Sandoval Jr. Victor N. Steel Vertical Structure PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department
CE 511
STEEL DESIGN
“DESIGN OF 5-STOREY SCHOOL BUILDING”
PREPARED BY:
.
Sandoval Jr., Victor N.
CE52FA1
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. RHONIE ESTORES
Instructor
March 2019
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Approval Sheet
The design project entitled “Design of 5-Storey Steel School Building at “Molave St.
Quezon City, Quirino Highschool“ prepared by Victor N. Sandoval Jr. of Civil Engineering
Department was examined and evaluated by the members of Student Design Evaluation
Panel , and is hereby recommended for approval.
Engr. Rhonnie C. Estores
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 . PROJECT BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 The Project .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Project Client ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Project Scope and Limitations ............................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Project Development ........................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 . DESIGN INPUTS ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Description of the Structure ................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Input Parameters ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 Earthquake Consideration............................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2 Classification of the Structure ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Design Loads Parameter ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Dead Loads.................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads ........................................................................................................ 8
2.3.3 Live Loads.................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.4 Wind Loads .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.5 Seismic Loads.............................................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Architectural Plans ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4.1 Floor Plans ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.2 Elevation Plans .......................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, AND STANDARDS ............................................ 17
3.1 Design Constraints ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints ............................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraints ............................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Trade-offs .......................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1 Bolted Connection ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.2 Welded Connection .................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.3 Riveted Connection .................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 DESIGNERS’ RAW RANKING SCALE ....................................................................................... 23
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3.4 RAW DESIGNERS’ RANKING .................................................................................................... 24
3.5 INITIAL COST ESTIMATE AND SUBORDINATE RANKING ...................................................... 24
3.6 INITIAL TRADE-OFFS ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................... 30
3.6.1 Economic Assessment ............................................................................................................... 30
3.6.2 Constructability Assessment ...................................................................................................... 30
3.6.3 Safety Assessment .................................................................................................................... 30
3.6.4 Sustainability Assessment ......................................................................................................... 30
3.7 Design Standards .............................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ............................................................................... 33
4.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Design Process ................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3 Initial Structural Plans ........................................................................................................................ 35
4.4 Structure Model (Staad Pro V8i)........................................................................................................ 40
4.5 Basic Loads (Staad Pro V8i) ............................................................................................................. 41
4.6 Generated Loads on Staad Per Beam .............................................................................................. 47
4.7 Design Loads (ASD).......................................................................................................................... 53
4.8 Design Specifications ........................................................................................................................ 55
4.9 Design of Roof................................................................................................................................... 56
4.9.1 Design of Purlins ........................................................................................................................ 57
4.9.2 Design of Trusses ...................................................................................................................... 64
4.10 Design of Beams ............................................................................................................................. 84
4.10.1 Manual Design Calculation ...................................................................................................... 89
4.10.2 Staad Design Calculation ......................................................................................................... 91
4.11 Design of Columns .......................................................................................................................... 95
4.11.1 Manual Design Calculation .................................................................................................... 100
4.11.2 Staad Design Calculation ....................................................................................................... 103
4.12 Design of Base Plates ................................................................................................................... 107
4.13 Design of Connections .................................................................................................................. 113
4.13.1 Design Welded Connection .................................................................................................... 113
4.13.2 Design Bolted Connection...................................................................................................... 117
4.14 FINAL TRADE-OFFS ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................... 124
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4.14.1 Economic Assessment ........................................................................................................... 125
4.14.2 Constructability Assessment .................................................................................................. 125
4.14.3 Safety or Risk Assessment .................................................................................................... 125
4.14.4 Sustainability Assessment ..................................................................................................... 125
Chapter 5. FINAL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 126
5.1 Design Results ................................................................................................................................ 126
5.1.1 Structural Plan ......................................................................................................................... 126
5.1.2 Beam Result ............................................................................................................................ 128
5.1.3 Column Result ......................................................................................................................... 128
5.1.4 Base Plate Result .................................................................................................................... 129
5.1.5 Welded Connection Result (Winning Trade-off) ....................................................................... 129
5.1.6 Purlin Result............................................................................................................................. 131
APPENDIX A: CODES AND STANDARDS .............................................................................................. 132
APPENDIX B: INITIAL ESTIMATE OF MATERIAL COST, DURATION AND MAINTENANCE COST ... 138
APPENDIX C: DESIGN OF BEAMS ......................................................................................................... 139
APPENDIX D: DESIGN OF COLUMNS EXTERIOR COLUMN ............................................................. 163
APPENDIX E: DESIGN OF BASE PLATE ............................................................................................... 169
APPENDIX F: DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTION .............................................................................. 173
APPENDIX G: DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTION .............................................................................. 177
APPENDIX H: STAAD DESIGN ANALYSIS............................................................................................. 186
APPENDIX I: ESTIMATES FOR COST OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ...................................................... 197
APPENDIX J: STAAD RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 200
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Exterior Perspective of the School Building .......................................................................... 1
Figure 1. 2 Interior Perspective of the School Building ........................................................................... 2
Figure 1. 3 Location of the Project ............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 1. 4 Project Development Process ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2. 1 STAAD PRO v8i Geometric Model ........................................................................................... 6

Figure 2. 2 Map of the Nearest Fault Line to the Project Location .......................................................... 7
Figure 2. 3 Ground Floor Plan .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2. 4 Typical Second to Fifth Floor Plan ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 2. 5 Roof Plan ................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 2. 6 Front Elevation ........................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 7 Rear Elevation ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 8 Right Side Elevation ............................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 9 Left Side Elevation .................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3. 1 Bolted connection................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3. 2 Welded Connection ................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 3. 3 Riveted Connection ............................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4. 1 Design Process for Steel Structure ....................................................................................... 34

Figure 4. 2 Foundation Plan ...................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4. 3 Typical Second Floor to Fifth Floor Framing plan ............................................................... 36
Figure 4. 4 Roof Framing Plan .................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 4. 5 Whole Truss 1 Layout............................................................................................................. 38
Figure 4. 8 Half Truss Layout ................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 4. 9 Trusses Legends & Symbols ................................................................................................. 40
Figure 4. 10 Geometric Model ................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 4. 11 Maximum Node Displacement ............................................................................................. 41
Figure 4. 12 Beam Bending ....................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4. 13 Shear Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4. 14 Earthquake Load along X-Axis ............................................................................................ 42
Figure 4. 15 Earthquake Load along Z-Axis ............................................................................................ 43
Figure 4. 16 Dead Load ............................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 4. 17 Live Load ............................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4. 18 Windward Load along X-Axis............................................................................................... 44
Figure 4. 19 Windward Load along Z-Axis ............................................................................................... 45
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Figure 4. 20 Leeward Load along X-Axis ................................................................................................. 45
Figure 4. 21 Leeward Load along Z-Axis ................................................................................................. 46
Figure 4. 22 Roof Model (Staad Pro V8i) .................................................................................................. 56
Figure 4. 23 Design Process of Purlin - 1 ................................................................................................ 57
Figure 4. 26 Design Process of Purlin – 4 ............................................................................................... 60
Figure 4. 27 Design Process of Truss – 1 ................................................................................................ 64
Figure 4. 30 Truss Member Number ......................................................................................................... 67
Figure 4. 31 Design Process of Beam – 1 ................................................................................................ 84
Figure 4. 35 Design Process of Column – 1 ............................................................................................ 95
Figure 4. 39 Design Process of Base Plate – 1...................................................................................... 107
Figure 4. 43 Design Process of Welded Connection ............................................................................ 113
Figure 4. 44 Design Process of Bolted Connection .............................................................................. 117
Figure 5. 1 Final Foundation Plan .......................................................................................................... 126

Figure 5. 2 Final 2nd Floor to Roof Structural Plan ................................................................................ 127
Figure 5. 3 Corner Beams to Column Connection ................................................................................ 129
Figure 5. 4 Exterior Beams to Column Connection .............................................................................. 130
Figure 5. 5 Interior Beams to Column Connection ............................................................................... 130
Figure 5. 6 Purlins Section ...................................................................................................................... 131
Figure 5. 7 Truss 1 Details ...................................................................................................................... 131
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List of Tables
Table 2- 1 Occupancy Category ................................................................................................................. 7
Table 2- 2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials .............................................................. 8
Table 2- 3 Assumed Super-imposed Loads ............................................................................................... 8
Table 2- 4 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads..................................................................... 8
Table 2- 5 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines ....................................................... 9
Table 2- 6 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd ................................................................................................... 9
Table 2- 7 Importance Factor, Iw (Wind Loads) .......................................................................................... 9
Table 2- 8 Seismic Importance Factor ........................................................................................................ 9
Table 2- 9 Soil Profile Types ..................................................................................................................... 10
Table 2- 10 Seismic Zone Factor Z ........................................................................................................... 10
Table 2- 11 Near Source Factor Na............................................................................................................ 10
Table 2- 12 Near Source Factor Nv............................................................................................................ 10
Table 2- 13 Seismic Source Types............................................................................................................ 11
Table 2- 14 Seismic Coefficient, Ca........................................................................................................... 11
Table 2- 15 Seismic Coefficient, Cv........................................................................................................... 11
Table 2- 16 Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural System of Steel ..................................................... 11
Table 3- 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted Connection ........................................................ 20

Table 3- 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Connection ....................................................... 21
Table 3- 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Riveted Connection ...................................................... 23
Table 3- 4 Raw Designer’s Ranking ......................................................................................................... 24
Table 3- 5 Summary of Initial Estimates and Subordinate Ranking ...................................................... 24
Table 3- 6 Overall Ranking of Trade-offs ................................................................................................. 30
Table 4- 1 Maximum Axial, Shear and Moment of Columns (Staad Pro V8i) ........................................ 53
Table 4- 2 Maximum Shear and Moment of Beams (Staad Pro V8i) ...................................................... 53
Table 4- 3 Maximum Axial, Shear and Moment of Column to Base Plate Connection (Staad Pro V8i)
.................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 4- 4 Maximum Axial and Shear of Girder to Column Connection (Staad Pro V8i) ..................... 54
Table 4- 5 Maximum Deflection (Staad Pro V8i) ...................................................................................... 54
Table 4- 6 Properties of Structural Steel.................................................................................................. 55
Table 4- 7 Properties of Reinforced Concrete ......................................................................................... 55
Table 4- 8 Properties of Steel Deck .......................................................................................................... 55
Table 4- 9 Loads Carried by the Purlins .................................................................................................. 60
Table 4- 10 Load Combination and Design Loads for Purlins ............................................................... 61
Table 4- 11 Loads Carried by the Trusses ............................................................................................... 67
Table 4- 12 Section Design of Roof Truss Member ................................................................................ 67
Table 4- 13 Axial Forces for Truss Members ........................................................................................... 68
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Table 4- 14 Design Section of Beams Per Grid ....................................................................................... 88
Table 4- 15 Design Section of Column Per Location .............................................................................. 99
Table 4- 16 Design Summary of Base Plate and Pedestal Per Location ............................................. 110
Table 4- 17 Design Summary of Welded Connection ........................................................................... 114
Table 4- 18 Design Section of Bolted Connection ................................................................................ 118
Table 4- 19 Overall Ranking of Trade-offs ............................................................................................. 124
Table 5- 1 Schedule of Beams ................................................................................................................ 128

Table 5- 2 Schedule of Columns............................................................................................................. 128
Table 5- 3 Schedule of Base Plate .......................................................................................................... 129
Table 5- 4 Schedule of Welded Connection........................................................................................... 129
Table 5- 5 Truss Schedule ...................................................................................................................... 131
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Chapter 1 . PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
The project is a steel structure school building which is located in Molave Street, Project 2-3,
Quezon City. This school building is to provide a quality education around the area. Also its goal is add
more school building in Quirino Highschool with bigger and better facilities for the K-12 program.
The school building is consisting of five (5) floors whose area is 1886m 2 per floor. The floor height
of the first floor is 3.5m and the succeeding floors (2nd – 5th floor) have a height of 3m. It is a rectangular in
shape with 41m x 46m length and width respectively. Its ground floor consists of principal’s office, guidance
office, secretary’s office, admission’s office, canteen and library. The second to fifth floor of the building is
typical with sixteen (16) classrooms per floor. Each floor has four (4) restrooms, (2) for male and two (2) for
female. There are four (4) stairs located in each corner of the class for easy access on all sides.
Figure 1. 1 Exterior Perspective of the School Building
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Figure 1. 2 Interior Perspective of the School Building
1.2 The Project
The project is located in Molave Street, Proj. 2-3 Quezon City inside the Quirino Highschool. The
figure below shows the site location of the project using google maps, the shaded region is the area where
the school building will be constructed.
Figure 1. 3 Location of the Project
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1.3 Project Objectives
 To analyse and design a steel structure that is in compliance with the NSCP 2010
standards, codes, and provisions.
 To design a structure that will comply the needs and expectations of the client.
 To provide the needs of the people around the area.
 To give the best possible solution of the said problem with the use of different trade-offs.
1.4 Project Client
The client of this project will be Ms. Milagros A. Pacot who is a teacher in Quirino Highschool. She
wants a building named Saint Quirinity that will looks similar to private school. She also added that this is
an additional building in the school to provide more rooms and more facilities for the K-12 program.
1.5 Project Scope and Limitations
The project is a 5-Storey School building with specific scopes limitations mentioned below:
The following were the scope covered by the design project:
 The project provides analysis of wind loads and earthquake loads.
 The project consists of steel design of beams, columns, and trusses in accordance with
NSCP 2010 codes and standards.
 Architectural plan such as interior and exterior perspective view, elevations, floor plans,
and roof plans is provided
The following were the limitations of the design project:
 Slab and footing design is not included.
 Plumbing and electrical plans are also not provided in this project.
 Plumbing and electrical designs are also not included.
 Estimation of the project is for superstructure only excluding the plumbing and electrical
costs.
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1.6 Project Development
The figure below shows the organized flowchart of the design process of the project. It will start
with the planning and conceptualization of the project. Planning and conceptualization is done with regards
to the clients’ needs and expectations. The client wanted to name the building Saint Quirinity and wants to
have a space per classroom that could fill 40-50 students. Aesthetics is also considered in the project that
the building could look like a private institution.
The next step is the determination of design parameters. In this step we will now consider design
standards and design parameters for the project. Design standards are the codes, standards and
references for doing the design such as National Structural Code of the Philipines (NSCP) which will be
used in this project in designing while design parameters are the inputs you need to create an analysis and
design for your project.
The third step is the consideration of multiple constraints. There are two types of constraints;
qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative constraints are the constraints that are measurable with numbers
or digits such as safety that could be measure by the factor of safety, constructability that could be
measured by the number of work hours needed for the construction and etc. while the qualitative
constraints are the ones who are immeasurable by numbers or digits. These constraints will then be ranked
according to the designer and clients preference in order to get the initial best trade off.
The fourth step are the trade-offs. The trade-offs are the other possible designs for the project. The
trade-offs are then compared again whether who amongst the designs are the most preferred and the best
design for both the client and the designer. The fifth step is the design methodology or the method,
computation and process of designing the best trade off that have been choose. The project will consist of
the design of slab, beams, columns, and trusses which will be purely made of steel (except for the slab) in
accordance with the subject.
Lastly, the final design is the specifications of the materials and sections that will be used for the
beams, columns, and trusses. While the slab specifications such as thickness and number of reinforcing
bars and spacing will be determined.
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START Design
Methodology
Final Design
Planning/
Conceptualization
Tradeoffs
Determining of Consideration of
Design multiple
Parameters constraints
Figure 1. 4 Project Development Process
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Chapter 2 . DESIGN INPUTS
2.1 Description of the Structure
The school building will be composed of steel structures. From the foundation up to the ground
floor framing plan will be composed of reinforced concrete as indicated by light blue color in the figure.
The structure also input a 500mm pedestal for the connection of steel columns. The slabs are indicated
as gray color in the figure and the parts where there are no slabs are the stairwells which are located in
every corner of the structure. The structures top is composed of 4 types of trusses which are located on
the left, right, front and back side of the structure (truss details is shown in chapter 4) which is brown in
color. Lastly, the purlins are indicated as faded yellow in the model.
The model was done using staad pro V8i to provide a better perspective of the project’s structural
plan. Staad pro V8i is also used to analyse the design loads of the structure while taking consideration
of manual calculation of the design process. The parameters used and input in the program are in
accordance with National Structural code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) codes, standards, and
provisions such as live loads, superimposed dead loads, earthquake parameters, and wind load
parameters.
Figure 2. 1 STAAD PRO v8i Geometric Model
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2.2 Input Parameters
2.2.1 Earthquake Consideration

Earthquake consideration is the basis whether how far is the project location from the nearest fault
line. Seismic analysis is necessary when designing since earthquakes produce large ground
shaking that could greatly affect the structure in the area. According to the Fault Finder that
PHIVOLCS provided, the project is 1.3 kilometer from the nearest fault line which is the west valley
fault that produces a type A magnitude or a magnitude more than 7.0 according to NSCP 2010.
Figure 2. 2 Map of the Nearest Fault Line to the Project Location

2.2.2 Classification of the Structure
The structure is composed of a public school building that is a category I (Essential Facilities)
according to the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 (NSCP 2010) because public
schools are also used as evacuation center when calamity happened in a certain area. The
classification of the structure is necessary for the parameters that are needed to be input in seismic
analysis.
Table 2- 1 Occupancy Category

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 103-1)
Occupancy Category Occupancy or Function of Structure

I. Essential Facilities Public school buildings
2.3 Design Loads Parameter
2.3.1 Dead Loads
Dead loads refer to the self-weight of the structure. It is computed by multiplying the area
of the cross section of the material to its own density. The pedestal and slab of the structure is
made of concrete while the beams, columns, and trusses are made up of steel.
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Table 2- 2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
Material Density (KN/m3)

Concrete Reinforced Stone 23.6
Steel, cold-drawn 77.3
2.3.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads
It refers to the load in addition to the dead weight of the material that is used for the floor
finishes, mechanical, electrical and plumbing fixtures (MEP’s), etc.
Table 2- 3 Assumed Super-imposed Loads
Material Floors Roof

Corrugated Panel - 0.10 KN/m3
Floor Finish 1.10 KPa -
Ceiling 0.10 KPa 0.10 KPa
Mechanical, Electrical and 0.10 KPa 0.10 KPa
Plumbing Fixtures
Interior Partition 1.00 KPa -
Water Proofing 0.10 KPa -
Deck, metal 18 gage 0.14 KPa -
Concrete Masonry Units 4.36 KPa -
(19.6 KN/m3, 200mm thick, Full
grout CHB plastered each face)
2.3.3 Live Loads
Refers to loads that do, or can, change over time, such as people walking around a
building (occupancy) or movable objects such as furniture.
Table 2- 4 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads
Occupancy Uniform Load (KPa)

Schools
Classrooms 1.9
Corridors above ground floor 3.8
Ground floor Corridors 4.8
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2.3.4 Wind Loads
The term 'Wind Load' is used to refer to any pressures or forces that the wind exerts on a
building or structure. The intensity of the wind pressure on the surface of a structure depends on
wind velocity, air density, orientation of the structure, area of contact surface, and shape of the
structure.
Table 2- 5 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines
Basic Wind Speed Location

Brgy. Quirino 2-a, Quezon City (NCR)
ZONE II: V = 200 kph
Table 2- 6 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd

Buildings (Main Wind Force Resisting Frame) 0.85
Table 2- 7 Importance Factor, Iw (Wind Loads)
Occupancy Category Description Iw
I Essential 1.15
2.3.5 Seismic Loads

The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which
were created by ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following
factors: mass of the building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and
frequency content of the ground motion, and soil-structure interaction.
Table 2- 8 Seismic Importance Factor
Seismic Importance Factor Seismic Importance Factor

Occupancy Category
(I) (IP)
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I – Essential Facilities 1.5 1.5
Table 2- 9 Soil Profile Types
Soil Profile Soil Profile Average Soil Properties for Top 30m of Soil Profile
Type Name/Generic Shear Wave Velocity, SPT, N (blows/ Undrained Shear
Description Vs (m/s) 300mm) Strength, Su (KPa)
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
Note: Due to lack of soil profile the designer assumed the soil profile type as SD.
Table 2- 10 Seismic Zone Factor Z
Zone 2 4
Z 0.2 0.4
Note: Zone 2 covers the provinces of Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-tawi while the rest of the country is under Zone 4.
Table 2- 11 Near Source Factor Na
Closes Distance To Know Seismic Source

Seismic Source Type
< 5 km > 10 km
A 1.2 1.0
Table 2- 12 Near Source Factor Nv
Closes Distance To Know Seismic Source

Seismic Source Type
< 5 km 10 km > 15 km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
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Table 2- 13 Seismic Source Types
Seismic Source Definition

Seismic Source
Seismic Source Type Description Maximum Moment
Magnitude, M
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude
A M > 7.0
events and that have a high rate
of seismic activity
Table 2- 14 Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z

Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SD 0.28 0.44Na
Table 2- 15 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z

Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
Table 2- 16 Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural System of Steel
(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-11B)
System Limitation and Building Height

Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R Ωθ Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
 Special moment-resisting frame 8.0 3 NL NL
(SMRF)
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2.4 Architectural Plans
The architectural plans where all designs begin are provided by the designer in compliance
for the completion of the course. The architectural plan contains grid lines, distances, labels and
illustration to have a better outlook on the project. Floor plan and elevations are included in
architectural plan which are presented in figure 2.3 to figure 2.9.
2.4.1 Floor Plans
Figure 2. 3 Ground Floor Plan

The figure above is the ground floor plan of the project which contains 4 toilets (2 for male and 2 for
female) which are located beside the stairs. There are also 4 stairs located in each corner of the building to
provide an easy access anywhere in the building. Lastly, offices such as principal, secretary, guidance,
admission and accounting are located at the ground. Canteen and library is also included at the ground
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floor plan. For the flag ceremonies and other activities quadrangle is included in the floor plan at the middle
of the building.
Figure 2. 4 Typical Second to Fifth Floor Plan
The figure above shows the second to fifth floor plan which is typical. It is only consist of 16
classrooms, 4 stairs, and 4 comfort room (2 for male and 2 for female). Its middle part is open space that
where the quadrangle is directly below it.
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Figure 2. 5 Roof Plan
The figure above shows the roof plan of the building it is composed of 3 different sizes of whole
truss and 1 half truss which will be further detail in the next chapters. Roofs are included to have a design
of roof trusses in compliance with the completion of the course.
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2.4.2 Elevation Plans
Figure 2. 6 Front Elevation
Figure 2. 7 Rear Elevation
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Figure 2. 8 Right Side Elevation
Figure 2. 9 Left Side Elevation

The above figures (figure 2.6 to figure 2.9) show the elevation of the structure with a height of 3.5
meters in the first floor and 3 meters for the succeeding floors.
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CHAPTER 3. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints
Constraint is defined as a constraining condition, agency, or force that limits the systems’
performance in a given context/environment. Constraint describes the relationships between objects and
processes. Constraints have to be managed effectively throughout the decision making process, and also
could be reduced or eliminated.
Among other possible constraints, the following were considered to have relevant impact on the
design of the School Building:
In this project, the design constraints were divided into two types, namely, quantitative and
qualitative. Quantitative constraints are those constraints that can be measured using engineering methods
(estimation). The qualitative constraints are those which cannot be measured but are ranked through the
designer’s perception and experience in regards also with the clients’ preference.
Among other possible constraints, the following were considered to have relevant impact on the
design of the school Building:
3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints
3.1.1.1 Economic Constraint (Construction Cost)
Economic constraints relate to the project budget and the allocation of resources. If the
budget is inadequate, or is allocated inappropriately, then it can have a negative impact on
the success of the project in terms of quality, safety, functionality, and performance.
Significance: Economic constraint consideration will cover the cost of the construction
process and materials in a steel structure school building for the allocation of students for
the preparation to K-12 program in Quirino Highschool.
3.1.1.2 Constructability Constraint (Duration of Process Application)
One of the factors that highly contribute to the cost of a project is the duration of the
construction taken into man-hours. Delayed project duration is equivalent to more costs
adding to the economic constraints of the project.
Significance: The designers will determine the duration of each process in the
construction of steel structure school building.
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3.1.1.3 Safety Constraint or Risk Assessment (Factor of Safety)
One of the main constraints to be considered in any type of construction project is safety.
Through this design, the safety of the slope and its resistance to failure shall be
determined and improved if necessary.
Significance: The trade-offs may be evaluated, in terms of this constraint, through their
resistance in earthquake.
3.1.1.4 Sustainability (Life Span)
Sustainability constraint takes into account the problem on how long the design life of a
project is with respect to its design strength. Improving the sustainability of geotechnical
processes is vital to ensuring the overall sustainability of the structure. Sustainability
improvement will address the threats to be faced by the sloped soil and the structure to be
erected in the area against sudden natural and man-made hazards.
Significance: Sustainability of the project is something the designers would take into
consideration of to effectively choose the best among the trade-offs. The trade-offs must
be sustainable in terms of prolonging the elastic life of the materials and at the same time
strengthening its structure.
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraints
3.1.2.1 Aesthetics
Aesthetics constraints refer to the beautification of the structure and its form. Aside from
the façade of the wind turbine structures itself, the appearance of its soil foundation must
also be considered because of the reason that the project can be made into a landmark or
tourist spot and the place or area must be pleasing.
Significance: Through the trade-offs, the designers would show the beautification of the
steel structure without having a great effect or change to the structures strength.
3.1.2.2 Environmental Constraint
Environmental constraint takes into account the uncertainty of the effects of climate
change. The interaction between coastal forces e.g. wind and wave impact together with
possible earthquake forces that may or may not occur can highly affect the design strength
and design life that are directly related to the cost of the project.
Significance: The application of the trade-offs will not have a huge effect on
environmental aspect of this design. Since this constraint includes the earthquake and
wind loads which are to be transferred to the steel structure its self.
18
3.2 Trade-offs
3.2.1 Bolted Connection
Bolted connection is more frequent to use as a type of connection rather than other connection
simply because it is easy to install and provides a very high strength connection. Its strength is based on
the strength capacity of the bolts. Assembly and disassembly of these bolted connection is simple so the
inspection, replacement and maintenance of these kind of connections are very easy. A bolted connection
often constitutes the weakest link in the design; in many cases, the bolted connection can be responsible
for determining the overall reliability and safety of an entire system. A simple bolted connection may just
include a threaded fastener (bolt/screw/stud), a nut or a tapped hole, and the parts that would be clamped
together by preloading the bolt; mostly by tightening the head or the nut. Preloading the bolt in a bolted
connection would allow the transfer of various service loads through the clamped connection: either directly
or through increased frictional resistance at the interface surfaces of the joint.
Bolted connections are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design.
They consist of fasteners that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of screw
threads. There are two main types of bolted joint designs: tension joints and shear joints.
Figure 3. 1 Bolted connection

Source: https://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/bolt.shtml
19
Table 3- 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted Connection
Type of Connection Advantages Disadvantage

Bolted Connection  Fast to install.  They require holes, which
 Man power and tools are introduce stress
very simple when concentrations and more
installing.
failure modes; drilling the
 Noiseless fabrication,
since it is tightened with holes may create cracks
wrenches. which will grow over time to
 Failure at the net section cause failure.
under the working loads  Corrosion between a bolt
is eliminated. and the steel section should
 Removing, replacing and be considered.
retightening are easy  Preload can be tough to
when bolts are damaged
measure accurately - it
due to hazards.
depends on the method of
tightening, the friction
between the threads of the
bolt and the nut, etc.
3.2.2 Welded Connection
Welded connections are done by the process of heating and fusing with molten metal at the joint
then cooling so that the molten metal and the sections being fused will act as one continuous part.
The reliability of welded connections has increased to the point where they are used extensively to
supplement or replace riveted or bolted connections in structural and machine design. It is frequently more
economical to fabricate a member by welding simple component parts together than to use a complicated
casting. Welding is a method of joining metals by fusion. With heat from either an electric arc or an
oxyacetylene torch, the metal at the joint is melted and fuses with additional metal from a welding rod.
When cool the weld material and the base metal from a continuous and almost homogeneous joint. To
protect the weld from excessive oxidation, a heavily coated welding rod is used which released an inert gas
that envelopes the arc stream, this technique is called the shielded arc process.
20
Figure 3. 2 Welded Connection
Source: https://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/0817-en-2.jpg
Table 3- 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Connection

Welded Connection  Structural members are  Welded joints are more
more effective in taking brittle and therefore their
the load. fatigue strength is less than
 In welding filler plates, the members joined.
gusseted plates,  Due to uneven heating &
connecting angles etc, cooling of the members
are not used, which during the welding, the
leads to reduced overall members may distort
weight of the structure. resulting in additional
 Welded joints are more stresses.
economical as less labor  Skilled labor and electricity
and less material is are required for welding.
required.  The inspection of welding
work is more difficult and
costlier than the riveting
work.
 Welded connections do not
allow any form of
21
expansion.
 Defects like internal air
pocket, slag inclusion and
incomplete penetration are
difficult to detect.
3.2.3 Riveted Connection
Rivet is a round rod which holds two metal pieces together permanently. Rivets are made from mild
steel bars with yield strength ranges from 220 N/mm2 to 250 N/mm2. The head of rivet is formed by
heating the rivet rod and upsetting one end of the rod by running it into the rivet machine. The rivets are
manufactured in different lengths to suit different purposes. The size of rivet is expressed by the diameter
of the shank. Holes are drilled in the plates to be connected at the appropriate places. For driving the rivets,
they are heated till they become red hot and are then placed in the hole. Keeping the rivets pressed from
one side, a number of blows are applied and a head at the other end is formed. When the hot rivet so fitted
cools it shrinks and presses the plates together. These rivets are known as hot driven rivets. The hot driven
rivets of 16 mm, 18 mm, 20 mm and 22 mm diameter are used for the structural steel works.
Some rivets are driven at atmospheric temperature. These rivets are known as cold driven rivets.
The cold driven rivets need larger pressure to form the head and complete the driving. The small size rivets
ranging from 12 mm to 22 mm in diameter may be cold driven rivets. The strength of rivet increases in the
cold driving. The use of cold driven rivets is limited because of equipment necessary and inconvenience
caused in the field.
Figure 3. 3 Riveted Connection

Source: https://civilsnapshot.com/riveted-connections-types-riveted-joints/
22
Table 3- 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Riveted Connection

Riveted Connection  Rivets are a cheap  Riveting requires more
alternative to welding workforces. A total of 4
and metal adhesives. people are required to
They save the cost of complete the process.
electricity that is required  Rivets are fully metal parts
in large amounts for with their own weight. They
welding connections. surely do weigh higher than
 Solid steel rivets are the welding joints. This
highly durable. They are adds extra weight to the
resistant to corrosion. structure you’re building.
 Rivets are manufactured
in different shapes and
structures according to
the needs of
construction. They are
available in different
materials that are
chosen by the engineers
for their steel
construction design.
3.3 DESIGNERS’ RAW RANKING SCALE
The designers use bolted connection, welded connection and riveted connection as tradeoffs for
the steel structure school building. Each tradeoff will have advantages and disadvantages for the designers
to have an additional basis for the raw ranking below. To satisfy the client’s desire, the designers will come
up with the final design of all the tradeoffs. This will help the client to properly choose the best option based
on the client’s view about the project. The “Model on Trade-off Strategies in Engineering Design” by Otto
and Antonsson (1991) will be used to create a ranking of the tradeoffs based on the given constraints in
this chapter. The criterion was scaled from 0 to 10 with 10 being the highest and 0 being the lowest.
The computation that will be used for ranking the ability to satisfy criterion of each trade-off is given below:
(Equation 3.1)
(Equation 3.2)
The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designers. It depends on the designers and
client’s discrepancy on ranking the importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3.2 is a
variable that corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
23
Figure 3.4 Ranking Scale
3.4 RAW DESIGNERS’ RANKING
The designers performed an initial evaluation of the two system based on the constraints above
and came up with the raw designer’s ranking shown in the table below.
Table 3- 4 Raw Designer’s Ranking
Decision Criterion’s
Criteria Importance (on a
scale of 0 -10)
Economic 9
Constructability 8
Safety 10
Sustainability 8
3.5 INITIAL COST ESTIMATE AND SUBORDINATE RANKING
Table 3- 5 Summary of Initial Estimates and Subordinate Ranking
Types of Steel Connections

Decision Criteria Bolted Connection Welded Connection Riveted Connection
Economic 4,645,000.00 7,432,000.00 6,735,250.00
(500m2) (500m2) (500m2)
Constructability 185 days 220 days 185 days
Safety 500 MPa 410 MPa 420 MPa
Sustainability Minimum 65 years Minimum 70 years Minimum 65 years
Computation of ranking for Economic Constraints of Bolted Connection and Welded Connection:
24
Computation of ranking for Constructability Constraints of Bolted Connection and Welded
Connection:
Computation of ranking for Safety Constraints of Bolted Connection and Welded Connection:
25
Computation of ranking for Sustainability Constraints of Bolted Connection and Welded
Connection:
Computation of ranking for Economic Constraints of Bolted Connection and Riveted Connection:
26
Computation of ranking for Safety Constraints of Bolted Connection and Riveted Connection:
Computation of ranking for Economic Constraints of Welded Connection and Riveted Connection:
27
Computation of ranking for Constructability Constraints of Welded Connection and Riveted
Connection:
Computation of ranking for Safety Constraints of Welded Connection and Riveted Connection:
28
Computation of ranking for Sustainability Constraints of Welded Connection and Riveted
Connection:
29
3.6 INITIAL TRADE-OFFS ASSESSMENT
Table 3- 6 Overall Ranking of Trade-offs
Ability to satisfy the criterion

Decision Criterion’s Bolted Welded Riveted
Criteria Importance (on a Connection Connection Connection
scale of 0 -10)
Economic 9 10 6.25 6.8966
Constructability 7 10 8.4091 10
Safety 10 10 8.2 8.4
Sustainability 8 9.2857 10 9.2857
Overall rank 334.2856 277.1137 290.355
The criterion’s importance specified on the table was from the agreement of the client and the designers.
The comparative analysis of the trade-offs is based on the constraints in Table 3.6. The designers will
consider the cost of the steel connection for the Economic constraint, the duration for Constructability, the
minimum tensile strength, and the Sustainability concerning the lifespan of each trade-off.
3.6.1 Economic Assessment

The initial cost estimates of the trade-offs are performed by the designers through a rough
estimation of the materials to be used and type of steel connection. The use of Bolted connection
presides over the other trade-offs since this process will only cost 4.65 Million Php while the other
trade-offs were quite expensive.
3.6.2 Constructability Assessment

Based on the average duration of the construction of each trade-off, the bolted connection and
riveted connection ranking governs for this constraint for it takes 185 days for it to be done, on
average.
3.6.3 Safety Assessment

The safety assessment provides the minimum tensile strength of the connection in which the
Bolted connection has the highest ranking among the trade-offs with 500 MPa tensile strength.
3.6.4 Sustainability Assessment

The sustainability assessment measures the life span of the trade-offs. The Welded connection got
the highest ranks among the three trade-offs which has 70 years of life expectancy.
30
3.7 Design Standards
The design standards used are taken from the following codes and standards:
1. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1-2010 edition (PD1096)
2. National Building Code of the Philippines
3. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
4. ASEP Steel Handbook 2004 vol. 1
5. Steel Designers’ Manual of the Steel Construction Institute 6 th Edition
1. The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015.This structural code provides minimum
requirements for building structural systems using prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is
founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new building
designs. It is also designed to meet these needs through various model codes/regulations, to
safeguard the public health and safety nationwide. This is the main reference for the design procedure
of the structure.
Material Strength. Materials conforming specifications of NSCP 6th edition 2010 were used in the
design of the project.
Loadings.
Dead loads, live loads and environmental loads (wind and earthquake) are the forces acting on the
structure. Dead loads are consists of the weight of all materials of construction and partition loads
that are presented in the next chapter. Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the
occupancy; these loads are attached in chapter 4 as well. The required lateral loads due to wind
and earthquake forces shall be separately calculated.
Wind Loads. The wind load is calculated in STAAD Pro using specifications adopted in American
Society of Civil Engineers ASCE7-05 and based on procedure as stated in NSCP 2015, section
207.
Seismic Loads.The structure shall be designed and constructed to resist the effect of seismic
ground motion as provided in section 208 of NSCP 2015
Load Combinations. Steel sections shall be designed using the “Allowable Stress Design” method
using the following combination
: DL + LL
: DL + 0.75 LL
: DL + WL
: DL + 0.7 EL
: DL + 0.75 WL + 0.75 LL
: 0.6 DL + WL
: 0.6 DL + 0.7
31
Deformation Limits. Structures or structural members shall be checked such that the maximum
deformation does not exceed the following:
a. Beams and Girders. Beams and girders supporting floors and roof shall be proportioned with due
regard to the deflection produced by the design loads. Considering then the total deflection, which
is due to the additional live loads, occurring after attachment of non-structural elements shall not
exceed L/360.
2. The National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096).The National Building Code of the
Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was formulated and adopted as a uniform
building code to embody up-to-date and modern technical knowledge on building design, construction,
use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code provides for all buildings and structures, a framework of
minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control location, site, design, and quality of
materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.
A. Loading : UBC 97, ASCE 7-05

B. Steel : A36
32
Chapter 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
4.1 Methodology
The design of the steel structure is based on National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
(NSCP 2015). Its architectural plan is in accoradance with National Building Code of the Philippines. The
structure is designed using allowable stress design (ASD) method.
For the design to be more accurate the designer both uses manual calculation and staad pro
software for the checking of the beam and column failure as well as the design loads needed in design the
structure. For the analysis of purlins and trusses the designer also use manual calculation and staad pro
software for the checking of its members whether it will fail or not. Lastly, for the connection manual
calculation and ram connection software is both used to compare the results on the design of connection
and have a better analysis.
4.2 Design Process
The figure below shows the design process for the steel structure. First, the designer will create a
geometric modelling of the steel framing structure together with the framing structure the loads such as
wind loads, earthquake loads, dead loads and live loads will be applied at the structure. These loads are
auto-generated in staad pro when the parameters have been input in the software. Using the allowable
stress design method (ASD) the designer used several load combinations in accordance with National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015). After applying the load combinations, the analysis of
the loads acting on every members of the structure will be accomplished. The loads applied in structure will
then be checked whether the structural members of the steel structure could carry these loads. Lastly, after
the analysis of the structural members the connections will be the last to be designed and after the design
of the connections, final drawing and specifications will be provided.
33
Geometric Modeling
Input of Parameters
Load Combination for ASD Method
Shear and Moment Results
Analysis of Beams, Columns and Trusses
Design of Connections
Final Drawing and Specification
Figure 4. 1 Design Process for Steel Structure
34
4.3 Initial Structural Plans
The following plans are generated using AutoCAD Showing span or length of every members and
sections. These section are assumed and will later be redesign according to the most economical and safe
section.
Figure 4. 2 Foundation Plan

35
Figure 4. 3 Typical Second Floor to Fifth Floor Framing plan
36
Figure 4. 4 Roof Framing Plan
37
Figure 4. 5 Whole Truss 1 Layout
38
Figure 4. 8 Half Truss Layout
39
Figure 4. 9 Trusses Legends & Symbols
4.4 Structure Model (Staad Pro V8i)
Figure 4. 10 Geometric Model
40
4.5 Basic Loads (Staad Pro V8i)
Figure 4. 11 Maximum Node Displacement
Figure 4. 12 Beam Bending
41
Figure 4. 13 Shear Diagram
Figure 4. 14 Earthquake Load along X-Axis

42
Figure 4. 15 Earthquake Load along Z-Axis
Figure 4. 16 Dead Load
43
Figure 4. 17 Live Load
Figure 4. 18 Windward Load along X-Axis
44
Figure 4. 19 Windward Load along Z-Axis
Figure 4. 20 Leeward Load along X-Axis
45
Figure 4. 21 Leeward Load along Z-Axis
46
4.6 Generated Loads on Staad Per Beam
47
48
49
50
51
52
4.7 Design Loads (ASD)
The table below shows the design loads needed in designing the beams, columns, trusses and connection.
Table 4- 1 Maximum Axial, Shear and Moment of Columns (Staad Pro V8i)
Special Moment Resisting Frame

Load Type Corner Exterior Interior
Axial 455.684 KN 405.573 KN 1107.002 KN
Shear y-axis 0.957 KN -10.205 KN 53.395 KN
x-axis -66.000 KN 224.039 KN -151.619 KN
Moment y-axis -100.780 KN-m 346.388 KN-m -253.283 KN-m
x-axis 3.325 KN-m -14.801 KN-m -120.881 KN-m
Table 4- 2 Maximum Shear and Moment of Beams (Staad Pro V8i)

Grid Mu (KN-m) Vu (KN)
A 294.894 -145.989
B 189.108 -79.576
C 194.853 -103.027
E 147.004 74.584
G 142.303 72.694
I 144.110 73.574
K 190.798 -100.905
L 163.986 69.921
M 260.314 -131.171
11 150.779 -104.179
10 143.213 -103.777
9 154.327 113.850
8 159.983 117.965
7 177.760 122.057
6 180.941 123.241
5 192.147 127.066
4 201.311 132.923
3 199.166 133.265
2 218.459 158.315
1 226.392 130.222
53
Table 4- 3 Maximum Axial, Shear and Moment of Column to Base Plate Connection (Staad Pro V8i)

Location Corner Exterior Interior
Axial 1.230 KN 1.5582 KN 3.008 KN
Shear 59.682 KN 274.663 KN 216.602 KN
Moment y-axis 91.464 KN-m 119.420 KN-m 109.531 KN-m
x-axis 12.041 KN-m 25.629 KN-m 45.025 KN-m
Table 4- 4 Maximum Axial and Shear of Girder to Column Connection (Staad Pro V8i)

Location Corner Exterior Interior
Shear 116.155 KN 136.756 KN 151.850 KN
Table 4- 5 Maximum Deflection (Staad Pro V8i)
Direction Deflection (mm)

Horizontal 119.963
Vertical 4.578
54
4.8 Design Specifications
Table 4- 6 Properties of Structural Steel
Structural Steel
Yield Strength, Fy 248 MPa
Ultimate Strength, Fu 400 MPa
Weight per Unit Volume 76.9195 KN/m3
Mass per Unit Volume 7827.1 kg/m3
Modulus of Elasticity, E 200 GPa
Bolt Tensile Strength A325
Table 4- 7 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Compressive Strength, fc’ 28 MPa
Yield Strength, fy 275 MPa
Weight per Unit Volume 23.6 KN/m3
Mass per Unit Volume 2405.71 kg/m3
Modulus of Elasticity, E 30 GPa
Table 4- 8 Properties of Steel Deck
Steel Deck
Slab Depth, tc 150 mm
Rib Depth, hr 31 mm
Rib Width Top, wrt 133 mm
Rib Width Bottom, wrb 133 mm
Rib Spacing, sr 316 mm
Deck Shear Thickness 0.9 mm
Deck Unit Weight 0.11 KN/m2
Shear Stud Diameter 19.1 mm
Shear Stud Height, hs 152.4 mm
Shear Stud Tensile Strength, Fu 448.16 MPa
55
4.9 Design of Roof
The figure below shows the perspective view of the structural plan of the roof of the school steel
structure. The navy blue color are the I-beams that support the trusses, the copper color are the angle bar
used for the design of trusses and lastly the yellow color are the purlins.
Figure 4. 22 Roof Model (Staad Pro V8i)
56
4.9.1 Design of Purlins
Figure 4.23 to 4.26 show the flowchart for the process in designing the purlins.
Figure 4. 23 Design Process of Purlin - 1
57
58
59
Figure 4. 26 Design Process of Purlin – 4
Through series of analysis the adequate design of the purlins is C10x25 with 800mm spacing carrying
loads given below.
Table 4- 9 Loads Carried by the Purlins
Designation Load
Dead Load 0.8 KPa
Live Load 1.0 KPa
Wind Pressure (W1) Outer 1.09 KPa
Inner 1.09 KPa
Wind Suction (W2) Outer 1.85 KPa
Inner 3.04 KPa
60
Table 4- 10 Load Combination and Design Loads for Purlins
Load Combination Design Loads

DL + LL Shear 1.952 KN
Moment 1.016 KN-m
Deflection 0.074 mm
DL + 0.6W1 Shear 0.449 KN
Moment 0.234 KN-m
Deflection -
DL – 0.6W2 Shear 3.082 KN
Moment 1.439 KN-m
Deflection -
4.8.1.1 Design Computation of Purlins
61
62
63
4.9.2 Design of Trusses
Figure 4.27 to 4.29 show the flowchart for the process in designing the trusses.
Figure 4. 27 Design Process of Truss – 1
64
65
66
The truss has a spacing of 3.0m with purlins weight of 17.485 KN having a span length of 48m. Other loads
carried by the truss are given below.
Table 4- 11 Loads Carried by the Trusses
Designation Load
Dead Load Bottom Chord 0.2 KPa
Top Chord 0.555 KPa
Live Load (Top Chord) 1.0 KPa
Wind Pressure (W1) Outer 0.85 KPa
Inner 0.85 KPa
Wind Suction (W2) Outer 2.44 KPa
Inner 1.72 KPa
Figure 4. 30 Truss Member Number

Through series of analysis and calculation the designer came up with the truss member design given on
the table below.
Table 4- 12 Section Design of Roof Truss Member
Part of Truss Section

Top Chord L 3x3x5/16
Bottom Chord L 2x2x5/16
King Post L 2x2x5/16
Web Members L 2x2x5/16
67
Table 4- 13 Axial Forces for Truss Members
Member Axial Force (KN) Compression / Tension

Bottom Chord
1 8.781 Compression
2 4.699 Compression
3 4.504 Tension
4 0.195 Tension
5 16.293 Compression
6 5.627 Tension
7 11.737 Tension
8 10.989 Tension
Top Chord
11 9.194 Tension
13 3.115 Tension
14 11.319 Tension
20 8.566 Tension
Web Members
22 9.443 Tension
25 2.907 Tension
28 17.843 Tension
King Post
Web Members
31 5.124 Tension
33 0.646 Tension
34 0.838 Tension
68
36 23.634 Tension
4.8.2.1 Design Computation of Trusses
Top Chord
69
70
71
72
Bottom Chord
73
74
75
76
King Post
77
78
79
Web Members
80
81
82
83
4.10 Design of Beams
Figure 4.31 to 4.34 show the flowchart for the process in designing the beams.
Figure 4. 31 Design Process of Beam – 1
84
85
86
87
Through series of analysis using the design loads on the table above the following properties of
beams are acquired.
Table 4- 14 Design Section of Beams Per Grid
Grid Section
A W 12x96
B W 12x65
C W 12x65
E W 12x53
G W 12x53
I W 12x53
K W 12x65
L W 12x58
M W 12x87
11 W 12x53
10 W 12x50
9 W 12x53
8 W 12x53
7 W 12x58
6 W 12x58
5 W 12x65
4 W 12x65
3 W 12x106
2 W 12x106
1 W 12x72
Note: All beam length satisfies Lc < Lb < Lu therefore uses an allowable bending stress of Fb = 0.60fy except for W12x50 with Lb
of 6.3m Therefore beam is slender and slenderness checking is required (Grid 10 with 6.3m L b).
88
4.10.1 Manual Design Calculation
The figure below shows the sample manual design calculation for beam in grid 10.
Calculation on other grids is in appendices.
89
90
4.10.2 Staad Design Calculation
91
92
93
94
4.11 Design of Columns
Figure 4.35 to 4.38 show the flowchart for the process in designing the columns.
Figure 4. 35 Design Process of Column – 1
95
96
97
98
Through analysis of design loads and computations of the adequacy of the section, the following section
per floor on different location (corner, interior and exterior) of columns are given on the table below.
Table 4- 15 Design Section of Column Per Location
Location Corner Interior Exterior

0m – 3.0m W14x90 W14x211 W14x211
3.0m – 6.0m W14x61 W14x61 W14x159
6.0m – 9.0m W14x61 W14x61 W14x159
9.0m – 12.0m W14x38 W14x61 W14x68
12.0m – 15.0m W14x38 W14x61 W14x68
99
The calculation below shows the sample manual design computation for the corner columns.
Calculation on other column location is in appendices.
100
101
102
4.11.2 Staad Design Calculation
103
104
105
106
4.12 Design of Base Plates
Figure 4.39 to 4.42 shows the flowchart on how to design the base plate for the connection of the
concrete column to steel column.
Figure 4. 39 Design Process of Base Plate – 1
107
108
109
With some series of analysis and calculation the designer came up with a design of base plate
given on the table below.
Table 4- 16 Design Summary of Base Plate and Pedestal Per Location
Corner Exterior Interior

Base Plate Dimension 510 mm x 510 mm x 570 mm x 570 mm x 640 mm x 640 mm
40 mm 50 mm x 70 mm
Anchor Strong Axis 2 Bolts 3 Bolts 5 Bolts
Bolt Weak Axis 11 Bolts 14 Bolts 12 Bolts
Pedestal Dimension 550 mm x 550 mm 600 mm x 600 mm 750 mm x 750 mm
110
The calculation below is for the computation of the baseplate for the connection of steel I-beam
and pedestal for the corner columns. Calculation for the pedestal dimension is also included. Other
calculation is provided in the appendices.
111
112
4.13 Design of Connections
The design of connections is the designers choice for the trade-offs. The connections are the
following: welded connection, bolted connection and riveted connection.
4.13.1 Design Welded Connection

The figure below shows the flowchart on the design process for the welded connection of structural
steel.
Figure 4. 43 Design Process of Welded Connection
113
Through series of analysis and computation the designer came up with the design of welded connection.
The table below shows the welding thickness and angle plate dimension for corner, exterior and interior
girder to column connection using E70EXX electrodes.
Table 4- 17 Design Summary of Welded Connection
Connection Location Welding Thickness Angle Plate Dimension

(E70EXX) (HXBXt)
Corner 9 mm 75 mm x 75 mm x 10 mm
Beam to Column
Exterior 11 mm 75 mm x 75 mm x 12 mm
Connection
Interior 10 mm 90 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm
114
4.12.1.1 Manual Design Calculation (Welded Connection)
The design calculation shows the calculation for the corner girder to column connection.
Other calculation is on the appendix.
115
116
4.13.2 Design Bolted Connection
The figure below shows the flowchart on the design process for the bolted connection of
structural steel.
Figure 4. 44 Design Process of Bolted Connection
117
Table 4- 18 Design Section of Bolted Connection
Connection Location Bolt diameter and Angle Plate Used

number (A325)
Corner 2-20mmØ each face L2½x2½x¼
Beam to Column
Exterior 2-20mmØ each face L2½x2½x¼
Connection
Interior 2-20mmØ each face L2½x2½x¼
4.12.2.1 Design Calculation from Staad V8i (Bolted Connection)
Calculation for exterior and interior bolt connection design is in appendices.
Beam to Column Flange Connection (Corner Column)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Connection Template : DA BCF All bolted
Connection ID : BCF - N(264) - M(1655,855)
Design Code: AISC-ASD
Status:: OK
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOADS
Members Load Type V2
V3 M33 M22 Axial
[KN]
[KN] [KN*m] [KN*m] [KN]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beam LC-9 Design -27.38 -- --
LC-10 Design -27.19 -- --
LC-11 Design -35.71 -- --
LC-12 Design -27.19 -- --
LC-13 Design -35.58 -- --
LC-14 Design -21.24 -- --
LC-15 Design -124.96 -- --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dimensions Unit Value Min. value
Max. value Sta. References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angle
Length [mm] 139.70 123.19
246.38 p. 10-8
Lmin = T/2 = 246.38[mm]/2 = 123.19[mm] p. 10-8
Lmax = d - max(k, dct) - max(k, dcb) = 322.58[mm] - max(38.1[mm], 0[mm]) - max(38.1[mm], 0[mm]) = 246.38[mm] p. 10-8
Thickness [mm] 6.35 --

15.87 p. 10-9
tpmax = 5/8[in] p. 10-9
Angle (Beam side)

118
Vertical edge distance [mm] 31.75 25.40 --
Lemin = edmin + C2 = 25.4[mm] + 0[mm] = 25.4[mm] Tables J3.4, J3.5
Horizontal edge distance [mm] 31.75 25.40 --

Vertical center-to-center spacing (pitch) [mm] 76.20 50.80

152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3
IsCorrosionConsidered False
smax = min(24*tp, 12[in]) = min(24*6.35[mm], 12[in]) = 152.4[mm] Sec. J3.5
Angle (Support side)



152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3
IsCorrosionConsidered False
Beam
Support
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESIGN CHECK
Verification Unit Capacity Demand
Ctrl EQ Ratio References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angle (Beam side)
Bolts shear [KN] 188.75 124.96
LC-15 0.66 Tables (7-1..14)
(1/ )Rn = (1/ )*Fnv*Ab = 0.5*0.330948[KN/mm2]*285.16[mm2] = 47.186735[KN] Eq. J3-1
(1/ )Rn = 2 * (C*(1/ )Rn) = 2 * (2*47.186735[KN]) = 188.75[KN] Tables (7-1..14)
Bolt bearing under shear load [KN] 181.40 124.96

LC-15 0.69 Eq. J3-6
Lc-end = max(0.0, Le - dh/2) = max(0.0, 31.749999[mm] - 20.6375[mm]/2) = 21.431249[mm] Sec. J4.10
Lc-spa = max(0.0, s - dh) = max(0.0, 76.199998[mm] - 20.6375[mm]) = 55.562498[mm] Sec. J4.10
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))* tp*Fu*nc) = 2 * (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) +
min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN]
Eq. J3-6
Shear yielding [KN] 176.15 124.96

LC-15 0.71 Eq. J4-3
Ag = Lp*tp = 139.7[mm]*6.35[mm] = 887.09[mm2] Sec. D3-1
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) = 176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3
Shear rupture [KN] 145.12 124.96
119
LC-15 0.86 Eq. J4-4
Lh = dh + 1/16[in] = 20.6375[mm] + 1/16[in] = 22.225[mm] Sec. D3-2
Le = L - n*Lh = 139.7[mm] - 2*22.225[mm] = 95.249996[mm] DG4 Eq. 3-13
Anv = Le*tp = 95.249996[mm]*6.35[mm] = 604.84[mm2] Sec. J4-2
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*0.60*Fu*Anv) = 2 * (0.5*0.60*0.399896[KN/mm2]*604.84[mm2]) = 145.12[KN] Eq. J4-4
Block shear [KN] 154.49 124.96

LC-15 0.81 Eq. J4-5
dhh = dh + 1/16[in] = 20.6375[mm] + 1/16[in] = 22.225[mm] Sec. D3-2
dhv = dh + 1/16[in] = 20.6375[mm] + 1/16[in] = 22.225[mm] Sec. D3-2
Ant = (Leh - dhh/2)*tp = (31.749999[mm] - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 131.05[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Agv = (Lev + (n - 1)*s)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*76.199998[mm])*6.35[mm] = 685.48[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Anv = (Lev + (n - 1)*(s - dhv) - dhv/2)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*(76.199998[mm] - 22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2]
Sec. J4-3
IsStressUniform True
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*min(0.6*Fu*Anv + Ubs*Fu*Ant, 0.6*Fy*Agv + Ubs*Fu* Ant)) = 2 * (0.5*min(0.6*0.399896[KN/mm2]*473.79[mm2] +
1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2], 0.6* 0.248211[KN/mm2]*685.48[mm2] +
1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2])) = 154.49[KN] Eq. J4-5

LC-15 0.66 Tables (7-1..14)
(1/ )Rn = (1/ )*Fnv*Ab = 0.5*0.330948[KN/mm2]*285.16[mm2] = 47.186735[KN] Eq. J3-1
(1/ )Rn = 2 * (C*(1/ )Rn) = 2 * (2*47.186735[KN]) = 188.75[KN] Tables (7-1..14)

LC-15 0.69 Eq. J3-6
Lc-end = max(0.0, Le - dh/2) = max(0.0, 31.749999[mm] - 20.6375[mm]/2) = 21.431249[mm] Sec. J4.10
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))* tp*Fu*nc) = 2 * (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) +
min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN]
Eq. J3-6

LC-15 0.71 Eq. J4-3
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) = 176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-15 0.86 Eq. J4-4
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*0.60*Fu*Anv) = 2 * (0.5*0.60*0.399896[KN/mm2]*604.84[mm2]) = 145.12[KN] Eq. J4-4

LC-15 0.81 Eq. J4-5
Agv = (Lev + (n - 1)*s)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*76.199998[mm])*6.35[mm] = 685.48[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Anv = (Lev + (n - 1)*(s - dhv) - dhv/2)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*(76.199998[mm] - 22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2]
Sec. J4-3
IsStressUniform True
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*min(0.6*Fu*Anv + Ubs*Fu*Ant, 0.6*Fy*Agv + Ubs*Fu* Ant)) = 2 * (0.5*min(0.6*0.399896[KN/mm2]*473.79[mm2] +
1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2], 0.6* 0.248211[KN/mm2]*685.48[mm2] +
1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2])) = 154.49[KN] Eq. J4-5
Beam
LC-15 0.48 Eq. J3-6
Lc-end = max(0.0, Le - dh/2) = max(0.0, 1E303[mm] - 20.6375[mm]/2) = 1E303[mm] Sec. J4.10
(1/ )Rn = (1/ )*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))*tp* Fu*nc = 0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) +
min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))* 13.97[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1 = 260.47[KN]
120
Eq. J3-6

LC-15 0.27 Eq. J4-3
(1/ )Rn = (1/ )*0.60*Fy*Ag = 0.666667*0.60*0.2532[KN/mm2]*4506.44[mm2] = 456.41[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-15 0.26 Eq. J4-4
(1/ )Rn = (1/ )*0.60*Fu*Anv = 0.5*0.60*0.4078[KN/mm2]*3885.48[mm2] = 475.35[KN] Eq. J4-4
Support
LC-15 0.19 Eq. J3-6
(1/ )Rn = 2 * ((1/ )*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))* tp*Fu*nc) = 2 * (0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) +
min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))*18.034[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1) = 672.47[KN] Eq. J3-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Critical strength ratio 0.86
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beam to Column Web Connection (Corner Column)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Connection Template : DA BCW All bolted
Connection ID : BCW - N(264) - M(1655,555)
Status:: OK
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOADS
V3 M33 M22 Axial
[KN]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beam LC-9 Design 28.63 -- --
LC-10 Design 22.46 -- --
LC-11 Design 28.49 -- --
LC-12 Design 22.36 -- --
LC-13 Design 28.51 -- --
LC-14 Design -24.69 -- --
LC-15 Design 22.13 -- --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angle
121
Length [mm] 152.40 123.95
247.90 p. 10-8

15.87 p. 10-9
Angle (Beam side)


114.60 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5


114.60 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
Beam
Top cope length [mm] 191.26 --
624.84
Bottom cope length [mm] 191.26 --

624.84
Top cope depth [mm] 32.26 --

80.01
Bottom cope depth [mm] 32.26 --

80.01
Support
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESIGN CHECK
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angle (Beam side)
LC-9 0.15 Tables (7-1..14)

LC-9 0.19 Eq. J3-6

LC-9 0.20 Eq. J4-3

LC-9 0.23 Eq. J4-4
122
LC-9 0.24 Eq. J4-5

LC-9 0.15 Tables (7-1..14)

LC-9 0.19 Eq. J3-6

LC-9 0.20 Eq. J4-3

LC-9 0.23 Eq. J4-4

LC-9 0.24 Eq. J4-5
Beam
LC-9 0.14 Eq. J3-6

LC-9 0.10 Eq. J4-3

LC-9 0.11 Eq. J4-4

LC-9 0.16 Eq. J4-5
Flexural yielding [KN] 88.68 28.63

LC-9 0.32 p. 9-6
Flexural rupture [KN] 119.26 28.63

LC-9 0.24 p. 9-6
Local web buckling [KN] 88.68 28.63

LC-9 0.32 p. 9-8, p. 9-7
Support
LC-9 0.07 Eq. J3-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTATION
A b: Nominal bolt area
A g: Gross area
Agv: Gross area subject to shear
Ant: Net area subject to tension
Anv: Net area subjected to shear
C: Bolt group coefficient
C 2: Edge distance increment
d: Nominal bolt diameter
dcb: Bottom cope depth
dct: Top cope depth
d h: Nominal hole dimension
dhh: Horizontal hole dimension
123
dhv: Vertical hole dimension
Fnv: Nominal shear stress
F u: Specified minimum tensile strength
Fy: Specified minimum yield stress
IsCorrosionConsidered: Is corrosion considered
IsStressUniform: Is the stress uniform
k1: Bearing factor
k2: Bearing factor
k: Outside corner radius
L: Length
Lc-end: Clear distance
L e: Effective length
L e: Edge distance
Leh: Horizontal edge distance
Lemin: Minimum edge distance
Lev: Vertical edge distance
L h: Hole dimension for tension and shear net area
Lmax: Maximum length
Lmin: Minimum length
L p: Plate length
edmin: Minimum edge distance
n: Bolts rows number
nc: Number of bolt columns
(1/ ): Design factors
(1/ )Rn: Design or allowable strength
smax: Maximum spacing
smin: Minimum spacing
s: Longitudinal bolt spacing
Lc-spa: Distance between adjacent holes edges
tp: Thickness of the connected material
T: Clear distance between web fillets
tp: Plate thickness
tpmax: Maximum plate thickness
Ubs: Stress index
4.14 FINAL TRADE-OFFS ASSESSMENT

Table 4- 19 Overall Ranking of Trade-offs
Ability to satisfy the criterion

Decision Criterion’s Bolted Welded Riveted
Criteria Importance (on a Connection Connection Connection
scale of 0 -10)
Economic 9 9.5 9.88 10
Constructability 7 9.05 10 9.05
Safety 10 10 8.2 8.4
Sustainability 8 8.67 10 8.67
Overall rank 318.21 320.92 306.71
The criterion’s importance specified on the table was from the agreement of the client and the designers. In
conclusion, Gabion Wall was proved to be the most efficient among the three trade-offs. These results will
be further evaluated through the sensitivity analysis.
124
4.14.1 Economic Assessment
The final cost estimates of the trade-offs are performed by the designers through a rough
estimation of the materials to be used in school steel structure. A thorough computation is shown in
the appendices. Riveted connection presides over the other trade-offs since this process will only
cost 19,046,664.67 Php.
4.14.2 Constructability Assessment

The duration of the construction includes the preparatory works such as clearing, excavation, etc.
The Welded Connection ranking governs for this constraint for it takes 190 days for it to be done.
4.14.3 Safety or Risk Assessment

The minimum tensile strength of the connection based on the research, the bolted connection has
the highest compared to the other two connection.
4.14.4 Sustainability Assessment

The sustainability assessment measures the life span of the trade-offs. The Welded Connection
got the highest ranks among the three trade-offs for it can last for at least 75 years.
125
Chapter 5. FINAL DESIGN
5.1 Design Results
With regards to the standard of National Building Code and National Structural Code of the
Philippines (2010) the designer come up with the final plan for the construction of school steel structure at
Molave St., Project 2-3 Quezon City that will be connected using welded connection as per computation of
the winning trade-offs on chapter 4.
5.1.1 Structural Plan
Figure 5. 1 Final Foundation Plan

126
Figure 5. 2 Final 2nd Floor to Roof Structural Plan
127
5.1.2 Beam Result
Table 5- 1 Schedule of Beams
Grid Section
A / SBX – 1 W 12x96
B / SBX – 2 W 12x65
C / SBX – 3 W 12x65
E / SBX – 4 W 12x53
G / SBX – 5 W 12x53
I / SBX – 6 W 12x53
K / SBX – 7 W 12x65
L / SBX – 8 W 12x58
M / SBX – 9 W 12x87
11 / SBY – 1 W 12x53
10 / SBY – 2 W 12x50
9 / SBY – 3 W 12x53
8 / SBY – 4 W 12x53
7 / SBY – 5 W 12x58
6 / SBY – 6 W 12x58
5 / SBY – 7 W 12x65
4 / SBY – 8 W 12x65
3 / SBY – 9 W 12x106
2 / SBY – 10 W 12x106
1 / SBY – 11 W 12x72
5.1.3 Column Result

Table 5- 2 Schedule of Columns
Location Corner / SC – 1 Exterior / SC – 2 Interior / SC – 3

0m – 3.0m W14x90 W14x211 W14x211
3.0m – 6.0m W14x61 W14x159 W14x61
6.0m – 9.0m W14x61 W14x159 W14x61
9.0m – 12.0m W14x38 W14x68 W14x61
12.0m – 15.0m W14x38 W14x68 W14x61
128
5.1.4 Base Plate Result
Table 5- 3 Schedule of Base Plate
Corner / SC – 1 Exterior / SC – 2 Interior / SC – 3

Base Plate Dimension 510 mm x 510 mm x 570 mm x 570 mm x 640 mm x 640 mm
40 mm 50 mm x 70 mm
Anchor Strong Axis 2 Bolts 3 Bolts 5 Bolts
Bolt Weak Axis 11 Bolts 14 Bolts 12 Bolts
Pedestal Dimension 550 mm x 550 mm 600 mm x 600 mm 750 mm x 750 mm
5.1.5 Welded Connection Result (Winning Trade-off)

Table 5- 4 Schedule of Welded Connection
Connection Location Welding Thickness Angle Plate

(E70EXX) Dimension
(HXBXt)
Beam to Column Corner / SC – 1 9 mm 75 mm x 75 mm x
Connection 10 mm
Exterior / SC – 2 11 mm 75 mm x 75 mm x
12 mm
Interior / SC – 3 10 mm 90 mm x 90 mm x
12 mm
Figure 5. 3 Corner Beams to Column Connection

129
Figure 5. 4 Exterior Beams to Column Connection
Figure 5. 5 Interior Beams to Column Connection

130
5.1.6 Purlin Result
Figure 5. 6 Purlins Section
Figure 5. 7 Truss 1 Details

5.1.7 Truss Result
Table 5- 5 Truss Schedule
Member Section
Top Chord (A) L 2x2x5/16
Bottom Chord (B) L 3x3x5/16
King Post (C) L 2x2x5/16
Web Member (D) L 2x2x5/16
Web Member (E) L 2x2x5/16
131
APPENDIX A: CODES AND STANDARDS
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBC)
The following are the sections and codes that are followed in conceptualizing and designing the structural
plan of the apartment building:
 Section 401. Types of Construction

Type I. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.
 Section 701. Occupancy Classified.

Group B. Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
 Section 805. Ceiling Heights.

Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have\ ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters
measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one-storey, the
minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40
meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less
than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have
ceiling height not less than 2.70 meters.
 Section 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.

Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
1. Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
2. Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.
 Section 808. Window Openings.

Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein specified
in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to
at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard,
public street or alley, or open water courses.
 Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.
General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements of
buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:
132
a. Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof
shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per
occupant as determined by the Secretary.
b. Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes
shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No
obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this
Code.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) C101-10
Notation
= gross area of section, mm2.
= area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2.
= minimum amount of flexural reinforcement, mm2.
= total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement (bars and steel shapes), mm2.
= area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2.
= area of shear-friction reinforcement, mm2.
= area of compression reinforcement, mm2.
= width of compression face of member, mm.
= web width, mm.
= distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
= clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement,
mm.
= a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram.
= dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm.
= nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm.

133
= thickness of concrete cover measure from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire located
closest thereto, mm.
= distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
= distance from extreme compression fiber to extreme tension steel, mm.
= load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces.
= modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
= modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa.
= flexural stiffness of compression member, N-mm2.
= loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum
heights, or related internal moments and forces.
= specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
= specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa.
= specified yield strength fy
= loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related internal moments
and forces.
= overall thickness of member, mm.
= moment of inertia of section beam about the centroidal axis, mm4.
= moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, mm4.
= effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4.
= moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm 4.
= live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
= development length, mm.
= length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
= maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
= cracking moment.
134
= nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions
= nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.
= nominal shear strength provided by concrete
= wind load, or related integral moments and forces.
= unit weight of concrete, kN/m3.
= factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
= ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally by
center line of adjacent panle, if any on each side of beam.
= average value of for all beams on edges of a panel.
= factor
= net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
= modification factor reflection the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete.
= multiplier for additional long-time deflection = ration of nonprestressed tension reinforcement =

⁄
= ratio of nonprestressed compression reinforcement = ⁄
= reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
= strength-reduction factor.
The following are the sections and codes that are followed in conceptualizing and designing the structural
plan of the apartment building:
 Section 203 - Combination of Load

a. Minimum densities for design loads from materials
b. Minimum design loads
c. Minimum uniform and concentrated live loads
 Section 206 - Other Minimum Loads

a. 206.3 Impact loads
b. 206.3.1 Elevators
c. 206.3.2 Machinery
135
 Section 207 - Wind Load
a. 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure
b. 207.5.6.6 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
c. 207.5.7.2 Topographic Factor
d. 207.5.4.4 Wind Directionality Factor
e. 207.5.6 Exposure
 Section 208 - Earthquake Loads

a. 208.5.1.1 Earthquake Loads
b. 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
c. 208.5.2.2 Structure Period
Wind Load
Section 207.5.4 Wind Directionality Factor
The wind directionality factor, Kd, shall be determined form Table 207-2. This factor Shall only be applied
when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Section 203.3 and 203.4.
 Section 207A.6 Exposure

For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be based on ground
surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and constructed
facilities.
 Section 207A.8.2 Topographic factor

The wind speed up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using the
factor kzt. If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in
Section 207A.8.2 the kzt= 1.0
 Section 207A.9 Gust Effect factor

The gust effect factor shall be calculated as permitted in Sections 207A.9.using appropriate values
for natural frequency and damping ratio as permitted in Section 207.5.8.6.
 Section 207A.10 Enclosure Classifications

For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified as
enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 207A.10
 Section 207B.3.2 Velocity Pressure

Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation qz=
0.613kz kzt kd V2 where V must be n termn in mph.
136
 Section 207B.4.1 Pressure and Force Coefficients
Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi, shall be determined from fig. 207-5 based on building
enclosure classifications determined from Section 207A.10
 Section 207A.12 Rigid Building for all heights

Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of a buildings of all heights shall be determined by the
following equation;
P= qGCP – qi(GCPi)
 Section 207A.13 Design Wind Loads on Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed
Roofs
Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from the top surface of the roof,
respectively.
 Section 207A.14 Design Wind Loads on Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
The design wind force for solid freestanding walls and solid signs shall be determined by the
following formula:
F= qhGCfAs
 Section 207.5.15 Design Wind Loads on other Structures

The design wind force for other structures shall be determined by the following equation:
F=qzGfCfAf
137
APPENDIX B: INITIAL ESTIMATE OF MATERIAL COST, DURATION AND MAINTENANCE COST
138
APPENDIX C: DESIGN OF BEAMS
GRID 1
139
140
GRID 2
141
142
143
GRID 3
144
145
GRID 4
146
147
GRID 5
148
149
150
GRID 6
151
152
GRID 7
153
154
GRID A
155
156
GRID B
157
158
GRID C
159
160
GRID D
161
162
APPENDIX D: DESIGN OF COLUMNS
EXTERIOR COLUMN
163
164
165
INTERIOR COLUMN
166
167
168
APPENDIX E: DESIGN OF BASE PLATE
EXTERIOR BASEPLATE
169
170
INTERIOR BASE PLATE
171
172
APPENDIX F: DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTION
INTERIOR CONNECTION
173
174
EXTERIOR CONNECTION
175
176
APPENDIX G: DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTION
EXTERIOR CONNECTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Status:: OK
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
LOADS
V3 M33 M22 Axial
[KN]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Beam LC-9 Design 33.98 -
- -- -- --
LC-10 Design 34.26 -
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
LC-15 Design -43.54 -
- -- -- --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Angle
Length [mm] 139.70 123.19
246.38 p. 10-8
Lmin = T/2 = 246.38[mm]/2 = 123.19[mm] p. 10-8
Lmax = d - max(k, dct) - max(k, dcb) = 322.58[mm] - max(38.1[mm], 0[mm]) - max(38.1[mm],
0[mm]) = 246.38[mm] p. 10-8

15.87 p. 10-9
tpmax = 5/8[in] p. 10-9
Angle (Beam side)
177
Vertical edge distance [mm] 31.75 25.40 -
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
Lemin = edmin + C2 = 25.4[mm] + 0[mm] = 25.4[mm] Tables J3.4,
J3.5
Horizontal edge distance [mm] 31.75 25.40 -

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3
IsCorrosionConsideredFalse

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3
Beam
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5
Support
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
DESIGN CHECK
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Angle (Beam side)
LC-15 0.23 Tables (7-1..14)
(1/)Rn = (1/)*Fnv*Ab = 0.5*0.330948[KN/mm2]*285.16[mm2] = 47.186735[KN] Eq. J3-1
(1/)Rn = 2 * (C*(1/)Rn) = 2 * (2*47.186735[KN]) = 188.75[KN] Tables (7-1..14)
178
LC-15 0.24 Eq. J3-6
Lc-end = max(0.0, Le - dh/2) = max(0.0, 31.749999[mm] - 20.6375[mm]/2) = 21.431249[mm]
Sec. J4.10
Lc-spa = max(0.0, s - dh) = max(0.0, 76.199998[mm] - 20.6375[mm]) = 55.562498[mm]
Sec. J4.10
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))* tp*Fu*nc) = 2
* (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2
- 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-15 0.25 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) =
176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-15 0.30 Eq. J4-4
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*0.60*Fu*Anv) = 2 * (0.5*0.60*0.399896[KN/mm2]*604.84[mm2]) = 145.12[KN]
Eq. J4-4

LC-15 0.28 Eq. J4-5
Agv = (Lev + (n - 1)*s)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*76.199998[mm])*6.35[mm] = 685.48[mm2]
Sec. J4-3
Anv = (Lev + (n - 1)*(s - dhv) - dhv/2)*tp = (31.749999[mm] + (2 - 1)*(76.199998[mm] -
22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2] Sec. J4-3
IsStressUniformTrue
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*min(0.6*Fu*Anv + Ubs*Fu*Ant, 0.6*Fy*Agv + Ubs*Fu* Ant)) = 2 *
(0.5*min(0.6*0.399896[KN/mm2]*473.79[mm2] + 1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2], 0.6*
0.248211[KN/mm2]*685.48[mm2] + 1*0.399896[KN/mm2]*131.05[mm2])) = 154.49[KN] Eq. J4-5

LC-15 0.23 Tables (7-1..14)

LC-15 0.24 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
Sec. J4.10
* (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2
- 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-15 0.25 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) =
176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-15 0.30 Eq. J4-4
179
Eq. J4-4

LC-15 0.28 Eq. J4-5
Sec. J4-3
22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3
Beam
LC-15 0.17 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
(1/)Rn = (1/)*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))*tp* Fu*nc =
0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))*
13.97[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1 = 260.47[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-15 0.10 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = (1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag = 0.666667*0.60*0.2532[KN/mm2]*4506.44[mm2] = 456.41[KN]
Eq. J4-3

LC-15 0.09 Eq. J4-4
(1/)Rn = (1/)*0.60*Fu*Anv = 0.5*0.60*0.4078[KN/mm2]*3885.48[mm2] = 475.35[KN] Eq. J4-4
Support
LC-15 0.03 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
* (0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2 -
1))*39.624002[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1) = 1477.55[KN] Eq. J3-6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
180
INTERIOR CONNECTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Status:: OK
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
LOADS
V3 M33 M22 Axial
[KN]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Beam LC-9 Design 31.56 -
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
LC-14 Design -73.57 -
- -- -- --
- -- -- --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Angle
Length [mm] 139.70 123.44
246.89 p. 10-8
Lmin = T/2 = 246.89[mm]/2 = 123.44[mm] p. 10-8
Lmax = d - max(k, dct) - max(k, dcb) = 327.66[mm] - max(40.386001[mm], 0[mm]) -
max(40.386001[mm], 0[mm]) = 246.89[mm] p. 10-8

15.87 p. 10-9
tpmax = 5/8[in] p. 10-9
Angle (Beam side)

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5
181
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5

152.40 Sec.J3.3,Sec.J3.5
smin = 8/3*d = 8/3*19.05[mm] = 50.8[mm] Sec. J3.3
Beam
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5
Support
- TablesJ3.4,J3.5
J3.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
DESIGN CHECK
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
Angle (Beam side)
LC-14 0.39 Tables (7-1..14)

LC-14 0.41 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
182
Sec. J4.10
* (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2
- 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-14 0.42 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) =
176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-14 0.51 Eq. J4-4
Eq. J4-4

LC-14 0.48 Eq. J4-5
Sec. J4-3
22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3

LC-14 0.39 Tables (7-1..14)

LC-14 0.41 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
Sec. J4.10
* (0.5*(min(1.2*21.431249[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2
- 1))*6.35[mm]*0.399896[KN/mm2]*1) = 181.4[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-14 0.42 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = 2 * ((1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag) = 2 * (0.666667*0.60*0.248211[KN/mm2]*887.09[mm2]) =
176.15[KN] Eq. J4-3

LC-14 0.51 Eq. J4-4
Eq. J4-4
183
LC-14 0.48 Eq. J4-5
Sec. J4-3
22.225[mm]) - 22.225[mm]/2)*6.35[mm] = 473.79[mm2] Sec. J4-3
Ubs = 1 Sec. J4-3
Beam
LC-14 0.25 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
(1/)Rn = (1/)*(min(k1*Lc-end, k2*d) + min(k1*Lc-spa, k2*d)*(n - 1))*tp* Fu*nc =
0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm])*(2 - 1))*
15.494[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1 = 288.88[KN] Eq. J3-6

LC-14 0.14 Eq. J4-3
(1/)Rn = (1/)*0.60*Fy*Ag = 0.666667*0.60*0.2532[KN/mm2]*5076.76[mm2] = 514.17[KN]
Eq. J4-3

LC-14 0.14 Eq. J4-4
(1/)Rn = (1/)*0.60*Fu*Anv = 0.5*0.60*0.4078[KN/mm2]*4388.06[mm2] = 536.83[KN] Eq. J4-4
Support
LC-14 0.05 Eq. J3-6
Sec. J4.10
* (0.5*(min(1.2*1E303[mm], 2.4*19.05[mm]) + min(1.2*55.562498[mm], 2.4* 19.05[mm])*(2 -
1))*39.624002[mm]*0.4078[KN/mm2]*1) = 1477.55[KN] Eq. J3-6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
NOTATION
Ab: Nominal bolt area
Ag: Gross area
Agv: Gross area subject to shear
Ant: Net area subject to tension
Anv: Net area subjected to shear
C: Bolt group coefficient
C2: Edge distance increment
d: Nominal bolt diameter
dcb: Bottom cope depth
184
dct: Top cope depth
dh: Nominal hole dimension
dhh: Horizontal hole dimension
dhv: Vertical hole dimension
Fnv: Nominal shear stress
Fu: Specified minimum tensile strength
Fy: Specified minimum yield stress
IsCorrosionConsidered: Is corrosion considered
IsStressUniform: Is the stress uniform
k1: Bearing factor
k2: Bearing factor
k: Outside corner radius
L: Length
Lc-end: Clear distance
Le: Effective length
Le: Edge distance
Leh: Horizontal edge distance
Lemin: Minimum edge distance
Lev: Vertical edge distance
Lh: Hole dimension for tension and shear net area
Lmax: Maximum length
Lmin: Minimum length
Lp: Plate length
edmin: Minimum edge distance
n: Bolts rows number
nc: Number of bolt columns
(1/): Design factors
(1/)Rn: Design or allowable strength
smax: Maximum spacing
smin: Minimum spacing
s: Longitudinal bolt spacing
Lc-spa: Distance between adjacent holes edges
tp: Thickness of the connected material
T: Clear distance between web fillets
tp: Plate thickness
tpmax: Maximum plate thickness
Ubs: Stress index
185
APPENDIX H: STAAD DESIGN ANALYSIS
BEAM (GROUP 1 & GROUP 2) AND COLUMN (GROUP 3 & GROUP 4) DESIGN ANALYSIS
Desig
n
G Grou BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
1 p1 M1 W12X53 W12X53 M D A PASS PASS PASS 1 0
N/ 0.93 0.43
N/A A 8 6 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
M2 W12X50 W12X50 M D A PASS PASS PASS 1 0
N/ 0.97 0.39
N/A A 4 7 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.91 0.46
N/A A 2 5 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.47
N/A A 0.94 8 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.89 0.45
N/A A 9 3 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.45
N/A A 0.89 9 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.90 0.45
N/A A 8 6 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.89 0.46
N/A A 8 2 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.84 0.43
N/A A 5 2 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
186
N/ 0.83 0.43
N/A A 3 8 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.45
N/A A 0.88 3 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.45
N/A A 0.86 7 0
W12X10 W12X10 BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
M13 6 6 M D A PASS PASS PASS 1 0
N/ 0.94
N/A A 3 0.36 0
W12X10 W12X10 BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
M14 6 6 M D A FAIL PASS PASS 1 0
N/ 1.07 0.42
N/A A 3 4 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.88 0.39
N/A A 5 8 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.87 0.40
N/A A 7 1 0
Desig
n
G Grou BEA IGNORE N/
2 p2 M17 W12X96 W12X96 M D A PASS PASS PASS 0 0
N/ 0.72
N/A A 8 0.34 0
BEA IGNORE N/
N/ 0.73 0.24
N/A A 5 3 0
BEA IGNORE N/
N/ 0.79 0.33
N/A A 3 8 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.67 0.24
N/A A 4 9 0
M21 W12X53 W12X53 BEA IGNORE N/ PASS PASS PASS 0.00 0
187
M D A 1
N/ 0.66 0.24
N/A A 2 5 0
BEA IGNORE N/ 0.00
N/ 0.65 0.24
N/A A 3 4 0
BEA IGNORE N/
N/ 0.75 0.32
N/A A 6 9 0
BEA IGNORE N/
N/ 0.68 0.21
N/A A 5 9 0
BEA IGNORE N/
N/ 0.68 0.32
N/A A 7 6 0
Desig
n
G Grou BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
3 p3 M26 W14X90 W14X90 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 3 5
N/ 0.63 0.10 0.06
0.16 A 3 8 4
BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
M27 W14X90 W14X90 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 3 4
N/ 0.52 0.13 0.05
0.16 A 4 4 1
BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.15
0.16 A 0.85 2 0.07
BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.75 0.17 0.05
0.16 A 9 8 8
Desig
n
G Grou W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
4 p4 M30 1 1 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 3 5
N/ 0.56 0.09 0.04
0.145 A 3 1 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
M31 1 1 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 3 5
188
N/ 0.61 0.14 0.05
0.145 A 8 9 5
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.57 0.13 0.05
0.145 A 4 9 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.13
0.145 A 0.57 9 0.05
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.56 0.13
0.145 A 6 9 0.05
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.63 0.11 0.05
0.145 A 2 5 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.50 0.13 0.04
0.145 A 7 7 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.85 0.07 0.08
0.145 A 4 9 5
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.76 0.09 0.07
0.145 A 2 3 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.08
0.145 A 0.95 0.1 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.81 0.11 0.07
0.145 A 5 4 7
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.97 0.10 0.09
0.145 A 9 1 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
0.145 N/ 0.85 0.11 0.08
189
A 4 6 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.96 0.09 0.09
0.145 A 8 8 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.84 0.12 0.07
0.145 A 8 6 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.96 0.09 0.09
0.145 A 7 9 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.85 0.12 0.07
0.145 A 5 8 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.96 0.10 0.09
0.145 A 4 4 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.13
0.145 A 0.86 3 0.08
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.11 0.08
0.145 A 0.92 3 7
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.82 0.12 0.07
0.145 A 4 7 5
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.96 0.13 0.09
0.145 A 8 8 5
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.88 0.15 0.08
0.145 A 3 3 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.88 0.12 0.08
0.145 A 8 2 5
190
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.81 0.13 0.07
0.145 A 6 6 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.65 0.12 0.05
0.145 A 7 9 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.72 0.13 0.05
0.145 A 8 6 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.67 0.05
0.145 A 3 0.07 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.64 0.17 0.04
0.145 A 9 4 6
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.53 0.20 0.01
0.724 A 5 7 6
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.49 0.20 0.01
0.724 A 6 8 6
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.49 0.20 0.01
0.724 A 3 7 6
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.51 0.20 0.01
0.724 A 4 7 6
Desig
n
G Grou W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
5 p5 M63 1 1 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 3 5
N/ 0.85 0.11 0.06
0.145 A 4 7 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
0.145 N/ 0.85 0.15 0.06
191
A 6 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.76 0.14
0.145 A 4 9 0.06
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.75 0.14 0.05
0.145 A 4 9 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.14 0.05
0.145 A 0.74 9 8
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.83 0.12 0.05
0.145 A 6 9 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.73 0.15 0.05
0.145 A 5 1 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.80 0.13 0.05
0.145 A 4 2 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.76 0.16 0.05
0.145 A 2 6 8
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.64 0.15 0.05
0.145 A 6 4 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.15 0.05
0.145 A 0.64 5 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.62 0.15 0.05
0.145 A 6 5 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.74 0.12 0.05
0.145 A 7 8 3
192
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.69 0.16 0.05
0.145 A 5 8 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.85 0.13 0.06
0.145 A 1 4 2
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.72 0.16 0.05
0.145 A 2 4 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.69 0.11
0.145 A 6 6 0.05
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.75 0.17 0.05
0.145 A 2 3 5
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.81 0.14 0.06
0.145 A 2 6 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.74 0.11 0.05
0.145 A 1 8 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.70 0.06 0.04
0.145 A 9 9 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.72 0.17 0.05
0.145 A 1 6 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.81 0.14 0.06
0.145 A 1 9 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.74 0.05
0.145 A 1 0.12 2
M87 W14X21 W14X21 BEA PASS N/ PASS PASS PASS 0.00 0.00
193
1 1 M A 4 4
N/ 0.70 0.04
0.145 A 2 0.07 8
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.72 0.17 0.05
0.145 A 9 9 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.80 0.15 0.06
0.145 A 8 6 1
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.74 0.12 0.05
0.145 A 6 3 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.70 0.07 0.04
0.145 A 1 4 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.73 0.18 0.05
0.145 A 6 6 4
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.79 0.15 0.05
0.145 A 1 3 8
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.73 0.12 0.04
0.145 A 2 7 9
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.68 0.07 0.04
0.145 A 2 4 6
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.19
0.145 A 0.73 4 0.05
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.83 0.17 0.06
0.145 A 7 8 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
194
N/ 0.95 0.22 0.06
0.145 A 6 5 3
W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.87 0.17 0.05
0.145 A 6 9 9
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
0 1 1 M PASS A PASS PASS PASS 4 4
N/ 0.79 0.21 0.05
0.145 A 5 6 5
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.76 0.17 0.06
0.145 A 4 6 4
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.77 0.22 0.06
0.145 A 6 2 3
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.18 0.05
0.145 A 0.79 6 9
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.70 0.20 0.05
0.145 A 1 9 5
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.47 0.17 0.00
0.724 A 2 5 9
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.42 0.16 0.00
0.724 A 2 5 9
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.42 0.16 0.00
0.724 A 3 4 8
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.44 0.16 0.00
0.724 A 1 8 9
M10 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
0.145 N/ 0.46 0.13 0.03
195
A 2 4 9
M11 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.45 0.13 0.03
0.145 A 5 3 9
M11 W14X21 W14X21 BEA N/ 0.00 0.00
N/ 0.45 0.13 0.03
0.145 A 1 2 8
196
APPENDIX I: ESTIMATES FOR COST OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
197
198
FOR WELDED
199
APPENDIX J: STAAD RESULTS
MAXIMUM NODE DISPLACEMENTS
MAXIMUM BEAM END FORCES
BEAM MAXIMUM FORCES IN CRITICAL LOAD COMBINATION
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213

Sandoval Jr. Victor N. Steel Vertical Structure PDF

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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

“DESIGN OF 5-STOREY SCHOOL BUILDING”

Engr. Rhonnie C. Estores

Figure 2. 1 STAAD PRO v8i Geometric Model ........................................................................................... 6

Figure 3. 1 Bolted connection................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 4. 1 Design Process for Steel Structure ....................................................................................... 34

Figure 5. 1 Final Foundation Plan .......................................................................................................... 126

Table 3- 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted Connection ........................................................ 20

Table 5- 1 Schedule of Beams ................................................................................................................ 128

Figure 1. 1 Exterior Perspective of the School Building

1.2 The Project

Figure 1. 3 Location of the Project

1.4 Project Client

1.5 Project Scope and Limitations

Figure 1. 4 Project Development Process

2.1 Description of the Structure

Figure 2. 1 STAAD PRO v8i Geometric Model

2.2.1 Earthquake Consideration

Figure 2. 2 Map of the Nearest Fault Line to the Project Location

Table 2- 1 Occupancy Category

Occupancy Category Occupancy or Function of Structure

2.3 Design Loads Parameter

2.3.1 Dead Loads

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 204-1)

Material Density (KN/m3)

2.3.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads

Table 2- 3 Assumed Super-imposed Loads

Material Floors Roof

2.3.3 Live Loads

Table 2- 4 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 205-1)

Occupancy Uniform Load (KPa)

Table 2- 5 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 207-1)

Basic Wind Speed Location

Table 2- 6 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Structural Type Directionality Factor Kd

Table 2- 7 Importance Factor, Iw (Wind Loads)

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 207-3)

Occupancy Category Description Iw

2.3.5 Seismic Loads

Table 2- 8 Seismic Importance Factor

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-1)

Seismic Importance Factor Seismic Importance Factor

Table 2- 9 Soil Profile Types

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-2)

Table 2- 10 Seismic Zone Factor Z

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-3)

Table 2- 11 Near Source Factor Na

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-4)

Closes Distance To Know Seismic Source

Table 2- 12 Near Source Factor Nv

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-5)

Closes Distance To Know Seismic Source

A 1.6 1.2 1.0

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-6)

Seismic Source Definition

Table 2- 14 Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z

Table 2- 15 Seismic Coefficient, Cv

(Source: NSCP v.1 2010, Table 208-8)