Elective- II – Design & Technology Elective

Fourth Year B. Arch.

A Report

On

“BUILDING SCIENCE OF CLIMATIC RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE”

“Architectural Conservation”

Submitted by

PIYUSHA BABAR

Fourth Year B. Arch (Batch ‘A’)

Under the guidance of

AR.UPENDRA JOSHI

Academic Year - 2019-20

Dr. D Y Patil, College of Architecture, Akurdi, Pune.

 Acknowledegement

The education is the prime factor in our life from times immemorial education in various forms
has played the most.

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout

the research on this topic. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive
criticism and friendly advice during the research work. I am sincerely grateful to them for
sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the research.

I express my warm thanks to AR.UPENDRA JOSHI for his support and guidance. I sincerely
thank him to have patience and guide me through my research design on such an informative
topic.

Thanking You,

Piyusha Babar,

Fourth Year ‘A’

 Index

1.0 - Introduction

BUILDING SCIENCE OF CLIMATIC RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

Aim

Objective

Need / Significance of the topic

Scope & Limitation

2.0 – Data Collection

Background Data

Case- Study 1

Case- Study 2

Case- Study 3

Comparative Analysis

Conclusion

3.0- Design Proposal

Description of the Proposal

Experts Review
Introduction:-
The main function of architecture is to modify external climatic conditions to suit the occupants
of buildings, thus enabling them to better pursue their domestic, social and cultural objectives.
As scientific measurements of external and internal environments of buildings has scarcely
begun and also as there is basic difficulty of measuring the comfort of occupants, the reason for
rather simplified approach to the study of internal environment of buildings will be understood
and just as subjective assesments of comfort maybe adequate.

It should be remembered that numerous microclimates exists within internal environment for
example damp basements, unheated attics and exposed corners as well as behind paneling or
sculpture.

The internal environment of the building is complicated intercting system, comprising the
movement of air and water vapour and the transfer of heat.

Thus dealing with relative humidity and temperature becomes the two main factors.
Aim
To modify the function of architecture in internal environment with respect to external
environmental conditions.

Objective
 Designing a Climatic Responsive Building to match with the particular micro-climate.
 Ideal building Design.

Need / Significance of the topic

This concept of building performance can be approached from several directions. Buildings are
complex systems. It will be evident that such considerations must form a fundamental part of
theoretical basis of architecture. Energy efficiency is an issue that brings the trade-off between
aspects of use and preservation to a head. On the one hand, interventions for energy efficiency
facilitates long-term use as it makes it possible for buildings to be heated at a lower running cost;
on the other hand, the installations may have both a physical and a visual impact on the cultural
heritage value of the building. Economically an ecologically sustainable heating solutions must
therefore be found that make it possible to use the buildings without jeopardizing their cultural
heritage value.

Scope and Limitation

Even though there are numerous studies on building science, the buildings studied in this
research are different from the conventional vernacular buildings.The buildings investigated
have used modern construction materials to improve the functionality and durability of the
structure.

The influence of passive cooling features in these buildings is quantified in terms of the indoor
air and surface temperatures.

The buildings are monitored during the transient period between summer and monsoon (rainy)
season.
Background Data:-

Heating and cooling energy is not necessarily the dominant use of energy by a household.
However, the comfort of the occupants is a primary function of a building and a major
determinant of the material used for a building envelope and of its form.

The Impact of built environment in todays condition is:

1.40% of world’s energy

2.25% of Timber harvested

3.16% of fresh water

4. 50% of ozone depleting CFC’s

5.30% of co2 emission

6.40% of landfill waste

A study conducted by EIA, indicates that there is a visible trend across the globe wherein the
growth rate in the total energy consumption has been greater than the population growth rate.In
India population growth is expected 1.3% and the energy consumption rate is 4.3%.

Passive cooling features of vernacular Architecture have been extensively researched in recent
years .Passive cooling can be broadly classified into heat prevention, heat modulation and heat
dissipation. Shading, thermal insulation, building orientation, and glazing are a few heat
prevention/reduction strategies. However incorporating passive architecture like insulating roof
and walls, adding shading devices to windows, and orienting the windows and openings in the
best direction would reduce the mechanical air conditioning requirement to 8.5h.So, the primary
solutions for these problems would be of course the material used first, effective ventilation by
good orientation of the building, a huge central courtyard, connecting corridors, Circulation
roads and pathways soft with grass paver blocks to enable the ground water recharge, ouvers,
thus eliminating the need of air conditioning spaces.
CASE STUDY 1:

INDIA HOUSE: BY CCBA ARCHITECTS

About INDIA HOUSE

India House is an architect’s own residence, guest house and art gallery on a 1000sq.m urban
plot. This I chose as a case study as this is the most energy efficient building design in my point
of view, having main four aspects as

 Courtyard
 Microclimate awareness
 Buffer space
 Good ventilation system ideas

So, in order to block noise from the main arterial road, a sandstone “wall-like” façade enclosing
an inward looking building, courtyard house was designed.

The road facing sandstone facade is embossed with 78 hand carved emblems of all beliefs and
religions reviving fading crafts of the country. A sequence of forecourts with rescued palm trees,
and lotus pools control climate, security and privacy. The front promenade leads to the sandstone
“portal” that frames a 17th century Mogul wood door leading to the atrium focused on a Shiva
statue. Composed of three equal sized volumes, with the middle volume left open as the atrium
courtyard admitting sunlight and breeze, the atrium is the core breakout space to fifty creative
people catalyzing communication, inspiration and interaction. The atrium transforms into a
vibrant party plaza for music, dance and discourses.

Contemporary louvers spanning across the atrium were inspired by mimic traditional screens, or
“jaalis” to control light, breeze and privacy within habitable spaces. The integration of
vernacular ideas, and thoughtful design, optimizes use of natural north studio light and reduces
the primary energy consumption. Double height spaces inter-link the reception with the lower art
galleries and in the residence the formal living areas with the library and on up to the roof terrace
acting as an exhaust chimney!

Problems identified:

 No natural ventilation in the basement area

 Costly construction
 Security issues
 No local materials used
CASE STUDY 2:

THE MESH BUILDING: BUILDING ENVELOPE

About MESH HOUSE

Climate & geographic locations are the fundamental studying points to build a house. The ideal
house orientation is south-south east in the northern regions. However, due to rapid population
growth not all are lucky enough to choose the best site & orientation to build a house. One
solution is to create a secondary protective layer in the building as the system used in the mesh
house. In this case the system is a figurative description. The material used here is cellulose fiber
cement sheeting in the external of the building, located in new residential area in Sikkim. The
majority of the walls were already constructed before the earnest border. It is a 4 storey duplex
apartment located on a corner.

Problems identified:

 Orientation of the house. The 2 facades faced northwest & southwest & were exposed to
strong solar radiation the year round.
 The house could not take the advantage of the winds from south east.

What was meant was the house could potentially be uncomfortably hot and polyventilated way
round.

A typical envelope has only 2 components. A brick wall & openings. The blank surface areas
were quite large & will be really hot during summer under the effect of the direct sun radiation.
Therefore, they decided to create a second envelope to the wall, also the envelope must be light.
Between metal and other materials, they chose cement cellulose fiber because it is light & has
high durability for the humid climate of the northern Vietnam.

Normal wall exposed to the sun radiation absorbs and re-radiates heat. Basically the brick wall is
heavy & stores the heat during the day. At night when most of the indoor activities happen, the
wall’s surface is at its hottest & it begins to release the stored heat to the surrounding
environment. So the priority solution for the design is to cool the wall y natural ventilation.
Architect’s solution was to add another layer outside who act as a skin. Also the panel is white is
color and perforated to reduce sunlight.

Due to outer envelope the heat absorption shown is lower. Also, the specialized door system is
the magic component of the house. The doors were designed at the lower level to increase the
effect of natural ventilation & are also comprised with the double system with shutters in the
outside and glazed in the inside. The shutters provide the privacy and air ventilation and the
glazed provided the light ventilation.
CASE STUDY 3:

HOTEL JAKARTA: ENERGY NEUTRAL BUILDING

About JAKARTA

The 4-star hotel houses a dynamic public space with various bars, restaurants, coffee corners, a
wellness centre and cultural activities, all built around the central subtropical garden. The design
and maintenance of the subtropical garden is a result of a collaboration with the Hortus
Botanicus and completes the series of gardens on the island. By terracing the ground floor plinth
the hotel is publicly accessible on all side through the transparent façade. Hotel Jakarta is a
spectacular building with a sustainable, industrial character, lots of transparent glass facades and
a unique 30 meter high wooden main support structure. The beams, columns and ceilings are
made of natural wood.

The materials chosen are durable and have the FSC or PEFC quality mark. Almost all the used
elements that have a short life span or are recyclable are reused by disassembly.

An atrium with the subtropical garden is the center of the hotel. It acts as a temperature regulator
in both summer and winter. On every side of the building rooms have their own private covered
exterior space which functions as structural shading. The single layered glass curtain of these
balconies buffers noise and protects from the harsh winds of the sites exposed position at open
waters.

Above the IJ at the highest point in the triangular building, the sky-bar is fully enclosed in glass.
Its tip is a curved double-layered glass with an outer radius of just 600mm. Its roof is made of
triple-layered glass. Both façade and roof are brought together via a very subtle glass-on-glass
connection, allowing the internal timber curtain wall construction to be visible throughout.
HOTEL JAKARTA’S south and east façades are covered with Building integrated Photovoltaics
(BIPV panels). The 350 PV panels - over 700m2 in total – are fully integrated into the loggias
design. The glass rooftop covering the atrium also contains BIPV cells that, simultaneously
collect energy and function as sun shading for the subtropical inner garden.

Problems identified:

 Form analysis went wrong about the building

 Little bit of moss formation in the central courtyard due to release of carbon dioxide in
the night by trees
 Comparative Analysis:-
CASE STUDY INDIA HOUSE
PROBLEMS No natural ventilation in the
basement area
Costly construction
Security issues
No local materials used
SOLUTIONS Skylights provided
Antiques made the cost high
REVIEWS INDIA House has the best
ventilation system, also they
could tackle the problems of
winds and sun radiations by
using different materials and the
specialized louvers. The
waterbodies around add a good
aesthetical as well as a cooling
effect to the structure.The
antiques add the beauty
THE MESH
STRUCTURE HOTEL JAKARTA
Orientation of the Form analysis went wrong
house exposed to about the building
strong solar radiation
Had ventilation issues
The house could not
take the advantage of
the winds from south
east
Mesh created of light Yet spaces were created in
material with negative areas
perforations as a skin
to the wall Atrium given in between
for natural fresh air with
Doors designed at the timber construction indoor
lower level both and exhaust fans to
having specifications remove carbondioxide in
of louvers and glazed the night
partially.Flexible
solution to naturally
ventilate in different
seasons
This structure has its The central atrium acts as
uniqueness due to the a central courtyard to the
cellulose fibre cement building giving it a
envelope used as a aesthetical as well as
skin to the positive appreance.
building.Though It keeps the space with
certain bad fresh environment and
orientations and ventilated.
densely populated site The variety of material
it could tackle the used adds a significant
problem of ventialtion value to the structure.
and thermal comfort
Conclusion:-
1 .Building envelope in all the cases used , except aesthetical view it also fulfills the
requirements for increasing energy efficiency.

2. The orientation of the building in the second case study concludes that by choosing the right
orientation ( south and +/-15 degree southwest i.e,southeast),heating energy demand can be
reduced by up to 13% appx. And cooling demand can be 13.26% appx.

3. The mesh House creates a rhythematic pattern of shadows inside the house solving the
problem of humidity and keeping it good ventilated.

4.The louvers used in the first case study maintains the privacy, as well as keeps the place good
ventilated also giving it a good aesthetical view.
Design Proposal:-

Aim:
To design a residential building with good thermal comfort, proper orientation and duly
ventilated.

Description:
Buildings are one of the biggest energy consumers in urban environments, so its efficient use
represents a constant challenge. In public objects and households, a large part of the energy is
used for heating and cooling. Increasing of energy consumption in the world leads to serious
concerns for the future of the world's population over difficulties in energy supply, deficit of
energy resources, and environmental pollution. Population growth, higher demands for building
services, as well as the rise in time spent inside buildings, caused the upward trend in energy
demand.

For this reason, considering the alarming situation caused by various factors, in recent decades,
different measures and activities in all areas of technology and science is taken. Architectural
objects consume 32% of the total final energy, while the share of primary energy consumption is
40%, which exceeded energy consumption in other major sectors: industrial and transportation.
During the last two decades primary energy input has grown by 49% and CO2 emissions by
43%, which is also the averaged value for the city of space heating account for about 66% of
residential buildings final energy consumption, and 39% of final energy consumption in service
sector. Considering that objects of different types are one of the largest consumers of final
energy, its efficient use represents a constant challenge. Hence, designing a residential building
would be a challenge.

Energy consumption in residential and service sector

References:-

1.J E Aronium. ‘ Climate and Architecture.’ Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.

2. B M Givoni. ‘ Climate and Architecture.’ Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, 1976.

3. S Jarmul. ‘ The Architecture Guide to Energy Conservation.’ McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York, 1980.

4. Koenigsberger, et al. ‘ Manual of Tropical Housing and Building (Part I) : Climatic Design.’
Part I, Longman Press, India, 1975.

5. C P Kukreja. ‘ Tropical Architecture.’ Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi, 1978.

6. E Martin. ‘ Housing Climate and Comfort.’ Architectural Press Ltd, UK, 1980

7.V Olgay. ‘ Design with Climate.’ Princeton University Press, USA, 1973.

8. W F Wagner. ‘ Energy Efficient Buildings.’ Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New York,
1980.

9. D Watson. ‘ Climatic Design.’ McGraw Hill Company, New York, 1983.

10. G Bhatia. ‘ The Architecture of Laurie Baker.’ Inside Outside, October/ November, 1989.

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/

http://www.thinkbrick.com.au/climatic-design-principals.cfm

http://www.builditsolar.com/

http://www.wbdg.org/index.php