A Report of Project Based Learning

On

EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
By

KENJALE TULSI SUDHIR Seat No: S190230141

SARANG HARSHAL NIWRUTI Seat No: S190230225
PATIL SANGRAM ANIRUDDH Seat No: S190230203

S. E. CIVIL

Under the guidance of

Mr.S.C GOUDGAON

of

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

Department Of Civil Engineering

Sinhgad College of Engineering,
Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-411041
June2020_21

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled

EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT TECHNIQUE

Submitted by

KENJALE TULSI SUDHIR Seat No: S190230141

SARANG HARSHAL NIWRUTI Seat No: S190230225
PATIL SANGRAM ANIRUDDH Seat No: S190230203

have successfully completed the project under the supervision of Mr. S. C. Goudgaon
for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Civil of SavitribaiPhule Pune
University. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other
degree.

Mr. S. C. Goudgaon Dr. S.S. Shastri

Guide Head of Department

Name Dr. S. D. Lokhande

External Examiner Principal

Acknowledgement

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This acknowledgement is a humble attempt to earnestly thank all those who were
directly or indirectly involved in our project based learning activity and were of
immense help to us. It is a matter of great pleasure for us to express my deep gratitude
to our guide Mr. S. C, Goudgaon for providing us with his/her valuable time and
knowledge for consistent encouragement and guidance. 

We would also like to thank Dr. S. S. Shastri, Head of Civil Engineering Department
for his valuable suggestion and Dr. S.D. Lokhande, Principal for their support and
motivation.

Kenjale Tulsi Sudhir seat no: S190230141

Sarang Harshal Niwruti seat no: S190230225
Patil Sangram Aniruddh seat no: S190230203

Contents

Chapter 1: -Introduction (background of the Industry or user-based problem)..........................6

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Chapter 2: -Literature survey for problem identification and specification...............................7
Chapter 3:Methodology.............................................................................................................9
4.1 Earthquake.......................................................................................................................9
4.1.1Layer of Earthquake.................................................................................................10
4.1.2 Type of Earthquake.................................................................................................10
4.1.3 Causes of Earthquake.............................................................................................11
4.1.4Effect of Earthquake................................................................................................12
4.1.5 Earthquake Damage depend on many factors.........................................................12
4.1.6 Important points of related to Earthquake...............................................................12
4.2 Seismic waves...............................................................................................................13
4.2.1 Body waves............................................................................................................13
4.2.2 Surface wave..........................................................................................................14
4.2.3 Type of Zones.........................................................................................................14
4.3How Are Earthquake Measured?....................................................................................14
4.3 1Seismograph............................................................................................................14
4.3.2 Modern seismographs.............................................................................................15
4.3.3. Seismometer..........................................................................................................16
4.6: - Earthquake in India....................................................................................................16
4.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................16
4.6.3Map of Indian seismic zones (IS 1893 Part 1- 2002)...................................................17
4.6.4 Map of India and surrounding showing epicentres (IS 1893 Part 1- 2002).............18
4.6.5 Some great earthquake in India...............................................................................20
4.6.5 Some recent earthquake in India.............................................................................22
4.7Different technique to resist earthquake in structure.......................................................26
4.7.1 Shear wall...............................................................................................................26
4.8Base isolation technique.................................................................................................30
4.8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................30
4.8.1 Base isolation..........................................................................................................30
4.8.3 Principle of base isolation.......................................................................................31
4.8.4 Purpose of base isolation........................................................................................31
4.8.5Type of Base Isolation Devices...............................................................................32
4.8.6 Bhuj Hospital Gujarat (Base isolation System).......................................................32
Chapter 4: – Detailed of design, working and process.............................................................35
Chapter 5: - Result and Application........................................................................................37
Chapter 6: - Conclusions And future Scope.............................................................................38

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Chapter 7: - References...........................................................................................................39

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Chapter 1: -Introduction (background of the Industry or
user-based problem)

Introduction

An earthquake is earth shaking or in other words release of energy due to the

movement of tectonic plate. This can be destructive enough to kill thousands of people
and bring huge economical loss. This natural disaster has many adverse effects on
earth like ground shaking, landslides, rock falls from cliffs, liquefaction, fire, tsunami
etc. For record earthquake sensitive instruments are installed around the world this
type of device is called seismograph. The seismograph has three main device Richter
magnitude Scale, Modified Mercalli Intensity scale, Moment – magnitude scale. In
India has had a number of the world greatest earthquake in the last century. In
fact,then 50% area Indian country is considered prone to damaging earthquake. The
north earthquake of magnitude more than 8.0 The main cause Himalayas belt is
susceptible to great earthquake of magnitude more than 8.0 besides the Himalayas
region and the Indo -Gangetic plans, even the peninsula Indian is prone to damaging
earthquake as clearly illustrated by the koyna(1967), nature (1993) and the Jabalpure
(1997) earthquake Indian earthquake have shownremarkable features which have
implications on strategic for reducing earthquake disaster in the country.

In order to analyse a technique to resist earthquake like a) Active and passive system
b) Shear wall c)Pendulum power d) Bracing e) Damper f) Base Isolation g) Roller h)
Bonds i) Rock core wall

j) Floating Foundation those systems are reduce seismic effect on structure and
preventing damage of structure. In Base isolation of structures is one of the most
desired means to protect it against earthquake forces. It is the fundamental concepts
for earthquake engineering which can be define as separating or decoupling the
structure from its foundation. This effect in reduction of inter storey drift and effective
displacement in the floors of base isolation structural system, that ensures the least
damages to facilities and also provides safety to life and property.

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Chapter 2: -Literature survey for problem identification and
specification

Deepankar Chaudhary2006:In this paper Mr Deeepankar Chaudhary discus on

the state of the structural analysis and design techniques for behaviour of such sub
structural systems during seismic event are discussed. In the Connecticut, role of
design in India with such activities across the world using international design codes is
discussed.

Mohd Raish Ansari:In this paper Mr Mohd Raish Ansari discus on earthquake in
the India and its effect. This study is based on the condition of earthquake in India and
Analysis of the great earthquake occurred in India.

Niraw.G. Patil (2014): This paper presented herein investigates the ability of an
adoptive seismic Isolation system to protect structure subjected to a variety of
earthquake ground motion, on base Isolation, and case study on New bhuj hospital
earthquake engineering, New Zealand technologies.

Tim S. Lim (2012): In this paper Mr Tim s. Lim discus on High-performance

braces. This thesis analysis and evaluates three different type of high-performance
braces. 1) The building-restrained brace frame 2) The self- centring energy dissipating
brace frame and 3) The hybrid brace frame with regards to their structural
performance and economy and also discussed earthquake- structure, seismic design.

Ikuo Tatemichi, Mamoru Kawajudi, Masara Abe (2004): In this paper

presenting experimental study on the effectiveness of the non-parallel swing system
and on its application to high rise structure.

Dr Mahdi Hosseini (2019):In this paper Dr Mohdi Hosseini discus the behaviour
of high rise structure with dual system with different type of Rcc shear wall under
different type of soil conditions earth seismic loading, Estimation of structural
response such as story displacement and time period and frequency is carried out In
dynamic analysis Response spectrum method is used. It was that the behaviour of new
shape.

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Lin Su et al (1991): I n this paper Lim su, Goodarz Ahmadi and Iradj .G.
Tadjdakhshdiscussed the analysis on a new combination of base isolator obtained after
combining the property of electricity de France (EDF) base isolator and resilient base
isolator (R-FBI) device , and new isola8formed which named sliding resilient base
isolator and resilient base Isolation system (SR-F). For these isolator response spectra.
A curve is generated and compared with fixed base system. For various conditions and
various earthquake records, we found Base shear, spectral acceleration, and spectral
displacement... Different result obtained from this different earthquake records were
then compared with SR-F new proposed isolator. Peak response of all earthquake for
EDF and R-FBI were record and obtained results are compared to the SRF system
Therefore, maximum responses almost ended without large base displacement and the
peak response of this isolator was also not too much serious in frequency and
amplitude content.

Todd W Erickson et al (2010): In this paper, Erickson and Alton’s discussed

that the response of the industrial structure was present under seismic force and
building was designed according to IBC code. The present study shows that three
industrial building rest on o e Isolation slab. All problems related to analysis, design,
placement of isolator is comparatively examined.

M.K Shrimali et al (2015) In: This paper. M.K Shrimali et al discusses that the
use of control devices for a seismic vulnerability is increase rapidly. This study
focuses on hazardous resonance due to pounding effect of nearby building. For
decreasing this damage is of controlled device has become essential. The study based
on comparative analysis of Damper and isolated system. Further studies have said that
the hybrid system of control of seismic hazard gives better results than semi-active
control. Again, give more concentration to know the different parameter of control
devices.

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Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Earthquake
Earthquake is defined as a sudden ground shaking caused by the release of huge stored
strain energy at the interface of the tectonic plates or Earthquake is the result of a
sudden release of energy in the earth crush that creates seismic waves earthquake is
also known as quake tremor or temblors. The energy propagates in the form of seismic
waves. Sensitive instrument around the world record the event.

Fig 3.1.1: -The focus and Epicentre of an earthquake

Focus: The original earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which
cause shaking of ground due to earthquake

Epicentre: The geological point on the surface of earth vertically above the focus of
the earthquake

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3.1.2Layer of Earthquake
The earth is divided into four main layers, liner core, outer core, mantle and crust.
The core is composed mostly of iron Fe and is so hot that the outer core is molten,

with about 10% sulphur (s). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it

Fig 3.1.2: - Layer of Earthquake

remains solid. Most of the Earth mass is in the mantle, which compared of iron (fe),
magnesium (mg),Aluminium (Al), silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) silica component, Al
over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deformed slowly in a plastic manner.
The crust is much thinner than any of the other layer, and is compared of the least
dense calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminium-silicate minerals. Being relating cold,
the crust is rocky and brittle, soil can fracture in Earthquake.

4.1.2 Type of Earthquake.

The earthquake can be classified into three categories according to its depth of focus.
These are:

1. Shallow focus earthquake is earthquake with depth of focus <70 km. Nearly 80%
of total earthquake are shallow focus earthquake. These types of earthquake are of
greater concern for earthquake resistant design
2. Intermediate focus earthquakes are earthquakes with depth < [70, 30] km.
3. Deep focus earthquake is earthquake having depth > 300 km.

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Intensity
Intensity is qualitative measure of strength of an earthquake. It gives gradation of
strength of earthquake using observe damage to structures or ground and reaction of
humans to the earthquake shaking. And earthquake has many intensities, the highest
near the maximum fault displacement and progressively to lower grade at away. Since
the measure is not instrumental, intensity can be assigned to historical earthquake also.
The popular intensity scale is the modified Mercalli {mmi] scale with 12 gradation
denoted by roman numerals from i to xxi another intensity scale developed for
central and eastern European states is known as Medvedev – Sponhener – Karnik
(MSK) intensity scale. The 12 gradation MSK scale differs with mmi in detailed only
like many other countries IS 1893 (part 1), the Indian standard 2002, also refer to the
MSK scale (14). Aseismic map shows intensity of a past earthquake in a contoured
form of line of equal intensity.

Magnitude
The magnitude is a quantitative and absolute measure of the size of earthquake. It
can be correlated to the amount of wave energy release at the source and an
earthquake. The elastic wave energy is that portion of total strain energy stored in
lithospheric rock that is not consume as mechanical work during an earthquake. There
is various magnitude scale in use. This scale defers from each other because those are
deriving from measuring different wave component of an earthquake. richer (25)
defined magnitude of local earthquake in southern California for shallow earthquake
having epicentre distance is less then < 600 km. Local magnitude is logarithm to the
base 10 of the maximum seismic wave amplitude in microns recorded on wood-
Anderson seismograph (having period 0.8 nearly critical damping and magnification
2800) at a distance 100 km from the epicentre of earthquake. Richter magnitude can
be scale for any seismograph of above 1 s period instrumental amplification corrected
amplitude of ground motion.

4.1.3 Causes of Earthquake

 They can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions they are in fact every common
in areas of volcanic activity where they either proceed or accompany eruptions.

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 They be triggered by tectonic activity associated with plate margins and faults.
The majority of earthquakes worldwide are of this type.
 Earthquakes are causally related to compression or tensional stresses.

An earthquake can be likened to the effect observed when stone is thrown into water.
After the atone hits the water a series of concentric waves will move outwards from
the centre. The same events occur in an earthquake. There is sudden movement within
the crust or mantle, and concentric shock wave moves out from that point. Geologists
and geographers call the origin of the location of the surface and difficult to map the
location the earthquake is often referred to as the point on the earth surface directly
above the focus. This point is called the epicentre.

The strength, or magnitude of the shockwaves determined the extent of the damage
caused two main scale exits for defining the strength the scale and the Richter scale.

4.1.4Effect of Earthquake
1. Ground motion
2. Land slides
3. Ground displacement
4. Liquefaction
5. Tsunamis
6. Aftershocks

4.1.5 Earthquake Damage depend on many factors

1. The size of Earthquake.

2. The distance from the focus of the earthquake.

3. The properties of the materials at the site.

4. The nature of the structures in the area.

4.1.6 Important points of related to Earthquake.

 Ground Shaking: -shakes structure constructed on ground causing them to
collapse. Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves. High frequency
body waves shake low building more, low frequency surface waves shake high
building more. Intensity of shaking also depend on type of subsurface material.

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 Unconsolidated materials empty shaking more than rocks does, Building respond
different to shaking depending on construction styles, materials.
 Liquefaction: -Conservation of formally stable cohesion less solids to a fluid
mass, causing damage to the structure. It occurs in loose, saturated sands. Termed
liquefaction the strength of the soil reduced often dramatically to the point where it
is unable to support structure or remain stable. Its increases pore pressure and
effective stress decreases, strength and stiffness decrease.
 Landslides: -Triggered by the vibration its source of vibration to create vibrations
 Retaining structure failure: -Damage of anchored wall, sheet pile, other retaining
walls and sea walls.
 Fire: - Indirect result of Earthquake triggered by broken gas and power lines
 Tsunamis: -Tsunami is Japanese word with the English translation ‘harbor wave
(Tsu means harbor “nam“means“wave) is a series of water waves caused by
displacement large volume of a body of water. Typically, an ocean or large lake.
Large waves create by the instantaneous displacement of sea floor during
submarine faulting source.

4.2 Seismic waves

Seismic waves are classified into two groups: body waves which travel through the

earth in all directions and to depth. And surface waves, whose propagation in limit to a

volume of rock within a few seismic wavelengths of earth surface.The uses and

analysis methods for the two types of waves are substantially different. Body waves

are used for resources exploration purposes and for the study of earthquake. Surface

waves are used to delineate the layered- earth structure.

4.2.1 Body waves

Two types of body waves exist congressional waves (P) and Shear waves (S). P-waves
are similar to sound waves. They obey all the physical laws of the science of
acoustics. The mass particle motion of a P-waves is in the direction of propagation of
the waves. In addition, P-waves cause a momentary volume change in the material
through which they pass, but no concomitant momentary shape changes occur in the
material.

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S- waves as they commonly called move in a direction perpendicular to the direction
of particles motion. Verticality and horizontally polarised S- waves are known as SV-
waves and SH- waves, respectively. They are sometimes called secondary waves
because they travel more slowly than Waves in same material. The velocity of S-wave
is directly related to the shear strength of material. S- waves are do not propagate
through fluid as those do not have any shear strength.

4.2.2 Surface wave

A disturbance at the free surface of a medium propagates away from its source partly
as seismic surface waves, sometimes known as L- waves, are subdivided into Rayleigh
and Love waves. These surface waves are distinguished from each other by the type of
motion. Of particles on their wave fronts.

4.2.3 Type of Zones

Zones Intensity
Zone V Very high-Risk zone
Zone VI High Risk Zone
Zone III Moderate Risk Zone
Zone II Low Risk Zone
Table no 4.1

Zone Factor (Z): It is a factor to obtained the design spectrum depending on the
perceived maximum seismic risk characterized by Maximum considered Earthquake
(MCE) in the zone in which the structure is located. The basic zone factor included in
this standard are reasonable estimate of effective peak ground acceleration.

4.3How Are Earthquake Measured?

4.3 1Seismograph
For record earthquake sensitive instruments are installed around the world. The study
of earthquake waves is called seismology. Date almost 2000 years back seismograph
instruments that record seismic waves. The first seismograph called Di-Dong-Di was
invented by Zhang Heng (132 A.D) the first instrument determining the direction of an
earthquake the Zhang Heng a Chinese scientist developed the Dragon jar. Device used
to measure an earthquake is called seismograph.

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 Fig no 4.3.1: - Dragon jar Seismograph Instruments

The seismograph has three main scale

1. Richter Magnitude scale

2. Modified Mercalli intensity scale,
3. Moment-Magnitude scale.
1. Richter Magnitude scale: -The magnitude of most earthquake is measured on the
Richter scale, invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934. The Richter magnitude are
based on a logarithmic scale. (Base 10)
2. Modified Mercalli intensity scale: - Another way to measure the strength of an
earthquake is to use the Mercalli scale invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902. The
scale uses the observation of the people who experienced the earthquake to
estimate its intensity.
3. Moment – Magnitude Scale: -Moment magnitude scale quantitative measures of
an earthquake magnitude (or relative size)develop in the 1970 by Japanese
seismologist Hirooz Kenmore and American seismologist Thomas C. Hanks
calculate of an earthquake using moment magnitude scale. The moment magnitude
scale is the only scale capable of reliably measuring the magnitude of the largest,
most destructive earthquake.

4.3.2 Modern seismographs

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Modern seismograph can measure the intensity and duration of there even in
differentdirection.

Fig 4.3.2: - Modern seismograph (Horizontal\Vertical)

4.3.3. Seismometer
it is instrumenting that measure motion of ground. Caused by for example an
earthquake, a volcanic eruption or the use of the explosives records if seismic waves
allow seismologist to map the interior the size of event like these is visual record of
arrival time and magnitude of shaking associated with seismic wave generated by a
seismograph.

These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority do not
comprise significant land area. For purposes of this list, a minor plate is any plate with
an area less than 20 million km2 but greater than 1 million km2.

4.6: - Earthquake in India

4.6.1 Introduction
India has had a number of the world's greatest earthquakes in the last century. In fact,
more than 50% area in the country is considered prone to damaging earthquakes.
The northeastern region of the country as well as the entire Himalayan belt is
susceptible to great earthquakes of magnitude more than 8.0. The main cause of
earthquakes in these regions is due to the movement of the Indian plate towards the
Eurasian plate at the rate of about 50 mm per year.
Besides the Himalayan region and the Indo-Gangetic plains, even the peninsular India
is prone to damaging earthquakes as clearly illustrated by the Koyna (1967), Latur
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(1993), and the Jabalpur (1997) earthquakes. Indian earthquakes have shown some
remarkable features which have implications on strategies for reducing earthquake
disasters in the country. This paper attempts to provide an overall perspective of past
Indian earthquakes and the interesting features of the same.

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4.6.3Map of Indian seismic zones (IS 1893 Part 1- 2002)

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4.6.4 Map of India and surrounding showing epicentres (IS 1893 Part 1- 2002)

ANNEXE

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 (Foreword)
ZONE FACTORS FOR SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS
Town Zone Zone Town Zone Zone
Factor Z Factor,
Z
Agra III 0.16 ChitraDurga II 0.10
Ahmedabad III 0.16 Coimbatore III 0.16
Ajmer II 0.10 Cuddalore III 0.16
Allahabad II 0.10 Cuttack III 0.16
Almora IV 0.24 Darbhaga V 0.36
Ambala IV 0.24 Darjeeling IV 0.24
Amritsar IV 0.24 Dharwad III 0.16
Asansol III 0.16 Dehra Dun IV 0.24
Aurangabad II 0.10 Dharmapuri III 0.16
Bahraich IV 0.24 Delhi IV 0.24
Bangalore II 0.10 Durgapur III 0.16
Barauni IV 0.24 Gangtok IV 0.24
Bareilly III 0.16 Guwahati V 0.36
Belgaum III 0.16 Goa III 0.16
Bhatinda III 0.16 Gulbarga II 0.10
Bhilai II 0.10 Gaya III 0.16
Bhopal II 0.10 Gorakhpur IV 0.24
Bhubaneswar III 0.16 Hyderabad II 0.10
Bhuj V 0.36 Imphal V 0.36
Bijapur III 0.16 Jabalpur III 0.16
Bikaner III 0.16 Jaipur II 0.10
Bokaro III 0.16 Jamshedpur II 0.10
Bulandshahr IV 0.24 Jhansi II 0.10
Burdawn III 0.16 Jodhpur II 0.10
Cailcut III 0.16 Jorhat V 0.36
Chandigarh IV 0.24 Kakrapara III 0.16
Chennai III 0.16 Kalapakkam III 0.16

4.6.5 Some great earthquake in India

Indian subcontinent has suffered some of the greatest earthquakes in the world with
magnitude exceeding 8.0. For instance, in a short span of about 50 years, four such

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earthquakes occurred: Assam earthquake of 1897 (magnitude 8.7) (Oldham, 1899),
Kangra earthquake of 1905 (magnitude 8.6) (Middle miss, 1910), Bihar-Nepal
earthquake of 1934 (magnitude 8.4) (GSI, 1939), and the Assam-Tibet earthquake of
1950 (magnitude 8.7) (CBG, 1953). Significance of such earthquakes can be gauged
from the fact that in his famous book on Engineering Seismology (Richter, 1958)
Professor C.F. Richter (known for the Richter scale) devotes an entire chapter entitled
“Some Great Indian Earthquakes” to introduce the nature of earthquakes: the book has
no similar chapter for great earthquakes in other regions of the world. Fortunately,
since 1950 only moderate size earthquakes have occurred in India which is no reason
to assume that the truly great earthquakes are a thing of the past. Of these four
earthquakes, two more interesting ones (Assam of 1897 and Bihar-Nepal of 1934) are
discussed here in some detail. Also discussed is another very interesting earthquake
that took place about 180 years ago: the Cutch earthquake of 1819. To appreciate
these earthquakes, one needs to keep in view that in the Latur earthquake of 1993 (the
most tragic earthquake of last 50 years in India which caused about 8000 deaths),
severe damage was limited to within an area of radius 10 km and that the maximum
MSK intensity was only about VIII to IX in an even much smaller area.

Cutch Earthquake of 1819

This 8.3 magnitude earthquake took place on the west coast of India on June 16, 1819.
It caused ground motion which was perceptible as far as Calcutta. The earthquake
caused a fault scarp of about 16-mile-long and about 10-foot-high which was later
named as "Allah Bund". In fact, this earthquake provided the earliest "clear and
circumstantially described occurrence of faulting" during earthquakes (Richter, 1958).
Cutch being far away from the plate-boundaries, this earthquake is one of the largest
intra-plate earthquakes to have occurred in the world.

Asam Earthquake of 18972

The Assam earthquake of June 12, 1897 (magnitude 8.7) caused severe damage in an
area of about 500 km radius (as against the area of about 10 km radius that sustained
severe damage in the Latur earthquake!). The earthquake caused extensive surface
distortions in the area. There were clear vertical acceleration during the earthquake
exceeded 1.0g. The earthquake caused extensive liquefaction in the alleviated plains
of Brahmaputra. Very extensive damage to rail tracks and bridges took place (Figs. 2

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and 3). The shaking in the misoneism area was so severe that it provided a model for
specifying the modified Mercalli intensity of XII. The buildings in the area around
Shillong consisted of three types: stone buildings; equability buildings which
consisted of wooden framework with walls of san grass covered in plaster; and the
timber plank buildings built on "log hut" principle, having a wooden framework
covered with planks, and resting unattached on the ground. All the stone buildings
were levelled to the ground (Fig. 4). About half of the ekra-type buildings were
levelled to the ground particularly due to the stone chimneys (stone or brick chimneys
projecting out of the buildings are easy casualties in earthquakes). The plank buildings
were in general undamaged. Damage caused by this earthquake led to the
development and adoption of Assam-type houses (Fig. 5) with the active involvement
of the then government and with the help of Chinese carpenters and craftsman.
Subsequently, these houses became prevalent in the north-eastern states and have
shown excellent performance in the subsequent earthquakes. Unfortunately, it has
taken only 100 years to unlearn what was learnt at a great human and economic costs
from the 1897 earthquake: the Assam-type housing is now being discouraged even by
the government agencies (to save nominal amount of timber that would go into it!).
Instead of replacing the timber by alternate materials while keeping intact the
earthquake-resistant features of these houses, construction activity in the area is now
based on poorly-built reinforced concrete or brick masonry constructions; a sure
recipe for future earthquake disasters.

Bihar–Nepal Earthquake of 1934

This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and
caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). The
number of deaths was relatively low: about 7,253 in India and 3,400 in Nepal since
most people are outdoors in the winter afternoon. Serious damage was caused in an
area of about 300 km mean radius. The earthquake caused a maximum intensity of X
in 125 km long and 30 km wide area. Besides, two distant areas both located about
160 km from the main damage area suffered intensity of X; these were Kathmandu
valley in the north and Munger in the south; this happened due to peculiar geology of
that region (e.g., Richter, 1958). Most buildings tilted and slumped bodily into the
ground in an area of about 300 km long and of irregular width (sometimes exceeding
65 km); this area was termed as the "slump belt". The area of slump belt underwent
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extensive liquefaction. At places, six feet high embankments became level with the
surrounding area. On the other hand, the depth of lakes, ponds, borrow areas, and
other depressions became lower. The area of slump belt was associated with fissuring
and emission of sand and water caused by liquefaction and formation of sand boils
One of the fissure was 15' deep, 30' wide, 900' long

4.6.5 Some recent earthquake in India

All the damaging earthquakes in the recent years are rather moderate in size as
compared to the great earthquakes discussed above. Nevertheless, these too have had
some interesting characteristics which are briefly discussed here; some of these are
discussed in greater details in the accompanying papers.

Koyna earthquake of 1967

This was a magnitude 6.5 earthquake that took place close to the 103 metre concrete
gravity dam at Koyna (Berg et al., 1969). Prior to this earthquake, the area used to be
considered aseismic. However, after the construction of dam and filling up of reservoir
in 1962, the seismic activity increased significantly. The main shock of December 10,
1967 caused widespread damage, killing about 200 persons and injuring more than
1500 persons. The maximum shaking intensity was assigned as VIII on the MM scale.
This earthquake provides one of the important instances of the reservoir-induced
seismicity. A strong motion accelerograph located in the gallery at mid-height of the
dam recorded peak vertical acceleration of 0.36g and peak horizontal acceleration of
0.45g and 0.39g. The dam, designed for a seismic coefficient of 5% g by the pseudo-
static analysis, performed quite well with only nominal damage to the dam. This
earthquake lead to the revision of Indian seismic zone map wherein the area around
Koyna was brought in zone IV from zone I, and seismic zone for Bombay was
upgraded from zone I to zone III.

Bihar- Nepal Earthquake 1988

This magnitude 6.6 earthquake shook northern Bihar and Nepal on August 21, 1988 at
04:39 hours (e.g., GSI, 1993; Jain, 1992; Jain et al., 1991, Subramanian, et al. ???,
Thakkar et al. ???). About 1004 persons died (282 in India and 722 in Nepal) and
more than 16,000 injured; casualties were significantly reduced since in the summer
time most people sleep outdoors. Significant damage was caused in three distinct

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regions: the area near the epicentre, and the areas around Munger (India) and
Bhaktapur (near Kathmandu in Nepal); this damage pattern due to peculiar geology of
the area is exactly similar to that of the 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake.

Uttarkashi earthquake of 1991

An earthquake of magnitude 6.6 shook the districts of Uttarkashi, Tehri, and Chamoli
in the state of Uttar Pradesh on October 20, 1991 at 2:52 hours (GSI, 1992; Jain et al.,
1992). The death toll was estimated to be around 768 persons, with about 5,066
injured. The area has one of the lowest population densities in the state, and hence the
rather low number of deaths and injuries. The maximum intensity of IX on the MM
scale was assigned to an area of about 20 square km. This earthquake provided
excellent ground motion records (acceleration versus time history) in the area (e.g.,
Jain and Das, 1993): maximum peak ground acceleration of about 0.31g was recorded
at Uttarkashi.

Ground motion records showed that in the Himalayan region, the motion has
significantly higher amount of high-frequency contents. During the earthquake,
collapse of houses with R.C. roof slab supported on weak random-rubble stone
masonry clearly demonstrated the disastrous results of often neglected walls and
columns vis-à-vis slabs and beams. Several 4-storey buildings in Uttarkashi (not
designed or detailed by engineers) with R.C. frame and stone infill sustained the
earthquake rather well!

This was due to the presence of significant number of infills from foundation to the
top of the building which acted as shear walls. From such examples, one could easily
and incorrectly get carried away to conclude that all R.C. buildings in general are good
for earthquakes. To sober one down, top two storeys of the 3- storey State Bank of
India R.C. frame building collapsed (Fig. 6); clearly illustrating the disaster that R.C.
buildings can cause if not done right. An important bridge on the strategically
important Uttarkashi-Harsil route collapsed; causing disruption of traffic for several
days (e.g., Murty and Jain, 1997).

Killari (Latur) earthquake of 1993

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On September 30, 1993 a magnitude 6.4 earthquake shook the area near village Killari
in Latur district killing about 8,000 persons (GSI, 1996; Jain et. al, 1994; Seeber et al.,
1993, 1996). The maximum intensity of shaking was about VIII to IX. Until this
earthquake the area was considered non-seismic and placed in the lowest seismic zone
(zone I) by the Indian code (IS:1893-1984). Most of the damage was contained in a
relatively small area of 20 km x 20 km. The affected area did not have any modern
towns, modern buildings or major industries. In some of the villages more than 30% of
the population was killed. This earthquake will be known for outstanding rescue, relief
and rehabilitation carried out for any earthquake in recent Indian history; perhaps
outstanding by even international standards.

Jabalpur Earthquake of 1997

This earthquake is the first moderate earthquake (magnitude 6.0) to have occurred
close to a major Indian city in recent times: Jabalpur has a population of about 1.2
million people (Jain et al., 1997; Rai et al., 1997). It provided some indication of what
type of seismic performance to expect out of modern Indian constructions.

The maximum intensity was up to VIII (in a very small area); most parts of Jabalpur
town experienced shaking intensity of VI and VII. Numerous R.C. frame buildings of
three-four storeys with brick infills performed well even though these may not have
been designed for earthquake forces: this is because the brick infill walls acted as
shear walls and took most of the seismic loads in such buildings. On the other hand,
several similar buildings but with open-first storey (i.e., few or no brick infills in the
ground storey) showed heavy distress to the ground storey columns (Figs. 7 and 8):
such buildings could have collapsed due to failure of ground storey columns if the
shaking had been stronger or lasted for a longer duration. Another interesting feature
of the earthquake was heavy damage to a very large number of two and three storey
brick-masonry residential buildings belonging to different government agencies: e.g.,
the ordnance factories, Department of Telecom, railways, etc.

Such buildings did not have any earthquake resistant features. Damage to mumtys
(staircase projection above the building roof) in such houses posed a major problem.
Most medium and large towns in the country now have a huge inventory of R.C.
frame buildings with open first storey (to accommodate vehicle parking), and two-

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three storey brick masonry housing units; such buildings could cause major disasters
in future earthquakes affecting Indian cities.

4.7Different technique to resist earthquake in structure

4.7.1 Shear wall
Shear wall are vertical element of horizontal force resisting system shear wall are
constructed to counter the effect of lateral load acting on structure. Shear wall are

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special important in high rise building subjected to lateral wind and seismic force. The
shear wall should be building interior when exterior cannot provide sufficient strength
and stiffness.

Purpose of Shear wall

1. Shear wall are not only designed to rest gravity vertical loads, but they are also
designed for lateral loads of earthquake/wind.
2. Shear wall method is more stable. Because their supporting area ( total c/a area of
all shear wall) with reference to total plans area of building.
3. Walls have to resist the lateral force of the wind that tries to push the walls in and
pull them away from the building.

Force of Shear wall

1. Shear force- Ground movement, wind and waves
2. Uplift force- Force on top of wall
Classification of Shear wall
1. Simple rectangular type and flanges wall
2. Coupled shear walls
3. Rigid frame shear walls
4. Column supported shear walls
5. Core type shear walls
Method of design of Shear wall
1. Segmented shear wall Method
2. Force transfer – ground opening method
3. Perforated shear wall method
Type of shear wall
1.RC Shear wall:Reinforced concrete shear walls are widely used shear walls for
residential buildings. The reinforcement is provided in both horizontal and vertical
directions. But at the end of each wall, bars are closely spaced and anchored. So, the
end zones of RC shear wall are called as boundary elements or barbells. The wall
thickness of RC shear wall is varied depending upon many factors like thermal
insulation requirements of building, age of building, number of floors of building etc.
It varies from 140 mm to 500 mm. In general, the provision of shear wall is
continuous throughout the height of building. But sometimes it is discontinued where
there is a building entrance or parking space etc.

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2.Concrete block shear wall: Concrete block shear walls are constructed using
Hollow concrete blocks along with Steel reinforcement bars. Reinforcement is
generally used to maximize the effect of concrete block masonry against seismic
loads.

The Reinforcement bars are arranged through spaces of concrete blocks in both
vertical and horizontal directions. After placing bars in concrete block masonry, fresh
concrete grout is poured into the hollow space and is allowed to set.

This type of walls can take both gravity loads and lateral loads. So, they can work like
shear wall as well as load bearing wall.

Fig 4.7.1 - Concrete block shear wall

3.Steel plate shear wall: Steel shear wall consists of a steel plate wall, boundary
column and horizontal floor beam. The action of steel shear wall is more like a plate
girder. Steel plate wall acts as web of plate girder, boundary columns acts as flanges
and horizontal beams acts as stiffeners of plate girder.

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 Fig 4.5: -Steel plate shear wall

4.plywood Shear Wall: Plywood shear walls are traditional type walls which are also
called as timber shear walls. It consists of plywood sheets and studs. Plywood sheets
transfer shear force while studs resists the tension or compression.

Now a day’s plywood shear walls are redesigned using new technical advancements.
Steel sheets, sure boards etc. are using in place of plywood.

Fig 4.7.2: -plywood shear wall

5.Mid-ply Shear wall: Mid-ply shear wall is an improved version of normal plywood
shear wall. In this case, extra plywood sheet is arranged at the centre of normal
plywood wall and series of pairs of studs are positioned on the both sides of mid-ply.
Studs joint the mid-ply with outer plywood sheets. Here, Studs are rotated to
90o relative to those is plywood shear walls.

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The mid-ply shear wall eliminates the problems caused in standard shear walls and
lateral load carrying capacity is higher for mid-ply shear walls.

Fig 4.7.3: - Mid-ply Shear wall

Efficiency of Shear Walls
Efficiency of a shear wall is purely depending upon its rigidity or its stiffness. A solid
shear wall is more efficient than a shear wall with openings. But sometimes it is not
possible to construct a shear wall without openings such as openings for doors,
windows etc.

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4.8Base isolation technique

4.8.1 Introduction
Base isolation of structure is one of the most desired means to protect it against
earthquake forces. It is the fundamental concept for earthquake engineering which can
be defined as separating the structure from its foundation. This effect in reduction of
inter storey drift and effective displacement in the floors of base isolated system, that
ensure the least damage to facilities and also provide safety to life and property.

The concept of base isolation has been suggesting in last few decades, the
technologies are made available, this knowledge of base isolation system are getting
used develop and hence wellestablish. Seismic isolation system are more effective
when applied to high stiffness, low rise buildings, owing to their abilities to alter the
characteristics of the building from rigid to flexible. Base isolation is passive control
system. It doesn’t require any external force for its activation.

4.8.1 Base isolation

Base isolation is a very effective procedure which keeps astructure safe from
earthquake. In this process structural elements are collected which should significantly
isolate a superstructure from the substructure. It protects the integrity of different
structure.

Base isolation is potential equipment against earthquake. Technologies to control the

vibrations of structures are used in this process. Seismic sustainability and seismic
execution of structure can be raised significantly with the application of base isolation.
But it is true that a building cannot be made fully e earthquake proof by the base
isolation process.

In late of 1960s, the concept of seismic isolation for civil structure started to develop
systematically in New Zealand with a series of experimental and analytical studies let
by R. Ivan Skinner who was head of engineering seismology section at the physics
and Engineering laboratory of the DSIR which eventually led to major
implementation. Interestingly, these pioneering development in base isolation were
initially motivated from the design of the South Rangitikei Rail Bridge- a tall railway
concrete bridge with stepping piers which is the first implementation of rocking
isolation in modern times. The design of South Rangitikei Rail Bridge was a seminal

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moment in seismic isolation that fostered the development and testing of base isolation
system for building which initially consist of bridge bearing in association with special
hysteretic damping devices that used the cyclic plasticity of steel.

4.8.3 Principle of base isolation

In practice, isolation is limited to a consideration of the horizontal forces to which

buildings are most sensitive. Vertical isolation is less needed and much more difficult
to implement. Although each earthquake is unique, it can be stated in general that
earthquake is ground motion result IN a greater acceleration response in a structure at
shorter period than at longer periods. A seismic isolation system exploits this
phenomenon by shifting the fundamental period of building from the more force-
vulnerable shorter period to the less forces vulnerable longer periods. The principle of
seismic isolation is introduced flexibility in the basis of structure in the horizontal
plane while at the same time adding damping elements to restricted the resulting
motion.

In an ideal system, the isolation would be total. In the real world, there needs to be
some contact between the structure and the ground. A building that is perfectly rigid
will have a zero period. When the ground moves, the acceleration induced in the
structure will be equal to the ground acceleration and there will be zero relative
displacement between the structure and the ground. Thus, the structure and ground
moves by same amount.

4.8.4 Purpose of base isolation

In designing a building, designer will design it for earthquake resistance and not for
earthquake proof. It is design for an inertia force which is a product of building mass
and earthquake ground acceleration caused during an earthquake.Therefore,it is
necessary that the building should have sufficient strength to resist the earthquake. It is
not practical and not feasible to continue to increase the strength of the indefinitely. In
high seismic zones the acceleration causing forces in the building may exceed one or
even two time the acceleration due to gravity. In this case, base isolation techniques is
used to mitigate the damages and effects in an earthquake to minimal extent.

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4.8.5Type of Base Isolation Devices

1. Elastomeric Bearings
2. High Damping Bearings
3. Lead Rubber Bearings
4. Flat Slider Bearings
5. Friction Pendulum Bearings

Fig 4.8.1: - Elastomeric Bearing Fig 4.8.2: - High Damping

Bearing ‘

Fig 4.8.3:- Lead rubber bearing Fig 4.8.4:- Flat Slider

Bearing

Fig 4.8.5: - Friction pendulum Bearing

4.8.6 Bhuj Hospital Gujarat (Base isolation System)

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Gujarat province in Northern India was the home of Mahatma Ghandi. It is also the

site of earthquakes, one of which devastated the province in January 2001 and caused
tens of thousands of casualties.

During the disaster the local hospital in Bhaji (420km west of state capital
Gandhinagar) collapsed claiming approx. 176 lives. The New Zealand Government, as
part of its international aid programme, decided that rebuilding the ruined facility
would be a suitable project for New Zealand earthquake engineering assistance.

Fig 4.12.6: - Bhuj hospital earthquake resist (Base isolation)

 New Zealand, known as the “shaky isles”, has considerable expertise in

earthquake-proofing buildings as it is often affected by tremors.
 It was decided that the new 300-bed hospital be fitted with a New Zealand-
developed lead-rubber base-isolation system.

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 The new 30,000 sq. m hospital is the first building India to be fitted with the
technologywith this system the bearings are part of the building’s foundations,
allowing the structure to remain virtually stationary during an earthquake.
 The system is maintenance-free and does not incorporate electronics. It’s just
rubber and lead. Block of rubber. With a core of lead l, are isolating the main
hospital building from the ground and will absorb the shock during a quake
 Structural engineers Dunning Thornton Consultants from Wellington were part of
the New Zealand design team and supervised installation of the first bearings on
site in late 2001. Eventually, 280 lead-rubber bearings were installed.
 Base-isolation protects a number of buildings in New Zealand, including the
national museum (Te Papa), the Parliament Buildings and Wellington Hospital’s
new emergency department. It’s also used in numerous buildings and bridges in
earthquake-prone countries around the world.
 The new 30,000m² hospital is the first building in India to be fitted with the
technology. It is reputed to be able to stand a force 10 tremor on the Richter scale.
There are plans to extend the facility into a teaching hospital and boost its capacity
to 500 beds.

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Chapter 4: – Detailed of design, working and process

1.Isolation system- The various isolators, which reduce the time period shift of the
structure to a period, range of 2 to 3 secs, with the isolation structure, only isolation
system shows non- linear behaviour, while structure and soil system are shows linear
behaviour.

2.Structural system- This system consists of structural component of superstructure

as well as Foundation.The inter storey drift for isolated structure is very low so, that
the superstructure can conveniently be assume to behave like linear elastic manner.

3. Soil system- The subsoil system exhibits itsown stiffness and damping properties
which may or may not affect the response of the structure which is situated upon it.
This influence of the interaction between the soil and structure become significant in
case of loose subsoil strata.

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Workability of Base Isolation System

Base isolation is not beneficial in all cases. The elementary period of superstructure
and the shape, vibrations content of seismic design spectrum describes the
effectiveness. Base isolation increase the fundamental vibration period of the structure
and it decrease the strength earthquake. If natural period of the superstructure is
relatively long, base isolation Is only slightly beneficial and much less where the
superstructure period is comparatively short.

These systems are applied in low- rise building since the frequency period of structure
can be less, so that it can be perform more rigidly to maximize the benefit from the
isolation system. Different isolation system are set in mid-rise and high-rise structural
system. In such systems, the benefit of isolation has been demonstrated in past
earthquake. Moderate and taller base isolated building are expected to have different
and variable response characteristics in comparison to shorter base-isolated building.
Moderate and taller or relatively flexible building which are base isolated may not
perform as well as shorter or relatively stiffer base-isolated building. Base isolated
building with larger height to width ratios were shown to be especially sensitive to
soft-soil. Shorter building has more toughness than base isolated taller buildings. To
improve the performance of isolated building by reducing the building drifts, a
number of passive or semi-active control system have been developed.

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Chapter 5: - Result and Application
Result

The building was designed successfully as per IS 875-1987,15456-200, & IS 13920-

1993. Its certain that the base isolation provide will resist the earthquake. From the
structural point of view the installation ofbase isolation system is increasing the
seismic stability of the buildings and is leading to a more uniformdistribution of the
vertical dead loads as well as ofadditional verticalseismic loads on the rubberbearings.

Applications
 Provide sense of security to the people.
 Techniques is durable and strong
 Longer life of span as compared to the normal structure
 Easy replacement of small bearings, if necessary, without using any expensive equipment;
 Base isolation provides an alternative to the conventional, fixed base design of structures. 

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Chapter 6: - Conclusions And future Scope

Conclusion: -
The building was successfully designed its is evidence that the use of base isolation
and other techniques in the structure can be used to bear the maximum load of
earthquake the seismic base isolation method has proved to be a reliable method of
earthquake resistance design unlike a building without base isolation. As base
isolation method is usually adopted only for commercial buildings i.e. hospitals, malls,
office, buildings etc.The success of this method is largely attributed to the
development of isolation devices and proper planning.

Future Scope
We can add some more technique and develop a new and better building design
through strong and durable building can be constructed.

Page 39
Chapter 7: - References

1. IS 1893-1 (2002) criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure Part 1:

General provision and Buildings.
2. N. Shruti. Das (Ijtrd), an Design and analysis of seismic forces in multi-storey
Building with water tank as liquid damper.
3. B.Ramamohana. Reddy, M. Visweswara Rao, An Earthquake Resistant
design of a Building using shear wall.
4. The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol No, 11 November 1998 Sadhir K. Jain, An
Indian Earthquake: An overview
5. Rui.C. barros, Seyed. Mohommad Khatami, A seismic Response effect of
shear walls in reducing pounding risk reinforced concrete Building subject to
Near- fault Ground Motion.
6. Lugi.Dl sarno and Amr. S. Elnashai, A bracing system for seismic
Retrofitting of steel frames
7. Nirav. G. Patel, A study on a base isolation (Ijiset)

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