENT:

• The unit water content shall be determined through tests in consideration of the amount of anti-
washout admixture and high-range water-reducing agent used. It shall be as low as possible within
the range that yields the required fluidity.
• Anti-washout underwater concrete rises in viscosity in proportion to the quantity of anti-
washout admixture used, so the unit water content necessary to obtain the required fluidity also
increases. A high-range water-reducing agent is also added to counter act this effect. Although the
amount of high-range water-reducing agent used is correctly determined according to the quantity
of anti-washout admixture, it is preferable to add as much as is possible without producing any ill-
effects such as loss of anti-washout properties and delayed setting.
• The unit water content should be determined by tests, and should be as low as possible with in
the range giving the required fluidity. Tests are implemented with a suitable combination of anti-
washout admixture, AE water-reducing agent, high-range water-reducing agent, and mixing water.
Normally, the unit water content in anti-washout underwater concrete with a slump flow of about
50 cm is 210-230 kg/m3. For details of unit water content.

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• Underwater Concrete
Maximum size of coarse aggregate Unit water content

(mm) (kg/m3)
20 220
40 215
Table No. 4.5.5.1 Unit water content of various size of coarse aggregates.
• Values given in this table are for anti-washout underwater concrete with a slump flow of 50 cm
made with sand aggregate ratio and crushed stone of standard aggregate grade.
• Conditions in this case include use of W x 1.15% anti-washout admixture, about 10 L/m3 high-
range water-reducing agent (solid content, 2.5kg/m3), about 40% fine aggregate, and 4% air. W is
the unit water content.
• Where material qualities and the concrete differ from conditions (1) and (2), corrections should
be made using the values in the table below.
Difference Correction to unit water content (kg/m3)

For each increase/decrease of 1 cm in
slump flow Increase/decrease 3
For each increase/decrease of W x 0.10%
in amount of anti-washout admixture Increase/decrease 5
Table no. 4.5.5.2 Unit water content for different conditions

4.5.6 SAND AGGREGATE RATIO:
• The sand-aggregate ratio shall be 40% as standard.
• “Construction Edition” of the Standard Specifications for Concrete recommends that the sand-
aggregate ratio in concrete be increased in order to reduce the segregation of materials, and
proposes 40-45% sand as standard.
• However, in the case of anti-washout underwater concrete, the concrete resists washout even
with less sand due to the effects of the anti-washout admixture, and the effects of sand-aggregate

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ratio on unit water content and fluidity are smaller than with ordinary concrete. For this reason, the
sand-aggregate ratio is fixed at 40% as standard.
• In the case of lean-mix concrete, the unit water content and fluidity change with the amount of
sand, so the sand-aggregate ratio should be properly determined by tests.
4.5.7 AIR CONTENT:
• The air content shall be less than 4% as standard.

• In the case of anti-washout underwater concrete, the high viscosity resulting from addition of
the anti-washout admixture leads to more air being entrapped in the concrete during the mixing
operation. Since these air bubbles are larger than those in ordinary AE concrete, no improvement
in fluidity as in the case of ordinary air entrained concrete can be expected.
• Generally, the greater the amount of air, the lower the concrete strength. The scatter in concrete
quality also tends to be larger as the air content increases. This is also true in the case of anti-
washout underwater concrete, and it was decided that the air content should generally be less than
4% as standard.
• As excess air is introduced into the concrete, particles of cement will accompany the air as it
escapes from the concrete under water, and this leads to contamination of water nearby. For this
reason, it is desirable that the air content be kept be as small as possible.

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4.5.7.1 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN ADVICE AND RECOMMENDED MEASURES:
Components Description Example formula
All aggregate sizes are

Aggregates Any quality aggregates possible
possible
Target cement paste volume

Any cement meeting local according pumping concrete
Cement
standards recommendations: > 350
kg/m³
Sufficient fines content by

Limestone, fly ash or ground
adjustment of the binder
Powder additives granulated blast
content: Fines including
furnace slag
cement > 400 kg/m³
Fresh water and recycling water w/c-ratio according to

with standards with regard to
Water content
requirements regarding fines exposure class:
content
<0.48
Super plasticizer Super plasticizer: 0.60 -

Type dependent on placement 1.50%
and early
Concrete admixtures Viscosity modifying agent:
strength requirements
0.20 - 2.00%
Stabilizer for stagnant water Cohesion improver: 0.30 -
Stabilizer for running water 1.50%

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4.5.7.2 APPROXIMATE VALUES OF UNIT WATER CONTENT IN ANTI-WASHOUT

UNDERWATER CONCRETE:
Maximum size of coarse aggregate (mm) Unit water content (kg/m^3)
20 220
40 215
4.6 METHODS OF UNDERWATER CONCRETING:
Following is the method of underwater concreting use in project:
4.6.1 TREMIE METHOD:
• Tremie is a French word, meaning hopper. Tremie is a water tight pipe. It is a composite metallic
pipe having diameter varying from 20.0 to 25.0 cm capable of easy coupling for increase or
decreases its length. A funnel shaped hopper is fitted to its upper end to facilitate pouring of
concrete. The bottom end is closed with a loose plug.
Fig No. 4.6.1.1 Tremie pipe method

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• The valve at the discharge end is used to dewater the tremie and control the distribution of
concrete. The tremie is supported on a working platform above water level and to facilitate the
placing, it is built up in 1.0 m to 3.5 m section. The total length of the tremie pipe should be
sufficient to allow a free flow of concrete up to the point of placement. The pipe should be strong
enough to withstand the external pressure of water in which it is suspended and the partial vacuum
pressure developed inside the pipe. A separate lifting device is provided for each tremie with its
hopper at the upper end.
• Unless the lower end of the pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check valve, the upper
end of the pipe should be plugged with a wadding of gunny sacking or any other approved material
before delivering the concrete to the tremie pipe through the hopper, so that when the concrete is
forced down from the hopper to the pipe, it will force the plug down the pipe and out of the bottom
end establishing a continuous stream of concrete, and the water in the pipe if any is displaced by
concrete.
4.6.2 Working Process:
• At the place of concreting, sheet piles form work is driven inside the water and the tremie pipe
is lowered into position and the discharge end is kept as deeply submerged beneath the surface of
freshly laid concrete as the head of concrete in tremie permits. The tremie pipe is lifted up and a
slight jerk is given by a winch and pulley arrangement to discharge the concrete down. During
concreting air and water must be excluded from the tremie by keeping the pipe full of concrete all
the time.
• During all the time after starting placing concrete till the end of completion the lower end of
tremie should remain below the top surface of plastic concrete. This will cause the concrete to build
up from below instead of flowing out over the surface avoiding the formation of laitance layers.
• If the charge in the tremie is lost while depositing the concrete, the tremie should be raised above
the concrete surface and unless sealed by a check value, it should be re-plugged at the top end as
at the beginning, before refilling the depositing concrete. The tremie should never be moved
laterally through the freshly placed concrete. For shifting the tremie to a new position it should be
lifted vertically above the surface of concrete and shifted to its new position.
• If the concrete is to be placed in large quantities, it is preferable to place concrete simultaneously
and uniformly through a number of tremie pipes rather than sifting a single tremie pipe from one

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point to another point. The spacing between the tremies should be between 3.5 m to 5.0 m and the
end tremies should be about 2.5 m away from the form work.
• The risk of segregation and non-uniform stiffening can be minimized by maintaining the
concrete surface in form work as level as possible and by providing a continuous and rapid flow of
concrete
4.6.3 ADVANTAGES:
If the work is executed properly, this method has the following advantages:
• The concrete is not affected by the flowing water, except the top layer. The top layer may be cut
off to remove the affected concrete at the end of the whole operation.
• Under water concrete dos not need compaction as concrete automatically gets compacted by the
hydrostatic pressure of water.
• The concrete is of such a high consistency which normally does not require compaction.
4.6.4 DISADVANTAGES:
Concreting by tremie method requires high water/cement ratio for obtaining high consistency,
which reduces the strength of concrete. But now, with the use of some plasticizer a concrete with
as low w/c ratio as 0.3 or even less can be placed by tremie method.
Precautions:
During the course of concreting no pumping of water should be done. If pumping is done
simultaneously, it may suck the cement particles from the concrete.

Underwater Turbine
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 WIND TURBINE CALCULATIONS:
5.1.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL:
Following shows the definition of various variables used in this model:
E = Kinetic Energy(J) ρ Density(kg/m3)
m = Mass (kg) A Swept Area(m2)
v = Wind Speed(m/s) Cp Power Coefficient
P = Power (W) r Radius (m)
dm/ dt = Mass flow rate(kg/s) x distance (m)

dE/dt = Rate (J/s) t time (s)
Under constant acceleration, the kinetic energy of an object having mass m and velocity v is equal
to the work done W in displacing that object from rest to a distance s under a force F , i.e.:

Underwater Turbine
E = W = Fs
According to Newton’s Law, we have:
F = ma
Hence,
E = mas … (1)
Using the third equation of motion:
v 2 = u2 + 2as
we get:
a= (v 2 − u2 )/ 2s
Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, i.e.
u = 0 , we get:
a= v 2 /2
Substituting it in equation (1), we get that the kinetic energy of a mass in motions is:
= ½ mv 2 … (2)
The power in the wind is given by the rate of change of energy:
P = dE / dT = ½ v 2dm / dt… (3)
As mass flow rate is given by:
dm / dt = ρA dx / dt
and the rate of change of distance is given by:
dx / dt = v
we get:
dm / dt = ρAv

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Hence, from equation (3), the power can be defined as:
P = ½ ρAv 3 … (4)
A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more than
16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. To this
day, this is known as the Betz Limit or Betz' Law. The theoretical maximum power efficiency
of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind
can be extracted by a wind turbine). This is called the “power coefficient” and is defined as:
C = 0.59
pmax
Also, wind turbines cannot operate at this maximum limit. The Cp value is unique to each turbine
type and is a function of wind speed that the turbine is operating in. Once we incorporate various
engineering requirements of a wind turbine - strength and durability in particular - the real world
limit is well below the Betz Limit with values of 0.35-0.45 common even in the best designed
wind turbines. By the time we take into account the other factors in a complete wind turbine
system - e.g. the gearbox, bearings, generator and so on - only 10-30% of the power of the wind
is ever actually converted into usable electricity. Hence, the power coefficient needs to be
factored in equation (4) and the extractable power from the wind is given by:
½ ρAv Cp …(5)
3
Pavail =
The swept area of the turbine can be calculated from the length of the turbine blades using the
equation for the area of a circle:
A = πr 2 … (6)
where the radius is equal to the blade length as shown in the figure below:
Radius - r
Sweap Area - A = πr2

Underwater Turbine
Example Calculations with given data
We are given the following data:
Blade length, l = 52 m
Wind speed, v = 12 m/sec
Air density, ρ = 1.23 kg/m3
Power Coefficient, Cp = 0.4
Inserting the value for blade length as the radius of the swept area into equation (8) we have:
l = r = 52m
A = πr 2
= π × 522
= 8495m2
We can then calculate the power converted from the wind into rotational energy in the turbine
using equation (7):
1/2 ρAv
3
Pavail = Cp
= 1/2 × 1.23 × 8495 × 123 × 0.4

= 3.6MW
5.2 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION CALCULATION:
P = m x g x Hnet x η
Where,
P = power, measured in Watts (W).
M = mass flow rate in kg/s (numerically the same as the flow rate in litres/second because 1 litre
of water weighs 1 kg)
G = the gravitational constant, which is 9.81m/s2
Hnet = the net head. This is the gross head physically measured at the site, less any head losses.To
keep things simple head losses can be assumed to be 10%, so Hnet=Hgross x 0.9
Η = the product of all of the component efficiencies, which are normally the turbine, drive system
and generator

Underwater Turbine
If a relatively low gross head of 2.5 metres, and a turbine that could take a maximum flow rate of
3 m3/s, the maximum power output of the system would be:
First convert the gross head into the net head by multiplying it by 0.9, so:
Hnet = Hgross x 0.9 = 2.5 x 0.9 = 2.25 m
Then convert the flow rate in m3/s into litres/second by multiplying it by 1000, so:
3 m3/s = 3,000 litres per second
Remember that 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg, so m is the same numerically as the flow rate in
litres/second, in this case 3,000 kg/s.
to calculate the hydropower power:
Power (W) = m x g x Hnet x η = 3,000 x 9.81 x 2.25 x 0.751 = 49,729 W = 49.7 kw
5.3 UNDERWATER TURBINE CALCULATION:
5.3.1 Energy calculations
The energy available from barrage is dependent on the volume of water. The potential energy
contained in a volume of water is:
E=1/2 Apgh2
where:
h is the vertical tidal range,
A is the horizontal area of the barrage basin,
ρ is the density of water = 1025 kg per cubic meter (seawater varies between 1021 and 1030 kg
per cubic meter) and
g is the acceleration due to the Earth's gravity = 9.81 meters per second squared.
The factor half is due to the fact, that as the basin flows empty through the turbines, the hydraulic
head over the dam reduces. The maximum head is only available at the moment of low water,
assuming the high water level is still present in the basin.
Example calculation of tidal power generation

Assumptions:
Let us assume that the tidal range of tide at a particular place is 32 feet = 10 m (approx)
The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 9 km² (3 km × 3 km)= 3000 m × 3000 m = 9 ×
106 m2
Specific density of sea water = 1025.18 kg/m3

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Mass of the water = volume of water × specific gravity

= (area × tidal range) of water × mass density
= (9 × 106 m2 × 10 m) × 1025.18 kg/m3
= 92 × 109 kg (approx)
Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide = ½ × area × density × gravitational
acceleration × tidal range squared
= ½ × 9 × 106 m2 × 1025 kg/m3 × 9.81 m/s2 × (10 m)2
=4.5 × 1012 J (approx)
Now we have 2 high tides and 2 low tides every day. At low tide the potential energy is zero.
Therefore the total energy potential per day = Energy for a single high tide × 2
= 4.5 × 1012 J × 2
= 9 × 1012 J
Therefore, the mean power generation potential = Energy generation potential / time in 1 day
= 9 × 1012 J / 86400 s
= 104 MW
Assuming the power conversion efficiency to be 30%: The daily-average power generated = 104
MW * 30% / 100%
= 31 MW (approx)
• Result from Simulation in MATLAB (Output of Pure DC Current)
Fig no. 5.3.1.1 DC Current Wave Output

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5.4 ESTIMATION, TESTINGS AND RESULTS:

5.4.1 TEST ON TURBINES: -
We had done some tests on different level of ocean depth and following results was found out:-
No. Water flow (m/sec) Diameter Depth (m) Power generation Estimation
(m)
1. 3 2-16m 15 1.6mw 3.5 million
2. 3.5 2-16m 20 1.6mw 3.5 million
3. 4.3 2-16m 25 1.6mw 3.5 million
4. 5.4 2-16m 30 1.6mw 3.5 million
5. 5.5 2-16m 35 1.6mw 3.5 million
5.4.2 ESTIMATION OF UNDERWATER TURBINE:
Table 5.4.2.1 – Capital cost breakdown
Components $/kW $/Turbine in %
Power Conversion System 1,428 1,182,000 25.1
Structural Steel Elements 517 428,000 9.1
Subsea Cable Cost 130 108,000 2.3
Turbine Installation 1,741 1,442,000 30.6
Subsea Cable Installation 1,636 1,355,000 28.7
Onshore Electric Grid Interconnection 241 200,000 4.2
Total Installed Cost 5,693 4,715,000 100.0

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Table 5.4.2.2 - COE for alternative energy technologies
Capacity Capital COE CO2

Factor (%) Cost1 (cents/kWh) (lbs./MWh)
($/kW)
Tidal in Stream 46 2000 4 – 6.5 None
Wind 30-42 1150 4.7 – 6.5 None
Solar Thermal Trough 33 3300 18 None
Coal PC USC (2) 80 1275 4.2 1760
NGCC3 @ $7/MM BTU 80 480 6.4 860
IGCC2 with CO2 capture 80 1850 6.1 3444
Table no. 5.4.2.3 Operation and maintenance assumptions and estimates: Fixed and Variable

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Fig no. 5.4.2.1 Cost Summary and performance

Underwater Turbine
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
• Created a never-ending source of energy by which it can be supply to the day-by-day

increasing consumers.
• Figured out how much electricity can be generated using a single water level.
• Found at what placement on the wall would be best for placing the fan for maximum
electricity gain.
• Understood the behavior of the underwater turbine when the structure is to be subjected to
move in particular manner.
• Analysed the initial cost and the maintenance cost.
• Ocean energy can play a significant role in our nation’s renewable energy portfolio. With the
right support, the ocean energy industry can be competitive internationally. With the right
encouragement, ocean renewable energy technologies can help us reduce our reliance on
foreign oil – fossil fuels, in general – and provide clean energy alternatives to conventional
power generating systems. And with the right public awareness, our coastline communities
can use ocean renewables as a springboard for coastal planning that reflects the principles of
marine biodiversity.
• In conclusion, we believe that the intense and predictable marine current resource offers the
possibility of clean energy at a cost that will ultimately be competitive not only with the other
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renewables, but in the long run we believe we can compete head on with most forms of fossil
fueled power generation at present-day costs. We think that, given appropriate government
support to help the technology through its early and immature stages, it can play a significant
role in producing clean energy. Tidal energy has potential to become a viable option for large
scale, base load generation in Scotland. Tidal Streams are the most attractive method, having
reduced environmental and ecological impacts and being cheaper and quicker installed.
a) Reduce reliance on foreign oil.
b) Rely upon ocean terrain for power generation as opposed to onshore land resources.
c) Revitalize shipyards, coastal industrial parks and shuttered naval bases.
d) Create jobs in coastal communities.
• Development of a robust offshore renewables industry can:
1. Technology to other countries, just as a country like Scotland is exporting its marine
renewables.
2. Provide low cost power for niche or distributed uses like desalination plants, aquaculture,
naval and military bases, powering stations for hybrid vehicles and for offshore oil and gas
platforms.
3. Provide use for decommissioned oil platforms through "rigs to reefs program".
4. Promote coastal planning that reflects the goals of bio-diversity, that maximize best
comprehensive use of resources and capitalizes on synergies between offshore industries
5. The resource is located near highly populated areas on the coast, placing fewer demands on
already taxed transmission infrastructure.
6. Ocean renewables can help diversify our energy portfolio and improve our
environment.With the proper support, these resources will become a robust part of a reliable,
affordable, clean electric supply portfolio.

Underwater Turbine
SUMMARY
• Tides play a very important role in the formation of global climate as well as the ecosystem
for the ecosystem for ocean habitats.
• At the same times tides are substantial sources of clean renewable energy for the future human
generation.
• Depilating oil reserves, the emission of greenhouse gases by burning coal, oil and other fossil
fuels as well as the accumulation of nuclear waste from nuclear reaction will inevitably force
people to replace energy in the future.
• Development of new, efficient, low cost and environmentally friendly hydraulic energy
converts suited to free-flow waters.
• The combination of the wind mill and the way of power generation of turbine is introduced to
provide unlimited energy from the renewable source of the energy through these underwater
turbines using tidal and wave energy.
• This use of energy of tides and waves can lead to a fast rate process in future due to having no
bad impact on the environment and can have a sustainable future ahead after solving many
problems
• Implementing this idea on a large scale can easily generate electricity and will make India a
developed country too.

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• Wave power plant can be constructed along Indian coast as well as in Indian Ocean due to its
sustainability, renewability, and eco-friendly and nation welfare.
• This tidal energy project creates tools to rapidly provide that information on impacts and
benefits, which is critical to the early stages of any new development.
• The cost of this overall process of the installation process to final use of the underwater mill
should be low as it can be installed on a large scale.
• As it needs to be more efficient and the technology related to its working process should be
fully developed.
• Since it is renewable and eco-friendly process it is least priced and maintenance cost is also
low as it is having simple design and easy operation.

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REFERENCES
[01] Power generation from tidal and wave energy, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Nirupom Paul.
[02] Underwater turbine, Rakesh Patel.
[03] The development of tidal current energy in china, Hong-Wei Liu, Shun Ma.
[04] Electricity generation by using wind and tidal turbine, Girish K. Mahajan, Ajit Chaudhari.
[05] Tidal energy harvesting, S.S. Shevkar, K.A Otari.
[06] Renewable energy from ocean, Robin Pelc, Rod M. Fujita.
[07] Investigation of the energy potential from tidal stream currents, Kadir Orhan, Roberto
Mayerle.
[08] Assessment of tidal and wave energy conversion technologies in Canada, Kenneth Lee.
[09] A novel method for generation of electricity, Kannabiran, Dhanabal.
[10] Tidal energy, Thomson, Whelan And Gill.
[11] Study on a wave energy based power system, Lorand Szabo, Claudiu Operea.
[12] Perspective and challenge of tidal power in Bangladesh, Alamgir Hossain, Atiqur Rahman.
[13] Energy from tidal currents, Dr. Brett Beamsley, Ross Vennell.
[14] New pneumatic system for tidal energy conversion, Malathe Khalil, Ahmad Sedaghat.
[15] Effect of tidal stream power generation, G. I. Shapiro.
[16] Renewable energy sources, Mehebub Alam, Mandela Gain.
[17] Barriers to the deplpoyment of a 100 mw tidal energy array in the uk, Stuart R. J. Walker.
[18] Desalination of sea water using thermal and tidal power, Abhay Dixit.
[19] Energy from the ocean and scope of its utilization in india, R. C. Sharma, Niharika Sharma.
[20] Wave and tidal energy, Wang, Asif, M & Muneer.
[21] Estimation of tidal parameter and harnessing tidal energy, Zaheer Uddin, Anila Kausar.

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[22] A review on tidal power & its scope in indian peninsular area, Kundan Kumar,
PriyankSrivastav.
[23] Marine tidal current electric power generation technology, Charpentier, S. E. Ben Elghali.
[24] Potential array sites for tidal stream electricity generation of the pembrokeshire coast, Iain
Fairley, Miles Wilis.
[25] The economics of tidal stream power, Boronowski S, Monahan K.
[26] Method for generation of electricity, Kannabiran, Dhanabal.
[27] Feasibility study and cost- benifit analysis of tidal energy, D. Jackson, T. Persoons.
[28] Tidal power in the uk & reduce greenhouse gas emissions, T. J. Hammons.
[29] Assessment of tidal and wave energy conversion technologies in Canada, Kenneth Lee.
[30] A study on energy generation in india, Sujata Eresimi, Mallikarjun.

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Project Report on

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering

Under the Guidance of:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Gavali Swati, Bechavade Sanket, Bari Chaitanya, Ansari Nazish submitted to

Prof. Ashish Shetty Prof. Lissy Jose

Dr. Arun Kumar

Place: Virar East

Name of Students Signature

Name of Students Signature

16 4.3.1 Simulation Block 45

17 4.4.3.1 Maintenance off underwater turbines 48

18 4.5.1.1.1 Effect of Velocity Shear 51

19 4.5.1.1.2 Blade deflection 52

20 4.6.1.1 Tremie pipe method 61

21 5.3.1.1 DC Current Wave Output 69

22 5.4.2.1 Cost Summary and performance 72

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• To create a never-ending source of energy by which it can be supply to the day-by-day

1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK:

• To analyses the initial cost and the maintenance of the cost.

1.5 HISTORY OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY:

The generation of electricity is done at power station by electromechanical generator, primarily

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Graph no.1.5.1 Electricity Generation by Source, 1950-2010

1.6 CURRENT SCENERIO:

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Fig.1.6.2 Strangford Lough Tidal Turbine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

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2.2 POWER GENERATION FROM TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY(01):

(Md. Mahbubur rahman, nirupom paul)

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2.3 UNDERWATER TURBINE(02):

2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY IN CHINA(03):

(Hong-wei liu, shun ma)

2.5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY USING WIND AND TIDAL TURBINE(04):

(Girish k. Mahajan, ajit chaudhari)

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2.6 TIDAL ENERGY HARVESTING(05):

(S.s. shevkar, k.a otari)

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2.7 RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM OCEAN(06):

(Robin pelc, rod m. Fujita)

2.8 INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM TIDAL STREAM

(Kadir orhan, roberto mayerle)

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2.9 ASSESSMENT OF TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION

2.10 A NOVEL METHOD FOR GENERATION OF ELECRTICITY(09):

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2.11 TIDAL ENERGY(10):

(Thomson, whelan and gill)

2.12 STUDY ON A WAVE ENERGY BASED POWER SYSTEM(11):

(Lorand szabo, claudiu operea)

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(Malathe khalil, ahmad sedaghat)

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