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H11TKOH, H3 JlbIKa - 6eJibie. l..J:epHbie OHYlJH ClJl1TaJil1Cb npa3,UHl1lJHblMH.
CBepxy Ha.ueBaJIH no.!locuKu - 110JIOCKH CYKHa, BhilllHTbie UBeTaMH.

9
 Y3opHLie naroneHKl1 )KeHLUHHLI Ha.n:enaJJ.11 Ha ronL1e Hom, a My)K-
'111HLI - nonepx nopnIHoK non caMLie Koneu11. naroneHKaM11, cw11TL1-
M11 113 XOJlCTa, KpeCTLHHe 3aKpb113aJlH roJleHM BO npeM51 )1(3TBbl 11 np11
X01lb6e 60Cl1KOM.
J1anTH c 06opaM11 11 0Hy'1aM11 3aMeHHJIH rn1eTeHLic cmimHu - no-
no6ue BbICOKl1X ranow, B HeKOTOpblX paHOHaX 11X Ha3bll3aJlH 6ax1111aA1U.
oaXHJlbl 6LIJIH 0'1eHb yno6HLIMl1 ,UJl51 pa60Tbl Ha CKOTHOM .UBOpe, no-
3TOMY OHH ncerna CTOSIJIH nepen BXO.UOM B llOM.
0JleTeHa51 o6yBh HMeJla 11 Jlpyrne Ha3BaHHSI, ttanpttMep 11060111 (OT
TJOpKCKOro '1e6aw) - JianOTb H3 JlbIKa 13 mt.n:e 3aKpb!TblX 6awMaKOB,
KOTOpL1e 11cnoJIL30BaJIH KaK KOMHaTHbie TY(fmH. OeHLKOBLie nepeB0'1-
HLie nanTH Ha3blBaJI11 LfYHHMll. 0HH 6bIJ111 JaHMCTI30B3HhI y Q)HHHOB,
KOTOphIX B npeBHOCTH Ha3bll33Jll1 Lf)'XHO. l.fyHH l1MeJ111 '1eTbipexyroJlLHYIO
cpopl\ty. TaK KaK HX H3fOTOBJl51Jll1 Ha npm•.ioyroJlbHOlf KOJlO,UKe.
c Ha'1aJJa BTOporo TbICSI'1eJleTH51 Ha KOHCTPYKUHIO o6yBH Ha'1HHaeT
cymecTBeHHO BJ1H51Th Mona. 0051BJ151CTC51 o6yBL npl1'IYlllIHBbIX qJOpM c
pa3Jil1'1HbIMl1 yKpawemrnMl1, c ,UJIHHHbIMH 3arHYTbIMl1 BBepx HOCKal\111
(pvrc. 1.9, a, 6) . HocKH yKpawanvr KOJIOKOJJb'111KaM11 11n11 JaKpennHm1
non KOJleHKOH M11HHblM11 ,n:eKopan!BHbll\111 uen0'1KaMl1 (p11c. 1.9, 6, 2).
l1Hor.n:a K TaKOH 06yn11 WHpOKHMH KO)KaHLIMH nOJJOCKaMH np11KpenJJ51-
Jll1 .n:epeBSIHHble npHcnoco6JJeHl151 MH JaLUHTbl HOfH OT rpS1311 H XOJJOJla.
c Ha'l!aJlOM Honoro npeMeHH (XV-XVII BB.) KOHCTPYKUHH l1 npo-
uecCLI 11JroTOBJJeH11SI o6yBH npeTepnen11 1nMeHett1rn.
B KOHUe xv B. Ha CMeHy 06yn11 c llJIHHHbIMH JarHYTbil\111 BBepx HOC-
KaMH npHWJla o6ynL, HOCKH KOTOpOH no CBOeH cpopMe HanOMHHaIOT

P11c. 1.9. 06ysb c Y3KHMH 33rHYTbIMH BBcpx HOCKaM11 Ha ncpcBHHHbIX np11cno-

co6neH11S1x (a, 6) 11 6e3 np11cnoco6J1eH11i1 (6, 2)

10
Pttc. I. I 0. 06yBh, HanoMHHaKJmaH P11c. 1.11. JlepenHmiaH o6yBh Ha'la-
cpOpMy 6bi4hdi MOp!lbl 11a XVII B.

Me.uBe)l(bJO nany HJIH 6b1'-lbJO Mop.uy (pttc. 1.10). HenoMepHo wttpOKHH

HOCOK o6ysH OCT3BaJIC51 CB060JlHhIM, no3TOMY ero He06XOJlHMO 6hIJIO
qeM-Jitt6o 3anoJIHHTh, 'IT06bI in6e)l(aTb .ue<PopMaUHH. IT51TO'IHaSI qacTh
TaKOH o6ystt 6hrna O"leHh Y3Koi1, 'ITO 3aTpy.umrno ee Ha]leBaHtte.
B OTIHCaHH51X 3TOH o6yBH MO)l(HO BCTpeTHTb ynoMHHaHHe 06 y3-
KOM Ka6nyKe. OnttaKo B JIHTepawpe o6yBh H306pa)l(eHa 6e3 Ka6nyKa H
HeT HHKaKHX naHHbIX, TIOilTBep)l(JlaJOlllHX, 4TO B xv B. OH npHMe-
H51JIC51.
B XVI KOTYpHax (pttc. 1.11 ).
B. noS1BJI5IeTc51 o6yBh Ha no.ucrnBKax -
06ysh Ha Ka6JIYKe CTaJIH H3fOTOBJI51Th B XVI-XVII BB. ITepBoe
HJ06pa)l(eHHe o6ystt Ha Ka6JIYKe OTHOCHTC51 K 1600- 1651 rr. 113 JIHTe-
pazypHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB, OTHOCHlllHXC51 K 1547 r., H3BeCTHO, "!TO T3K351
o6ysb ~e TOf)la TI051BHJI3Cb BO <t>nopeHUHH, ee TaK)l(e HOCHJia npH-
JlBOpHaH 3H3Tb Ha BCett TeppHTOpHH HbIHewHett l1TaJIHH H B l1cnaHHH.
L(aHHhIX, o6o5ICH51JOlllHX nptt"IHHY no51BJieHHSI Ka6JIYKa, HeT. O.utta-
KO MO)l(HO npe.unoJiaraTb, "!TO 3TO He 6hIJIO nycTOH npHXOThlO, HHa"!e
OH co BpeMeHeM HC"le3 6bI. 06ysb c npHTIO)lH51TOH CTHTO"IHOH "!3CTblO
o6ner"!aeT xo.uh6y. Kor.ua "!eJioseK y6e.UHJIC51 B 3TOM, Ka611yK cTaJI
HeOTheMJieMOH neTaJiblO o6yBH. <t>acoH Ka6JIYKa non BJIHHHHeM MO,Llbl
'laCTO H3MeHHJICH.
Ka6JIYKH npttKpenJI51JIH cneayIOLUHM o6pa3oM: Kpati rnno"IHOH "!ac-
TH TIO,Ll,OWBbl rrpOWHBaJIH rrpo"IHOH ,LI,paTBOH, 3aTeM rrpHWHBaJIH Ka6-
JIY'fHbie cj)JIHKH, a K HMM npHKpenJI5IJIH Ha60HKY.
K XVI- XVI I BB. Ka6nyK CT3HOBHTC51 HerrpeMeHHOH "!aCThJO o6yBH.
Cpe.nHHH 11 BhICOKHH Ka6nyK11 BJIH51JOT Ha <PopMy no.uowBhI - ee cpea-
HH51 (reJieHO"!HaH) "!aCTb CTaHOBHTC51 YJlJIHHeHHOH - H cnoco6cTBY-
IOT TI051BJieHHIO HOBOro KOHCTPYKTHBHOro 3JieMeHTa - OCHOBHOH CTeJib-
KH. HMeHHO cTeJibKa nmBOJIHJia npttKpenJIHTh no.uowBy 11 Ka6JiyK 6onee
COBepweHHblM MeTOJlOM: aepeBHHHbIMH wnHJibKaMH HJIH MeTaJIJIH"!e-
CKMMH rno3MMH. ITpouecc cpopMoBaHH51 o6yBH Ha"!ttttaeT npoBOJlHThCH
c HCTIOJlb30BaHHeM aepeBHHHbIX, npeHMyLUeCTBeHHO CHMMeTpH'IHbIX,
KOJIO,LI,OK.

II
 0TKpbil)'IO My)f(eKyJO o6yBb 3aKpenJIHJH1 Ha Hore JaCTe)f(Kal\111, npH)f(-
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B JHMHee npeMH o6wrno Hoe11m1 KO)f(aHyJO 06y11b Ha rnepernHoli
no.nKJiaJJKe HJIH BOttJIO'IHYJO.
OepBblM MeTO.UOM KpenJieHMH HH3a 06ym1 6bIJI Hl!l'O'Hibli,1_ CT3ll-
Wtti1 npoo6pa30M pattTOBoro.
E.nBa JIM B Te npeMetta Mor 61>1Tb ttenoJib3onaH 11 ,11pyroi1 i\teTo.n -
npowMBHOi1. BbmopoTHbIH MeTo.n Mor 6bITh npHMeHeH TOJJbKO .nJIH 113-
roTOBJJeHirn nerKoti 06y1m.
Bee KopeHHbie 113MetteHIHI KOHeTpyKUHM 06yn11, npo113owe11wHe
no3.nHee. eB5133Hbl rnaBHbIM o6pa30M e 1no6peTeHHCl\I MaWJ!H.
Honoe npel\rn ·xapaKTep1nyeTeH He TOJJbKO eonepweHeTnonaHHCl\1
KOHeTpyKUttii 06yn11, HOH pa3.neneHHeM rm.non 06ym1 no Ha3Ha'ICHlllO.
Hanp11Mep. eanorn nee 'IaWe eTaJIH np111\1eHHTb .UJJH nepxonoi1 C311bI, a
60Tl1HKH H TYQ>JIH, KOTOpbiC JlOJJ)l(Hbl 6bIJil1 eooTneTeTBonaTb eTilJIIO
OJlC)f(llbl, - B no.nxom1w11x llJIH 3TOro eJiytraHX.
11.rrn H3fOTOBJiemrn )f(CHeKOH 06yn11 npHMeH51JJl1 TOHKYIO KO)l(y, weJJK
H arnae e pa3HOUBeTttoi1 BbIWHBKoi1. Ka6nyK 0Kpmmmam1 B KpacHbiii
UBeT. Ooene <!>paHUyJeKOH pCBOJJJOUHH Ha'laJIH H3fOTOB.THITb o6yBb C
MCHee eJIO)f(HblMH yKpaWCHH51MH.
HonbIH 3Tan eonepweHernonaH115! KOHeTpyKwrn 06y1rn H Texttono-
rntt ee tt3roTOBJieHHH B XIX B. eBH3aH e noHnnem1eM B 1845 r. wnei1-
HbIX, a n03)1(C H eneu11aTJbHblX o6yBHblX l\13WHH (npOWHBHbIX, o6rn)f(-
HbIX, 3aT51)f(HbIX). 3To no3BOJll1JIO ll3fOTOl3JJHTb Bepx 06ym1 113 60JJblllC-
ro 'IHeJia .nernneH, a TaK)f(e MexaHH3HPOB3Tb npOM31301leTl30 06y1rn c
ttenOJJb30B3HHeM 3aT51)f(J-lblX KOJJO.UOK.
Hap51.ny e pa3BMTHCM 11 eonepwetternonam1eM KOHCTPYKUitii, l\ta-
Tep11anon H TCXHOJJOnm 113fOTOBJieHH51 noBeC)lHeBHOi1 06ym1 pa3BMBa-
Jiaeb 11 eonepwetteTBOBaJJaeb o6yBb opTonen111-1eeKa5I.
OpTonemrn - pa3JJCJJ l\tem11111tt1>1, Ja-
HHl\1a10w11iieH npoqmnaKn1Koii 11 JJet1e-
tt11eM JJCQ>OpMaU11H TeJla, B TOM •111ene KO-
HelJ HOeTei1.
OepBblC eBCllCHl!H 0 npl!l\leHCHllH o6y-
Bl1 llJIH JJelfCHHH .neq>Opi\taui1i1 CTOnbI OT-
HOeHTeH K rny6oKOi1 JlpCBHOeTM. 8 Tpynax
.npeBtterpeYecKoro npat1a l11nnoKpaTa (oK.
460-0K. 370 JlO H. 3.), eTJBUJJ1X OCHOBOi1
JlaJJbHeiiwero pa3BHTMH MHOnIX Hanpan-
JICHl1i1 Me.UHUl!Hbl, Hl\leJOTeH peKO:\ICl·IJla-
UMM no 11enpaBJieHHK) BpO)f(lleHHOii KO-
eoJianoeTH e noMOWbJO rnK HaJbrnaeMbIX
CBHHUOBbIX 6aw:\taKOl1 11 rny6md1X nony-
eano)f(eK. Ynol\111Hatt11e 06 oproneJJHlJe-
P11c. 1.12. Oprnnem1<JecK11ii CKOH o6yBH, Kornpy10 cppa1-myJeK11i1 x11-
canmKOK A. nape pypr AM6pya3 Oape (1510-1590) np11-

12
MeHl1Jl )])HI Jie4eHl151 Bpm1<11eHHOH KOCOJiano-
cTH 11eTeiL OTHOCl1TC51 K 1559 r. Oprnne1111-
4eCKHH canm1<0K A. nape (p11c. 1.12) 113ro-
TOBJI51Jil1 113 )l(eCTKOH KO)KH 11 TOHKOH )l(eCTM,
OH HMeJI npOllOJibHbIH pa3pe3 nepenHei1 4aC-
TM, nepexommrni-i Ha nonowny 11 noxo1151-
LUMH no n51T04HOH 4aCHL noc11e HanenaHH51
noJIOBl1HKH canO)l(Ka c6JIH)l(aJIH H CKpernrn-
JIM KPIO'IKaMM .
.[1,o XIX B. npeo611a11aIOu111M MernnoM Jie-
qeHH51 lle¢opMHponaHHblX CTOn 6bIJI KOHcep-
BaT11BHblH. 3TO o6ycJlOBl1JlO n051BJieHHe H
wl'lpOKoe np11Mettett11e B XVI I - XVI I I BB.
opTOTiellH4eCKOH o6yBH co cneUl13JlbHWMl1
WMHaM11. Ta1<asi o6ynb nyreM nmHeJlbHoro 11
nocT051HHOro 11aBJleHl15! Ha CTony nOMOraJia
ttcnpaBJ151Tb 11ecj)OpMau1111. lfa MHOf04HCJieH-
HblX KOHCTPYKUHH o6yBH c w11HaM11 B Kalle- PHc. 1.13. Opmnenw1ec1<d5!
cTBe npMl\1epa MO)KHO Ha3BaTb o6ynb A. CKap- o6yBh A. C1<ap11a
na (pHC. 1.13), COCT0511UYIO 113 6awMaKa H
waptt11pHblX w11H. KpoMe Toro, 113BeCTHO, 4TO A. CKapn nepBblM np11-
MeHMJl B opTone1111lJeCKOH 06yn11 Kopy npo6KOBOro ny6a J1JI51 H3fOTOB-
JieHM51 pa3JIH4HbIX neTaJieH.
l1cTOpH51 C03)]aHl151 OpTone1111lJeCKl1X CTeJieK TaK)Ke OTHOCHTC51 K
XVIII B. 11 CB513atta c 11MeHeM ro1111attncKoro aHaToMa M xwpypra
KaMnepa, KOTOpbIH nnepBbie 11cnOJlb30BaJI MX llJlH ne'!eHHH nJIOCKO-
CTOnHH.
B XIX B. n r. Eypu6IOpre HHCTpyMeHTaJlblllHK f ei1He OTKpbmaeT nep-
BYIO B Enponc cneu11aJI11311poBaHHY10 opTone1111lJecKyIO MacTepcKyIO,
B KOTOpOH Hap51J1Y c OpTone.u114ecKOH o6yBbIO H3fOTOBJI5!Jll1 H BKJia.u-
Hbie opTone.u114ecK11e CTeJlbKH 113 MeTaJIJIOB Jl1I51 nnocKOH CTOnbI. CTaJib,
Me,Ub, 6pOH3a c noKpbIHleM 113 BOi:'IJlOKa, K0)1(11 111111 TPHK0Ta)l(3 MC-
nOJib3YIOT .uo H3CT0511Uero npeMeHH Jl1I51 113fOTOBJleHl151 .ueTanei1 OpTO-
ne,Utt4eCKOH 06y1m B Pocc1111 ncpnaH oprnne.u114ec1<asi MacTepcKasi 6b11Ia
OTKpbITa n CattKT-DeTep6ypre B 1887 r. H. <D. Ea6ypHHbIM.
c pa3BHTHeM x11pyprn11 11 onepaTHBHOro Jie4eHHSl .uecjJOpMau11i1 CTOn
opTone.u11'!ecKyio o6yBb 11cn0Jlb3YIOT He Jl1I51 11cnpaBJieH115I ne¢opMa-
U11M, a J11I51 ynep)l(aHl151 CTOTibl B nOJlO)KeH1111, .UOCTlffHYTOM x11pyprn-
'IeCKOH Koppe1<u11ei1. TaK noHBJlHIOTrn )l(eCTK11e 6epub1 (p11c. 1.14). Bnep-
Bhie 60THHKH c )l(eCTKl1MH 6epuaMH Jl1I51 ynep)l(aHlrn CTOnbl ynOMl1Ha-
IOTC51 B 11nnIOcTp11poBaHHOM KaTaJiore H. <D. Ea6ypirna.
B Ha4aJie xxB. 6bIJil1 OCHOBaHhl neTporpa.UCKHi1 HaY4HO-MCCJleno-
BaTeJibCKHti HHCT11TYT npoTe311ponaHH5l l1 MocKOBCKHH Hay'!Ho-11c-
cJie.uonaTeJibCKHtt HHCTHTYT npoTe3HJJOBaHl15! 11 npoTe30CTpoeHH5!.
B 1938 r. BblXOllHT nepnoe B Pocc11l1 pyKonHcttoe noco6l1e 51.11.Jly-
Phe «T11nb1 H Q)3C0Hbl opTonem1'1eCKOi1 o6yBl1», KOTOpoe He norepSlJIO

13
 CBoeH: aKTyaJibHOCTH no H3CT0511Uero
speMeHH. B TOM )Ke rony sJleHttttrpane
c03naeTcs:i nepsas:i <1n16p11Ka opTone-
nw1ecKoH: o6yBH. a B COCTaBe JleHHH-
rpancKoro HJ111 npoTe311ponaH115! -
B 1962 r. OT)leJl CTOnbI H opTone1rn-
'leCKOH 06yn111lJ151 HCCJ1eII.OBaHH51 aHa-
TOMO-cPYHKUHOHaJibHblX oco6eHHO-
CTei1 ne<j)opMaUHH H ne<PeKTOB CTO-
nbl H pa3pa6oTKH KOHCTPYKUHH pa-
UHOHaJihHOH opTonenw1ecKOH o6ynH
Ha OCHOBe HOBblX TeXHOJlOrHH H npo-
rpeCCHBHbIX MaTepHaJIOB. 3a npowen-
Puc. J.14. Oprnnem14ecKa5! o6yub wee CTOJleTHe KOHCTPYKUH51 opTone-
c )l(eCTK11Ml1 6epuaMl1 JlM'leCKOH 06y1m H TeXHOJIOrH51 ee H3-
rOTOBJleHH51 npeTepneJIH cyweCTnett-
HhJe M3MetteHM51. 6naronap51 pa6ornM
OTe'leCTBeHHblX cneUHaJIHCTOB 6bIJIH BbllleJieHbl Ha)"lHbTe HanpaBJleHH51
no KOHCTpy11ponaHHJO 11 npott3soncrny 06ys11. Oco6a51 3ac11yra B 3TOM
npHH31lJle)l(HT IO. n. 3b1611Hy, E. TI. XoXJlOBy, M.A. DeTpOBY H MHO-
mM npymM cneuHaJIJfCTaM. IO. n. 3hJ6JfH C03JlaJI TeopeTWfeCKMe oc-
HOBbl y'le6ttoro Kypca TeXHOJIOrHH 06ym1.
J1cc11enonaHH5! IO. TI. 3b1611tta nponoJI)l(aJOT H cosepwettcrnyJOT ero
Y'feHMKH B MocKoncKoM rocynapCTBeHHOM ytt11sepcttTeTe Jltt3aH:tta
H TexHonorn11 (MfYllT). Ha Ka<j)enpe Texttonornu tt3nen11i1 H3 Ko-
)f(H seneTc51 pa6orn no co3natt11JO cneuttanbttoi1 Men11wrncKoi1 o6y-
BH H KoppHmpyJOIUHX npttcnoco6JieHHH pa3JIH'lHOro Ha3Ha'leHH51.
Ha Ka<Penpe pa3pa6oTaHbI opTonentt'lecKa51 o6yBh H np11cnoco6ne-
HH5I 1lJ151 Hee: o6yBb 1lJ151 60JibHbTX caxapHblM n11a6eTOM H BSIJibIM na-
PaJIH'-IOM, o6ysh 11 3aT5I)l(HbJe KOJIOJlKH 1ll1H neTeH: H JIHU no)l(ttJioro
B03pacrn, BKJla)lHbJe Koppumpy10m11e M3JleJitt51 pa3HblX KOHCTPYKUHH,
npoTe3bl.
nptt Ka<j)enpe B 1999 L C03)laHa HaY'fHO-npOH3BO)lCTBeHH351 11a60-
paTOpH5! MenttU11HCKOH o6ystt. CosMeCTHO c MocKOBCKOH <Pa6pttKoi1
opTonenw1eCKOH o6yBH pa3pa6aTbIBaeTC51 nporpaMMHO-MeTO)lWfeCKHH
KOMnJieKC aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOro npoeKTHpOBaHirn H 113fOTOBJieHH51
HHJl11BHJlYaJibHOH OCHaCTKH 1lJ1SI npOH3BO)lCTBa o6yBH no 3aKa3aM JIHU,
CTpanaJOIUHX naTOJiorw-1eCKHMJf OTKJlOHeHH5IMJ1 CTOn 3H3'11'1TeJibHOH
cTeneHH T5l)l(eCTM. Pa6orn nposonttTC51 TaK)l(e B TeCHOM coTpynHH'le-
CTBe c HHCTHTYTOM «011o<j)tt3HKa» MHH3Jlpasa P<D, <DenepaJibHblM ro-
cynapcrneHHbIM yHttrnpHbIM npennpttSITHeM UettTpaJibHbltt HaY'fHO-Hc-
c11enosaTeJibCKHH HHCTHTYT KO)l(eBeHHOH npOMbIWJleHHOCTH ( <D fYIT
UH1111Kfl), UeHTpoM 3HJlOKpttHOJIOmH H np.
B XX s. 611aronaps:i cosepwettcrnosattttJO 3Hatt11H: o HOpMaJibHOH 11
naTOJIOfl1'1eCKOH CTonax, a TaK)l(e KopeHHOMY H3MeHeHHIO TeXHOJIO-
nm H3fOTOBJleHHSI noBcenHeBHOH o6yBH KOHCTPYJ1POBaH11e H npOH3-

14
BO.!ICTBO opToneJ,JllieCKOl1 06ym1 BbIL{eJUIJJOCb B C3MOCTOHTeJibHYlO OT-
pacJib 06y1moro npmnnoncrna.
CoupeMeHHaH o6ynb npencrnnm1cT co6oi1 cnm1rny10 KOHCTPYKUHJO,
COCTOHWYIO H3 60JiblllOfO '111CJia IlCTcUJ61 pa3HO(I ()>OpMbl, 113fOTOBJieH-
HblX 111 pa3JIWIHblX M<lTepmu1ou.
AHrn111kKl1H Jipal\taTypr 11)1(. oepHapn Woy OTMel.JaJI, '-ITO eCJIH
6bl KTO-TO C03)laJI My3di pa3Bl1H151 06yu11. OH <)>aKTl1l.JeCKl1 6bl C03)la.JI
Kapnrny MaTepllaJibHOH KYJibTYPHOi1 IICTOPIIl1, Hal.JaBweilcH c po6-
Kl1X rnaron, nporncnrnei1 '-!cpe3 CJIO)KH1>1e ornH6KH no HacToHwero
BpeMeHH.

1.2. 8"1Abl 06ys1;1

CTo.n Bl!IlOM 06yn11 OOHHMalOT CTeneHb JaKpbITHH CTOObl (HOfH)

)leTa.11511\111 ucpxa. 1·13uecTHO m!Tb OCHOBHbIX BH)lOB 06yn11: peMCWKOBO-
caHilaJibHaH, Tyqrn11, no.11y60TMHKH, 6onrnKH 11 canorw.
PeMernKoBo-cau.uaJihHaB - o6yBh, JaroTOBKa Bepxa KOTopoH: Bh1-
no.11HeHa 111 peMewKoB 11.1111 neTaJie11, 6.11HJKHX no cpopMe K peMern-
KaM, a T3K)l(e o6yBb, HC nOJIHOCTblO JaKpbIB3lOW351 Tbl.llbHYlO (Bepx-
HIOIO) 'JaCTb CTOObl.
Tylf>Jiu - o6yub c neTa.llHMll nepxa, '-!3CTH'IHO JaKpbma10w11M11
Tbl.llbHYIO 11onepXHOCTb CTOObl, 11 6epll3Ml1, paCTIOJIO)KeHHbIMl1 HH)l(e
JIO)lbl)l(eK.
IIoJiy60THHKH - o6ynb c nernJrnMH Bepxa, JaKpbmaJOWHMH BCJO
Tbl.llbHYIO nonepXHOCTb CTOObl, c 6epuaMl1, pacnOJIO)l(eHHblMl1 Ha ypon-
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15
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16
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BaH11H nonowBCHHOi1 KO)l(l1 Wl1Jlb51 HC llOJl)!(Hbl JIOl\13TbCH 111111 no11y-
'1aTb OCTaTO•IHYIO JlCQ)OpMaUHJO.
Ilpo6ottHHKH. llJI51 npo611BaHl1.H OT-
BepCTHi1, 13 KOTOpblX 3aKpCf!JlHIOT ¢yp-
HHrypy, f!OJlYYCHHH nep¢opau11i:\ 11C-
flOJib3YJOT npo6oi1Hl1Kl1. Oo KOHCTpyK-
ll,HH npo6oihmKM nonpa31lCJI5IIOT Ha
LIBe rpym11>1: 06hIKHOBCHH1>1c 11 npo-
6HBHh1e KJICIJJl1. K 061>IKHOBeHHhIM
npo6oi1HMKaM OTHOC51TC.H l1 nonynpo-
l•[,I•:
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1:
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CTamrnt0T co6oii MeTa.rtJ111YCCKMe Tpy-

.'
6011KH Kpyrnoro (p11c. 2.5, a), po\t-
6osttJJ,Horo 11 11pyr11x celfett11i1 (p11c.
2.5, 6). Ornepcnrn npo611Bat0r MOJIOT- a
KOM Ha Jll1CTC KapTOHa l!Jll1 KO)l(BOJIOHa.
lloJ1ynpo6oitHl/KU 13 OTJil1YHC OT npo6oii-
HHKOB HMCJOT rJOJlO!H1H'!aTOe CC4CHl1C.
6
l1x npttMeHH IOT 11.rrn xy.uo)!(eCTBCHHoro
o¢opMJICHHH Kpaen JJ,CTaJiei1. P11c. 2.5. npo6oiilll!KH:
CywecTnyeT Tp11 ocHOBHhI>.. nma {/ - K)J_\'f.%1e: 6 - c paJJIHYHLl\lll
npo6u6HblX KJ1Cll~Cll (p11c. 2.6). CC'ICllllll\111

21
 Pttc. 2.6. npo6ttBHble KJJew.11:
a- c HCCbeMHt>fi roJIOBKOtt; 6- co CbeMHOH roJIOBKOfi; 6 - e.u11HJ1'-1HbIM

ParnnHJIH • .U1u1 H3roToBJiemrn 11 peMottrn 06y1m np11MemnoT paw-

TIHJIH np5!Mbie (pttc. 2. 7, a, 6) H KpHBbie (pHc 2. 7, 6). KpHBhie parnnH-
JIH npe1rnaJHa'Iettbl ;:urn BttyTpetttteii on1e.JIKH o6yBH (cmrnHBaHHe KOH-
UOB lllTIHJieK H fB03;:Jett), np5!Mbie - M5! OT;:Je.JIKH Hapy)KHbIX TIOBepx-
HOCTett TIO;:JOlllBbl H Ka6JIYKa, no;:iroTOBKH ;:iernJiett H CJIC;:Ja o6yBH K
peMOHTy. PawnHJIH H3roTOBJI5IIOT 113 YTJiepo;:i11cToi1 CTaJIH c ueMeHrn-
u11etl: Ha rny6HHY ;:JO 0,5 MM H TepMoo6pa6oTKOM pa60'IHX TIOBepxHO-
CTeM. Pa6oqetl: qaCTbIO pawnHJrn SIBJISICTCSI HaCe'IKa B BH;:Je TIHpaMH;:JOK
(3y6uoB). 06ynttott palllTIHJib HMeeT Ha IO MM MHHhI 4-6 3y6uoB, Ha
IO MM rn11pHtth1 3-4 3y6ua.
3y6Ubl parnnHJISI, paCTIOJIO)l(eHHbie no MHHe, ;:JOJI)l(Hbl nepeKpbl-
BaTh APYT APYTa. ,l]jmtta KPHBoro parnnHJISI 375 MM, npSIMOro 220 MM,
llll1p1'rtta KpHBOro parnnmrn 25 MM, npSIMOro 22 MM.
HanHJibHHKH. Tip11 H3roToBJiemrn 06yn11 npHMeHSIIOT ttanHJihHHKH
TIJIOCKHC MSI cnHJnrnaHHSI BhICryTiaIOlllHX qacTeM lllnHJieK c nonepXHO-
CTH TIO):IOlllBbl H Ha6oMKH H TpeyroJihHhie MSI 3aTO'IKH HHCTpyMeHrn.
BLICKpe6uoii 6ypaB. 6ypaB npHMCHSIIOT M5I cnHJrnBaHHSI ;:iepeBSIH-
HhIX lllTIHJieK B TISITO'IHOM qacTH o6yBH (pHC. 2.8).

a 6 6

P11c. 2.7. Pawmum: P11c. 2.8. Bb1cKpe6Hott 6ypas

a, 6 - npS!Mbie; 6 - Kp11BOH

22
 K pe)l(yrneMy 11HcTpyMeHTY npe.Uo5IBJHIIOT c11e.nyiorn11e Tpe6onamrn.
Pa6oYHe YacT11 HO)l(etJ .llOJl)l(HbI HMeTb rnep.nocTb He MeHee 58-62
no WKane HRC, a npoceYeK 11 KPIOYKOB - 52-56.
Pe)l(y!lla5I KpoMKa HHCTpyMeHrn llOJl)l(Ha 6bITb oCTpo 3aTo'leHa. Bb1-
Kpaw11naH11e Ha pe)l(yurnx KpoMKax He nonycKaeTC5I.

2.1.2. lIHCTpyMeHT )1,JUI BblTH)KKH H OKOJia'IHBaHHH ,ZJ.eTaneif o6yBH

3aTH:iKHbie KJiemu. ,Ll.n5I 3axl3aTbTBaHH5I Kpa5I 3afOTOBKH nepxa 06ym1

B npouecce o6rn)l(Kl1 11 3arn)l(KH HCTIOJlb3YIOT 3aTIDKHbie KJieIUH o6btKH0-
6eHHb/e (p11c. 2.9, a) 11 c .1110J1omKo.111 (p11c. 2.9, 6). Mo110TKOM 3arn)l(HbIX
KJiewei1 3afoma10T fl303.llH l1 OllHOBpeMeHHO OH CJI)')l(HT ynopoM. IlpH
HaJIH'lHH TaKOfO ynopa 0611er'laeTC5I 33T5I)l(K3 nJIOTHbIX MaTepHaJIOB.
,ll,.n5I H3fOTOBJieHH51 3aT5I)l(HbIX KJierneH: HCnOJlb3YJOT KOHCTPYKUHOH-
HYJO CTaTlb. f y6KH KJiernei1 11 MOJIOTKOB TepMH'leCKH o6pa6aTbIBaIOT; Ha
ry6Kax KJiemeti He .llOJl)l(HO 6bITb OCTpbIX pe6ep; pa6o'-!He KOHUbI ry6oK
.UOJI)l(HbI 6bITb c11erKa 33KpyrneHbI. BpaweHHe KJieweH: .llOJI)l(HO 6bITb
11erKHM, 6e3 waTaHHH 11 nepeKaWHBaHH.51. ITp11 C)l(HMaHHH pyYeK ry6-
KH KJ1ewei1 .llOJI)l(HbI n110THO cxo.llHTbCH. Pa6oYyio YaCTb KJ1ewei1 no1111-
PYJOT, a ocTaJibHYIO noBepxHOCTb OKCH.llHPYJOT.
,ll,.n.H ynaJiemrn 113 .neTMeil: 06yn11 MeTaJIJII1YecK11x KperrnTe11ei1 111111
HX OTKYCbIBaHJHI 33TIO.llJIHUO c TIOBepXHOCTblO .nern11ei1, a TaK)l(e .llJl5I
y.nMcmrn H3HoweHHbIX 11eTMCH HH3a np11McH.HIOT KJieWtt c OCTPhIMH
ry6KaMH: KycaYKH 6oKOBbie, KYC3'-!K11-ocTpory6ub1, xo3.HHCTBeHHhie.
lViell{U c 111)'11b/Mll zy6KO.MU (nJIOCKory6UbI) npe.nHa3H3lJCHbI .llJl.51 y.ua-
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Kyca'IKU 6oK06bte u ocmpozy6u,bt, 11J1ocK02y6u,b1 u KJ1ell{u (p11c. 2.10)
cocTo.HT 113 nnyx no11on11HoK, wapH11pHo coe.n:11HeHHbIX ocbIO. Ma-
TepuMoM .llJl.H H3roToBJieHH5I KYCa'lcK 11 X03HHCTBeHHbIX KJieweH: c11y-
)l(l1T HHCTpyMeHTaJibHa.51 111111 KOHCTpyKU110HHa.H CTaJlb. fy6Kl1 KYCa-
'leK, X035IHCTBeHHbIX KJieweH:, n11ocKory6ucn npH C)l(3THH .llOJI)KHbl
IlJIOTHO cxo.UHTbCH no Bceil: .llJll1He. Pe)l()'rntte KpOMKH KYCa'leK 11 xo-
3.HttcrneHHbIX KJieweH: .llOJl)l(Hbl 6bITb OCTPO 33TO'leHbl no.u yrnoM 55-
600. He .llOJl)l(Hbl HMeTb 3aKpyr-
JieHJ1H H BblKpOWCHHblX MeCT.
lliapHHpHoe coe.u1rnem1e .UOJI)l(-
Ho 6bITb TIJIOTHblM, 6e3 nepeKO-
COB, HMeTb 11erKHH xo11. Kyca'IKH-
a
ocTPory6ub1, n11ocKory6UbI 11 KJie-
nu1 .ll0Jl)l(Hbl pacKpbJBaTbC.51 JlO.ll
.n:eti:cTBHeM co6cTneHHoro neca.
Pa6oqy10 •rnCTb Knewet1 no.nBep-
raIOT TepMoo6pa6oTKe. Bee qacTH 6
KyCalfeK H X03.HitcTBeHHbIX KJIC-
ll(ei1, 3a HCKJIJO'le1rneM ry6oK, OK- P11c. 2.9. 3arn)l(HbJe KJJClUH:
CH.llttpyIOT. a - 06bll<HOlleHHble; 6- c MOJ!OTl<OM

23
2

a . 6
6
P11c. 2.10. 11HcrpyMeHTbI )JJIH yna.riemrn MeTaJ1JJ11-
'!ecK11x KpemHeJieit
a, 6 - tcyCa'!Kli 60KOBbie; 6 - tcyca•IKl1-0CTpory6- 2
UbI; i! - nJJOCKOry6UbI; 0 - XOJHHCTBCHHbie KJ1e1Utt;
1- nOJJOBliHKli KJJelllett; 2- OCb iJ

06yBHLie MOJIOTKH. MonoTKl1 npeirna3Ha'leHbf JlJlfl 3a611Batt11fl rno3-

.uett: 11 OKOJTa4HBaHJrn 3aUDKHOH KpOMKH 3afOTOBKl1 Bepxa l1 .uern11eti
Hl13a 06y1rn. 06ysHbie MOJTOTKH COCT05IT 113 co6crneHHO MOJTOTKa, 3a-
KpenJTeHHoro Ha pyqKe l13 .upeBeCl1Hbl rnep.D,blX JTHCTBeHHbIX nopo.u UJ,e4-
KaMH 11 wypynaMH . .ll..n5I 6011ee nnoTHOtt noca.uKM MOJIOTKa PY4KY pac-
KJT11H11Ba10T c Topua MeTaJTJ1114eCKl1M KJ1l1HOM.
Ilp11 l13mTOBJTeHHl1 11 peMOHTe o6yBH npttMeH5IIOT MOJIOTKH Tpex
THnOB.
3awmoe01tHblU MO.!IOmOK (pl1C. 2.11, a) npe.uHa3Ha4eH )1Jl5l BbinOJ1-
HCHl15I py4HbIX onepau11i1 nptt l13fOTOBJTCHHH 3aroTOBOK sepxa o6ystt:
3ar116Kl1 Kpa5I, pa3rJTa)Kl1BaHH51 UJBOB, OKOJTa4HBaHl15I MeCT COC.Ul1He-
Hl151 nern11ei1. Macca MOJTOTKa 113 KOHCTPYKUHOHHOtt cTantt paBHa 200 r.
EoeK 11 pa604YIO 4aCTb XBOCTOBHKa 3aKaJTHBalOT l1 nOJTl1PYJOT. .ll..n51 OKO-
Jia4HBaHH5I 3anDKHOH KpOMKl1 3afOTOBKl1 Bepxa 11 .ueTanett Hl13a 06ys11
np11MeH.sIIOT MOJIOTKH c pe3HHOBblM KopnycoM HJTH c HaKJieeHHOH Ha
6oeK pe3HHOBOH nJTaCTl1HOH.

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P11c. 2.11. MonoT1<11:

a- JaroTOBO'IHbitt; 6- canmKHbltt; 6 - nJJHTO'IHbltt

24
 Ca110J1CHbtU MoflomoK (pttc. 2.1 I, 6) ttcnoJib3YIOT nptt c6opKe o6ystt:
3anDKKe, 0Konaq1rnaHHH, 3a6ttBaHHH wnttneK H rno3.uet1. EoeK MOJIOT-
J(a HMeCT BbinYKIIYJO nosepXHOCTb, ero XBOCTOBa.H qacTb Y.IJ.JJHHeHa H
uecKOJibKO H3orHyra. Macca MOJIOTKa 350 r.
llJ1umO'IHblU MOJIOmOK (pttc. 2.11, 6) ynJIOTmleT (OKOJiaq1rnaeT) K0-
)1(8Hbie .Ll.CTaJIM HH3a o6yBH - flO.Ll.OWBbl, CTeJibKH 11 .up. 06a KOHUa
pa6oqei1 qacTH MOJIOTKa 11Me10T 6oi1KH. Macca MOJlOTKa 300 r. 0Kona-
q1rnaHtte KO)l(H BbinOJlHHIOT Ha CTaJihHOH npHMOyrOJibHOH OJlHTKe ra-
6apHTH hIM 11 pa3MepaM 11 180 x 130 x 30 MM. Pa6oqa.H cm po Ha nJIHTKH
npe.IJ.CTaBJlHCT co6oti: CTporaHy.IO HJIH cf>pe3epoBaHHYIO nJIOCKOCTb.
K MOJIOTKaM npe.IJ.bHBJlHIOT cne.uYIOruHe TexH11qecKtte Tpe6osaHHH.
MonoTKH .UOJl)l(HbI 6hITh TIUaTeJlbHO OTWJittcf>osaHbI, Ha 6oti:Ke H
XBOCTOBHKe He .uomKHO 6bITb nopoKOB. Ha Hepa6oqeti: qacTH .uonycTH-
MbI paKOBHHhI rny6ttHoi1 .uo 0, 75 MM. Ha MOJIOTKax He .UOJl)l(HO 6hITb
3ayceHUCB H OCTpbIX pe6ep.

2.1.3. no11111pOBO"IHblH lllHCTpyMeHT

IlpH o6pa60TKC 06y1m HCilOJih3y.IOT OTBO.Ll.KH, HaKaTHhle KOJICCH-

KM, TOKMatm, yrIO)l(KH, ype3HHKH, KaHTHKH, rJla.IJ.HJIKH.
0TBO)J.KH. IlpHMCHHIOT .IJ.JJH OT.Ll.CJlKH TaqHoro WBa npOWBbl canor,
crpoqeK 38.Ll.HHKa H rpaHeti: cf>poHTaJibHOH noBepXHOCTH Ka6nyKa.
Pa6oqei1 qacTbIO OTBO.IJ.KH HBJlHeTcH )l(CJio6oK c .UBYMH zynLIMH pe6-
paMH (pHC. 2.12, a), OCTaBJIHIOIUHMH cne.u B BH.IJ.e napaJillCJibHhIX 6o-
P03.Ll.OK HJIH )l(HJIOK.
KpoMe Toro, ttMeIOTCH OTBO.UKH reneHoqttaH H KPOKYJibHaH .IJ.JJH ro-
pHqero OOllHpoBaHHH COOTBCTCTBeHHO ype3a reneHoqHOH H KPOKYJlb-
HOM qacTeti KO)l(aHblX no.uowB )l(eHCKOM o6yBH. 0TBO.IJ.KH COCTOHT H3
MeTaJIJIHqecKoro CTCp)l(HH, .uepeBHHHOH pyqKH H KOJinaqKa. IlpH pa6o-
Te pa6oqy10 nosepXHOCTb OTBO.Ll.KH HarpeBalOT Ha 3JICKTIJOOJIHTKC.
HaKaTHble KOJleCHKH. KonecHKH npttMCHHIOT .um1 OT.UeJlKH o6yBH.
Onepau11t0 BbinOJIHHIOT HarpeThIM BpamaIOIUHMCH KonecttKOM. Kone-
CHKM pa3n11qa10Tc5l .u11aMeTpoM, w11p11HOH H qttcJroM 3y6beB. Konec11-
Ko H3 KOHCTPYKUHOHHOH CTaJIH no.uBepraIOT TCpMoo6pa60TKe.
PaHTOBoe KonecttKo (pttc. 2.12, 6) npe.uHa3HatfeHo .IJ.JIH HaKaThrna-
•urn pttcyttKa Ha sepxHIOIO nosepxHoCTb npmllttToro paHTa. KonecttKO
MO)l(eT HMeTb 15, 20 HJlH 25 3y6beB, ero no.u6ttpaIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
'lfaCTOTbI CTpoqK11 H HaHoc11Moro p11cyttKa. KonecttKo (pttc. 2.12, e)
.IJ.JIH HaHeCeHHH .Ll.CKOpaTHBHOro pHcyttKa Ha XO.Ll.OBYJO nosepXHOCTh
no.uowshI HMeeT rpasttposaHHYIO noBepxHOCTb. Ero ttcnoJih3YJOT npe-
HMyruecTBCHHo .IJ.JIH 3a.UCJibIBaHHH nope3KH.
11.HTO'lHhIM KOJlCCHKOM (pHC. 2.12, c) HaHOCHT .ueKopaTHBHy.IO JIH-
ttmo BOKpyr Ka6JlYKa npettMyruecrneHHO M~CKOH o6yBH.
ToKMa'IH (pHC. 2.12, a). Ilpe.uHa3HatfeHbl .IJ.JJH rop.Hqero nOJIHpO-
BaHHH XO.Ll.OBOH H 60KOBOH noBepXHOCTCH KO)l(aHblX .Ll.CTaJICM HH3a,
P83rJia)l(ttBaHHH CKJia.IJ.OK Ha KO)l(aHbIX .Ll.CTaJIHX Bepxa H no.uKJia.UKH

25
 rS'b
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I 11 Pl1C. 2.12. nom1pOBO'IHblt: 11HCTpyMeHTbl:

a - OTDOJIKa; 6-c - KO.qcc11KH llJIH Ha-
11ecc111rn p11cy11Ka COOTlleTCTllCllHO Ha P'dHT,
llO;J.OWB)' 11 llHTO'IHYIO '13CTh; a- TOKMa'I; e-
ype3HllK II ero npoc!rn1111; .JIC - llHTO'IHblil
3 ype31111K; 3 - K3HTl1K

o6yBH, Ha o6nDKKax. ToKMaYH cocTo51T H3 ynmKKa, .uepeB51HHoi1 PYlJK11

11 KoJTnaYKa.
YTIO>KKH. np11MCH5llOT .llJl51 pa3rJT3)1(11BaHH51 CKJ13.UOK Ha 06yn11. YTIO)l(-
KH H3fOTOl3JTHIOT 113 YyryHa.
Ype3HHKH. Ype3HHKOM. HJTH pyYHbIM ct>yMeJTeM, OT.UCJThmaJOT KO)l(a-
Hbre nO.UOWl3bl H Ha6011KH .llJl51 ynJTOTHCHH51 ype3a, 3aKpenJTeHH51 ero npo-
¢lHJT51 H npH1l<\HH51 ypc3y rnanKotl rJTHHUC130I1 noBCPXHOCTH (pHC. 2.12, e).
Pa6o•ia51 YaCTb ype3HHKa COCTOl1T 1n .UBYX noJTOK pa3JTHYHof1 WHpHHbl,
MaJTOH 11 6oJTbWOH 6oponoK H KaHaBoK. Ype3HHKH BbmycKaJOT c noJT-
KaMH pa3HOi1 WHpHHbl .llJl51 o6pa6oTKH
nonowB 11 Ha6oeK pa3JTWIHOH TOJTWHHbl.
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n11cTott CTa.1111, ero pa60YYIO nOBCpXHOCTb
a
nOJTHpylOT.
flf/11101/Hb/lt ype3HUK (pHC. 2.12, JIC) C
OllHOH 6opo11KOH CJJy)l(HT .llJl5! nonupo-
B3HH5! rnno•rnoi1 YacTH ype3a no110WBbl.

~~ KaHl11UKO.M nonupy!OT ype3 reneHoY-

~- HOH Yacn1 nonowBbL KoHCTPYKUHH KaH-
6 T11Ka 11 ype3HHKa O)ll1H£1KOBblC, HO npo-
Q)IJJlb K3HTHKa 6oJlee OKpyrneHHbli1 H HCT
Puc. 2.13. rna;.11!J1Kl11L1H 110:111- KaH<ll30K (pHC. 2.12, 3).
p0Ba1-11rn: fJia)lHJlKH. npe)lH33HaYCHbl .llJl51 rop51-
a, 6 - nonowB; 11 - nf!To•111oii '!Cf0 nom1poBaHHH xo110Boi1 noBepxHo-
lJaCTll 06y1111 cn1 K0)1(3HOi1 nonOWBbl 11 n5JTOlJHOi1 'laC-

26
TH 06yB11, ope,UCTaBJHlJOT co6oi1 MeTaJ!JlH'-leCK11H CTep)KeHb, 113fOTOB-
]leHHhlH H3 MaJ1oyrnepo.u11cTOl'1 CTaJIH, c .UBYMH pyYKaM11 Ha KOHuax
(pHC. 2.13, a, 6) HJ!l1 C O,Ll,HOH pyYKOH (pHC. 2.13, 6). 00Jll1pOB0'-1HhIH
HHCTPYMeHT OpHMeH.SIJOT 06hI'-IHO B HarpeTOM COCTOHHHH. 0oBepXHOCTh
pa6oqei1 qaCTH fJla,LJ,HJlKH 00Ill1PYIOT, CTep)KeHb OJ!OTHO BCTaBJ!HJOT B
py<IKY rna.u11J1KH. PyYKl1 113fOTOBJ!HJOT 113 6yKa HJ!l1 rpa6a. Ll.penec11tta
)lOJl)l(Ha 6hITb op.SIMOCJ!OHHOH, 6e3 CyYKOB, TpeIU11H 11 fHMJl11, HMeTb
BJia)l(HocTh (8 ± 2) %. Py'-ley 00Kphma10T 011mpoi1.

2.1.4. BcnoMoraTellbHbl~ i1HCTpyMeHT

BcnoMoraTeJlhHhIH 11HCTpYMeHT o6ecoe<rnBaeT 6ecrrepe6oi1HyJO pa-

6ory OCHOBHOro MHCTPYMeHTa, a TaK)Ke o6JierqaeT BhlITOJIHeH11e Tex-
HOJIOftttleCKMX ooepau11i1.
To"IHJILHLie KaMHH u 6pycKu. Ho)K11 3aTallttBaIOT Ha npamaIOmeMc.SI
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IOT Bono:H.
nocne 3aTOlJKl1 Jie3BJ1e HHCTpYMeHTa npaB.SIT, rrp11 3TOM Y.UaJIHIOT
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KOM MeCTe 21 MM, B cepe,UMHe 15 MM H Y3KOM MeCTe 6 MM.
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O.UMH KOHeu KOTOporo )])111HOH 35 MM 3arHYT non yrnoM 85°' .upyroti
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TOBJlHIOT 113 MaJ1oyrnepo.u11cToi1 CTaJ111. KpIOllKOM BhITaCKMBaIOT KJ111H
H3 KOJIO,UKH, lJTO 0611erqaeT CbeM o6yntt.
fB03}1,eBbITaCKHBaTeJiu. Tipe.utta3HalleHbl )])I.SI M3BJielJeHMH MeTaJJ-
JlH'leCKHX KpeottTene:H H3 00,Ll,OllIB HJIM M3HOIIIeHHOH 00,UMeTKH (pttc.
2.14, a).
HaMero"IHLie KOJiecHKH. Konecmm 6h1-
Ba10T llITil1JieqHble H CTpO'lelJHbie. IIIott-
JieqHoe KonecttKO (puc. 2.14, 6) npe.u-
Ha3HalJeHo JlJIH HaMeTKH Ha 00,Ll,OllIBe
a
MecT B6HBaHHH .uepemIHHhIX WOMJieK,
CTpoqeqttoe KOJieCHKO - JlJIH HaMeTKH
JIHH1111 WBa Ha ITO,Ll,OllIBe, lJTO o6ecoe-
lJHBaeT O.UMHaKOBOe paCCTOHHMe opoKO-
JlOB npyr OT npyra M OT Kpa.SI 00,LJ,OWBhl. P11c. 2.14. BcnOMOraTenbHblH
llinaH,l1,Lipn. IIInaH.llhiph opencTaBJlH- 11HcTpyMeHT:
er co6oi1 peMeHb 113 KO)KM, CbipOMHTH, a - rBOJ.UeBblTaCKHBaTeJib; 6 -
TeCbMhl llIMpMHOH 2 - 2,5 CM 11 )])IMHOH wn11J1e'!HOe KOJieCHKO

27
1,5 M. lllnaHllbipeM 3aKpernrn10T o6yBb Ha KOJieH51X, aero 3acTenrnalOT
Ha np51)f(Ky, nyroBl1UY MJIM KOJibllO.
lfJMepuTeJibHblH HHCTpyMeHT. K 113Mep11TeJibHOMY 11HCTpyMeH-ry OT-
HOC5IT n11ttei1K11, neKana, 113Mep11TeJibHbie u11pKyn11, TOJIW:11HOMCpbI,
WTaHreHU11pKyJil1.
K p)"1HbIM 11HCTPYMCHTaM npellb51BJI5IIOT CJICJIY!Olli11C Tpe60Batt115!:
MeTaJIJI11qecK11e nOBCpXHOCTl1 }leTanetf 11HCTpYMeHTOB HC llOJI)f(Hbl
11MCTb Tpew1rn, paccJIOCH11H 11 3aycettue13; ttepa6oq11e KPOMKl1 }lOJI)f(-
Hbl 6bITb npMTYCTJICHbI;
BHCWHl1H BM}l MeTaJIJIM'IeCKl1X noKpbITl1H }lOJI)f(eH orneqaTb Tpe6o-
BaHl151M fOCT 9.302-88 «flOKpbITl151 MCTaJIJI11qeCKl1C H HCMeTaJIJil1-
qecK11C tteoprattWiecKMe. MeTOJihI KOHTPOJI51». f10Kpb1T11e JIOJI)f(HO cuen-
JI51TbC51 c OCHOBHblM MaTepl1aJIOM 6e3 wenywett11i1, CKOJIOB, B3JIYT11H,
pacTpeCKHBaHl1H 11 Bbl}lCp)f(HBaTb MCnbITaHl151 Ha npoqHOCTb;
KaqeCTBo naKoKpacoYHbIX n0Kpb1m:i1 JIOJI)!(HO cooTBeTCTBOBaTh IV KJiac-
cy no fOCT 9.032-74 «flOKpblTH51 JI3KOKpacoqHbie. f pynnbI, TCXH11-
1ICCKHe TPe6oBaH115! 11 o6o3HaYeHH51», ycnoBH513Kcnnyarnuww - no fOCT
9 .104-79 «flOKpb!TM51 JiaK0Kpaco1!HbIC. rpynnbI YCJIOBHH 3KCnnyaTaU11H»;
}leTaJIH 113 nJiaCTMaCCbl He }lOJI)f(Hbl HMeTb OCTpbIX KPOMOK, 3ayceH-
u:eB, TPCIU11H H Jipyr11x }lecpeKTOB, CHl1)f(a!OW:HX HX npoqHOCTb;
pyqKH 11HCTpyMeHTa LI.OJI)f(Hbl 6bITb H3fOTOBJieHbl 113 }lpeBeCl1Hbl
TBep}lblX Jil1CTBeHHblX nopOll, COOTBeTCTBYIOWHX Tpe6oBamrnM fQCT
2695-83 «IT11noMaTep11anb1 n11cTBCHHbIX nopoJI. TexHHYCCKHe ycno-
BH51». ,n:peBeC11Ha JIOJI)f(Ha 6bITb 6e3 TPCW11H, fHl1JIH H qepB0Toq11H;
BJia)f(HOCTb }leTaJICH H3 JIPCBCCl1Hbl llOJI)f(Ha 6bITb (8 ± 2) %.

2.2. CpeACTBa Ma110M MexaH1o13a~~u1

CpeJicrna MaJIOM Mexamnau:Irn c0Kpawa10T BpeM51 BbmoJIHCHl151 3a-

Ka3a, a TaK)f(e noBbIWalOT KaYecTBO pa6oTbI. K cpeJICTBaM Manoif Mexa-
HM3au:1111 OTHOC5IT np11cnoco6neHH5! }1JI51 KperIJICHH51 Ka6JiyKa, npo611-
BaH115! OTBepCTHM B peMCWKax, KJiettMCHH51 pa3MCpa Ha no}lOWBC, CKJie-
11BaHH51 cpJIHKOB Ka6nyKa, BbICMKH JI51nttca Ka6JiyKa, BCTaBKH 6JI01IKOB
H XOJibHHTeHOB, BbipaBHHBaHH51 TOJIW:HHbl 11eTaJieH, o6pe3aHH51 H OT-
ceKaHH51 KpaeB BKJiallHbIX CTeJieK, o6pe3aHH51 KpaeB no11owB H nOLI.MC-
TOK no nepttMeTpy, pacwttpetttt51 (pacrn)f(KH) o6YBH.
Ilpucnoco6Jienue ,n,;rn KpenJienm1 Ka6JiyKa. 0TeqecrneHHoe np11cno-
co6netttte }1JI51 KpenJICHH51 Ka6JiyKOB COCTOHT H3 llByx caMOCT051TeJib-
HhIX qacTei1: np11cnoco6neHH5! J11I51 3a61matttt5! rno311ei1 M ynopa J11IH
cpHKCaUHH Ka6JiyKa.
flpucnOC06fleHUe aflfl 306U6QHUfl 2603aeu 6 K0611yK. flp11CnOC06JICHHe
COCTOHT H3 HanpaBJIHIOWCH Tpy6KH (pHC. 2.15) c naTpOHOM H y.uapHH-
KOM, CMOHTHpOBaHHbIM BHYTPH rB0311eno11a10wdi Tpy6KH H nepeMe-
W3JOW:HMC51 BBCpX-BHH3. lJ.epe3 UCHTpaJibHOC ornepCTHC naTpOHa rB031lb
nonMaeT B HaKJIOHHblH Kattan.

28
 P11c. 2.15. np11cnoco6J1e1111c .[UHi 3afa1-
B3Hl1H rBOJJlCii B Ka6JlyK:
I - 11a11pawrn1owaH: 2 - pyKomKa; 3 -
raiiKa; 4 - K011TpraiiKa; 5 - Y!tap1111K; 6 -
\IOJ101'0'1CK; 7 - naTpOll

4 A-A lo

'
'
.

Puc. 2.16. flp11cnoco6ne1me Talona

cjmpMhl Hardo (fcpMaHlrn)

Ha 13epXHIOIO YaCTb CTCp)KHH ynapHHKa H31311HYeHa 11 3acfl11Kc11pona-

Ha WT11QHOM PYKOHTKa, a B OTBepcnic HH)KHCfO Topua CTCp)KHH BCTaB-
JieH 11 33CTOnopeH Bl1HTOM MOJlOTO'lCK. Ll.JJH npe.LIOTBpaiuemrn noJJHOro
Bb!XO.Lia ynapH11Ka 113 HanpaMHIOWet\ Tpy6Kl1 BO 13peM51 pa60Tbl Ha 13epx-
HIOIO Y3CTb Tpy6Kl1 H313HHYeHa ynopHa51 rai1Ka, KOTOpa51 33CTOnopeHa
KOHTpraHKOH. YnopHOH raHKOil perym1py10T Bb!COTY BbIXO.Lia MOJIO-
TOYKa 113 naTpOHa, a CJIC.lIOBaTeJJbHO, rny6HHY 3a6JrnaH115! fB03.ll51 13
CTeJibKy.
LlnH yBeJJW·ICHl151 BbL\Oll,a MOJIOTOYKa rai1Ky H3BllHYH133lOT Ha Tpy6-
Ky, Ll,JIH YMCHbWeHHH - OTBllHYllB3lOT.
rip11cnoco611eH11e Talona cfl11pMbl Hardo (fepMamrn) np11Kpen11HeT
Ka6JiyK nHTblO cneU11aJJbHbIMH fB03Ll,51MH (pllC. 2.16).
Ynop OJIH cjJuKCOL{uu Ka6J1yKa. Ynop CJJ)')f(l1T onopot1 Ll,JIH Ka611yKa
np11 3a61rnaHHH 13 Hero fB03Ll,51. Ynop COCTOHT H3 CTOi1Kl1 11 Tpex CMCH-
Hb!X MaTpHU, 33KpenJieHHblX Ha CToi1Ke BHHTOM (p11c. 2.17). f HC3LI,a
29
 3

2
I
I
I
0
0 ,--
I

I
I
I
I I

70

Pttc. 2.17. Ynop .IUrn ¢ttKca1.u111 Ka6nyKa:

I - crni1Ka; 2 - B1rnr; 3 - Marp1ma

MaTpHUbl OTJJHqaJOTCSI pa3MepOM H npo<tnrneM 60KOBOH noBepxHOCTH

Ka6nyKa. lJTo6bI He .uonyCTMTb nonpe)l(,UeHMSI noBepXHOCTM Ka6nyKa,
rHe3.n:o oKJiettnaJOT BOHJIOKOM.
Ilpucnoco6Jieuue ,UJist npo6ueauust oTeepcTuif e peMemKax. CocTOHT
M3 nep<tJoparnpa (pttc. 2.18), 3aKpenneHHoro Ha nepxHei1 nnttTe, )f(eCT-
KO CBSI3aHHOH C JIBYMSI TSiraMM. no.n: nep<lJopaTOpOM Ha IlJIMTe KOpnyca
pa3MeIUeH y3en yKIIanKM peMelliKOB. TSim nepeMeIUaJOTCSI B HanpaBJISI-
JOW:MX OTBepCTHSIX nJIHTbl. Hx HIDKHMe KOHUbl IllapHMpHO coeJIMHeHbl c
SIKOpeM 3JieKTpoMarHHTa, pacnoJIO)f(eHHOfO BHyTPH Kopnyca.

Pttc. 2.18. Op11cnoco6neHHe .IUrn npo-
611BaHHS1 OTBepCTHH B peMewKax:
I - 3J1eKTpoMarn11r; 2 - nep<tioparnp; 3 -
yJeJJ YKJJailKH peMellJKoB; 4 - rnrn; 5 -
Kopnyc
Pttc. 2.19. YJeJI yKIIauK11 peMewKoB:
I - p3311Bl1)f(Hble nJJaCTHHbl; 2 - OCHOBa-
H11e; 3 - Me11Hasi nJJacnrna

30
 Y3eJJ yKJJallKM peMelllKOB co-
cTOHT 113 OCHOB3Hl1H (pHC. 2.19),
rv1e)J.HOH TIJJaCTl1Hbl, Ha KOTOpOH
npoceKaJOT ornepcnrn, 11 JlByx pa3-
JlBIDKHbIX nJJaCTHH, CJl)')[(aill,11X Ha- 1
npaBJl51101UMMH )lJIH peMewKa.
Ilpucnoco6neuue ,lJ.JIJI KJieifMe- 2
HlfJI pa3Mepa na no,IJ,ornne. Op11cno-
0
co6nett11e HCTIOJ!b3YIOT )lJIH KJJeH- r--
N
fv{eHHH pa3MCpa Ha roTOBOH o6yBH 1 3
qepe3 ¢onbry. Otto cocToITT 113 Kop- 4
nyca (pHC. 2.20) c PYKOHTKOH, B 5
BMJJKe KOTOporo Ha OCH Ha)leTbl
6
qeTbipe noBopoTHbIX JlHCKa. Ha
)J.eCHTH Bb!CTynax llHCKa BbirpaBH-
poBaHbl u11qJpb1 OT 0 JlO 9. Bttyrp11
KOpnyca BO BTYJIKC CMOHTHpoBaH
cPHKCaTOp. 0o)l .!leifcTBHeM Tip)')[(H- -70
Hbl cPHKCaTOp npIDKHMaeTCH K .!lHC-
KaM TaK, lJ.T06bi ero BblCTynbl BXO- P11c. 2.20. ITp11cnoco6nett11e LUIH KJ1ei1-
,llHJIH B na3 H ¢ttKCHpOBaJIHCb OT Mettm1 pa3Mepa Ha no.uowBe:
rroBopoTa. B<l>HKCaTope3aKpeTIJJeH 1- np}')Kt1Ha; 2 - CTep)l(eHb; 3 - KOp-
CTep)l(eHb, KOTOpb!H OTBO.!lHT ¢HK- nyc; 4 - BTYJJKa; 5 - cPHKcarnp; 6 - no-
caTop OT JlHCKOB 11 npe.nornpama- BOpOTHbltt lll1CK

eT ero ITOBOpOT BOKpyr npO,!lOJib-

HOH OCH.
Ha no.nolllny ttaKJJa.nhmaIOT ¢oJibry 11, Ha)l(HMaH Ha pyKOHTKY, np11-
)l(HMaIOT K HCH HarpCTbIC 11.HCKH rrp11cnoco6Jiemrn, KOTOpbIC OTneqa-
TbIBaIOT Ha TIO.!lOIIIBC BbI6paHHbIC u11¢pbl.
Ilpucnoco6JieHHe ,ll,JUI CKJieHBaHHSI lfiJIHKOB Ka6JiyKa. 3TO MaJIO-
ra6apHTHbIH BCpTHKaJibHbIH npecc, COCTOHlUHH 113 CBapHoro KapKaca
(pHC. 2.21 ), Ha BepXHCH TIJIHTe KOToporo CMOHTHPOBaHbl .!lBC KaCCCTbl
mm: pa3MelUeHHH q)JIHKOB 11 CTOHKa c TIOBOPOTHblM KpOHilITCHHOM. Ha
KpOHlllTCHHC 3aKpenJieHa ynopHaH IlJll1Ta.
0o)l ITJIHTOH KapKaca (non Ka)l(JlOH KaCCCTOH) 3aKpCTIJICH TIHeBMO-
nMIIHHJlp, C03JlalOlllHH .naBJieHHC B KaCCCTC nocpe.nCTBOM npeCCYJOlllCH
ITJIHTbI, coen11Hettttoi1 co IlITOKOM nHeBMOUHJIHH.!lpa. Kaccern npe.n-
CTaBJrneT co6ol1 llBe BCpTHKaJibHbIC HanpaBJIHIOlUHe, paCCTOHHHe Me)l(-
.uy KOTOpb!MH MO)l(HO 113MCHHTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3Mepa o6pa6aTbl-
BaeMbIX ¢m1KoB BHHTOM c MaxoBHlJ.KOM. Pa6oToH npecca ynpaBJIHIOT
PYKOHTKoit
Ilpucnoco6nenue ,lJ.JISI BbieMKH JIBnuca Ka6nyKa. Ka6nyKH, Bh1py-
6aeMb1e H3 nopHCTOH pe3HHbI, HMelOT IlJIOCKHe TIOBepXHOCTH. lfro6bI
Ka6JiyK ITJIOTHO npHJieraJI K TIO.!lOllJBe, He06XO.!lHMO C,!lCJiaTb yrny6-
JieHHC, COOTBCTCTBYIOlUeC ¢opMe nHTO'IHOH lJ.aCTH o6yBH, T. e. noJiy-
'Unb JIHTIHC. Ha np11cnoco6JieHHH MO)l(HO o6pa6aTbIBaTh KJJHHOBH.!l-

31
 P11c. 2.21. np11cnoco6JJCHl1e llJIH CKJle-
5 11BaHm! cPJJl1KOB Ka6JJyKa:
I - KpaH; 2 - pyKOllTKa; 3 - 11.1axom1-
'IOK; 4 - npeccy10!llaS1 nimra; 5 - KpOH-
wrei1H; 6 - 11anpanJIS110lUHe; 7 - crnfl-
6 Ka; 8 - nHeBMOU11Jl11HllP; 9 - CBap11oii
KapKaC

7
Hb!e Ka6nyKH, npH 3TOM OTnana-
eT onepaUHSI B3bCpOU1HBaHHSI JISI-
n11ca Ka6JiyKa.
Dpwcnoco6netttte cocToHT HJ
CBapHOH CTaHHHbl, rnaBHOfO BaJia,
8 Ha KOTOpOM 3aKperTJieH pawntt.Jib
JlJISI BbieMKH mmttca (ptt.C. 2.22),
MCXaHH3Ma no.ua'-IH H 3a:>Ktt.Ma Ka6-
9 JIYKa. MexaHH3M no)la'-Itt. .UBH)KeT-
CSI B03BpaTHO-TIOCTYTiaTeJibHO OT
3JieKTPO.UBHraTeJISI qepe3 KJIHHO-
peMCHHYJO H 3y6'-IaTYJO nepe.ua'-Itt,
pe.uyKTOP H KpHBOWHTIHO-wazyH-
HblH MeXaHH3M. flocne,UHHH CO-
CTOHT 113 KpHBOWHTIHOfO .UHCKa H
waTyHa, wapHHpHO COC.UHHeHHO-
ro c TOJIKaTeJieM.
fJiyforny o6pa6oTKH mmttca Ka6JiyI<a peryJIHPYIOT, TIOBopa'-!HBaSI
3KCUCHTPHK c TIOMOIUbIO MaXOBH'-!Ka.
Ilpncnoco6Jieune JJ.JHI BCTaBKH 6JI01IKOB H XOJibHHTeuos. DpHcno-
co611ett11e Pontic lI.JISI BCTaBKH 6110'-!KOB qmpMhI Hardo ( fepMaHHSI)
(pwc. 2.23) HaCTOJibHOfO THna c pyqHhIM npHBO,UOM COCTOHT W3 JIHTO-
ro Kopnyca, MexattttJMa npm1<a-
nrn H JJ:BYX TIOBOPOTHhIX (peBOJib-
6 BepHblX) fOJIOBOK.
B o6pa6aTurnaeMoi1 nernJIH ctta-
7
'-IaJia npopy6aIOT ornepcTHe Tpe-
6yeMhIX pa3Mepa H cpopMbl. Ll,nSI
.. 8 3T0f0 BepxHIOIO fOJIOBKY OTTSifH-
9 BaJOT Bnepen 11, noBopa'-!ttBaSI ee

Puc. 2.22. np11cnoco6JJCHl1C llJISI Bbl-

CMKH mmHca Ka6JJyKa:
I - Ka6nyK; 2 - waryH; 3 - ::JKcueHT-
I pHK; 4 - TOJIKaTeJib; 5 - KJiem11; 6 -
803.eyx
rJiaBHblH na~; 7 - Kp11BOWl10Hbltt llHCK;
JO 8 - 11.1axon11'loK; 9 - nnaHKa; IO - npy-
)l(Hfla

32
P11c. 2.23. np11cnoco611eH11e Pontic P11c. 2.24. CTp11cnoco6neH11e Fenda qmp-
qrnpMbl Hardo (fepMaHHH) Mbl Hardo (fepMaHHSI) .n;rn BblpaBH11-
naH11SJ TOJllU11Hbl LlCTaJICH HH33 06ya11

BOKpyr OCH, 00.UBO,LUIT B pa6011ee (mD1rnee) ITOJIO)KeHHe COOTBeTCTBY-

IOIUYIO opoceYKY. AHMorwrno oo.uBO,llJIT B pa6oqee oono)!(em1e HaKo-
Ba.TihHJO, 3aKpeoneHHYIO Ha Hl1)!(Hett noBOpOTHOtt fOJIOBKe. 06pa6aTbI-
BaeMyJO .neTaJib KJI3.!I.YT Ha HaKOBaJibHIO, ITOBOpa'IHBa!OT PYK05ITKY Ha
ce6.sI H npopy6aJOT OTBepCTMe. 3aTeM B pa6oqee ITOJIO)KeHHe 00.!I.BO.U.RT
nyaHCOH H COOTBCTCTBYIOIUYIO eMy MaTpHUy, ITOMCIUaiOT 6JIOtfOK Ha
JIOBHTeJih MaTpHUbI BCHlJHKOM BHl13. D,eTaJib Ha.neBaIOT npopy6neHHhIM
ornepcTHeM Ha cTep)KeHb 6JIOlJKa H rrosopalJ11BaIOT PYK05ITJ<Y Ha ce6.si;
rrp11 3TOM nyattcoH pa3BMhUOBbIBaeT 11 3aKpenm1eT 6JIO'IOK. TaKHM )!(e
o6pa30M ycTaHaBJIHBa!OT Kpl04KM H XOJ!bHHTCHbl.
Ilpucnoco6neuue JI.JUI BL1paBHHBaHHS1 TOJ1lllHHL1 n 06pe3annff JleTa-
neH:. Op11cnoco6nett11e Fenda qmpMhI Hardo (fepMaHH.H) Bb1paBHHBaeT
TOJIIUHHY .neTa.Tiett, cpe3a.H 113JTHWKH MaTcp11ana HO)KOM, YCTaHOBJieH-
HblM no3a.n11 pa6otJHX BaJIOB (pwc. 2.24). MaKCHMa.TlbHa.H nponycKHa.H
w11p1-ma o6pa6aTbJBaeMOH .UCTMH 145 MM, MaKCl1MaJibHa.sI TOJIIUHHa
10 MM.
Ilpucnoco6nenne J1,m1 oTCeKamm KpaeB BKJI3,Zl,HLIX creneK. Kpa.H BKJia.n-
HbIX CTCJICK llJlH OTKpb!TOH 06ym1 OTCeKaIOT CJIC.UYJOlllHM cnoco6oM.
OcHOBHbIM pa6o<rnM oprattoM pyYHOro npucnoco6ncHH.H HaCTOJib-
Horo nma .HBJIHCTC51 .UHCKOBbIH HO)K (pwc. 2.25) c qmrypHOH Hape3-
KOH no oKpy)KHOCTH. Ho.>K KOHCOJibHO 3aKpenneH Ha sany, cMoHTH-
posaHHOM Ha ITO.LIWHITHHKaX KaYeHJ.rn B KOpnyce 11 npHBO.UHMOM BO
Bparuem'le pyKoHTKoti 9 qepe3 3y6'IaTyIO nepe.uaqy 8, KoTopa5l o6ec-
ne'IttnaeT HanpanneHtte Bpamemrn Bana 6 JlJIH no.ua•rn CTCJibKH OT pa-
60,1ero. Hm1<eno11 6noK np11KpcnneH K wnennepHoH cTOHKe csapHoro
Kap Kaea.
Oo.n HO)l(OM p aCITOJIO)KeH TeKCTOJIHTOBblH OITOpHbIH pOJJHK, Haca-
)!(CHHbJH Ha wapl1KOBbIH ITO.UWHTIHHK, CMOHTHPOBaHHbltt Ha ueHTpaJib-

33
 0 JO
N

f"'r-,,....-,~~~-rl--~~11

2 12

230 190
310

P11c. 2.25. np11cnoco6JieH11e D.JHI OTCeKaHHSI KpaeB BKJia.LlHblX CTeJieK:

1 - CBapHOH KapKac; 2 - B11HT; 3 - onopHblH pon11K; 4 - pa60'll1H crnn; 5 - .1111CKO-
BblH HolK; 6 - nan; 7 - Kopnyc; 8 - Jy6'1aTall nepena'la; 9 - pyKOllTKa; JO - BHJJKa;
1I - npYlK1rna; 12 - raitKa

HOM OCH. PoJIHK onHpaeTCSI Ha BHJIKY TaK, •no KOHUbl ero OCH CB06on-
HO BXO.USIT B na3bl BHJJKH. BHJJKa OJIHHM KOHUOM wapH11pHO coen11HeHa
co crni1Koi1 KapKaca, .upyrotl: ee KOHeu npy)KHHOH npmKttMaeTcsi Ye-
pe3 BHJIKY K Hmey. Yc11JI11e npm1<aTttS1 pery1mpyerrn ratl:Kotl:. Pa60YaS1
nooepXHOCTb poJI11Ka ycrnHaBJJHBaCTCSI naparmeJibHO pe)!()'IUei1 noBepx-
HOCTYI H0)1(3 BHHTaMH .
.[ljrn o6pa60TKl1 CTCJJbKY pa3MClU3JOT Ha pa60l.!CM CTOJJC, Op11CHTH-
PYSI ee Kpai1 no ynopy. Kpai1 CTCJJbKl1 BBO.USIT Me)l(.[ly HO)l(OM H poJitt-
KOM, BpamaJOT npaBOM PYJ<OH PYJ<OSITKY 11 npmKJ1M3JOT Kpaii CTCJlbKH
K ynopy. B npou.ecce o6pa6oTKl1 HO)!( OTCeKaeT Kpai1 CTCJibKl1 11 0.llHO-
BpeMeHHO TpaHcnopTHpyeT ee.
Ilpucnoco6neuus1 )I.JUI 06pe3auus1 Kpaeu no.uomu u no)l,MeTOK no ne-
puMeTpy. .[ljrn o6pa6oTKH np11MeHS1JOT np11cno-
co6JieH11S1 oreYecrnettHbie OC-P H OK-1-P, a
TaK)l(e Rodi-50-SL qmpMbI Hardo. IloCJie,n:Hee
HCTIOJ1b3YJOT TaK)l(e H JlJJSI .llBOeHHSI .uern.Jiei1 HH3a
o6YBH, o6pe3aHtt51 KpaeB ,D,eTa.Jieti no nepttMeT-
py (pHc. 2.26). MexaHH3M o6pe33HHSI COCTOHT 113
.llBYX BaJIOB, pa3MemeHHbIX B pyKaoax MaWHHbl.
Ha BepxHeM sa.ny 3aKpeTI.JieH .llHCKOBbIH HO)!(,
Ha Hl1)1(HeM - TpattcnopT11py10lUHH po.JIHK c
KaHanKott Jl.JISI 3axona HO)f(a. Bb1crynaJOm11i1 Kpaii

P11c. 2.26. np11cnoco6JJeH11e Rodi-50-SL qmpMbl Hardo

(fepMaHiu1) ,lUIH nsoeHHH u o6pe3amrn .uernnei1 Hl13a
no nep11MeTpy

34
,neT3JH1 I3CTallJHJJOT Me)l()ly TpaHcnopn1py10WJ1M pOJJHKOM 11 )lHCKOl3blM
JIO)[(OM 11 npH npameHHH pyKOHTKH Maw1rnb1 no •rnconofl cTpenKe 113-
JIHWKH cpe3alOT no Tpe6yeMOMY KOHTypy.
fipucnoco6JieuuH .u.rrn pacumpeuuH o6ysu. )lnH pacwttpeHHH npH-
MeHHIOT OllHO- 11 11nyxceKUHOHHbie np11cnoco6JJCHH5! (pacw11p11TeJJH)
(p11C. 2.27).
Opttcnoco6neH11H ;urn pacw11peHHH o6yBH flpe11crnBJJSIJOT co6ofl
JIHTOH Kopnyc Kopo6'rnroro ce\.leHHH. 011ttoceKUl10HHbie npttcnoco6-
JieHH51 (p11c. 2.28) POC-2-70, Eupedus Normal. Eupedus-ST cocTOHT
M3 mnoro Kopnyca, HaCTOJlbHOH nJIHTbI; MCX3HH3MOB xo.ua nepe.uHero
(HOCO"IHOfO) pbI"lara c MaXOBHKOM H Ja.uHero (n5ITO"IHOro) pbI"lara c
M3XOI3HKOM; ycTpoi1CTBa llJIH KpenJJeHH51 nony KOJIO.UOK; xpanOBblX KO-
nec c B03BpaTHblMH npy)l(HH3MH.
Dpttcnoco6neHHH 11m1 pacrn)l(KH 06yn11 KOMnneKTYIOTCH cne.uy-
IOllll1MH neTaJJHM11: nen1>1M11 11 npan1>1MH MY)[(CKHMl1, )[(eHCKHMl1 11 .uer-
CKHMH MeTaJJJIH"leCKHMH nonyKOJIO.UK3MH; pbI"!araMH H KJIHHb5IMl1 .u;rn
pacrn)[(KH nepxa o6yBH I3 no11beMe COI03KH 11 B HOCO"IHOH "!aCTH; cepb-

a 6

(J

PHc. 2.27. Pacw11pmem1 cfmpMbI Hardo:

a - 011HoceKu110HHb!i1 Eupedus Normal }])IS! 06ys11 ; 6 - 011HoceKu110HHb!H }])IS! rone-
HttI.U canor Eupedus- ST; 6 - ;myxceKUl10 llHhlii GP-Super wrn 06yB11; 2 - 11ByxceKu11-
0HHb!H GP-boot }])IS! ro11e1111w canor

35
 P11c. 2.28. CxeMa onttoceKUHOHHoro np11cnoco6-r1emrn .11m.1 pacnDKK11 06yu11:
I - 3a.IlH11tt pwiar; 2 - yCTpo11crno Wlll KpenneHHSJ no11yKono110K; J - nonyKOJ!OllKa.
4 - nepenHHH pbI'lar; 5 - Kopnyc; 6 - xpano1Jb1e Koneca; 7 - Maxom1K11

rot'!, BCTaBJISJeMOM 4epe3 OTBepcnrn nOJJYKOJIOJIOK B OTBCpCHIC Kopny-

ca; nonoJJmffeJJbHOM HaKJJanKOM lIJISI nonH5ITl151 HOCO'IHOi1 'JaCTH Bep-
xa M~CKOM 06ys11 11 HacanKaMH (rptt6Ka~m) n;rn MeCTHOH pacrn)l(KH
nepxa o6ystt, Bbl3bIBaCMOH opToncntt'leCKHJ\111 oco6eHHOCT5IMH CTOflbl.
nptt pacrn)l(Ke o6ystt non6ttpa10T coomeTcrny10wuc pa1Mepy o6y-
BH TIOJJyKOJIOilKH, npHKpCTIJIHIOT HX ccpbroH K Kopnycy npttcnoco6JJC-
HHSJ, HancnaJOT Ha KOJIOJIKY noJJynapy 06ym1 H BBOJ15JT B n5JTO'IHYIO
'JaCTb 1anHHM pbI'lar.
PacTSJ)l(KY sepxa o6yBH no lIJIHHC, a TaK)l(c roJJeHttW cano)l(cK 11
canor no WHpHHC BblnOJIHSJIOT, npawa51 HIDKHHtt M3XOBHK, paCTSJ)l(KY
no WHpttHe H B TIOJI'bCMC - BepXHHH.

2.3. 06opy,a.osaH1.1e .a.mi 1t13roTosneH1t1H 1.1 peMOHTa 06ys1.1

2.3.1. 06opy,qoeaHHe ,Qll.R Bb1py6aHHfl H o6pa6oTKH ,qeTanellt

HHJa o6yeH

06opy,ll,oBaHHe )J,JUI Bb1py6aum1 ,1J,eTIU1en. l1,Jrn Bb1py6atttt5J neTar1cw Hma

06y1m l13 KO)l(H, BOHJIOKa, TCKCTHJTbHblX H 11CKYCCTBCHHblX J\13TCpJ1a-
JTOB, KapTOHOB npttMeHHIOT npeCCbl nB-38, nBf-18-0, nBf-18-1-0.
nsr-18-2-0, nsr-18-1300, nsr-18-1600 OpnoncKoro Maw11ttocTpo-
1nc11bttoro 1aBona HM. MenBe,ll,cBa, Bb1py61wi1 aBTOMaT 2071 A qmp:-.11>1

36
Schon (fepMaHirn), npeccbI 06160/P3, 06160/Pl3 qmpMbI ZPS-SM
(qexm:i). Pa6o'-!HM opraHoM npeccon HillrneTcsi nepxHHH y.uapHaSI Tpa-
sepca, nepeMewaIOwasi:cH npH pa6oTe BHH3-BBepx. ooJlbWHHcrno npec-
coB Hl\·teeT KOMfollmpoBaHHOe ynpaBJlCHHC - ero BKJllO'ICHHe npOHC-
xo.DJiT npH Ha)l{aTHH HOfOH Ha ne.UaJib H npH Ha)l{aTHH pyKaMH Ha
na.zxoHHbie KHOnKH. KpoMe Toro, HeK0Topb1e npeccbI cHa6)1{eHbI <PoTo-
311eMeHTaMH )]JIH 3aWHThI pyK Bhlpy6WHKa oT TpaBM. OpH HO)l{HOM BKJllO-
qeHHH HCOOJ1b3YIOT pe3aKH c H30J1HponaHHOH 6oKOBOH flOBCPXHOCTblO
H KOHTaKTHblMH npy)f(HHaMH, npH PY'-IHOM - HCH30J1HpOBaHHbIC pe-
3aKH-
06opy.u,o&aune ,u,.ru1 Bb1paBHHBaHHH TOJUQHHbl .u,eTaJieii. T0Jlw1rny ne-
raJiei1 HH3a o6yBH 113 KQ)l{H H HCKYCCTBeHHblX MaTepHMOB BbipaBHHBa-
IOT HJIH .UBOSIT Ha MaWHHaX JlH H JlH-1-0 3ano.ua «JlerMaW» (YKpaH-
Ha), 05332/P2 cPHPMbI ZPS-SM.
IlpHHUim pa60Tbl 3THX Maunrn B OCHOBHOM 0.llHHaKOB. 06pa6aTbl-
BaeMYIO H<I MaWHHe neTaJlb nponycKalOT MC)l{lly napMJlCJlbHblMH
BpawaIOWHMHCSI B npoTHBODOJlO)l{HbIX HanpaBJleHmIX HH)l{HHM TpaHC-
nopTHPYIOWHM (p11qmeHbIM) 11 nepxHHM HanpaBJlSIIOWHM BaJiaMH. BanbI
no.ua10T neTaJlb Ha HenonBH)l{HblH HO)!{, KOTOpbIH cpeJaCT HH)l{HHH CJlOH
MaTepHMa.
Maw1rna 05332/P2 OTJlH'-laCTCH OT MaWHHbl JlH HaJlH'-!HeM KOMn-
JICKzylOW:efO y3Jla )]JISI aBTOMaTH'-leCKOH nOWTY'-IHOH nona'-IH neTaJICH
H3 na'-IKH.
06opy.u,o&auue ,ll,JIH cnycKaHHH KpaeB .u,eTaJieii. )l.nH cnycKaHHH Kpaen
JJ;eTaJieti HH3a 06yn11 113 KO)l{H H HCKyCCTBCHHbIX MaTepHaJlOB npHMeHH-
IOT cne.uy10wtte MarnHHbI: ACf-12 (PocCHH), 01339/P3, 01339/PI I,
05341/PI qmpMbI ZPS-SM (lJexHH).
MawHHbI cnycKaIOT KpaH neTanei1 npawa10w11MCH qaweo6pa3HbIM
HO)l{OM. 06pa6aTbIBaeMaH .UCTaJlb nonaeTCSI Ha HO)!{ HH)l{HHM 60'IK006-
pa3HbIM pHQlJleHbIM TpaHcnopTepoM H nepxHHM rna.UKHM npoQlHJlHpo-
BaHHbIM npH)l{HMHhIM poJIHKOM. Ha MaWHHe 05341/PI MO)f(HO TaK)l{e
BhlilOJlHHTb pHQlJlCHHe 11 napa$HHHponatt11e KpOMKH.
06opy.u,o&auue ,ll,JIH B3'bepomHBaHHH, l)>pe3epoBaHHH H WJIHlj>OBa-
HHSI. Jlm1 BblllOJlHCHHH 3THX onepauHti HCnOJib3YlOTCH KOM6HHHpoBaH-
Hble MallIHHhI Cambi 120-P-ZF-H, 180-P-ZF-A, Ortho 85, Ortho 95,
IIO-P, 130-P cPHPMhI Hess (fepMaHHsr), Carabelle Cambi 130B, 150B,
l30C, 175-CRC, 200-CRS cPHPMhI Hardo (fepMaHHH), Cambi 90-ZF,
120-ZF, 130-ZF, 140-ZF, 150-ZF cPHPMhI GP (fepMaHHH), aBTOMaT
MS! B3bepoWHBaHHH 3aTH)l{HOH KpOMKH 3afOTOBKH Bepxa o6ynH 87lA
<l>HPMhI Schon (fepMaHHH).
KpoMe KoM6HHHponaHHbIX 11cnoJibJyJOT cneu11an11311ponaHHbIC Ma-
llIHHh1:
Msr B3bCpOWHBaHIHI 3aTH)l{HOH KpOMKH:
0 MBK-0 fp116aHoncKoro MaWHHOCTpOHTeJibHoro Janona (Poccm:i).
4152/PI, 04313/P3, 04373/P2, 04373/P3 cPHPMhI ZPS-SM;
MH BJbepow1rnaHHS1 no.uown - 05346/PI qmpMbI ZPS-SM.

37
 Llm1 B3bepow1rnamrn nonepXHOCTM LlCTaJIM npMMCHHJOT MeTaJJJllt-
'ICCKMe weTKM pa3HbIX KOHcTpyKu1111, a TaK)!(C u111111Hnp11yecK11e wa-
po111K11 c Hacel!KaMM Ha 60KOBOH nonepXHOCTM.
<Ppe3eponaHHe nernnei1 BbinOJIHHIOT ¢>pe3aMl1 Ha Maw1rnax. Pa3J111-
lla10T cppe3bI ype3Hbie, Ha6oeYHbie, Ka611y'-IHb1e, reneHO'-IHbie 11 no:1-
npanoYHbie.
LlnH ¢pe3eponamrn ype3a nonown Ha 06yn11 np11MeHHJOT Maw1rni,1
<PY0-2-0 11 <PY0-3-0 fp116aHOBCKOro MaWHHOCTpOMTCJlbHOro 3a-
nona.
ill11H¢onaH11e BbinOJlHHJOT wm1¢>0BaJibHblMH WKypKaMM pa3HOii
3epHHCTOCTM, wm1¢onanbHbIMM KaMHHMH 11111-1 anMa3HbIM MHCTPYMCH-
TOM B 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1 OT BML(a MaTep11ana, l13 KOToporo 113fOTOBJ1CHa
LlCTaJlb.
Llmi w1111¢onaHHH Ka611yKoB np11MeHHJOT Maw11HbI MWK-0, Ha-
6oeK 11 nonown - WH0-0 3anona «JlerMaW» (YKpa11Ha), Henp11-
Kpen11eHHbIX neTanei1 HH3a o6ynu - WH-0.
B peMOHTHhIX uexax JlJJH o6pa6oTKM xononoi1 11 Hexonon011 cTopoH
KO)!(aHbIX nonown H CTeneK npHMCHHIOT Maw11HbI AOC-5 OpnoncKoro
MaWHHOCTpo11TeJ1bHOro 3anona MM. Mennenena 11 KOM611H11ponaHHb1e
04401/PI, 0440J/P2 11 04418/Pl ¢11pMbI ZPS-SM.
MarnHHht ;vu1 uauecenm1 KJieH. Opo¢mmponaHHbie nonownh1 c Ka6-
11yKoM HaMa3bIBaJOT no KOHTYPY KJieeM Ha MaWMHax nHKil-0 0pJ1013-
CKOro Maw11HOCTpo11TeJibHoro 3anona HM. Mennenena 11 HD-3 EneuKo-
ro MexaHHYecKoro 3anona, a Ha 3aTm1rnyio KPOMKY no11KJianK11 11 3aro-
TOBK11 nepxa - HK-1-0 11 HK-2-0 fp116aHOBcKoro MaWHHOCTpo11-
TeJibHOro 3anona.
MarnnHht ,ll)IH KJieiiMeHHH }1.eTaneii. BKJiaLLHbie CTeJibKH MO)!(HO KJiei1-
MMTb Ha Marn11Hax 234 qmpMbI Schon (fepMaHHH) 11 GFR 35(TRP
Q)J1PMbI Anver (<PpaHU11H).
MarnHHhl ,ll)IH <f>opMOBaHHH UJIOCKHX )1.eTaneii. nonowBbl 11 CTeJlbKll
Q)OPMYIOT Ha Maw11Hax <PCn-O CaHKT-0eTep6yprcKoro Maw11HocTpo-
11TeJibHoro 3anona «Bnepen», a 3a.llHHKM - Ha Maw11Hax c anTOMan1-
qecKoi1 nonaqeti: 05336/Pl Q)J1pMbI ZPS-SM (YexmI).

2.3.2. 06opyA0BaH1-1e Anfl pacKpoH 1-1 o6pa6oTKlil Aernne~

eepxao6ye1i1

06opy,l1.oBaHne ,ll)IH pacKpo11 MaTepnaJIOB. OcHOBHhIM 06opynona-

H11eM pacKpottHoro uexa HBJIHJOTCH npeccbI OpnoncKoro Maw11HocTpo-
11TeJibHoro 3anona HM. Mennrnena: HOE, DTf-12-0, CTOTf-20.
CTOTf-40, nBr-8, nBr-8-1-0, nBr-8-2-0, nKD-10, nB-10, l\ta-
nora6apHTHaH neHTOYHaH Maw11Ha PJI-5, MaW11Ha nnH pacKpoH TKa-
He11 33M-2 Ca!'-rnpcKoro 1111Teti:HO-Mexam1YecKoro 3anona; npeccbI
06145/P4 11 06145/P23 ¢11pMb1 ZPS-SM (lJex11H), npecc ,llJlH Bb1py-
6aH11H 11 cnapKl1 nern11ei1: nepxa 06yn11 NQ 2 11 KTP qmpMbI BUSMC
(Be1111Ko6p11TaHMH).

38
 Puc. 2.29. npecc 06145/P23 qmpMLI ZPS-SM (lJex1rn)

Ilpecc 06145/P23 (pHC. 2.29) o6opynoBaH ycTpOHCTBOM aBTOMarn-

qecKoro flOHCKa nOJJO)l(CHl-HI pe3aKa 11 3BTOM3TH'.feCKOH pa3BCpTKOH
HIDKHero nOJJO)l(CHHSI pe3aKa npH Bbipy6amm. npecc MO)l(CT pa60TaTb
B aBTOMaTH'·!eCKOM pe)l(HMe Hm1 np11 PY"'HOM ynpanneHHH. Ilpecc KoMn-
JieKTyeTrn np11cnoco611eHHCM ,llJlSI nepellBH)l(CHHH KapeTKH, 6oKOBbIM11
CTOJIJ1KaMl1, CTOJJHKOM .llJlSI yKJJaD,blB3Hl1SI pe3aKOB, )f(CJI06aMl1 D,JISI OT-
XO.UOB 11 MaTepl1aJIOB, aMopT1133TOpOM ynapOB, .mopaJIIOMl1Hl1CBOH H
CTaJibHOH Bbtpy6Hb!Ml1 OJJHTaMH, KOJlOllOH, orpa)l(lleHHeM.
A;I51 Bblpy6aHHSI )lCTaJiett Bepxa 06y1m HCOOJlb3YfOT KOJIO.Ubl 11JIH
DIDrrbI. Bb1py6Hb1e KOJJOJlbI 113ro-
TOBJIRJOT 113 6pyCKOB rnepllblX no-

9e
PO.ll nepenben (6yK, rpa6, ny6)
H1IH COCUKapTOHa. nnHTbl OTJ111B3-
IOT H3 qyryHa MapKH CY. l 8-36.
Pa6oq11e nnocKOCTH n1111T 33lllH-
ll{afOT CTaJJbHbll\111 HaKJia.UKaMl-1
TOJiuurno11 12- 20 MM, KOTOpbIC

0
IlOBbIUiaJOT HX H3HOCOCTOHKOCTL.
IlJUiTbl Moryr 6b1Tb 113fOTOBJleHbl
HJ IlJiaCTMacc JlHTbeM B cpopMbl
l1JJ1i npecconatt11eM 113 cMec11 Ha
OClione TIOJll1BHHHJ10BblX CMOJJ 11
APYn1x no1111Mepon. llirn py•-rnoro
Pac1<posi 11cno11b3YJOT llOCKl1 113 JUI- P11c. 2.30. PeJaK11 lIJHI pacKposi nern-
nosh1x l1JJ11 6epe30BbIX 6pycbeB nett uepxa 06ys1-1

39
 Ta6JJ 11 ua 2 I
AccopTHMeHT BL1py6ttLIX nJIHT

<l>HpMa-npo- I
Map Ka l'acKp<lll!lacMblil MaTepmu1
H3BODl1TCJl b
i
HY 30 Plywood-block, HY 40 Hydroma Haryparrbttb1e KO)Klf 1
Glaskas A, HY 40 Translucent
D69SP, 070 BNL Fryslen no)10W13CHHb!C KOIKH,
I
6yMara 11 KaprnH
HY 70 Light-green Hydro ma To /KC I

HY 71 Olive-green. HY 72 Red- » 00lll<JJall0lJHbIC K0)Kl1

I
brown
I
D 73XL 75, D 75 SN 480 Fryslcn Ko)l<H 11nH nepxa 06ym1
HY76 Grey Hydroma Pe3I1HbI. nop11cTbre 11 KOM-
6MHHponaHHbIC MaTCpMaJJbl
HY 78 Natural » TKaHH 11 HCTKaHbie MaTe-
pH<Ulbl
HY 80 Fleramon » nnacnmccbt, pc3MHbt,
CMHTCTl1lJCCKHC KOA<H
HY 84 Perlamon » CHHTCTHlJCCKJIC MaTCpll-
anbI. ac6ecT
D 85NL Fryslen To IKe

o.r:urnaKosotf TBepJl.OCTtt w nJIOTHOCTtt. BeJl.yWttMtt MttpoBbil\111 npo113-

nomneJIHMl1 Bb1py6HhIX nmu HBJIHIOTCH qrnpMbI Hydrorna 11 Fryslen
(fepMamrn), KOTOpb!e Bh!nyCKaIOT KaK TP3JlMUHOHHblC )lepeBHHHblC
CTJil1Tbl, TaK 11 CTJ!l1Tbl 113 CTOJil1MCpHbIX MaTep11aJIOB (rn611. 2. l ).
lleTaJIH nepxa Bb1py6a10T pe3aKaM11, npeJl.CTaBJIHIOilU1Ml1 co6oei Ho>K
3aMKHYTOfO KOHrypa c JIC3Bl1CM, 11MCIOlUl1M QlOPMY Hapy)l(HOro KOH-
Typa JlCTaJiei1 (p11c. 2.30). Pe3aKtt H3roTOBJIHIOT H3 HHCTpyMeHTaJibHoit
yrnepOJl.HCTOi1 CTaJIH MapoK Y7 11 Y8 Bb1corntf 22, 32 11 48 MM c rnn-
w11Hoi1 CTCHOK 6 MM. TipttMCHHIOT TaK)l(C H TOHKOCTCHHble pc33Kl1 113
CTOJIOCOBOH CTaJil1 Bb!COTOH 19 MM H TOJllUHHOl1 2 MM C OJlHO- 11.'Jll
Jl.BYCTOpOHHCi1 33TO'IKOH.
06opy.l(OBaHue ,ll,JUI BblpaBHUBaHUB TOJIUJ,UHbl ,l(eTaJieu. llJIH Jl.l30CHIHI
11 Bblp3BHl1BaHJrn TOJIIUl1Hbl KO)l(aHblX Jl.CTaJICH Bepxa 06y1m np11MCH51-
IOT Jl.BOl1JibHO-JieHT04Hbre MalllttHhl MllB-0; 06 I 55/P2 11 06 I 44/P3
qmpMbI ZPS-SM (qex11H), UAF-470 ¢11pMbI Fonuna (fepMamrn).
C-480 ¢11pMbI Carnoga (lfraJI1151), MOJl.eJib 3 ¢11pMbI BUSMK (BeJI11-
Ko6p11rnmrn).
Maw1rna 06 J44/P3 npeJl.H33HaYeHa JlJIH Jl.BOCHl1H Jl.CTaJietl, no.upc-
3aH115l }l,CTaJICM c Topua (JlJIH o6pa30B3Hl151 KapMaHOB), BblpaBHHB3Hll5l
TOJIIUHHbl 11 cnycKaHHH Jl.CTaJICH no BCCH nJIOWaIIH.

40
 pa604HMH opraHaMM MaWMHbl HBJIHIOTCSI 6ecKoHe4HblH JJeHT04HblH
JIO)f(, Hl1)1(HHH TpaHcnopn1py10W.HH 13aJJl1K, BepXHHM Hanpal3JJSllOWHH
~MK HJJH nJJaHKa. B MaWHHe npenycMOTpeHo aBTOMan11c1ecKoe yCT-
p0itcTBO .llJISI B03BpaTa neTaJJl1 TIOCJJe HeTIOJIHOro llBOeHHSI, a TalOKe
'fOJllUHHOMep c nep)l(aTeJJeM .
06opyn:oBauue /J,Jrn cnycKaHHH KpaeB n:eTa.11eu Bepxa 06y1m. )J;rn cny-
cI<aHHH (cpe3aHirn non yrnoM) Kpaen 11ernJ1ei1 nepxa 06y1m npHMem110T
MaIIIMHhI ACf-13 (Poccm1), AY-2E Q.mpMbI Gotz (fepMaHH5I) c nhme-
ynoBHTeJJeM (pHc. 2.31), 01339/P3 qrnpMbI ZPS-SM (l.Jex11si), NC-SI
cl>HPMhI Camoga (J.1TaJJHH), Tttn 159 ¢11pMb1 Sigma (J.1TMHH.). MawHHbI
npttMeHHIOTCH .llJIH cnycKaHHH KpaeB nernJieiil H3 onot!Ka, BblpOCTKa,
noJiyKO)l(HHKa, wenpo, HCKYCCTBeHHblX KO)!( 11 TKaHett.
,l(eTaJJb no.uaeTcH K JJe3BHJO npawa10werorn Yaweo6pa3Horo HO)l(a
rpaHCTIOpTHPYIOW.HM pOJJHKOM, pacnoJJO)l(eHHblM BHyTPH HO)l(a H npH-
Jl(HMaJOW.HM ee K JJanKe. Topeu .nernnH npmKHMaeTCH K 6oKosoMy yno-
py. TipoqmJib cnycKa yCTaHaBJJHBaJOT, H3MeHHH yron HaKJJOHa JianKH
no OTHOWeHMJO K CTOJJHKY MaWHHbl. lliHpl1HY cnycKa onpe11,e1rneT no-
JIO)l(eHHe ynopa OTHOCHTeJJbHO JJanKH.
B npouecce pa6oTbt HO)!( nepHO.llH4eCKM 3arn1c1Hsa10T T04HJJhHbIM
YCTPOHCTBOM MaWHHhl.

Puc. 2.3 I. Maw1rna AV-2E cfrnpMbl Gotz (fepMamrn)

41
 2.3.3. 06opyA0BaH111e Aflfl c6opK111 111 peMOHTa 3aroTOBOK
eepxao6ye111

11Ineitnb1e MaIUHHbI. OcttOBHbIM o6opynonattHeM wrn H3fOTOBJieHHH

3aroTOBOK Bepxa HBJIHIOTCH WBeHHbTe MaWHHbl, Ha KOTOpbIX neTaJIH
CKpenJIHIOTCH HHTO'IHbIM WBOM.
WoB 06pa3yeTCH H3 OT.UeJibHbIX cTe)KKOB, T. e. nyTeM nepenJieTeHHH
HHTOK.
Bee wnetittbie MaWHHbI, npHMettHeMbie B o6ynttoM npoH3BOllCTBe,
pa3)leJIHIOTCH:
no cnoco6y o6pa30BaHHH CTe)KKa - Ha LJeJIHOLJHbie H KPIO'IKOBbie;
BH.UY CTe)KKOB B CTpO'IKe - c npHMbIMH H 3Hf3aroo6pa3Hb!MH;
LJHCJIY OllHOBpeMeHHO 06pa3yeMblX WBOB - OllHO- H .UByxHroJibHbie;
KOHCTPYKUHH nnanpopMbI - nnocKHe, PYKaBHbie H KOJIOHKOBbie;
Ha3HalJ:eHHIO - nerKoro, cpenHero H TH)KeJioro nmon.
Bo ncex 1.J:eJIHO'IHbIX MawttHax won 06pa3yeTCH nyTeM nepenneTe-
HHH B TOJILUe MaTepttana .unyx HI1TOK: BepxHeti, 1-illYLUett OT KayYWKH,
H HH)KHeH - wnyJibHOH, HaXO.[lJILUeHCH B LJeJIHOKe. 0onaLJy MaTepHaJia
MO)KHO peryJIHPOBaTb . .IlJIH npecconaHHH H HanpaBJieHHH CTpO'IKH B
MaWHHe HMeeTCH npH)KHMHaH JianKa, HJIH pOJibnpecc.
B 6eclJ:eJIHO'IHbIX Maw11Hax uenHoti won 06pa3yeTcH c noMOLUbIO
KPIOlJ:Ka. flpOH.UH qepe3 CKpenJIHeMbie neTaJIH, Hrna npoBO)lHT BHH3
BepXHIOIO HHTKY, np11 o6paTHOM )lBH)KeHHH o6pa3yeTCH neTJIH, B KO-
TOPYIO BXOllHT KPIO'IOK (neTJIHTeJib), nocTeneHHO pacw11pHIOLUHH ee
np11 .UBH)KeHHH nnepen. Hrna, BTOPH'IHO onycKaHcb, BBOllHT BTopy10
nern10 B MaTepHan. flonaqa MaTep11ana csepxy ocywecTBJIHeTCH poJIH-
KOM, HMeIOLUHM npHHYllHTeJibHOe Bpaw.eHHe, H Hrnoti, )lBH)KYLUeHCH
B HanpaBJieHHH no)lalJ:H, a CHH3Y - HenpepbIBHO Bpaw.aIOLUHMCH 3y6-
1.J:aTbIM KOJieCOM.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOJILUHHbl CKpenJIHeMbIX MaTepHaJIOB, BH.Ua Bbl-
nOJIHHeMbIX WBOB )lJIH c6opKH 3afOTOBOK Bepxa HCnOJib3YIOT OTelJ:e-
CTBeHHble H HMnopTHbie wnetlHbie MawHHbI pa3JIH'IHbIX KJiaccon. Ma-
WHHhI pa3JIH1.J:aIOTCH KOHCTpYKUHeti rrnanpopMbl, ycTpOHCTBaMH )lJI}!
TpaHcnopTHpOBaHmI MaTepHaJIOB, npOH3BO.UHTeJibHOCTblO, MaKCHMaJib-
HO .uonycTHMOH TOJILUHHOH CKpenmreMbIX )J,eTaneti, )lJIHHOH CTe)KKOB,
1.J:HCJIOM O)lHOBpeMeHHO BbinOJIHHeMblX CTPO'leK, HaJIWmeM np11cno-
co6JieHHH )lJIH npaBHJlbHOfO BbinOJIHeHHH WBa H nocJiellYIOlllHX one-
pau11ti (HanpHMep, o6pe3aHHH nonKJianKH) H T.Jl.
000 «3UH2ep» BbinYCKaeT cne.uy10w.11e WBeHHbie MaWHHbI:
O)lHOHfOJibHble c nJIOCKOH nJiaT¢0pMOH 330-8 KJI., 2823 H 3823 KJI.
)lJIH coemrneHHH .ueTanett 113 KO)KH 60JibWOH H cpenHett TOJllllHHhI;
OllHOHfOJibHbie 93 KJI. H .UByxHroJibHbie 83 KJI. )lJIH c6opKH 3afOTOBOK
nepxa canor 11 nonycanor.
C/JupMa Pfaff (FepMGHUR) H3fOTOBJIHeT WBeHHbie MaJlIHHbl:
)lJIH CKpenJieHHH .ueTaJieH O)lHOPHllHbIM WBOM - 141-705/03-900/
56AL KJI., )J,ByxpH.UHbIM WBOM - 244-944/01 KJI.;

42
 ,ll.JUI coemrnemrn: )leT<lJleti c OJlHOBpeMeHHbIM 06pe3am1eM 113m1w-
J(OB MaTepmUla Bepxa 111111 OO)lKJia)lKH KOJIOHKOBYJO c rop1130HTaJib-
ffl>IM HO)l(Ol\1 471-755/01-725/04AL KJI., 120-194-225 KJI. c nJIOCKOH
fl]IaT<pOpMOH l1 HaKJIOHHblM HO)l(OM;
)lJI51 CTa<nrnaHl151 3a)lHl1X KpaeB 3aroTOBOK Bepxa 4 I 8-72/21-900/
sLx8 KJI.;
.ll.JI51 c6opKl1 3aroTOBOK Bepxa o6beMHOH cpopMbl 474-765/01-900/
51BLx 3,6 KJI.
</JupMa Garudan ( lfexuR), 6brnwaH Minerva, BhmycKaeT umei1Hbie
M3Illl1Hbl c nJIOCKOH nJiaTcpOpMoti:
o,!IHOHroJibHbie cep1111 G F- I 00-000, JlByx11ro11bHb1e cepl111 G F-200-000;
KOJIOHKOBbie OJlHOHroJibHbie GP-410-141, GP-410- 144, GP-4 I 0-444,
.JlByx11roJibHb1e GP-414-141;
OJlHOHroJibHbie PYKaBHbie cep1111 GC-300-000;
c 3!1r3aroo6pa3HOH CTpOY.KOH cepHH 72-500-000;
)lJl51 peMOHTa 3aroTOBOK 010204/Pl, 010204/P2.
<Pup.Ma Famas ( Typu,uR) l13fOTOBJIHeT wBetittbie MaWHHbI FA-223 11
FA-2000 )lJIH np11CTpaY.11BaHHH HH3a 06ym1 npowHBHoro MeTO)la Kpen-
Jiemrn, Mawutta .wrn BCTaBKH 6110Y.KOB FA-255.
</JupMa Juki (flnoHuR) BbinYCKaeT WBettHbie M3Wl1Hbl c nJIOCKOH
JUiaT¢opMOH:
OJlHOiffOJibHbie DDL-201S, DU-141H-6, LU-2210-6, DNU-241H,
JJ;Byx1-1ro11bttb1e LUH-521 H LUH-526;
KOJIOHKOBbie OJlHOHroJibHbie PLW-1245 11 PLW-1246, PLH-981
H PLN-985; 1lBYXIffOJibHbie PLW-1264 11 PLW-1266, PLH-982 11
PLN-986;
PYKaBttbie DSU-145, LS-340, LS-340V, LS-341, LS-321;
c 3Hnaroo6pa3HOH cTpoY.Koti LZH-1290-6 11 LSH-1290;
T.f!)l(e11oro mna TNU-243, TU-273, TSH-411, TSN-421, TSC-441;
aBTOMam"!eCKHe AMS-205CH (CS) (206, 210, 215), AMS-229BH
(BS), AMS-206CGL (210, 215, 220), AMS-223CG, AMS-229BG,
AMH-382.
</JupMa Ad/er(FepMaHuR) BbmycKaeT wBettHbie Maw11HbI llJIH peMOH-
Ta Bepxa o6yBH 30/70; BbinOJIHeHHH )leKopaTHBHbIX CTpO"leK 104-4102.
</JupMa Claes (FepAWHUR) BbmycKaeT wBettHbie MaurnttbI )lJIH pe-
MOHTa Bepxa o6yBH 6224-20 KJI. H 6224-30 KJI. (p11c. 2.32), llJ151 c6opK11
MOKac11tt 105-RM-25/SP-75 KJI. I1 M0-25/F231 KJI.
</JupMa Sun Star (IOJ1CHaR KopeR) BbmycKaeT urnetiHbie MaWHHbl c
IIJIOCKOH nJiaTcpOpMott:
OJlHouro.'lbHbie c aBTOMaTHY.eCKHM o6pe3attHeM Hl1TKH KM-235A
11: KM-250A-7, JlBYXHroJibHbie KM-740 H KM-750;
K KOJIOHKOBbJe OJlHOHroJibHbie KM-8 I 3 H KM-823, JlByx11roJibHb1e
M-867/7 11 KM-967/7;
PYKaBttb1e KM-380B, KM-380BL, KM-390 11 KM-390BL.
<PupMa Feiyee (Kumau), 6bIBWaH Yamata BhmycKaeT wBetittbie Ma-
llll1:H1>1 c 3Hr3aroo6pa3HOH cTpOY.Koti GG-28, GG-29, GG-30.

43
 P11c. 2.32. lllBei1Hasi Maw11Ha 6224-20 K.11. cfmpMb! Claes (repr..taH11H)

Ha O.llHOMroJihHhIX MaIIIMHax TaJOKe peMOHTMPYJOT sepx 06ys11 113

HarypaJibHblX H MCKYCCTBeHHblX KO)!(. MaIIIHHbl HMeJOT MexaHH3M B03-
BpaTHO-KOJie6JIJ01Uerocsi lJeJIHOKa, pacnoJIO)l(eHHOro B ropM30HTaJib-
HOH nJIOCKOCTM. MaTepttaJI MO)l(eT nonasaTbCSI B JIJ06oM ttanpaB11em111
3y6<JaToi1 nanKOM, YKpenJieHHOI1 B nosopOTHOH roJIOBKe.
IIrJIL1 umeiiHL1e. 1..ho6hI nOJIY<JMTh KpacmJhti1 cTe)l(OK BbICOKoro Ka<JecT-
Ba, Heo6xonm10 npaBl1JlbHO no.no6paTb HrJIY H HlfTKM. 0CHOBHoe Ha3HalJe-
HMe MrJibl WBeHHOH MaWHHbl - npOKaJibIBaHHe .neTaJICH .llJIH o6ecne<Je-
HMSI nepenJJeTCHHSI HMTOK. 11Hor.ua Hrna YlJ3CTBYCT B npouecce nepeMe-
meHHSI .neTaJICH (nptt HC06XO,llMMOCTH IlOJIY<JCHHSI 6ecnocarro'IHOro WBa).

Puc. 2.33. Hrna wBei1HaH Maw11HHm1:

I - KOJ16a; 2- nepeXO!lHbli1 KOHyc; 3-
CTCplKCHb c OCTpHeM (11C3Blle); 4- n.~llH­
tlblH )l(e11060K; 5- BbleMKa ; 6- ywKo;
7- OCTp11e: D - ,!!11a\teTp KOJ16b1; d -
!1113\teTp CTCp)l(m1; / - Il.~l!Ha K0.16b1; /1 -
DJJl!Ha OT Ha'la.Jia ywKa 110 KOHUa KOJT6b1;
l - o6waR DJJIIHa 1ir11b1

44
 Wsei1HaH 11rna npencrnmrneT co6oi1 CTa.JihHOi1 cTep)f(eHh nepeMeH-
uoro ce'-leHl151, HMeIOlUHH CJ1eny10m11e KOHCTPYKTHBHhle 3JleMeHThl'.
J(OJ16y, cJJy)f(alllyJO IlJIH 3aKpenJ1eH11H 11rnh1 B 11rnonep)f(aTe.Jie, nepe-
:xo.nHhIH KOHYC, JJe3Bl1e IlJIHHHOro )f(e.JI06Ka, OCTpHe, YWKO M BbieMKY
(pMC. 2.33). B 11rnax HeKOTOpbIX KOHCTpYKUHtt MMeeTCH He TOJJbKO BbieM-
Ka, HO 11 KOpOTKHH )f(eJJo6oK. Ll.JIMHHblH M KOpOTKMH )f(eJI06KM 3alUl1-
UlalOT HMTKH OT Tpemrn npM nBmKeHMl1 11rJlbl '-lepe3 npOKOJI. Ll.JIMHHblH
)!(eJI060K npenoxpam1eT HMTKY OT TpeHmI npM IlBH)f(eHMM MrJlbl BHl13-
BBepx, KOPOTKMH - np11 IlBH)f(eHMM Mf.Jlbl BHM3 no Toro MOMeHTa,
Karna ero BepXHMH KOHeu KOCHeTC51 MaTepMa.Jia. 8hieMKa Heo6xon11Ma
)1)151 nyqwero 3aXBaTa Hl1TO'-IHOH neTJIH HOCMKOM '-leJJHOKa.
B COOTBeTCTBHM c fOCT 22249-82E «J1rJibl K urnettHbIM MaWMHaM.
THTibl H OCHOBHbie pa3Mepbl» MfJlbl nonpa3neJIHIOT Ha neBSITb TMnOB.
Twn xapaKTepM3yeT KOHCTpyKu1110 Mf.Jlhl. HoMep Hrnh1 onpeneJJHeTc51
yMHO)f(eHMeM nuaMeTpa UHJIMHilPM'-leCKOH '-laCTM CTep)f(HH B MMJIJIM-
MeTpax Ha l 00. Ka)f(flblH Tim B 3aBMCMMOCTH OT OCHOBHblX pa3MepoB M
HCTIOJIHeH11i1 KOJJ6bI, CTep)f(HH M OCTpHSI nonpa3neJISIIOT Ha MoneJIH.
TipH MapKMpOBKe Mm yKa3bIBaJOT MoneJJb M HOMep. HanpttMep, Hrna
0335-100, rne 0335 - MO,lleJib, 100 - HOMep. CTpH c6opKe 3afOTOBOK
sepxa o6yBH 113 Harypa.JibHbIX l1 M51fKMX MCKYCCTBeHHbIX KO)!(, TeKCTHJlb-
HblX MaTepHa.JIOB HCnOJib3YJOT HfJlbl CJienyIOlUHX HOMepon: 75, 80, 85,
140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200.
Ha Ka'1ecTBO c6opKH 3aroTonoK nepxa o6yBH BJJHSIJOT cKpenJJHeMbie
MaTepHa.Jibl, n11aMeTp (HoMep) l1 cpopMa OCTpHSI HfJlbl (pHC. 2.34).
Jf2J1aMu c ocmpue.M Kpy2J1ou </JopAtbt cKpenmIIOT neTa.JIH 113 TeKCTHJih-
HhIX 11 HCKYCCTBeHHhTX MaTep11a.JioB, MSirKHX KO)!(. OCTpMe IffJihI pa3-
llBHraeT BOJIOKHa TKaHH, nO'-ITH He pa3pywaSI HX, 'ITO He3Ha'-IHTeJJbHO
CHH)f(aeT npo'-IHOCTh MaTeptta.JIOB nocJJe cKperrJJeHHH. CTpM ttcnoJJb30-
BaHMH Mm c OCTpHCM KpyrnoH 3aTO'-IKH IlJl51 CWHBaHH51 TOJICTbIX H
IlJIOTHblX KO)!( pe3KO YBCJIT1'-IMBaJOTC51 CHJ!bl TpeHH51 Me)f(fly HrJIOH H
CTeHKaMH npoKoJia, HMTKOH H 11rnoi1, HMTKOH 11 npoKOJJOM. CTp11 3TOM
Hrna CMJlbHO HarpeBaCTC51, '-!TO npHBOilMT K ee 6bICTpOMY 3arynJ1eH11JO
H TIOJIOMKe.

0 KpyrnaH
~ PoM6w1ecKaH neeaH

\:) Oea'lbttaH neeaH

0 PoM6w1ecKM npauaH

0 OeanbttaH npaBM
0 PoM6w1ecKaH npononhHaH

0 Jlona1Ka npononhttaH
6 TpexrpattHaH

CJ JionaTKa nonepe•rnaH D KBanparnaH

P11c. 2.34. <DopMbI ocTpHH MaWHHHhIX 11rn

45
 lfcflbl C ocmpue.M 06QflbHOU rjJopMbl HMelOT ,LIBe pe)f(yw11e rpa!-111. np11
npoK3JlbmaH1111 neT3Jlei1 11rna cHaYaJla pa3pe3aeT BOJTOKHa, JaTeM pa3-
JIB11raeT 11 necpopM11pyeT HX. np11 3TOM He B03HHKaeT 60JTbWOfO Tpe-
HH51 Me)f(Jly JTe3BHeM HrJib[ H MaTepMMOM, CJTe)lOBaTeJTbHO, Me)f(Jly HHT-
KOH H 11rnoi1, HHTKOH 11 MaTep11MoM. Hrnhr c ocTpHeM OB<UJbHOH Q)Op-
Mbr B 3UBHCHMOCTH OT pacnOJTO)f(eHH51 pe)f(yurnx rpaHeH no OTHOWe-
HHro K YWKY HrJib[ rronpa3JleJT5JIOT Ha HrJibl c OCTpMeM OBaJlbHblM npa-
BblM 11 JTeBbIM. pe)f(ywtte rpaHH KOTOpbIX pacnoJTO)f(eHbl non yrnoM 45°
K OCH ywKa snpaBO 111111 BJTeBO, H HrJibl c OCTpHeM OBaJlbHbIM none-
pe~IHblM 11JTH OBaJlbHbIM rrpOJlOJlbHblM no OTHOWeHHro K OCH ywKa.

Op11 cKpen11eHHH neTMei1 11rnaM11 c rrpaBbIM oBaJibHbrM ocTpHeM

o6pa3YJOTCS1 cm~rKa BbITHHYTbie CTe)f(KH, JTe)[(awtte HaHCKOCOK, a c JTe-
Bbll\1 OBaJlbHbIM - BbITHHYTbie np5IMOJTe)f(aw11e CTe)f(KH.
Jf2J1bt c ocmpueM po.M6oeuaHoii, KeaapamHoii uJ1u mpey20J1b110u rjJop.Mbt
HMeIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO YeTbtpe H Tp11 pe~wHe rpaHH, HX ueJTecoo6pa3-
HO npHMeHHTb JlJl51 CKpenJTeHl151 neTaJTeti 113 flJTOTHbIX TOJTCTblX KO)[(.
Ha yYaCTKe c6opK11 JaroTOBOK sepxa 06ys11 BbmOJTHHroT TaK)f(e 11
npyrne onepau1111. Harrp11Mep, nonpe3aH11e c Topua KO)f(aHbrx neTaJTei1
Ha Maw11Hax MOI>-0 Jasona «Bnepen».
Ll.JT51 npensap11TeJlbHOro ¢opMOBaHH51 COI030K MO)[(HO np11MeH5JTb
rvmw1rny W44N c ynJTa)[(HHTeJTeM D34 ¢11pMbI Schon 11 aBTOMaT 906
qmpMhr Anver. B11n11Mb1e KpaH nern11etl sepxa 3arn6aroT Ha KJTett-pac-
nJTaB Ha MaWHHax F H FC3 ¢11pMhI USM (ClllA), A, B 11 C qmpMhI
BUSMK, 171 qrnpMhI Sigma . .lly6m1py10T neTaJTH sepxa tta npeccax
B 135. l ¢11pMbr Schon 11 Z786/P2 ¢11pMbr Sazavan . .ll11H np11Kpen11eHHH
YJ<pawem11'111cnoJThJyroT Maw11ttbr 01319/Pl 11 01319/P2 qmpMhl Saza
van. oJTOYKH MO)f(HO BCTaBJTSlTh Ha Maw11Hax 01337 /P2 cfmpMbI Sazavan,
01356/PI, 01356/P2 11 01058/Pl qmpMbl ZPS-SM, a xoJTbHl1TeHbI -
Ha MaWHHe 01209/P5 ¢11pMhI ZPS-SM. Pa3rna)f(HBaJOT TaYHOH woB c
OJlHOBpeMeHHblM YJ<penJTeHHeM ero CaMOKJleHwettrn TeCbMOH Ha Ma-
Ull1He 01209/P6 ¢11pMbl ZPS-SM.

2.3.4. 06opyAoBaHHe A11ff c6opKH, OTA011KH

H peMOHTa o6yeH

MarnunM .LI.JUI BbmoJ1ueum1 noJJ.roTOBHTeJibHbIX onepauuii nepeJJ. lJ>op-

MosauueM. npensapHTeJTbHOe cpopMOBaHHe flSlTO'-IHOH YaCTH JaroTOBKH
sepxa BbmOJTHHroT Ha Maw11Hax <Dn-1-0 Jasona «Bnepen», 2006 cpnp-
Mhr Schon, 02201/Pl, 02201/P2, 02254/P2 n 02255/PI qmpMbl ZPS-SM.
Ll.JT51 HaHeceHl151 KJTe51 Ha 3aroTOBKY nepxa rrpHMCHHIOT MaWHHbl 02225/PI
¢11pMbl Sazavan 11 02251/Pl cpHpMbI ZPS-SM . .llJT51 ysJTa)f(Hemrn 11 aK-
T11nau1111 HOCO'-IHOtt YaCTH 3afOTOBKH Bepxa 06ys11 11Cf10Jlb3YIOT nHeB-
MaTHYeCKHH arrrrapaT 331 D ¢11pMbI Schon 111111 KaMepy GS qmpMbI
BUSMK.
MarnunM J1.IUI o6T.IDKKH u JaTIDKKH JaroTOBOK sepxa o6ysu ua KOJI0.11.Ke.
Oepen cpopMosattueM ycrnttaBJI11saIOT nHTOYHYJO YaCTb 3aroTOBKH nep-

46
xa Ha KOJIOHKe. Onepamno BbinOJIHHIOT Ha Mawirne 02015/P5 qmpMbl
ZPS-SM.
L(JJH o6T5I)f(KH 11 3anJ)f(KH HOCOlJHO-ny<IKOBOH lJaCTH 3afOTOBKl1 Bep-
xa o6yBH npm.teHHJOT MaWHHbl 3H K-3-0 3ano.ua «Bnepe.u», 630-SG
<tJHpMbI Schon, DVUZ-RA qmpMbI BUS MK, 02256/Pl, 02256/P2 H
02257 /Pl cjrnpMbI ZPS-SM.
3arn)f(HYIO KpOMKY nyl.fKOBO-reJJeHO'IHOH lJaCTH JaroTOBKH Bepxa
3arnmBaJOT Ha CTeJibKY CK06KaMH Ha Maw1rnax 02212/P I (D:JJH o6yBH
J(JleeBoro MeTo.ua KperrJJeHHH) 11 02212/P3 (D:JJH o6yBH paHTOBOro H
caHJlaJJhHoro Mernnon KpenJ1ett1rn) cjmpMhI ZPS-SM. TIHTOlJHo-reJie-
HO'lHYJO 1.JaCTh 3aroTOBKH Bepxa 3arnnrna10T Ha MaWHHax 640 TCT
<tJupMhI Schon, 02236/Pl 11 02236/P2 cjmpMbI ZPS-SM. OT.ueJihHO nH-
TOlJHYJO lJaCTh 3aroTOBKH Bepxa o6yBH l\10)f(H0 3aTHmBaTb Ha Mawirne
3TIK-4-0 JaBona «Bnepe.u» 11J111 02146/P6 cjmpMbI ZPS-SM.
IlpeCCbl ,11,JUI npuKJieHBaHml no.aomB, 00)1.MeTOK H Ka6J1y1mB. KJJe-
eBhlC npeCChl pa3HbIX qmpM pa3JJHl.faJOTC51 KOHCTpyKUHHMH CT3H11Hbl
u rrpecc-ceKUHH, TexH111.JeCKHMH napaMeTpaMH. Ha rrpeccax Super
Classic cjmpMhI Hardo (fepMamrn) (pwc. 2.35, a) rrpwKJiettnmoT rro-
.llOllIBhI, ITO,ll.MeTKl111 pe311HOBble Ka6JJyKH 6e3 o6ysHbIX KOJIO.UOK. Tipecc
cHa6:>KeH rrpecc-rronywKotl JJJJH rrp11KJieHBaH11H nonown 11 rronMe-
TOK, KpoMe Toro, HMeeTC51 OTJleJJbHhlH npecc HJI51 rrp11KJieHBaHJ15I Ka6-
JlyKOB.
Pa6orn Ha rrpecce BhinOJJHHeTrn cJJenYJOWHM o6pa3oM. B 3an11c11Mo-
cr11 OT pa3Mepa H ¢acotta o6pa6aTbmaeMoH 06yB11 rro.u611pa10T cMeH-
Hbie rrpocjmJiwponaHHb1e rrJJaCTHHbl. TIJJacTHHY ycrnttaBJI11BaJOT Ha ynop
H 3aTeM HMeBaJOT ITOJJ,fOTOBJICHHYIO noJiynapy c HaJJO)f(eHHOH ITOJJ,0-
lllBOH (rronMeTKOH, Ka6JiyKOM) CJJe}lOM BBepx Ha ynop. Tip11 Ha:>KaTl111
Ha KHOnKy o6yBb nO.UBOJJ,HTC51 non ITOJJYWKY, npH '.HOM no.uywKa orryc-
KaeTCH, O}lHOBpeMeHHO HaITOJIHH51Cb C)f(aTblM B03.UYXOM, l1 rrpH)f(HMaeT
rrpnKJieeHHYIO neTaJJb K o6ym1. no 11CTelJeHHH YCTaHOBJJeHHOfO BpeMe-
HH npeccoBaHHH rro.uywKa ITO}lHltMaCTCH l1 OCBo6o)!(}laCTC51 OT B03)lyxa.
3aTeM BBO}lHT B pa6ol.fyl0 30Hy ynop c nonroTOBJICHHOH K rrpHKJICHBa-
HHIO BTopoH ITOJJynapotl 06ym1, H UHKJI nOBTOp5IeTC51.
Tipecc Rustic Orthopadie qmpMhl Hardo (fepMaHHH) npe.uHaJHa-
1.JeH D:JJH rrpHKJJCl1BaHH51 nonourn 11 nonMeTOK M~CKOH l1 )f(eHCKOH
06y1rn Ha HH3KOM, cpe.utteM l1 BbICOKOM Ka6JiyKax c rrpHMeHeHHeM
KOJIOJJ,OK (puc. 2.35, 6). Tipecc KOMnJJeKryeTCSI 6b1CTpOCbeMHbIMH rrpecc-
ITOJJ,yrnKaMH D:JJH o6yBH Ha HH3KOM Ka6JJyKC, ITOJJ,OWB c KPOKYJieM D:JJSI
o6yn11 Ha cpenHeM 11 Bb1c0Km1 Ka6JJyKax. Tipecc pa6orneT cJJenYJOWHM
o6paJoM. no.uowny HJIH nonMeTKY npy<IHYJO HaKJia.UhmaJOT Ha nonro-
TOBJieHHbll1 CJIC}l 3arnHYTOH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa 06yn11. 3aTeM KOJIOJJ,KY c
3anmyrotl o6yBhJO ycrnttaBJJHBaJOT CJJC.UOM BHH3 tta rrpecc-rronywcy 11
BKJIJOl.f:aJOT rrpecc. TionywKa nonH11r-.rneTCH, KOJIO.UKa yn11paeTcSI B nepx-
Hne ynopbl, 11 CHH3Y Ha CJJe.u 06yn11 Ha'IHHaeT .uet!CTBOBaTb )laBJICHl1e.
Oocne ycrnHOBJJeHHOH Bb1nep)f(KH peJJe npeMeHH aBTOMaT111.JecK11 BhI-
KJllOl.faeT ceKUHJO. TioKa ontty noJiynapy npeccyJOT, npyryJO ycrnttan-

47
 -
••
0

a 6

P11c. 2.35. OpecchI qmpMhI Hardo:

a - Super Classic; 6 - Rustic Orthop1idie

nttBaJOT BO BTOPYJO ceKUttlO. Pa6oTaTh MO)l(HO KaK noo'-lepe.nHo, TaK H

O.UHOBpeMeHHO Ha ,n:Byx CeKUH5IX.
MaWHHbl ,!J,JUI npHKpem1eHHSI no.nowe f803.ll)IMH. no.nOllIBbl H no.n-
MeTKH npttKpenn5IIOT K cne.ny 3aT5IHYTOH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa Ha MallJ1rnax
ACf-19 (Pocc115I), 04106/P2 (qextt5I), a TaK)l(e Ha nHeBMarn'-leCKHX
aBTOMaTax Mini (pttc. 2.36, a) tt Soler Ha crni1Ke (puc. 2.36, 6) qmp-
MhI Hardo. MaKCHMMhHaH .nmrna Ja6HBaeMhIX rnOJnei1: 25 MM.
06opy.noeauue .IJ.JIH npnCTpa•meaunH no.nome OllHOHHTO'IHbIM meoM.
CTo,n:OillBhl 113 HaTYpMhHhIX H HCKYCCTBeHHhIX KO)!( npHCTpa'-IHBalOT K
cne.ny JarnHyrOH o6yau O,IlHOHHTO'-IHbIM uenHbIM WBOM Ha npOWHB-
HhIX Mawtrnax nHK (Pocctt5I), 03012/P2 M 03012/P3 qmpMhl ZPS-SM
tt KT-80 qmpMhI Hardo. Ha Maunrnax BOJMO:>KHa o6pa6oTKa Bcex BHAOB
MY:>KCKOH, :>KeHCKOH H .neTCKOH o6yatt.

48
 a

Pnc. 2.36. CTtteBMaTw1ecK11e aBTOMaTbI ,11,1u1 np11KpeID1eHH5! no.uolllBbI rno3~MH

cfmpMbI Hardo:
a - Mini; 6 - Soler Ha crnifKe

Maunrna KT-80 (p11c. 2.37) c .llJIHHHbIM poroM HBJrneTCH Ha116onee

y1rnsepCMbHOH 113 Bcex nepellHCJieHHbIX: npHMeHHeTCH .ua:>Ke ,llJIH np11-
CTpalJ11BaHH5! no.uourn canor c roJieHHI.IJ;aMH BbICOTOH .uo 50 CM. ITo.uo-
WBbI npHlllHBaIOT CJie.UYJOI.U;HM o6pa30M. Ilo.UHHB npmKHMHYJO Jiam<y,
nonynapy Ha,UeBalOT Ha BepXYllJKY pora MallJHHbl. 3aTeM npmKHMHYJO
nan1<y onycKaIOT Ha nope3J<y no.uolliBbI. Bo speMH pa6oThI MallJHHbI
nonynapy o6yBH no.u.uep:>KttBaIOT o6eHMH pyt<aMH Ha TIOBOpOTHOM pore.
Ocna6JIHH Ha:>KHM Ha ne.nanb, }'MettbrnaIOT qacToTy spaI.IJ;eHHH sana
MaurnHbl H, CJie.UOBaTeJibHO, CKOPOCTb npHCTpa'IHBaHHH, 'ITO o6ner-
'IaeT BbinOJIHem1e onepau1m Ha yqacTKax no.uolliBbI c pe3KHM H3Me-
HetttteM npo¢HJI51, Hanp11Mep B ttocot.ittoH: llacTH. Ilocne np11cTpa'l11-
Bamrn Bcett: TIO.UOUIBbl OCB060)l(llalOT ne.UaJib, OCTattaBJIHBaJOT Marun-
Hy, OTpeJatoT HHTKY y nopeJKH 11 CHHMaIOT nonynapy c pora. U11KJJ
IlOBTOpHeTC51.
JJ.mrna CTe)l(Ka MO:>KeT 6bITb OTperyJIHPOBaHa cneUHaJibHbIM Me-
xattl13MOM. CTpHBO.U MallJHHbl - OT HH.UHBH.UYMhHOfO 3JieKTPO.UBH-
raTeJI51.
06opy.nosauue ,II.JUI npucTpa'IUBaHHSI no.nomB .llByxHHTO'IHLIM IDBOM.
no.uollJBhl npHCTpa'IHBatoT .rrsyxHMTO'IHbIM llJBOM Ha MallJHHaX ST-70,
ST-80, Maxi-Gorn ¢11pMbI Hardo, 550-D <tmpMbI Albeko 11 03036/P2
cl>HpMbI ZPS-SM.
MallittHa ST-80 no3BOJI51eT ClliHBaTb MaTepttaJihI TOJII.IJ;HHOH .uo 27 MM.
TottKHH: y.nrr11tteHHbIH por MaruHHhI Maxi-Gorn qmpMbI Hardo .uaeT

49
Pttc. 2.37. Maumtta KT-80 <lmpMbI Pttc. 2.38. Maumtta 03036/P2 <jmpMbI
Hardo (fepMaHHSI) ZPS-SM (Y:exm1)

B03MO)l(HOCTb o6pa6oTKH BCex BH.ll;OB 06y1m " canor c roJieHHllJ.aMH

BbICOTOH .ll;O 50 CM.
Maunma 03036/P2 (p11c. 2.38) npe.n:ttaJHaqeHa .wrn npttcTpaqttBa-
HH51 TIJIOCKHX no.n:ourn " nonourn c 6opTI1KOM. Y.rvmtteHHhIH por Ma-
llHIHbI naeT B03M0)!(HOCTb npHWHBaTb no.UOWBbl canor c roJieHmuaMH
BblCOTOH 11.0 56 CM. HaH60Jibllla51 TOJllll.HHa CWHBaeMbIX MaTepmlJIOB
18 MM. Maurntta KOMnJieJ<TYeTC51 rpeMSI KOJieHaMH: .zurn np11crpaq1rna-
HH5I nonowB canor; TIOUOIIIB c 6opTHKOM nony60THHOK c OCTPbIM HJIH
T)'IlbIM HOCKOM; no.n:owB c 6opTHKOM 60THHOK; HfOJibHOH nnacnrno:H
M51 npttcTpaq1rnamrn no.nows caH.UaJIHii; npttcnoco6neHtteM M51 Ha-
MOTKM nponHTaHHOH BapoM HHTKH Ha umymo qenHoKa, TpeMSI
HanpaBJI5110lllHMH JianKaMH.
TexttonorttqecKHH npouecc Ha Maurnttax ocyllleCTBmreTCSI cJie-
.llYIOlllHM o6pa30M. Ha)!(ttMaSI tta ne.UaJib, TIO.llHHMaJOT nptt)!(HMHYJO
nanKY " Ha.n:esaIOT Ha por MalllttHhI nonynapy o6yett. 3aTeM ne.UMh
ocso60)1(,lla10T, B peJyllbTaTe qero 11anKa onycKaeTCH 11 npH)!(HMaeT

50
)leTaIIM K pory MalllHHbI. fioBTOPHO Ha)KHMaSI Ha ne;rnJib, BKJIJOl.JaJOT
?JaUI.HHy. Bpama10m.11i1csi por MarnHHbI o6ecne•nrnaeT np11cTpa'IHBaH11e
nonolllBbI Ha 3aKpyrneHHblX yqacTKax. MarnHHbI no3BomuoT npHCTpa-
qHBaTb TIO)IOlllBbl c pa3JIH'IHOH CKOpOCTbJO TpaHcnopnipOBaHmI Ha pa3-
l{blX Y'laCTKaX.
OKOH'IHB npHCTpa'IHBaHHe, ne11anb OCB06o)K,UaJOT, MaWHHa OCTa-
11aBJ111BaeTC5J. 3aTeM, Ha)KHMaH Ha nenanb, TIO.UHMM310T npmKHMHyYO
11anKY, o6pe3aJOT HHTKH H CHHMaJOT c pora o6pa6oTaHHYJO nonynapy
o6}'BH.
MawnHM JJ,JIR OT.lleJIKH 06y1m. KoM6HHHpoBaHHbie MallIHHbI qmp-
MbI Hess: Combi 180-P-ZF-A (p11c. 2.39), Combi 120-P-ZF-H; qm:p-
Mbl Hardo: Caravelle Combi 1308, l 50B, l 75B, l 75CRS H 200CRS,
GP-Combi 130, 140 11 ZF; ¢11pMbI ZPS-SM: 04401/Pl 11 04401/P2
Il03BOJISllOT BbinOJIHSITb BCCb KOMTIJICKC OT)ICJIO'IHbIX, a TaJOKe no.n:ro-
TOBIHCJibHbIX onepauHH. Ka)KllaSI MaWMHa HMeeT CJIC.UyJOlUHe HCTIOJI-
HITTCJlbHbie opraHbI: lllJIHcPOBaJibHble BaJIWKH (IDIH 6eCKOHC'IHblC lllJIH-
<l>oBa.JibHbIC JICHTbI), lllJIHcPOBa.JibHbIM KOJTna'IOK, C.UBOCHHYJO peBOJTb-
BCpHYJO <f>pe3y, lllJIHcPOBaJibHbIM 11 BOHJIO'IHblM TIOJIHpOBO'IHbIH KpyrH,
BOJIOCSIHyJO lUCTKY, TIOJIHpOBa.JibHyJO ycTaHOBKY.
MarnHHbI qmpMbI Hardo npe11HaJHalJeHbl JlJJH BbinOJTHCHMSI cne.n:y-
IOlUHX onepau11H: <f>pe3epOBaHHe ype3a TIO)IOllIB H Ka6JIYKOB; lllJIH¢o-

P11c. 2.39. MaumHa Combi 180-P-ZF-A ¢111pMbI Hess (fepMamrn)

51
 PHc. 2.40. Maurntta Ortho 85 PHc. 2.41. Maunrna Termo Color .ll.JIH
¢mpMhI Hess oKpawHBaHHH ype3a no.nowB H Ka6-
JIYKOB qmpMhI Hardo

Bam1e <t>poHTa Ka6nyi<oB; BJbepoIIurnam1e no.uMeTOK 11 JannaT; WJIH-

<t>oBaHHe no.uoIIrn; 'IHCTKa 11 non11p0Batt11e no.uornB.
.[Lrrsi OT,UeJIKH opTone.u11l.JeCKOH 06y1m npHMeHSIIOT cneuHaJibHbie
MalllHHhI <l>HPMhI Hess (fepMatt11si): Ortho 85 (p11c. 2.40), Ortho 130-P,
Ortho 110-P 11 Ortho V-85-P.
Oco6eHHOcThIO MalllHH SIBJISieTCSI HaJIH'IHe c11cTeMbI nHeBMOtJHCT-
KH co CMeHHblMH <l>HJibTpaMH, KOTOpaSI OTCaCbIBaeT" yJiaBJIHBaeT CTbIJib,
o6pa3YIOIUYIOCSI npH lllJIH<l>oBaHHH.
06opy~oBauue ,Zl,JUI OKpamuBaHHJI ype3a no~OWB H Ka6JIYKOB • .[Lrrsi
OKpalllHBaHHSI ype3a CTOJlOWBbl, a TaIOKe Ka6Jiyi<OB Bcex pa3MepoB "
<t>acoHOB np11MeHS1IOT MalllttHY Termo Color <l>HPMhI Hardo (p11c. 2.41).

rnaea 3
AHATOM"1~ 111 Cl>"13"10110r"1~ H"1>KH"1X KOHE'-IHOCTE&il
'-IEJlOBEKA

3.1. AHaTOMM~eCKOe CTpoeHMe M ct>YHK~MM CTOnbt

CTona 'IeJioBeKa npe.ucTaBJISieT co6m1 opraH onopbI 11 .UBM:>Kemrn,

HMeIOIUHH CJIO)ICHOe CB0,11.tJaToe aHaTOMH'IeCKoe CTpoettHe M xapaKTep-
HYIO <t>opMy.

52
 <l>opMa cronLI. <l>opMy CTOTibI onpe.ne1rneT B3aHMHoe pacnoJIO)l(eHHe
f(OCTeH, CBH30K H MbllllU (pHc. 3.1 ). HH)l(HHH onopttaH noBepxHOCTb
C'f(>Ilbl Ha3bIBaeTCH noiJOUl6eHHOU (nJiaHTapHott), BepXHHH - mbt/lbHOU.
6oKOBbie nosepXHOCTH no.npa3.UeJIHIOT Ha HOpyJICHYIO (JiaTepaJibHYJO)
ti 6 HympeHH1010 (Mem1anbHYJO). BbmeJIHIOT 1rna orne11a cTOnbI - nepe.n-
t1t1H: 11 3ruIHHH. nepellHHM OTlleJI CTOTibl COCTOHT H3 TIJllOCHbl H TiaJib-
ueB, a 3ruIHHH 06pa30BaH KOCTHMH npellTIJllOCHbl. nepe11Hml •rnCTb CTO-
flbl, oco6eHHO B 0611aCTH TiaJibUeB, 6011ee TIO.llBH)l(HaH H C)l(HMaeMaSI,
qeM 3ruIHHSI. no TIOJIO)l(eHHIO nepenttero OT.lleJia CTOTibl OTHOCHTeJibHO
33,llHefO MOryT 6b1Tb npHMbIMH, npHBeneHHblMH H OTBeneHHbIMH.
Ha116011ee lllHpOKOe MecTo nepenttetl •rncTH cTonbI tta3bIBaeTcsi ny'IKu;
OHO COOTBeTCTByeT TIOJIO)l(eHHIO fOJIOBOK TIJllOCHeBblX KOCTetl. Co•rne-
HeHMe nepBOH TIJIIOCHeBOH KOCTH c OCHOBHOM <Panattrott nepBOfO TiaJib-
ua o603Ha':laIOT KaK 6HympeHHUU ny'IOK, a CO':IJieHeHHe TISITOH TIJIIOCHe-
BOU KOCTH c ocHOBHotl <PanattroM: MH3Irnua - KaK HapyJKHbtii ny'loK.
BHYfPeHHHtl nyqoK pacnoJiaraeTcsi tteCKOJibKO Knepe.ntt OT Hap~ttoro.
CaMM BbinyKJiasi 0611aCTb Ha TbIJibHOtt noBepxHOCTH CTOTibI Ha3bIBaeT-
cB noiJbeMoM, a Mecro nepexona CTOTibI B roneHb - czu6oM.
Ha 6oKOBbIX cTopottax 3ruIHett ':laCTM CTOTihI pacnono)l(eHbI BttyTpeH-
HBSI " Hap~HaSI JIO.llbl)l(KM, SIBJISllOlUMeCSI ':laCTSIMH fOJIOBOK 60Jibllle-
H MaJI06epuoBotl KOCTetl: roneHH. Hap~Hasi JIOllhl)l(Ka Haxo11MTCS1 He-
MHOro Htt)l(e BHYTpeHHett. Ha MellHaJibHOtt noBepxttocTM 311op0Botl
CTOTibl 3aMeTHa 11yra BHYTPeHHero npOllOJlbHOfO CBOlla. ,[l,yra Hap~­
HOfO npO.llOJlbHOfO CBO.lla Mettee Bbipa)l(eHa H pacnOJIO)l(etta Ha COOT-
BeTCTBYJOllleH 60KOBOH TIOBepxHOCTH CTOTibl.
Ha cTonax .neTetl .no 3 neT .nyra BHYTPeHHero npo.nonbttoro cBo.na
CJia6o Bblpa)l(eHa HJIH OTCYTCTByeT. 3TO CBSl3aHO c B03paCTHbIMH oco-
6eHHOCTSIMH CTOTibl, KOTOpaSI B o6naCTH cso.na HMeeT )l(HpOBYJO npo-
KJIMKY, HC':le3aIOlllYIO no Mepe poem pe6ettKa.

I
a 6
P11c. 3.1. TioBepxHOCTH cTonb1:
a- Hap}')Kmui; 6- no.uourneHHall; B - BHyrpeHHllll; I - naJJbUb1; 2 - ttap}')KHbIH
llyqoK; 3- Hap}')K:Hall JIO.llbDKKa; 4 - MeCTO crn6a; 5 - TIO.UbeM; 6 - BHyrpeHHllll JIO-
.llbDKKa; 7 - BHyrpeHHHH TIY'JOK

53
 CKeJieT CTOUbI. CKeJieT cTOObI cocTOHT H3 26 KocTett (pttc. 3.2), co-
e.n:11m110m11xcH cycrnBaMH. CKeneT ycnoBHo pa3.n:em1eTCH Ha TPH 0T.n:e-
_r1a: npe.n:nn10ctty, nmorny H nanbUbI (p11c. 3.3). llpean1110cHa o6pa3oBa-
Ha ceMblO KOCUIMH: rnpaHHOH, OHTO'IHOH, na.n:beBHJJ,HOH, KY60B11.U-
HOH H TpeMH KJIHHOBHJJ:HbIMH (nepBoti, BTopol'1 H TpeTbeti, cYHTaH OT
BHyrpeHHero KpaH CTOilbl K Hapj')KHOMy). Tap a H Ha H K 0 c Tb, co-
CT05HUaH H3 ronoBKH, weMKH 11 Tena, 3aHHMaeT npoMe)l(yrOYHOe no-
nmKeHHe Me)l(Jly KOCTHMH roneHH H CTOTibl. B CBH3H c 3THM OHa HMeeT
HaH60JlbWee l{HCno COYneHeHMH c .n:pyrnMH KOCTHMH. BepXHHH YaCTb
Tena rnpaHHOH KOCTH coe.n:11HeHa c 6onbure6epuoBOH KOCTblO roneHH.
Ha BHyrpetttteH: 11 ttapj')KHOM YacTHX Tena pacnono)l(eHbI nnocK11e nno-
manK11 MH coYJietteHHH c cooTBeTCTBYIOllll1Ml1 JIOJlhJ)l(Kal\m. HmKHHH
noBepxHOCTb Tena conp11KacaeTCH c OHTO'IHOH KOCThlO, a ronoBKa Ta-
paHHOH KOCH! - c na.nheBH.llHOH KOCTblO.
Il HT 0 l{ Ha H K 0 CT b - CaMaH KpynHaH KOCTb npe.n:nnlOCHbl, 33.U-
HHH YaCTh KOTopoii: 3aKaHYHBaeTCH MaCCHBHhIM wepoxoBaTbIM 6yrpoM.
B BepxtteH: l{3CTH OHTO'IHOH KOCTH HMeeTCH nnoma.n:Ka MH coe.n:11tte-
Hl1H c rnpaHHOH KOCTbIO, a Ha nepe.n:HeM KOHUe - TIJIOllla,UKa MH

IlpenrrmoCHa

20

12 11 JO 9 8 7 6 5
a

26

Hap)')KHbIM CBOJl
BttyrpeHHHM cBOJl
6

P11c. 3.2. CKeneT (KOCT11) cTOnb1:

a - Bl1Jl CBepxy; 6 - BHJl CHH3y; I - Jl3)lbeBHJIHaH; 2 - rnpaHHaH; 3 - ITHTO'IHaH;
4, 5. 24 - KJIHHOB11JlHhie; 6- 9, 26 - nmoCHeBbie; JO, 13, 18, 22, 23 - OCHOBHbie
cjJanattrn nanhues; 11, 14, 17, 20 - cpentt11e cjlanamw nanbues; 12, 15, 16, 19, 21 -
ttorreBbie cjJanaHrn nanhueB; 25 - ey6oswnttaH

54
p11c. 3.3. YcJJoBHhie orneJJhI cKeJJeTa
CTOnhI (BH)l c6oKy):
1- npe1mmoctta; 2 - rn11octta; 3 -
Da.Jlbllbl

coqJieHemrn c KY60BH11HOH KOCTblO. J] a 11 be B H 11 H a SI K 0 c Tb pac-

nono:>KeHa Ha BH)'TpettHeM Kpae CTOnhL Ee 3a11HS1S1 nonepxttoCTb co-
qneHSleTCSI c fOJIOBKOH TapaHHOH KOCTH. Ha nepe11HeH nonepXHOCTH
pacnoJio:>KeHbI TPH nnoruanKH MSI coemrnemrn c Ka:>KnOH H3 KJIHHO-
BMHhIX KOCTeH. c Hap~HOH CTOpOHbl JianbeBH11H35J KOCTb conpHKaca-
eTCH c KY60BH11HOH. Ha BH)'TpeHHetl noBepxHOCTH 11anbeBI-W:HOH KOCTH
naxonHTCSI 6yrpHCTOCTb, Kornpyio JierKo nporuynaTb. Ky 6 o B H n Ha SI
KO c Tb pacnOJIO:>KeHa Ha Hapy)!(HOM Kpae CTOTibI cnepe11H OT rrnToq-
HOH KOCTH, c Hett OHa coenHHSleTCSI 3anHeH nonepXHOCTblO. Ilepe11HS1SI
noBepXHOCTb CO'lJieHSleTCSI c qeTBepTOH H rnnotl nJIIOCHeBhIMH KOCTSl-
MH, a BH)'TpeHHSISI -- c JianheBHlIHOH 11 TpeTbeH KJIHHOBttnHOH.
K JI H H o B 11 n H hI e K o c T 11 HaxoL(SITCH BnepenH 11anheBHnttoH:, co-
qneHS1S1Ch c Hett 3MHHMH noBepXHOCTHMH. IlepenHHMH noBepXHOCTSIMH
KIDKL(aSI 113 KJIHHOBHL(HbIX KOCTetl CO'lJieHSleTCSI c COOTBeTCTBYJOlUHMH
IlJIIOCHeBbIMH KOCTSIMH. y MaJieHbKOfO pe6eHKa KOCTH npe11nJIIOCHhI,
Ja HCKJIIO'leHHeM rnpaHHOH H TISITO'lHOM, npeL(CTaBJISllOT co6oi1 xpSl-
IUeBhie o6pa30BaHHSI, B KOTOpbIX no Mepe poem nOHBJIHIOTCSI 51npa OKO-
CTeHeHHH. 1'13 HHX Q>opMHpyeTCSI KOCTHbIH CKeJieT. IloJIHOCThlO ero cpop-
MMpOBaHHe 3aKaH'lHBaeTCSI K 18- 20 ronaM.
IlfllOCHQ COCTOHT H3 nSITH nmocHeBblX KOCTeH, C'lHTaSI OT BH)'TpeH-
Hero KpaSI CTOnbI K Hap~HOMy. B K3)((JJ.0H H3 nJIIOCHeBbIX KOCTeH pa3-
JIH'l3IOT OCHOBaHHSI, KOTOpbIMH OHH conpHKacalOTC51 Me)((JJ.y co6otl H c
KOCTHMH npe.rrnJIIOCHbl, lIJIHHHOe TeJIO TpexrpaHHOH cpopMbl H fOJIOB-
KH OKpyr11otl cpopMbl. ITocpe11crnoM roJIOBKH n1110cHeBaH KOCTh co'lJieHS1-
eTcS1 c ocHOBHOH cpaIIattrotl coorneTCTBYIOIUero TiaJihUa. Ha HH)!(Heii
TIOBepxHOCTH fOJIOBKH nepBOH, caMOH KpynHOH KOCTH H3X011SITCSI 11Be
cecaMOBHIIHbie KOCTO'lKH, npencTaBJISllOlUHe co6otl: OKOCTeHeBWHe
cyxo:>K1111HS1.
IlGJlbl(bl o6pa30B3Hbl MeJIKHMH KOCTO'lK3MH - cpaJiaHraMH. y Ka:>K-
L(Oro TiaJibUa, 33 HCKJIIO'leHHeM nepsoro, TaKHX cpaIIaHr TpH: OCHOB-
Hrui:, cpe11HS1H H HOITeBaSI. IlepBbIH naJieu COCTOHT H3 11Byx cpaIIaHr -
OCHOBHOH H HOITeBOH, pacnoJIO)!(eHHhIX non HeKOTOpbIM yrJIOM. <l>a-
JlaHrn OCTaJibHhlX TiaJibUeB TaK)!(e pacnOJIO)!(eHbI He Ha OL(HOM ypoBHe,
TI03TOMy npH CTOSIHHH qeJIOBeK KacaeTCH ITO'lBbI TOJihKO HOITeBbIMH
<l>anaHraMH.
CycTaBbI H CBHJKH CTOUbI. CoenHHSISICb, KOCTH cTonhr 06pa3y10T
137 cycrnBoB paJJIH'lHOH no11BH:>KHOCTH. OcHOBHbie: roJieHoCTOnHhIH
cycTaB, cycTaBhI Me:>Kny KOCTSIMH npe11nJIIOCHhI, npe11nmoctte-nJI10-
cttesh1e, Me)!(nJIIOCHeBbie, nJIIOCHe- H Me:>KcpaJiattroBhre H JJ,p. CycrnBhI

55
yKpenJieHbl 60JibllIMM '-IHCJIOM Me)l(KOCTHbIX TblJibHbIX H no.uowBeH-
HbIX CBSl30K.
Co'-!Jiem1eMhie noBepxttocTH Ka)l(,Uoro cycrnBa noKpbIThI xpmuoM 11
nJIOTHO OXBUTbIB3IOTCSI cyCTaBHOH Kancynotl c BHYTpeHHMM CJIOeM,
BbJpa6aTblB3JOlUMM cneUHaJibHYJO )l(H.UKOCTb.
foJleHOC/11011HblU cycmae srnm1eTCSI O,llHMM H3 caMhIX KpynHhIX no nJJO-
lll3.llH CO'-!JieHSIIOIUMXCSI noBepxHOCTetl. Ott OTHOCHTCSI K CJIO)l(HblM cy-
CTaBaM, TaK KUK o6pa30B3H .llBYMSI KOCTSIMH roJJeHM H rnpaHHOH KOCTbJO.
B tteM ocymecTBJJSIIOTcsr crn6att11e H pa3m6att11e no.uowBhI cTonhI. YK-
pennsieTcsr cycrnB 60KOBbIMl1 CBSl3K3MH, pacnoJIO)l(eHHblMH Ha BHyTpeH-
ttetl 11 ttapy)l(ttotl crnpottax.
floiJmapaHHblU, HJIM mapaHH0-11Rl1101JHO-JIQObe6UOHblU, cycrnB TaK)l(e
OTHOCHTCSI K 4MCJIY CJIO)l(HblX - B HeM coe,llMHSllOTCSI TPH KOCTH. Co-
'-!Jlettemrn HMeIOT rnapoBH.llHYJO u 3JIJJHncoBH.UHYJO ¢opMbl. B ::noM cy-
CTaBe BbinOJIHSllOTCSI np1rne.neHHe H OTBenettHe CTOnhI, a TaK)l(e ee cynH-
H3UHSI 11 npottau11sr. Optt c y n 11 Hau 1111 cTona pa3Bopa'-!11BaeTcs1
BHYTPh, ee BHYTpeHHHH Kpati no.utt11MaeTcsr, a ttap~HhIH onycKaeTcs1.
Optt n po Hau 1111 cTona pa3sopa'-IHBaeTcsr ttap~y, ee BHYTpeHHHi1
Kpatf onycKaeTcsr, a Hapy)l(Hhrtt no.UHHMaeTcsr (p11c. 3.4). KaK npaBHJIO,
.UBM)l(eHHSI B roJJeHOCTOnHOM l1 no.urnpaHHOM cycrnaax npoMCXOilSIT 0,UHO-
BpeMeHHO. <PopMa CO'UleHSIIOW.MXCSI noBepXHOCietf KOCTeti B nonrnpaH-
HOM cycrnBe MHOroo6pa3Ha, c YeM CBSl3brB3JOT o6pa30Battne HH,lll1BM-
IlYaJibHOH ¢opMbI CTOilbl, KOTOpasr B HOpMe MO)l(eT HMeTb pa3JJH'-!Hb!e
BapwaHTbl pacnoJIO)l(eHMSI nsrTO'-IHOH KOCTH l1 nepe.n:ttero OT,UeJia.

Pttc. 3.4. noJIO)KeHHe CTOnbI: Pttc. 3.5. CycTaBbl crnnb1:

I - HCXOllHOe; 2 - np11 np11seneHlll1 1- Wonapa; 2-J111ccjJpaHKa
(cymrnawrn); 3 - np11 orneneH1111 (npo-
Hawrn)

56
 0CTaJibHbJe cycTaBbl npe.nrnIIOCHbl Ma.JIOTIO.UB11)((Hbl, OHH 11MelOT
JJJIOCKYIO cl>opMy 11 yKpenJTeHbl npotIHbIMH CBH3KaMH, pacnoJTO)((eHHbIM11
J{C TOJlbKO Ha TblJlbHOH 11 no.nowneHHOH CTOpottax CTOTibl, HO 11 BHYT-
pll HeKOTOpbIX cyCTaBOB.
TapaHHO-JTa.nbeBH.UHhii111 nHTO'IHo-Ky6ommttbIH cycTaBhI tta3bIBaIOT
nonepelfHbt.M cycmaeo,H npeon110C11bt Hm1 cycmaeoAt llionapa, a rpynny
J{3 Tpex cycrnBOB Me)((lly npe.nnJTIOCHOM 11 nJTIOCHOH - cycmaBOAt Jluc-
rjJpaHKG (p11c. 3.5).
0JTIOCHeq>aJTaHroBbie cycTaBbl o6pa30BaHbl roJTOBKal\111 TIJTIOCHeBbJX
KOCTeH H OCHOBaHl1HMl1 Q>aJTaHr TiaJTbUeB. 0Hl1 11MeIOT wapOB11.UHYIO
¢opMy, B H11X npo11cxonHT crn6att11e 11 pa3rn6att11e, a TaK)((e np11se.ne-
HHC H orne.nemre He60JTbWOH aMTIJT11TY.Ubl.
Me)((q>aJiaHrOBbie cycrnBbI ttaxo.nHTCH Me)((lly ¢anattraM11 naJThues.
B Hl1X ocymecnrnHIOTCH cm6amre 11 pa3rn6att11e.
CB0.11.bl CTODbl. KocT11 CTOnhI, coe.n11tteHHb1e cycrnBaMH, o6pa3yIOT
CBO,ll,tiaryIO ¢opMy, BbinYKJTOCTblO o6pameHHYIO KBepxy (p11c. 3.6). Ta-
Koe CTpOeHHe CTOTibl HMHeTCH O.UHOH 113 oco6eHHOCTeH onopHO-,ll,Bl1ra-
TCJlbHOro annaparn tieJToneKa. B yKpenJTeHHH 11 no.n.uep)((aH1111 ¢opMbI
CBO,ll,013 npHHHMaIOT yYaCTHe 6oJiee 60 CBJI30K, pacnOJTO)((eHHbIX Ha ee
Tbmhttoi-1 11 no.nowsettttotl: nosepxttocrnx.
B CTone npHHHTO pa3JIHtiaTh TpH cso.na: .rrsa npo.noJibHhIX (BHYTPeH-
HHH 11 Hap~HhIH) 11 on11H nonepeYHhIH.
BHympeHHUii 11pooo11bHbtii ceod - peccopHbIH, OH o6pa3oBaH nHTOlI-
HOH, TapaHHoi-1, JTanhen1111Hoi1, KJTl1HOB1111HhIMH, nepnotf-TpeTbett nJIIO-
ctteBbIMH KOCnil\111. 3a C'lCT 60JibWOro 'lHCJia no.UB11)((H0 COlIJICHCHHblX
KOCTetl: BHyTpeHHHi1 npo.noJihHbIH CBO.U cnoco6eH npOTHBOCTOHTb ttarpy3Ke,
T. e. coxpaHHTb onpe.neJTeHHyIO BbICOTY H npenHTCTBOBaTh CHillKeHHIO CBO-
.UOB (npo.noJThHOMY pacnJTaCTbIBaHHIO). BepwHHott BHYTPCHHero npo.noJih-
Horo csona HMHeTcH HH)((HMi-1 Kpal1 rnpaHHo-JTanbeBI1.llHOro cycrnsa.
ToYKa nepeceYemrn oc11 roneH11 c .nyroi1 BHYTPCHHero npo.noJibHO-
ro CBo.na, qepe3 KOTOPYIO Ha CTony .nei1CTBYCT Macca Tena, pacnoJIO-
)f(eHa He Ha cepenHHe .nyrn, a 6JTH)((e K TIHTO'lHOH KOCTH. Op11tieM c
POCTOM lJCJTOBeKa 3Ta TO'!Ka BCC
6onee OTO.UBlffaCTCH K3a,UH.
Hapy:>1cHb1Lt 11podo11bHbtii ceoo co-
CTOHT 113 nHTOlIHOH, KY60BH.UHOH,
'IernepToii 11 nHTOl1 TIJTIOCHeBblX
ICOcTei1. Cno.n HBJIHeTcH onopHbIM,
1UI11 rpy30BblM. OH MeHee no.nim-
)f(eH, tieM peccopHbIH, 11 cnoco6eH
BbJJ:I:ep)((l1BaTb 3Ha'lHTCJibHblC Ha- 1
rpy3KH npH CTOHHl111 11 XO.Ub6e.
2
Bepumtta Hapy)((HOro npo.noJihHO-
ro CBO.na HaXO.UHTCH B 06JTacn1
liH)f(ttero KpaSI TIHTO'lHO-KY60Bll.U- Pttc. 3.6. npollOJlbHbte Cl301lbl CTOnbt:
lioro cycrnsa. 1- Hap)')KHbiii; 2 - BHyrpeHHl1i1

57
 McTHHHYIO BbICOTY BHYTpeHHe-
ro H Hapy)f(HOro npOllOJlbHblX CBO-
noB MO)f(HO onpeneJIHTb TOJlbKO Ha
pCHTreHorpaMMe CTOflbl B 6oKOBOH
npoeKUHH, H3MepHB Bh!COTY OT
nJIOCKOCTH onopbi no HH)f(Hero
P11c. 3.7. Donepe'IHblM rno.u KpaSI cooTBeTCTBy10wero cycrnBa.
KocBeHHO cynSIT o BhICOTe BHYT-
peHHero nponOJibHOro CBona no paCCTOSIHHlO no 6yrpHCTOCTH JlaD.b-
CBHnHOH KOCTH OT nJIOCKOCTH onOpbi. a Ta!OKe no OTne'-!aTKaM CTOnhI
(nJiaHrnrpaMMaM).
flonepe'IHbtiJ° ceoa (pHC. 3.7) Hatt60Jiee OT'-!eTJIHBO Bhipa)f(eH B 06Jia-
CTH KJIHHOBHnHblX, Ky6oBttnHoi1 H OCHOBaHHH nJIIOCHeBhIX KOCTeH.
OpocJie)f(ttBaeTCSI OH 11 B o6JiaCTH Ten nn10cHeBhlX KocTei1. Ha ypoBHe
roJIOBOK nJIIOCHeBhix KOCTei1 nonepe'-!HOro cBona HeT. Bee roJJOBKH
nJJIOCHeBhIX KOCTeH Y'faCTBYIOT B onopc Ha OllHOM ropH30HTaJJhHOM
ypoBHe.
PaccMaTp1rnaTh csonhI cTonhI KaK caMocTOS1TeJJhHh1e 3JieMeHThI MO)f(-
HO TOJihKO ycnoBHO. B netfcTBHTeJihHOCTH 3Ttt CTPYKTYPHhie o6pa3osa-
HHSI TecHo CBSI3aHh1 11 cj)yHKU110HHpYIOT KaK enttHhlH opraH. B nonnep-
)f(aHHH ero CB01l1IaTOH cj)opMhl BenywaSI pOJJh np1rnallJle)f(l1T CBSl3KaM.
nonowBeHHOMy anoHeBp03y 11 cyXO)f(l1Jll1SIM MhIWU, pacnoJiaraIOlll,HM-
CSI Ha CTOne.
Mb11Uu,b1 CTOnb1. llBtt)f(eH11S1 cTonhI ocywecTBJISIIOTCSI c noMOlllhIO
Mb!WU, KOTOph!e MO)l(HO pa3neJil1Tb Ha MblWUhl, nepeX01lSllll,11e c roJie-
Hl1 Ha CTony, 11 MhIWUbl co6CTBeHHO CTOnhI.
MblUIU,bl, uayUJ,ue c 20JleHU HO cmony, no nOJIO)l(eHl1IO Ha COOTBeT-
CTBYIOUJeH noBcpxHOCT11 roneH11 nonpaJneJJSIIOT Ha nepenHIOIO, 3an-
HIOIO 11 Hap)')KHYIO rpynnhl.
Oo xapaKTepy OCHOBHhIX BMnOB BhinOJIHSleMhlX 1lBl1)1(eHHH MO)f(HO
BhI]leJJHTb MblUIU,bl-CW6ame!IU, MblUIU,bl-p032U6ameJIU, Otn600RUJ,Ue Mb/Ul-
11,bl (a6nyKTOph1), npueoaaUJ,ue MblUIU,bt (annYKTOPhI), a TaJOKe cynu11a-
mopbl 11 npoHamopbt. MHome MhIWUhI roJieH11 onHonpeMeHHO np11H11-
Ma10T y'IaCT11e B pa3Jil1'-!HblX 1lBl1)1(eHl1SIX CTOnhI.
MhlWUbI, 11nyw11e no 3anHei1 noBepxHOCTl1 roJieH11, B OCHOBHOM
SIBJJSllOTCSI MhIWU.aMtt-cm6aTeJISIMl1 CTOnbI. fJiaBHaSI MblWUa-cm6aTeJih
CTOnhI - mpex211aeaR Mb/UIU,0 WfleHU, COCTOSIUJaSI 113 11KPOHO)l(HOH 11
KaM6aJJOBH1lHOH. 11KpOHO)l(HaSI MhIWUa SIBJISleTCSI .n,nycyCTaBHOH, T. e.
OHa onHOBpeMeHHO cm6aeT CTony B roJJeHOCTOnHOM cycTaBe 11 roJieHh
B KOJieHHOM cyCTaBe. 06wee cyXO)l(MJIHC llJl51 HKpOHO)f(HOH H KaM6aJJO-
Bl1nHOH MhlWU npttKpCnJI5teTC51 K 6yrpy nSITO'-IHOH KOCTl1 11 Ha3hIBaeT-
C51 OXUJIJI06b/M.
MhIWUhI, nepexonS1w11e Ha ThIJJ CTOnbI c nepe.n,Hei1 nonepxHOCT11
roJieHH, B OCHOBHOM 51BJJSllOTC51 pa3m6aTeJIS1MH CTOnhI H naJJhUeB.
Cpentt MhIWU cynttHaTopon cTonhI Ha1160Jihwei1 aKT11BHOCThlO 06-
JianaioT 3aD.HSISI 60JibWe6epuoBa51 MhIWUa, KOTOpaSI O]lHOBpeMeHHO cm-

58
6aeT cTony 11 JlCiicrnyn 1--:aK a,utyKTop, a T~ll~>Kc nepentt5UI 6onhwe6ep-
uoBafl MblUJU<l, HBJJHl{)!H3HCH OilHOBPC\lCHHO pa3rn6aTeneM. CyxmKH-
JI»IO 3anttei1 60JlbUIC6cpuonoH MblllJUbl OTBOJlHTC51 OCHOBHa51 pOJlb B
yi<pennctt1111 npoJIOJibttoro rnona crnnhI. K npott11py10UIHM cTony MhIW-
uaM OTHOC5ITCH KOPOTKa5J 11 .llJ111HHa51 Ma1106cpu0Bhle, KOTOpblC pacno-
JiafaJOTC51 tta 11aTepanbHOH noncpxttocT11 ro11ctt11. OnttonpcMCHHO c
npoHHPYIOliH1M B03JlCHCTBHCM OHH crn6aJOT nonowny CTOnhI 11 OTBO-
.wrr ee. KpoMc Toro, cyxo>K111111c .llJ111HHoi1 Mano6epuonoi1 MhIWUhI yK-
peWIRCT nonepe4Hhn1 rnon crnnhr. Cuna l\tbIWU-crn6aTeJiei1 CTOnbI npe-
aocxon11T c1rny MhIUIU-pa3rn6aTeJiei1, a c1111a cyn11ttaTopon 3Ha'-111Te11h-
HO npeBblWHCT Cl1JlY npoHaTopOB. 00'.HOMY CTona CD511UCfO '-ICJlOBCKa
H3XO.U11TCH B noJio)l(ett1111 nonournettttoro crn6att11H 1111erKoi1 cymrna-
mm. TaKyJO >Ke QlOPMY Otta 11MCCT Ha CTa.lll1l1 BHyTpl1yTp06Horo pa3Bl1-
Tfff! 11 Y fPY.llHblX JICTCH.
Co6cmee11110 .MbtlllU,bt cmonbt pa3ne11moT Ha MhIWUhI TbIJlhHOH 11 no-
.nowBettttot\ nonepxttocTctt. Ha TbIJlbHOH nonepxttocT11 pacnoJio)l(eHhI
rnaBHhIM o6pa3oM KopoTKHe pa3rn6aTe1111 nanbuen. Ha nonownettHOH
noBepxHOCTH Mblllillbl JICHCTBYJOT KaK crn6aTCJll1 (crn6aTCJ!b naJibUCB,
KBanpaTHa51 MblWUa no,llOWBbI, 4CpBeo6pa3HblC Mbllllllbl CTOnhI) l1Jll1
r<aK np1rnonm101e l1 OTBO.ll5Illl11C Mbllllllbl (MC)l(KOCTHbIC Mbllllllbl CTOnbl,
MbIWUa, OTBO.ll5lllla51 60JibWOH naneu, MhlWUa, OTBOJl5IUia51 Ml13l1HCU,
H .up.). KpoMe Toro, Ha nonowncHHOtt noBcpxttocTH CTOnh1 pacno110-
)l(CHO cyxO)l(l1JlbHO-MblUIC'-IHOC o6pa30BaHHC - anOHCBP03, KOTOphIH
MOUIHbIM CTBOJlOM OTXOJlHT OT nHTO'-IHOH KOCTH, a 3aTeM pa3,llCJ15ICTC5!
Ha nyqKOBYJO l.JaCTb COOTBCTCTBCHHO nanhUaM.
<l>yttKU.HH CTOTihI. Oco6ettHOCTH attaTOMH'-lecKoro CTpoeHHH cKe11ern
H CB51304HO-MblWC'-IHOfO annapaTa CTOnhI 06ecne'-111BaJOT ee H3.JlC)l(HOe
cpyttKUHOHMpOBaHHC. CTona BhlnOJIH5ICT TpH OCHOBHbIC <l>YHKUHH: pec-
COpHyJO, 6aJiaHcHpOBO'-IHYJO 11 TOJl'-IKOBYJO.
non peccop11otl <l>YHKUHCH nOHHMaJOT cnoco6HOCTb CTOOhI K coxpa-
HCHMJO cnon'-!aTotl cl>opMbI non nei1crn11eM ttarpy3Kl1 np11 CTOHHHH 11 K
aMopnnau1rn TOJll.J:KOB np11 X0Jlb6e, npH'-ICM c POCTOM ttarpy3KH co-
npoTHBJlCHHC HapacTaeT. 4aCTO np11 naTOJl0fHl1 CTOnbI ee peccopHaH
¢YHKUHH HapywaeTCH, crnna TCp5IeT CBOIO CBOJI.lfaTYJO cl>opMy, T. e. pac-
nnacThIBaeTC51 B npOJIOJlbHOM llJll1 nonepClfHOM HanpaBJICHl111.
E{J//aHcupoeolf11aR <l>YHKUHH cTonbl 3aKJIJO'-!aeTcH B n0Mep)l(att1111 pan-
Honec1151 11, CJlC.llOBaTeJlhHO, BCpTl1Ka}IbHOfO nOJlO)l(CHHH TeJia np11 CTO-
HHHH H XO.Jlb6e. BhmOJIHCHl1e 3TOi1 Q)YHKUl1l1 TCCHO CB513aHO c B03M0)1(-
HOCTHMI1 cyn11ttau1111 11 npo1-1au1111 CTODbl np11 CTOHHHH l1 .ll.Bl1)1(CHI1l1.
Cyn11Hau11H 11 npottau11H npo11cxonHT B no.uTapattHOM 11 nonepelfHOM
cycTanax npenn11JOCHh1 11 06ecne'-!11BaJOTCH tteo.u11HaK0Boi1 no.UBH)l(HO-
cThJO nJIJOCHCBbIX KOCTCH. CaMor1 ManononBH)l(HOH HBJlHeTcH BTopaH
IUnocHCBa51 KOCTb, OCTaflbHbIC 0611anaJOT .ll.OCTaTO'IHO Bhipa)!(eHHOH
non:n11)1(HOCThJO. TaKHM o6pa30M, .llJlH coxpattettHH pallHonec1151 noKpyr
BTopot:\ nJlJOCHCBOH KOCTH KpaHHl1C nJIJOCHCBble KOCTl1 .JlOJl)l(Hhl JlBl1-
raTbC51.

59
 Tofl'IKoeaR ¢YHKU1rn CTOnbI Heo6xon11Ma JlJUl np11JJaH11H ycKopeHm1
TeJTy np11 XO)lb6e. 0Ha npOHBJT5IeTCH npH B3aHMO)leHCTBl111 CTOnbI c
nnocKoCThIO onophI. HapywcHHe 3TOH ¢YHKU1111 Ha116onee Bbipa)l(eHo
np11 YMeHbWeHMH nnow:an11 onopHoH nonepxHOCTH CTOnbI.
CToauue, xo.11.b6a, 6er. Ecn11 '-!eJToBeK CTOHT CMMMeTpH'-IHO, TH)l(ecn,
TCJTa pacnpenenHeTCH panHoMepHo Ha o6e CTOnhI. Dp11 3TOM Ha 3an-
Hl1H OT)leJT npl1X0Jll1TCH OKOJTO 60 % MaCCbl Tena, a Ha nepe)lHHH -
OKOJTO 40 %, np11'-leM B nepenHeM OT)leJTe MaKC11MaJTbHO Harp~aeTC51
rononKa nepnotl: nn10cHeBoi1 KOCTH. Harpy3Ka Ha cTony np11non11T K
yBeJTH'-!eHMIO ee )lJTl1Hbl Ha 2- 3 MM H o6xBaTa CTOnhI B ny'-!KaX Ha
7-9 MM.
Dp11 croHH1111 06w:11H: ueHTP Macchi Tena B3pocnoro '-leJToBeKa pacno-
JIO)l(eH Ha ypoBH·e OT nepnoro no nmoro KpeCTUOBoro no3BOHKa. B HmK-
HMX KOHe'-!HOCTHX OTBCCHaH JTl1Hl1H ueHTpa MaCCbl npOXOJll1T nnepe)lH
oc11 KOJTeHHoro cycrnna 11 npocu11pyeTCH Ha cTony Knepen11 or roJTeHo-
CTOnHoro cycrnna Ha 30-40 MM. OT npoeKUHM ueHTpa Macchi Tena Ha
nJIOW:aJJh onopbI CTOnhI 3an11c11T paBHOBec11e '-!enoneKa. Korna cro npo-
CKUHH BblXO)ll1T 3a paMKH nnow:an11 onopbl, paBHOBec11e HapywaeTCH
H '-ICJTOBeK MO)l(eT ynaCTb, ecJT11 HC cyMeeT BOBpeMH CKOOpJlHHHPOBaTh
cnoe noJTO)l(em1e.
B xonh6e np11H11Ma10T yYacT11e no'!TH nee MhIWUbI '!eJToBe'!ecKoro
TeJTa, HO rnaBHaH Harpy3Ka npHXOJlHTCH Ha Ta3 11 HH)l(HJ1e KOHe'!HOCTl1.
Xonb6a '!eJToBeKa xapaKTep113yeTCH '-!epenonaHHeM nepHOJlOB onopbI H
nepeHoca Ka)!(UOH Horn, KOTOpbie nOBTOpHIOTCH '!epe3 np116mt3HTCJTb-
HO paBHhie HHTepBaJTbl BpeMeHl1.
OnopHbIH nep110.n cocTaBJTHeT OKOJTo 65 %, a nepeHOCHhIH - 35 %
npo.noJT)l(HTCJThHOCTH wara. Ha'!aJTOM onopHoro nep11ona HBJTHeTCH y.nap o
nJTOCKOCTb onopbi nHTKOH Bb!HeCeHHOH Bnepe.n KOHe'!HOCTH (pHC. 3.8, a).
3TOT MOMCHT Ha3bIBaeTCH nepedHUM lnOJ/'IKOM. 3aTeM no.nowneHHaH
noBepxHOCTb CTOfibI BKJTIO'!aeTCH B npouecc, 'ITO o603Ha'IaeTCH KaK
nepeKam '!epe3 CTony: CHa'-!aJTa Harpy3Ka npHXOJJHTCH Ha nHTKY, a no-
TOM pacnpoCTpaHHeTCH Ha BCIO CTOny (pHC. 3.8, 6, e). Dep110.n Harpy3-
KH Ha BCIO CTOny, COCTaBJTHIOWHH OKOJTO 30 % npo.noJT)l(HTeJTbHOCTH
wara, xapaKTep113yeTCH JlByxonopHbIM BpCMeHeM, T. e. O)lHOBpeMeH-
HblM Y'-JaCTHeM B onope 06c11x cTon. TiepcKaT '!epe3 crony 3aKaH'!HBa-

a 6 e 2 a e
P11c. 3.8. <!>aJbI wara:
a - nepenH11l1 TOJJ'loK; 6-i! - nepeKaT •1cpe3 crnny; iJ - JanHtttt TOJJ'loK: e - nepe-
HOCHbitt neptton wara: J1C - Ha'laJJO c11eny10wero wara

60
efCj{ onopotf Ha Bee TO'IK11 nepenHero oTnena CTonhI: roJTOBKH nmo-
cJieBbIX KOCTdi 11 HOCOK (p11c. 3.8, 2). B KOHUe ct>a3bl onopbl TCJTO OTTaJl-
JOIBaeTCjl nnepen 11 1mepx 3a c'!eT MOIUHoro aKTHBHoro cm6amrn cTo-
nbI, CTaBilleH «3allHeH» KOHe'!HOCThlO. 3TOT MOi\leHT Ha3bIBaeTC5J 300-
HUM mO/llfKOM (p11c. 3.8, iJ), nocne Hero CJTenycT 11epe11oc11b/U 11epuor)
(pnc. 3.8, e). OH 3aneprnaeT no11H1>111 UMKJT mara. C11eny10m11i1 war BHOBb
J{a'lttHaeTC5J nepenHl1M TQJ]lJKOM (p11c. 3.8, ;J/C).
Xonh6a 1110netf pa3HhIX nonono3pacTHhIX rpynn p<l311WJaeTc5J. TaK,
xo.nb6Y )l(eHJlll1H OTJTl1'!aJOT nerKOCTb 11 rpaUl103HOCTb, 'ITO CB5!3aHO c
yMeHbllleHl1eM BpeMeH11 onopbl Ha BCIO CTony H 6onec 6bJCTpb!M nepe-
l(aTOM '!epe3 nepenHMH OTnen.
TlepeKaT qepe3 CTOJTY y )l(eHJllHH B OCHOBHOM HlleT B TaKOH noc11eno-
BaTCJlbHOCTl1: nHTKa - fOJTOBKa nepnof1 nmocHeBoii KOCTl1- HOCOK-
fOJIOBKa nHTOH nJIJOCHeBOH KOCTl1. TaKOH Tl1TI TIOX01lKI1 H33bIBaJOT B<Ulh-
rycHhIM. Y MY)l(l!HH noc11e TI5JTKl1 BKJIJO•rneTCH n onopy ro110BKa nHTOH
nmocHeBOH KOCTl1 - HOCOK - roJIOBKa nepBOH TIJllOCHeBOH KOCTH.
TaKotf Tl1n noxonK11 Ha3hIBaJOT napycHhIM.
Y MaJieHhKHX neTei1 ncrpe'laeTCH «rn11enaJOwaH» noxonKa 113-3a npaK-
Til'ICCKH 01lHOBpeMeHHOro BKJIJO'!eHH5! B onopy BCeX TO'ICK nonowneH-
HOH nonepxHocn1 CTOTihl.
Eer OTJIH'!aeTC5J OT X01lh6bI TeM, lJTO OTCTaBJleHHaH Ha3an Hora OT-
TaJIK11BaeTC5! OT 3eMJTl1 Cl1JThHee, a 3aTeM nenaeT Ill11pOKoe Maxonoe
,nBIDKeH11e, yc111111naJ01uee nei1crn11e 3anHero To11•1Ka BTOpoi1 Hom. Tlp11
6ere o6e Hom Hl1Korna He np11KacaJOTC5J K onope onHonpcMeHHO 11
eCTh MOMeHThl, KOf)la H11 OllHa 113 HOr He np11KacaeTC5J K 3eMJTe. 0Hl1
HaJbIBaJOTCH QJa3aM11 no11ern.

3.2. Pa3Mepbt CTOnbt 111 roneH11t. Cnoco6b1 lllX 11t3MepeH11tfl

IIapaMeTpLI cTonLI. l1x 113Mep5IIOT c pa3HbIMH uenHMH. 1J,Jl51 pa3-

pa6oTKl1 Tl1TIOpa3MepoB 06yn11 11 npoeKT11POBaHl15! KOJT01lOK Heo6xo-
AHMbl MaCCOBbie 06Mepbl 3JlOPOBhlX 11JTl1 naTOJIOrH'ICCKl1 113MeHeHHhIX
crorr. CTony KOHKpeTHOro qe11oneKa 113Mep5IIOT np11 113roToBJJeH1111 06yB11
OpTorre,n11'1eCKOH 11 no 11Hlll1Bl11lYMhHOMY 3aKa3y.
Ha cTone 113MepHIOT 11u11eu11b1e (ll1111Ha, w11p11Ha, nhicorn), 06be.MHb1e
H Yi!ll06bte pa3MepbI. 1J,Jl11Hy 11 u111p11Hy CTOTihl 113Mep5IIOT CTOnoMepOM
KOHCTPYKU1111 JO. n. 3bI611Ha- B. K. MaKap11'leBOlI, a BblCOTY - BhICO-
TOMepoM. 06beMHbie napaMeTpbl CTOTihl onpeneJIHIOT rn6KOH Hepacrn-
)JQ{Moi1: 11eHTOH c M11111111MeTpOBhIMl1 ne11eH11HM11. YrnoBbie napaMeTphr
(yroJI OTKJIOHeHl15! nepBoro nanhua, yroJI OTKJIOHeH115J TI5ITKl1 11 T. n.)
H3Mep5IJOT yrnoMepoM ll115l oueHKH CTeneHH ne¢opMau1111 CTOTihI.
IlapaMeTpbl aHaTOMH'ICCKl1X TO'ICK 3aMep5IJOT B npm.rnyroJThHOH
CHCTeMe KOOP.Ul1HaT, T. e. B Cl1CTeMe nocTpOeHl15! KOJlOllOK.
U:enecoo6pa3HO H3MepHTh cTonhI 06e11x Hor, TaK KaK '!aCTO npanaH
11 JieBa5! CTOnhI 11MeJOT pa3Hble pa3MCpbl 11 CTpoeH11e. Tlp11 l13MepeH1111

61
l.JeJIOBeK .UOJDKeH CT05!Tb TaK, l.JT06bl Harpy3Ka Ha o6e HOnl 6bIJia paB-
HOMepHOH.
OcHoBHbIMH pa3MepHbIMl1 npH3HaKaMH CTOnhI, KOTOpbre H3Mep5!-
IOT OT HaH60Jiee BbICTyna10w:ei1 TOl.JKH 9 (pHC. 3.9) 05!TKH, 5!BJl5!IOTC51:
.ilJIHHa JI. CTOObl - paccT05!HHe .no HaH60Jiee y.naneHHOH TOl.JKH 3
Ha nepBOM HJIH BTOpOM OaJibUe;

4 ~------+-----< On.e

~---+-----; OH.M

P11c. 3.9. OcHOBHhIC aHTponoMeTpw1ecK11e TO'IKH CTOnhJ (a), JJl1Hl111 o6Mepa

CTOnhl 11 roJICHl1 (6):
I- UCHTP BHyrpeHHei1 JJOnbDKKH; 2- ueHTP rDJ10DKl1 nepnoi1 nJJIOCHeDOH KOCTH; 3-
Ha116onee ynaneHHaH TO'IKa Ha nepnoM 11n11 DTopoM nanbue; 4- KOHeu nsiToro nanbua:
5- ueHTp fOJlODKH nHTOH nJJIOCHCDOH KOcrn; 6- cepen11Ha llJ111Hbl CTOnbI; 7- TO'IKa
crn6a CTOnbI; 8- UCHTP Hap}')KHOH JlOnbDKKH; 9- Ha116onee DbinyKJJaSI TO'IKa nSITKH:
A- Ha116onee DbICrynalO!llaSI TO'IKa nHTKl1 CTOnbI; E- Ha1160Jlee DbICrynaIO!llaSI TO'IKa
Ha nepDOM HJlH DTOpOM nanbue CTOnbI; B- TO'IKa crn6a CTOnbI; r- TO'IKa cepenHHbl
CTOnb1; fl - AE - D.H1111a crnnbI )I.; AB- paccTOHHHe no
TO'IKa ny'IKODOH 'laCTH crnnb1;
ocenoi1 n11111111 no TO'IKH crn6a cTOnbI B (AB= 0,41,D,); Afl - paccrnHHHe no ocenoii
JlHHHH no TO'IKH cepenHHbl nY'!KOD fl (A fl = 0, 72,9,); llf1 - ll!HpHHa nHTKH; llf2 -
ll!HpHHa nY'IKOD; h, - DbICOTa no TO'IK11 non'beMa CTOnbI; hi - DbICOTa no TO'IKH crn6a
CTOnbI; h3 - DblCOTa no HH)((HCH TO'IKl1 11ap}')KHOtt nonbDKKH: h4 - DblCOTa no HaHMeHb-
!llero o6xnarn roJJeHH HM nonbI)((KaMH; hs - DbICOTa no Hm1<11ero Kpasi l!KpOHO)((HOH
Mblll!UbI; h6 - DbICOTa no MCCTa Hal160Jlbll!Cro o6'bC'la HKPOHO)((HOtt Mblll!UbI; h7 -
DblCOTa no nonKOJleHHOtt DnMHHbI; On<!i - 06XD3T B nJJIOCHe<flanaHroDOM CO'IJleHeHHH;
Oc.c - 06XD3T 'lepC3 CCpen11Hy CTOnbI; 0, - KOCOtt 06XB3T 'lepe3 crn6 11 nSITcy; 0,._,. -
o6xnaT Ha116onee yJKoro MeCTa roneH11; 0 11 K - o6xnaT HH)((Hero Kpasi 11KpOHO~Hott
Mblll!UbI; o... ,. - o6xsaT HKpOHO)((HOtt Mblll!Ubl D Ha116once ll!HpOKOM MeCTe; 011.B -
o6xBaT o6JlaCTH nonKoJleHHOtt nnanHHbl

62
 pacCT05IHl1e JJR.n .ll,O ueHTpa BTOpOH fOJTOBK11 nepBOH nmocHeBOH
[{OCTH (BHyrpeHHero nyqKa);
paCCT05IHl1e Jf 11.n .uo ueHTpa 5 fOJTOBKl1 CTHTOH nmocHeBOH KOCTl1
(Jiap}')KHOro nyqKa);
JlO KOHUa TIHTOfO nanbua 4;
JlO TO'lKl1 crn6a CTOilbl 7;
JlO ueHTpa Hap}')KHOH J10.UbDKK11 8.
PaJMepbI no BbICOTe 113MepHIOT OT nonepxHocT11 onopbl.
,UJTH 113MepeHl1H pa3pa60TaHO 60JTbllIOe 'IMCJTO ycTpoikTB 11 np1160-
pDB or npoCTbIX MexaHwiecK11x no onTl1K0-3JTeKTPOHHbIX. CTona OTHO-
cHTCH K CJTO)l(HbIM reoMeTpM'IeCKl1M TeJTaM, Il03TOMY MexaHWieCKl1e
np116opbl He .Ua!OT TO'lHOfO 113MepeHl1H ee napaMeTpOB, a TaK)l(e TIOJT-
f{OfO coBnarreHl15I nOBTOpHbIX 3aMepoB. c 3TOH TO'IKl1 3peHl15I Ha116onee
nepcneKT11BHbl onT11'leCK11e 11 onTl1K0-3JTeKTPOHHble MeTO.Ubl, KOTO-
pbie TI03BOJ15IIOT OllHOMOMeHTHO nony'laTb TO'IHbie 113Mepemrn Bcex
neo6X01111MbIX napaMeTpOB. 011HaKO Ha1160JTblllee np11MeHeH11e nony-
qHJIM MexaH11'1ecK11e np116opb1 KaK Ha116onee 11ocrynHbie 11 npocTbie B
HCIIOJlb30BaHl111.
DOJlbllIOe 3Ha'lemre np11 06cne110BaHl1l1 CTOII 11MeeT Bl13YaJTbHOe
HJyqeH11e onopHOH noBepxHOCTl1 CTOilbl. 0Ha MO)l(eT 6bITb 11ccne110Ba-
Ha no.uocKon11ei1 11J111 nJTaHTOrpaqmei1.
I1011.ocKonu11. lI.JIH no11ocKon111111cnoJTb3yeTC5J cneu11anbHoe ycTpoii-
CTBO - IIOllOCKOn. OH npe.ucTaBJTHeT co6oi1 rrp03pa'IHYJO CTeKJTHHHYIO
IlJlacT11Hy, pacnoJTo)l(eHHYJO rop1130HTaJTbHO. Ha nnacT11He no11 yrnoM
45° ycTaHOBJTeHo 3epKano. ITo.uocKon1151 .uaeT B03MO)l(HOCTb Henocpe.u-
cTBeHHO Ha6JTIO.UaTb 3a 30HaMl1 Harpy3Kl1 nO.UOllIBeHHOH noBepXHOCTl1
CTOilbl np11 CT05IHl111. ITp11 3TOM yqaCTKl1, Ha KOTOpble npl1XO.U11TC5I
OOJTblllee .uaBJTeH11e, OKa)l(yTC5J 6onee cBeTJTbIM11.
IIJiaurorpacl»1111. C noMOIUbJO nnaHTorpacp1111 nonyqa10T oTne'laToK
CTonbI, ero Bl13YaJTbHYIO oueHKY 11 rpacp11Ko-pac'leTHbIH aHaJTl13. Me-
ro.u nony'leHl15J oTne'laTKa MO)l(eT 6bITb np51.MbIM 11 HenpHMbIM. ITp11
Henp5JMOM MeTo.ue 11CilOJlb3YIOT nJTaHTorpacp (p11c. 3.10, a). llJT5J CH5J-
THSI OTTie'laTKa 11 nony'leHl15I rop1130HTaJibHOH npoeKU1111 CTOIIbl Ha
no.uyllle'IKY nJTaHTorpacpa HaHOC51.T llITeMneJTbHYJO KpaCKY, KJla,UyT '111-
CTbIH J111CT 6yMar11 11 onycKalOT paMKY c HaT51.HYTOH nOJTl1B11Hl1Jl-
XJIOpM,UHOH nneHKOH. Ha nneHKY CTaB51.T npaByio crnny, o6no.um ee
KOHTyporpacpoM 11 npoeu11pyioT Ha nnaHrnrpaMMY TO'IKY ueHTpa ro-
JIOBK11 nepBOH IlJTIOCHeBOH KOCTl1, Ha116onee y.uaneHHYIO TO'IKY Ha
nepBOM 11J111 BTOpOM nanbue, TO'IKY ueHTpa roJTOBKl1 CTHTOM IlJTIOCHe-
Boj;j: KOCTl1.
Ilp11 npHMOM MeTo.ue nnaHTorpacp1111 cneu11anbHoe BemecTBo Ha-
HocsiT Ha nO.UOllIBeHHYIO nonepxHOCTb CTOnbI, KOTOPYIO 3aTeM ycTa-
HaBJl11BalOT Ha 6YMary. 3TO MOryr 6bITb Ba3eJTl1H, Cl1HbKa 11J111 3eJTeHKa.
Iln:attTorpaMMbl BbICOKOro Ka'lecrna noJTy'lalOT np11 B3al1MO.UeHCTBl111
<l>oro6yMarn co CTonoi1, CMO'IeHHOM paCTBOpOM np05IBl1TeJT51., a Hal1-
6onee npOCTbie - np11 KOHTaKTe MOKpoii CTOilbl c noJTOM 11JTH necKOM.

63
 r

a
P11c. 3. IO. nnaHTorpacp (a) 11 KoHryporpa<P (6):
I- 2 - paMKa; 3 - ocH0DaH11e; 4 -
noJTHDHHHJTXJIOPHD.HaSI nJTeHKa; JTHCT 6yMarn

l1mpopManmHOCTb TIJJaHTOrpaMMbl 3Ha'HiTeJ1bHO IlOBbIWaeTC51 np11 npo-

Be,lleHl111 011,HOro 113 rpaqmKo-pac'l:eTHblX MeTOD,OB aHaJ1113a OTne'-!aTKa.
KoHTyporpacf:> (p11c. 3.10, 6) npe.rrtta3Ha'IeH M51 nony'IeHl151 KOHTY-
pa CTOilbl.
,IJ,Jrn OUCHKl1 nnaHTOrpaMM ,lleTeH MO)l(CT 6b!Tb 11CilOJib30BaHa MeTO-
.llI1Ka, npe,llJlO)l(eHHa51 H.A. UHPKYHOBOH. K BHYTpettHet'r crnpotte OT-
ne,raTKa npoBO.ll51T KacaTeJibttyJO AB (pnc. 3.11, a). J13 cepen11HbI oTpe3-
Ka AB soccTaBJI51JOT nepneHD.11KYJI51p CD, MHHY KOToporo neJI51T Ha Tp11
paBHbie '-lacT11. T11n11'-!H351 11111p11tta oTne'-laTKa CTOnbI 311,opoBbIX .rreTeii
3-4 JieT orpaHH'I11B3eTC51 cepe,llHHOH nepBOH (OT KacaTeJibHOH) Tpern
nepneHITl1KYJI51pa CD (p11c. 3.11, 6), y .rreTett 5- 7 neT otta npoi1ncr
Me)l(D,y nepBotf 11 cpenttei1 TpeTbIO nepnettnHKYJI51pa (p11c. 3.11, e), a y

a 6 2

P11c. 3.11. OmeYaToK cTOnb1 (a) 11 rn1aHTorpaMMbl .uerei-i 3-4 (6), 5- 7 (6) 11
8-18 (2) JICT

64
JiereH: 8- 18 JieT - yepe3 cepe;:urny CD (p11c. 3. I I, 2). CTJJaHTorpaMMbI
o6cJie)lyeMblX cpaBHHBaIOT c B03paCTHblMl1 CTaH)lapTaMH OTneYaTKOB.
UlMPHHa OTnel.faTKa, npeBbIWaI011J,a5! rpaHHUbl, yKa3aHHbie .LVJJ[ )leTeM
JiaHHOro B03pacrn, HBJJ5IeTc51 noKa3aTeJJeM ynJJomemrn CTOnbL
TIJ1aHTorpa¢11IO cnenyeT peKoMeH)lOBaTb M51 w11p0Koro 11cnoJ1b30-
BaHMH KaK )lOCTaTOYHO HHQJOpMaTHBHbIM .MeTO)l KOCBeHHOM oueHKH
BbICOTbl npo)lOJlbHblX CBO)lOB H B3aHMHOro pacnOJIO)KeHH51 OT)leJIOB
cronhI.
IlpH 113fOTOBJieHl1H 3aKpbITOM o6yBH 06Mep CTOIT Ha'-IHHaIOT co CH51-
THH Hapy)J<HOfO H no)lCBO.UHOro KOHTYPOB. llAA 3T0f0 OlfeplfHBaIOT KOH-
ryp cTOnhI npu nepnettn11KYmrpHOM pacrroJIO)!(eHHH rpmpeJJH KapaH-
.uama K ITOBepxHOCTH 6yMarn pa3MepoM 320 x 250 MM. 06BO)l5IT crnrry
KPYfOM OT HaH6oJiee BhICTyrraIOllJ,eM TOlfKH n51TKH CHalfaJJa c BHYTpeH-
HCH, a 3aTeM c Hapy)!(HOM cTopOHhL TaKHM o6pa30M noJIYt.faIOT Hap~­
HbIM KOHTYP CTOTibl.
3aTeM, He H3MeH5151 ITOJIO)!(eHH51 HOrH, Ha 3TOM )!(e JIHCTe 6YMar11
o6BO.lt:HT no.ucBO.llHbIM KOHTYP rp11¢eJ1eM KapaH.L1awa, pacnoJJo)l(eHHbIM
TIO.[( YfJIOM.
Ha 6yMare LIOJI)l(Hbr 6hITb nna KOHTypa: nttewHHM 11 BHYTpeHHHM.
KoHTYPhI MO)!(HO TaIOKe noJiylfHTb Ha nJiaHTorpaMMe.
Ilo KOHTypa.M MO)l(HO CYLIHTb 0 COCT051Hl111 CBO.[(OB CTOnbI, a TaIOKe
orrpe)leJIHTb nm cTOnbI (pnc. 3.12).
Bee napaMeTpbI H3Mep5IIOT rn6Koi1 HepacrnrnnaIOmeH:cH JJeHTOM,
KOTOpbre 3aTeM HCnOJih3YJOT )lJI51 TIO)l6opa 11 ITOL!fOHKH KOJIO)lOK.
lIH,!1,HBlf.llYa.JibHbtH o6Mep CTOUbl no MeTo,ny B. Il.AnauaceuKo. Mern)l
TI03BOJIHeT 6bICTPO 11 c BblCOKOM TOlfHOCTblO o6MepHTh CTOrry H B COOTBeT-
CTBHH c ee aHTponOJIOfHlfeCKHMH napaMeTpaMH nonornaTb KOJIOLIKY-
B LiaHHOM MeTO)le np11MeHHeTc5l H3MepnTeJJbHbIM JIHCT-wa6noH
(HJIIU).
YlfHTbIBa51 ueJib o6Mepa, Bb1611paIOT H amUil1311PYIOT TO HJIH HHOe
lfHCJIO npH3HaKOB CTOnbL

a 6 6

P11c. 3.12. T11nhl CTon:

a - y3Kas1; 6 - cpenmrn; e - w11poKaH
3 Re.o.eHeua 65
 Go IllKlUia JI
t--

G4
- ..... ,_
as
- OH-0,68).( I

-- -
8H ,_
n"
r-~
l! 2

k~,
......--:-------
/
i", ....
r-... 3-5
/
/
, a B rJ E
A

\
'
~ -- --. ----- 6
I
Or-0,5)( e.
..... t- _ _ _ _ _
__,,,,.!
n. 00 00 00 00 00 0
- N 1"'1"<!" V) '°
..... 00 0 \ 0

"'"' "'"' "'"' "'"' NM M -

Ill KaJia IlI

IllKana I
320

P11c. 3.13. l13Mep11TenhHhIH n11cT-wa6nott c KottrypaM11 cTOnb1 1 11 cne.na KO-

no.nKH 2 c TpeMH WKanaM11:
I- llllH o61\fepa cTonb1 B 06nacn1 no.nbeMa; II - llllH o6Mepa ny'IKOBott '!aCTH cTonbl;
Ill - llllH HJMepeHHH llllHHbl CTOObl

B uettTpe JIHCTa 6yMarn pa3MepoM 360 x 200 MM npoBO.LIJIT roptt-

30HTaJibttyio npHMyio, OT TO'IKH A (p11c. 3.13) OTKJianbrna10T oTpe3oK
AE = 320 MM H nonyqa10T ocHony rna6notta.
OT Hatt6onee BbICTYna10mdi TO'-IKH nHTKH A OTKJia.D:bIBaJOT oTpe3KH
no TO'-leK cepenHHbl CTOfibl (AB= 0,5,4), cepenHHbl ny'IKOB (All= 0,68,4)
"JlJIHHbI crnnh1 (AE = ,li). ToYKH B, n H E paccY11TaHh1 JlJIH cTonh1
JlJIHHOM 210 MM. lb noI1Y4eHHhIX TO'-leK BOCCTaBJIHIOT nepneHnHKYJIHpbi
H nonyYaJOT lllKaJibI I - Ill JlJIH ncex crnn JlJIHHOM OT 2 IO no 310 MM.
Ha octtone rna6noHa OTKIIanbIBaJOT neJIH'-IHHY Aa c.unttra cTeJibKH.
Cornactto fOCT 3927-88 «Kono.UKH 06ynttb1e. 06m11e TexHHYecKHe
ycJIOBHH» Aa = 0,02,a + 0,05h", rne ,a - JlJIHHa cTonbI, hK - BbICOTa
Ka6JIYKa.
B cnmtt c tte3Ha4ttTeJibHOM JlJIHHOM OTpe3Ka Me)((Jly cMe)f(HbIMH pa3-
MepaMH o6yBH Ha YepTe)f(e OTKJianhIBaJOT TPH paccTOHHHH: Aa0 =4 MM,
Aa4 = 6 MM, Aa8 = 8 MM JlJIH 06ym1 Ha Ka6nYKe BbICOTOM coorneTCTBeH-
HO 0-20; 21-60 H 61-100 MM. 3rn paCCTOHHH51 paCC411TbIBaJOT no
cpentteMy pa3Mepy 06yn11 .
.ll,JIH CHHTH51 MepKH CTony CTaB51T Ha 11 WJJ TaK, '-IT06bi BhinYKJia51
'-laCTb nHTKH Kacanacb KaTeTa np51M0f0 yrna TpeyroJibHHKa (pHC. 3.14).
B 3TOM noJIO)l(eHHH O'-lep'-!HBalOT KOHTYP CTOilbl. no WKaJiaM /-I II
66
(CM· pttC. 3.13) onpe.uemIIOT )lJIHHY
cTOObI 11 Mecrn o6Mepa B nonbeMe
tt nyqKaX. Ha no11y•1eHHbie JIMHHH
ttaKJla.ll.blB3IOT l13MepHTeJlbHYIO JleH-
'f'f 11onpe.ue11H10T o6xBaTbl.
Crony 0•1ep'mBa10T Kapatt.rra-
UIOM B nBa npHeMa, KaK OnHCaHO A

BbIWe. P11c. 3.14 Cxel\rn pacnono)KcHlrn crn-

,l]jrn
nol.l6opa c11el.la KOJIOllKH nhI npH o6Mepe
Ha.ll.0 rnJOKe HMeTb KOHTYP onop-
HblX MeCT CTOTibl. .[ljrn 3TOro cne.rr
CTOflbl noKpbIBalOT nerKOCMbmaeMoi1 KpaCKOi1 11 CTaBHT HOry Ha 6yMa-
ry. IT011yc1a10T OTneLfaToK H '-!epe3 onopHbie Mecrn CTOnb1 rn6Koi1 neH-
roif c MHJIJTHMCTpOBb!MH ne11eHl15!MH l13Mep5110T o6xBaTbl.
ITptt H3MepeHHH o6xBaTa cTonbI B nyLfKax KpaA 11eHTbI noJDKeH Ha-
xo.UMTbC51 Ha Hatt6011ec BbinYKJTOH LfaCTH BHYTpeHHero ny'-!Ka, a c Ha-
p)l)KHOH CTOpOHbl - Ha Hatt60JTCC BbinYKJIOH l.(3CTH Hapy)l<HOro nyLfKa.
L(.rr5I onpc.ueneHirn o6xnarn B nonbeMe nettry HaKJTa.rrbma10T Ha HaH-
6onee Bb!COKyIO TOLfKY rpe6H51 CTOObl H tta116011ee BOfHYTbIH YLfaCTOK
00,llCBO)lHOH l.(3CTH. BbICOTY CTOTibl B TOLfKaX nonbeMa H cr116a OOJIYLfa-
IOT c nOMOlllblO H3MepHTCJT51 c 11rnaM11, BCTaBJieHHb!MH TYOb!MH KOH-
uaMH ttap)')Ky. Bepxmrn 11.rna Y1lJTHHeHa (pttc. 3.15). lfro6bI H3MepttTb
o6'beM Lfepe3 cm6 11 nHTKy, nettry pacnonaraIOT Ha cm6e CTOnbt 11
HIDKHeH TOLfKe. OKpyrnoCTH nHTKH.

P11c. 3.15. l1JMepeH11e BbICOTbI CTOnhI B pa3nI1'IHbIX To•1Kax:

I - BCpXHHH 11rna; 2- HWKHHH 11rna

67
 Ta6n u ua 3.1
YBeJIH'lettne paJMepoB cronbl, MM, npn yBeJJH'ICHHH narpyJKH

np11 n1111re11b-
npu yse1111'1e- np11 X0llb6e HOH XOllb6e
napaMerp cronb1
Hirn 11arpyJK1t 11 6erc c nepeHOCOM
THlKCCTCil

.llmrna 2-31 5-11 1,5-5 I

I
W11pu11a ny'JKOBOH 'Jacm 2,5 4-6* 3-4
06XBaT: I

B ny'JKaX 7-12 .llo 14 -

B no.nbCMe 4-8 - -
cepemrnh1 - .Uo14 -
I

* YMcHblllcH11e UIHPHHbl m1TK11 np11 onope Ha ny'IKH.

np11 MJMepeHHH o6xnarn tta1160JTee yJKOro Mecrn roJTeH11 JTeHTa He

nom1rna 11MeTb nepeKocon. 3To rrpaBHJTO Heo6xon11Mo co61110naTb H rrp11
o6Mepe HKp. KpoMe Toro, orrpeneJrn:IOT BhtcoTy OT onopttoi1 noBepxHo-
CTH no roJleHH H HKpbl.
np11 HJMepeHHH 061,eMOB CTOITbI 11 roneHH nettrn D:OJI)l(Ha nnoTHO
rrpMJTeraTb K o6MepHeMOMY y<IaCTKY, HO He CTSITHB3Tb ero. noJTytieH-
Hbie naHHbie 33JlHCbIB3IOT Ha wa6JTOHe B TOH nocnenoBaTeJlbHOCTH, B
KOTopoi1 HJMepHnH napaMeTpbI.
Ha OCHOBe o6MepoB CTOJl pa3pa6aTbIBa10T paUHOHaJlbHbie KOHCT-
PYKUMH KOJTOD:OK H o6yBH, accopTHMeHT. np11 3TOM yti11Tb1BaIOT, l!TO
ctJopMa H pa3Mepbl CTOJlbI H3MeHHIOTCH npH D:BH)l(eHMH tieJlOBeKa, yne-
JTHl!eHHH HJlH yMeHbWeHHM Harpy3KH (rn6Jl. 3.1 ).
KpoMe Toro, Ha paJMepbI CTOnbI BJTMHeT BhICOTa rronoeMa ee rrH-
TO'JHOH tiacTH. npH ynemttieHHH BbICOThI Ka6nyKa rrpoeKUHH MHHbl
CTOJlhl COKpamaIOTCH H3-3a ee H3rn6a B JlJJIOCHe<PanaHfOBOM co-
•rneHeHMH.
np11 orrope Ha nytiKH D:JlHHa cJTena CTOnbI yneJT11ti11naeTcH Ha 5-
11 MM, a o6xnaT BHYTpeHHero JlytiKa - Ha 5-6 MM.

3.3. naTOilOrl-U'I lr1 ,qecpeKTbl CTOnbl

IlaTOJIOfHH CTOU. no <JaCTOTe pacnpoCTpaHemrn naTOJIOrHH CTOJlbl

33HHMaIOT OD:HO H3 nepBblX MeCT B CTpyKrype OpTorrenw1eCKMX 3a6011e-
BaHMH. no Tlpl1411H3M B03HHKHOBeHHH OHH MOryT 6b!Tb p331leJTeHbl Ha
epoJ1COeHHble 11 npuo6pemeHHbte. np1106peTeHHb1e neqmpMau1111 11 ne<PeKTbl
HBJJHIOTCH cJTencrnHeM rrepetteceHHbIX 3a6onenatt11i1 11 TpaBM. B 'IaCTHO-
CTH, OHH o6pa3yIOTC51 B peJyJJbTaTe crracTHl!eCKHX H BHJlbIX napanH-

68
qett, nonpe)l{)lem1tt nep11¢epH'IeCKHX HepBOB, CHCTeMHbIX 3a6oJieBa-
J{HH KOCTHO-MbIWe'IHOro annaparn.
flOSlBJieHHe H pa3Bl1THe naTOJIOfHH CTOTibl 3aBHCSIT OT oco6eHHO-
cTeH ee KOCTHoro CTpOeHHSl, o6wero COCTOSlHHSl '!eJIOBeKa, ero no-
XOJlKH, npo¢eccHH H T..U.
Bee naToJiornH CTon no cTeneHH nacc11BHOH KoppeKUHH, T. e. B03-
MO)l(HOro 11cnpaBJieHHH, MO:>KHO pa311eJIHTb Ha ¢uKCUp060HHble (11cnpaB-
)leHHe HeB03MO:>KHO), 'IOCl11U'IHO ¢uKCUp060HHb/e (11cnpaBJieHHe B03MO:>K-
H0, HO He TIOJIHOCTblO) H ne<jJUKCLlp060HHbte (noJIHOe 11cnpanJieH11e
B03MO:>KHO).
l13MeHemrn ¢opMbl CTOTibl npHBO.UHT K HapyweHHIO ee cPYHKUHH.
Bee MHoroo6pa311e naTonorntt cTonbI MO:>KeT 6hITb pa3.ueneHo Ha nne
rpynnhI - co CTaTH'IeCKOH 11 c .UHHaMtt'IeCKOH He.uocrnTO'IHOCTbIO. B
rpynne naTOJIOrHH co CTaTH'IeCKOH He.UOCTaTO'IHOCTblO B OCHOBHOM
ttapywalOTCSl peccopHaSI H 6anaHCHpOBO'IHaSl cPYHKUHH CTOTibl, a B rpyn-
ne c mmaM11'IeCKOH He,UOCTaTO'IHOCTblO - npem,1ywecTBeHHO TOJI'i-
KOBaH cPYHKUHSl.
ECJIH naTonorn11 crnnhI SlBJISlIOTCH np1106peTeHHbIMH, To npe.rrornpa-
THTb HX pa3B11THe MO:>KHO c TIOMOlllblO npo¢11JiaKT11'1eCKHX Meponpl1SlTHH
(Jie'Ie6HOH fl1MHaCTHKH, cnoprn), 06ym1 c BKJia.UHblMH KOpp11rnpy-
IOWl1Ml1 np11cnoco6JieHHSlMH. Ll,JIH 11cnpaBJieHl1Sl npo)l{)leHHbIX naTOJIO-
m'IeCKl1X OTKJIOHeHHH npH HaJIH'I11H cepbe3Hb!X 3a60JieBaHl1H opra-
Hl13Ma MO)!(HO 11CTIOJlb30BaTb opTone.u11'IeCKl1e np11cnoco6JieH115l 11 op-
TOnen11'IeCKYIO (Me.U11U11HCKYIO) o6yBb.
CaMbIMH pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM11 naTonor11SlMl1 CTpoeHHSl H ¢YHKUHH
CTOTibl HBJ!Sl!OTCH TIJIOCKOCTOTIHe (npoJJ;OJibHOe, nonepe'IHoe), noJiaH CTO-
na (c BblCOKl1M CBO)IOM), OTKJIOHeHHe (HCKpHBJieH11e) 60JibWOfO TiaJibUa
HapY:>KY, MOJIOTKOo6pa3HOCTb TiaJibUeB, OM030JieJIOCTb H M030JIH, noTep-
TOCTb, BO.UHHbie ny3bipH, 113bSl3BJieHirn, TISlTO'IHaH wnopa, r11nepm.upm.
TiaTOJIOfHl1 CTOTibl npo51BJIHIOTCH B H3MeHeHl1H pacnoJIO:>Kemrn ee
OTJJ;eJIOB OTHOCHTeJJbHO JJ;pyr .upyra B nonepe'IHOH (¢pOHTaJibHOH) H
npo.rroJibHoif (carnTTaJibHOH) nnocKocrnx. K tt3MeHemrnM pacnono-
)KeHHSl CTOTibl OTHOCHTeJJbHO nonepe'IHOH TIJIOCKOCTl1 OTHOCSlTCSl 113-
0blTO'lHOe crn6am1e - 3Kmrnyc (pttc. 3.16, a), tt36hITOY.Hoe pa3rn6a-
HHe - TIHTO'lHaH CTOna (pHC. 3.16, 6), a TaK:>Ke H3MeHeHHH BblCOTbl
npo.uoJibHblX CBO.llOB - nJIOCKM H noJiaH CTOTibl (pttc. 3.16, 6, 2). 0TKJIO-
Hemrn CTOTibl OTHOCHTeJlbHO npOJJ;OJlbHOH TIJIOCKOCTl1 MOryT 6h!Tb pa3-
.QeneHbl Ha np11ne.ueH11e 11 orneneHHe, a TaK:>Ke cyn11Hau110HHhie 11 npo-
HauttoHHhie. CoqernH11e cymmau110HHoro orKJioHeHHH c np11ne.ueHtteM
Ha3bIBalOT 60pyCOM (p11C. 3.16, o) CTOTibl, a CO'IeTaHHe npoHaUl10HHO-
ro 0TKJIOHeHl1H c orne.uem1eM - 60J/b2YCOM CTOTibl (pttc. 3.16, e).
IlaTOJIOrHH CTOn co CTilTH'leCKOH ue,D,OCTaTOlfHOCTblO. Tipl1'IHHOH pa3-
BMTH51 CTaTlt'IeCKOH He)lOCTaTO'IHOCTH CTOTI SlBJISleTCSl HecoorneTCTBHe
Me)l(Uy ynpyrocTblO cso.ua 11 Harpy3KOH Ha crnny OT onopHOH nosepx-
HOcT11. 3To Be)leT K pacnJiaCTb!BaHHIO CTOTibl B npO.UOJlbHOM 11 none-
PetiHOM HanpanneHl1SlX.

69
 P11c. 3.16. D,ecpopM11ponaHHb1e crnnb1:
a- 3KBHHYCHas1; 6- nHTO•IHaH; (/ - nJJOCKaH:
i! - noJJaH; d- 3KBHHO-nOJJOBapycHaH; e- nJJOC-
e KOBaJJbryCHa}I

CrnTwiecKaH He.nocTaTOl.JHOCTb CTon MO)l(eT 6bITb 6e3 BbipmKeHHbI\

11 c Bbipa)((eHHbIMH attaTOMHt.JecKHMH H3MeHeHHHMH. B HalfaJJbHOM cTa-
.UHH CTaTJ1lleCKOM HC.[lOCTaTOl.JHOCTH, KaK npaBHJIO, eme HeT H3MeHe-
HHH ct>opMbI CTOObl, a CHH)((eHHe ynpyrOCTH CBOna npOHBJJHeTCH TOJib-
KO 6bICTpOM yYOMJIHeMOCTblO H 60JIHMH B CTOne H fOJieHH. npu OTCyr-
CTBHH Jiel.JCHHH 3a6oJienaHHe nporpecc11pyeT H OOHBJIHJOTCH aHaTOMH-
l.JeCKHe 113MeHeHHH CTOObI, KOTOpbie MOryr 6bITb pa3n.eJICHhl Ha CJie.ny-
JOlllHe KJIHHWICCKHe rpynnbJ: npOD.OJibHOe OJIOCKOCTOnHe, pacnJiac-
TaHHOCTb nepenHero OT.UeJia CTOObl H COl.JeTaHHe pacnJiaCTaHHOCTH ne-
penttero OT.UeJia CTOObl c npO.UOJib-
HbIM OJIOCKOCTOOHeM.
lJJ1ocKoctt10nue - pe3yJibTaT pac-
nJiaCTbIBaHHH CTOObl B nonepel.JHOM
(pHC. 3.17) H npO.UOJibHOM HanpaB-
JieHHHX (pHC. 3.18, a, 6). nptt 3TOM
OCHOBHbIM naTOJIOfJ1lleCKHM H3MeHe-
HHeM HBJIHeTCH CHH)((eHHe BbICOTbl
nonepel.JHbIX H npO.UOJibHblX CBO.UOB,
KOTOpoe Hepe.nKo COl.JeTaeTCH c orne-
.uem1eM nepenttero oT.uena cTonhI 11
He3H3l.JHTeJibHbIM BaJibfYCHblM OT-
KJIOHCHHeM 3a.nttero oT.nena. Koma
ynnomeHHe (pacnJiaCTaHHOCTb) CBO-
.UOB COl.JeTaeTCH c Bblpa)((eHHbIM BaJlb-
rycoM rnITOl.JHOro OTneJia CTOObl, .ne-
¢opM3UHJO 0603Hal.J3JOT KaK nJIOCK0-
60J/bcYCHYIO. Cpe.n11 nJiocKOBaJJbryc-
P11c. 3.17. Yrn10weH11e nonepe•rnoro Hb!X CTOO BhJ.UeJIHJOT BpO)((.[leHHYIO
CB0113 CTOnbI: OJIOCKOBaJJbryCHYJO CTony. 3Ta ne-
a- c Tb!JlbHOtt CTOPOHbl; 6- c nonow- ¢opMaUHH o6Hap~HBaeTCH y pe6eH-
BCHHOii CTOpOHbl Ka npH po)((.[leHHH, HepenKO OHa co-

70
 0 6

Pttc. 3.18. npo.UOJJhHhlH CDO.U Horne-

'laTKl1 CTOnhI:
a - HOpMa.HbHOH; 6 - TIJIOCKOH; 6 -
6 OOJIOH C BbICOKHM CBO.UOM

qerneTC51 c 3KBHHYCHblM TIOJIO)f(eHHeM TI51TOYHOH KOCTH. TaKa51 CTona

Ha3bIBaeTC51 3K6UH0-11J/OCK060J/b2)'CH0ll. OonepeYHOe TIJIOCKOCTOTIHe Xa-
paKTepH3yeTC51 yBeJIHYeHHeM o6beMa CTOTibl B TiyYKax, OTKJIOHeHHeM
rrepBoro naJir,ua ttapy)f(y, a TaK)f(e neperpy3KOH rononoK BTopotl: 11 TPe-
TueH IIJIIOCHeBblX KOCTeH. KaK npaBHJIO, naTOJlOfHH CTOIIbl BCTpeYalOT-
Cji B KOMIIJieKCe, a TaK)f(e MOryr 6bITb He3aBHCHMO OT HaJIH'-11151 TOH
rum HHOH naT011or1111.
Ha npaKTHKe Yawe ncero scTpe'IalOTC51 coYeTaHH51 pa3JIHYHhIX BH-
.llOB TIJ10CKOCTOTIH51.
IlaTOJIOfHH CTOU c ,llHHaMuqecKOH ue.uocTaToquocTblO. K HHM OTHO-
Cj{T .ue¢opMau1111, conposo)f(,Ua10w11ern yMeHhWeHHeM nnowa.u11 onop-
Hoii nonepXHOCTH CTOTibl H HapyweHHeM ee TOJI'IKOBOH qJyHKUHH.
lloJ1aH cmona (p11c. 3.18, e), KaK npan11110, 51BJ151eTc51 np1106peTeH-
Hoii .ueqJOpMau11etl: H pa3BJrnaeTC51 IJCJie.n:cTBHe napaJIH'!a, CHCTeMHbIX
Ja6011enaHHH HepnHOH H MbJWe'IHOH CHCTeMbI: 6oJie3Hb illapKo-MapH,
MMeno.u11cnna3H51, non11HeBpHT. Kmrnw1eCKHMH npH3HaKaMH nonoi1
CTOilbl 51BJ15IIOTC51 TIOBbJWeHHe npO.UOJibHbIX CBO.UOB, orryweHHe fOJIOB-
l<H nepBOH IIJIIOCHeBoi1 KOCTH, qlOPMHpOBaHHe MOJIOTKOo6pa3HbIX IlaJlb-
1..leB. 051TOYHa51 KOCTb, KaK npamrno, 3aHHMaeT napycttoe IIOJIO)f(eHHe,
<\>opMHpyeTC51 IIOJIOBapycHa51 CTona. Hepe.n:KO IIOJia51 CTona CO'leTaeTC51
c 3KBHHyCOM (3KBHHO-IIOJia51, 3KBHHO-IIOJlOBapycHa51 CTona) HJIH TI51-
T0l(Hb1M TIOJIO)f(em1eM (noJIOTI51TO'lH351 CTona).
3K6Uli)'CHOH, HJIH KOHCKOH, C/110110 pa3BHBaeTC51, KaK npamrno, BCJie.UCT-
BMe cnaCTw1ecKoro napaJiw1a 11 xapaKTep113yeTcSI corttyroH: cTonoH: pa3-
JIMqHotl: cTeneHH cp.uKc11poBaHHOcTH. MblWUhI-cm6aTeJIH HaXO.U51TCSI B
COCT051HHH naTOJIOrH'leCKOfO HanpmKCHHSI. 0SITKa 3KBHHYCHOH CTOTibl
no.nrnHyrn KBepxy, a onopa np11 ¢11KCl·IPOB3HHOH H YaCTH'IHO cpHKCHpo-

71
BaHHOH ne¢opMaurrnx npottcxonHT T011bKO Ha nepenHHH 0Tne11 CTOnbl,
KOTOpbIH MO)l(eT npHHHMaTb BapycHoe 111111 BaJJbfYCHOe n0110)1(CHHe.
Omeuca101u.afl cmona qarue ncero ~mm1eTc5! pe3y11bTaTOM nonpe)l(.lle-
HH5! nep11¢ep11l!eCKHX Hcpnon 111111 B5!110ro napa1111lJa. CTona ttaxon11Tcs1
B no11o:>KeH1111 cm6amrn, c1111a ncex ee MhlWU, oco6cHHO pa3r116aTe-
11ei1, 3HalJ11Te11bHO CHM)l(eHa. Onopa Ha orn11ca10ruy10 cTony mllIHHa-
eTc5! c HOcKa, a JaTeM B Hee BKJJIO'laeTcH BCH nonowBeHHaH n011ep'X-
HOCTb. l13-3a cm6aHH5! nonowBhl 3aTpynHcH nepeHOC CTOnbl Han n110-
CKOCTblO onopbl.
nf/111011/iafl cmona 06pa3yercsi H3-3a napanwrn 11m1 nmepKoppeK-
u11.11 3KBHHYCHOH CTOnhI. Ile¢opMaUH5! xapaKTep113yeTC5! CHH:>KCHHeM
CH11bl MbIWU-CfM6are11ei1, CTona npM 3TOM YCTaHaB11HBaeTC5! B no110-
)l(CHHe pa3m6att11si. Onopa ocyruecrn11HeTc5! T011hKO Ha nsiTOlJHhIH or-
nc11 CTOnhl. nepenHHH OTne11 CTOnhI B onope npaKTl1lJCCKl1 He ylJacrny-
eT, Her no11HOUCHHOro nepeKaTa qepe3 cTony.
Koco;wnocmb, 111111 3K6UliO-eapycNOfl cmona, MO)l(eT 6b1Th 11 Bp0)1(-
neHHa5!, 11 np1106peTeHHasi - M3-3a naparr11qa, cttcreMHblX 3a6011ena-
HMH HepBHOH H MbIWelJHOH CHCTeMbl, HanpMMep 6011e3Hl1 <Pp11npei1-
xa, a TaK)l(e TpaBM. OcHOBHhIMH npH3HaKaMM 3TOH c11o)l(HOH necj)OpMa-
u1111 cTonhI 5!B115!IOTCH np11neneH11e nepenHero orne11a cTonhI, cyn11Ha-
UM5! H 3KBHHyc. np11 naHHOH ne¢opMaUHH yMeHbWaCTC5! n110lUa,llb
onopbl CTOnhI, Harpy3Ka np11 X0.1lh6e np11xon11TCSI Ha Hapy:>KHblH Kpaii
CTOnhl, B pe3y11hTaTe B 0611acr11 OCHOBaHl15! n5!TOH n1110CHCl30H KOCTll
o6pa3YJOTC5! 6011e3HeHHble HaTOnThlWl1.
OmKJ101ieNue (ucKpt1eJ1eHue) 60J1bUJOW naflblJ.O Hapy.11cy - BblCTyn ro-
110BK11 nepBOH nJTIOCHeBOH KOCTH Hapy)l(y l1 OTOrHYJhli1 6011bWOi1 na-
11eu, pacTI0110)1(eHHhlH non BTOpbIM 11 rpeTbl1M naJJhUaMH 111111 Ha,ll HHMll
(pHC. 3. J9).
0TKJJOHeH11e 6011bWOro naJJb-
ua MO)l(eT B03HHKHYTh BC11cncTBl1C
HOWeHH5! HeBnopHOH o6yBl1 c Y3-
KHMH HOCKaMl1 11 Ha Bb!COKHX Ka6-
11yKax. Cneu11a11bHaH o6ynh nm1
11cnpan11eH115! ne¢opMau1111 no11)1(-
Ha HMeTb pacwupCHHYIO HOCOlJ-
HYIO qacTh, a B nylJKax 11 nHTO'l-
HOH lJaCTH oHa no11)1(Ha ¢11Kc11po-
BaTh crony. Heo6xonm.10 H3roTOBHTb
cneum.urhHYIO BKJJanHyIO CTC11hKy.
non ro110BKOi1 nepBotl nmocHenoii
KOCTH, Ha BKJJanHOH CTC11bKC H B
Bepxe o6yBH cPOPMYIOT yrny611e-
a Hl15!.
6
MoJ1omK006pa3HOCl11b naJ1bt1,ee
P11c. 3.19. 60Jibworo
0TKJIOHeH11e (pHC. 3.20) xapaKTCpH3YCTC51 OTrl1-
naJibUa (a), peHTreHorpaMMa (6) 6aHl1eM ocHOBHhIX ¢anattr cycrana

72
J{ TbVlbHOW nonepXHOCTH (BBepx),
a cpe.UHHHbIX H HOrTeBblX - K
onaHTapHOW (BHH3).
MoJion<oo6pa3Hbte naJibUbI MO-
fYT DOSIBJISITbC51 npH HOWeHHH
t1eanopHoi1 no LlJIHHe o6yn11. B 3TOM
cJIY'fae cneuHaJibHaSI o6yBb .UOJI:>K-
t1a HMeTb np1mo.nHS1TblW :>KeCTKHH
t{OCOK H BbIKJia;J,KY nonepe'-!HOro
cao.ua.
0Mo30.1zeJ1ocmb - 3TO YTOJilll,e-
HHe KO:>KH CTOIIbl, a .M030J/b - po-
roo6pa3HOe o6pa30BaHHe, yxo1m-
mee B rny611Hy. ITpH'-IHHa B03HH-
P11c. 3.20. MonoTKoo6pa3Hbie nanb-
KHOBeHHSI 3TOro .ueq)eKTa - .UJIH-
UhI (a), peHTreHorpaMMa (6)
TeJibHOe .uaBJieHHe o6yBH Ha Y'-!a-
CTOK CTOnbI. 0M030JieJIOCTb B OT-
JIH'-!He OT M030JIH HC'-!e3aeT nocJie CH51THSI .uanJieHHSI.
ITptt Heo6xo.u11MoCTH .uenaIOT YTJIY6JieHHSI Ha BKJia)lHOH cTeJibKe B
MeCTaX, COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HX OM030JieJIOCTSIM H M030JISIM.
flomepmocmb, 60af/Hb/e ny3blpU H U3bf/36J/eHUH SIBJISIIOTCSI nosepXHO-
CTHblMH IIOBpe)l()leHH51MH K0)1(11 H3-3a HenpaBHJibHOfO non6opa o6yBH,
HaJIH'-IHSI CKJiaL(OK H HepOBHOCTeH Ha ee BHYTpeHHeH IIOBepXHOCTH.
,[LJISI yCTpaHeHHSI 3THX neqmpMaUHW peKOMeH.uyeTCSI HOCHTb Bnop-
HYIO npoCTopHyIO o6ynh c nepxoM H3 M.SirKHX KO:>K HJIH .upyrnx MaTep11a-
JIOB, c BKJia.UHOH CTeJibKOH H IIO.UKJia;J,KOW, 6e3 CKJia;J,OK H MOplll,HH.
llRmO'tHQfl umopa - WHJIOBH)lHOe pa3paCTaHHe B o6JiaCTH IISIT0'-1-
HOW KOCTH. )],JISI HCnpaBJieHHSI .ue¢eKTa He06XOJlHMa BKJia.uHaSI CTeJibKa
c yrny6JieHHeM B o6nacTH wnopbt, a HHor.ua 11 yrny6nem1e B :>KeCTKOM
33,!l;HHKe. )],JISI o6mei1 pa3rpy3KH cne.uyeT )leJiaTb BbIKJia;J,KY npO)lOJlbHO-
ro" nonepe'-IHOfO (HJIH TOJibKO npO.UOJibHOro) CBO)lOB.
I'unep2Uapo3 - yc11JieHHOe IlOTOOT.UeJieHHe CTOIIbl B pe3yJibTaTe Ha-
PYllleHHSI ¢yHKUMi1 noTOBbtX :>KeJie3 opraHH3Ma. )],JISI 11cnpaBJieHHS1
.a;e¢eKTa MO)l(HO HCIIOJib30BaTb IlO)lKJia)lKY H BKJia.UHYlO CTeJibKY 113 rn-
I'HeHH'-!eCKHX Bill1TbIBalOlll,HX MaTepHaJIOB .
.il:ecJ>eKTbl CTODbl. ITo IIPH'll1He B03HHKHOBeHHSI ne¢eKTbl MOfYT 6bITb
Pa3.a;eneHbI Ha npo)l()leHHbte H npuo6peTeHHbie, no q)OpMe - Ha npo-
.llOJibHbie 11 nonepe'-!Hbte (pttc. 3.21 ), a no .llJIHHe coxpaHeHHoro 3.UOpo-
BLIM cerMeHTa CTOilbl - Ha .llJIHHHbie, cpe)lHHe H KOpOTKHe KYJibTH •
.ll,JruHHbie KYJibTH ¢opMHPYIOTCSI nocne aMnYTaUHH IIaJibUeB H Ha ypoBHe
KocTew npe.unn10cHb1. CpenH11e KYJibTH 06pa3y10Tc5! Ha yposHe npen-
n111ocHe-nmocHeBoro cycrnna, KOPOTKHe KYJibTH - IIOCJie aMCTYTaUHH
KOCTei1 Ha ypoBHe cyCTaBOB npe)lIIJilOCHbl. l.leM KOpO'-le KYJibT51 CTOilbI,
TeM MeHbWe IlJIOlll,a;J,b onopHOH nosepxHOCTH.
<l>opMa H ¢YHKUHH CTOilbl H3MeH51JOTCSI npH yKopo'teHUU HUJICHeii
ICOHe'tHocmu. Pa3HaSI MHHa KOHe'-!HOCTei1 B03HHKaeT H3-3a spo)l()leH-

73
 ..... ............... __
-- - .....
I
!

P11c. 3.21. AMnyraum1 crnnb1:

a - nonepe•rnasi; 6 - npo.QOJJbHaH 6

HOro Henopa3BHTHH KOHet.fHOCTH HJIH qmpMHpyeTCH KaK CJTe}lCTBHe PH.Ila

3a60JTeBaHHH. 0TCYTCTBHe KOMneHCaUHH yKopot.IeHH51 6onee 1,5-2 CM
npHBO.LlHT K pa3BHTHIO BTOpWIHhIX necpopMaUHH, TaKHX, KaK 3KBHHy-
CHaH ycTaHOBKa CTOilhI, nepeKOC Ta3a H HCKpHBJieHHe Il03BOHOl.J.HHKa,
KOTOphie co BpeMeHeM MOJYT CTaTh cp11Kc11ponaHHhIMH. BTopHt.IHhie
necpopMaUHH cymeCTBeHHO OCJIO)l(HHIOT npouecc Jiel.J.eHHH H o6ecne-
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CTaBHhIX cyMOK Ha fOJIOBKax nepnoti H TI51TOH nmocHeBblX KOCTeti H
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4ecKoi1 06yn11

74
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paMH yKa3bIBatoT ee BhICOTy (n 411CJil1TCJie) 11 w11p11Hy (B 3HaMcHaTene).
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np1mYCKl1 K pa3MepaM MH cso6onHoro HanenaHHH 11 CHHTl1H 06ym1 c
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6-H TIOJIHOThI.
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li ¢11Kcauu11 KOHe'-IHOCTCH. Pa32pyJ1ca10w,ue annapamb1 np11H11MaIOT tta

75
cefoI l{aCTb MaCChI TeJia, KOTopyIO HCTibITbIBaJOT KOCTHbie o6pa30BaHHH
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76
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77
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78
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3BCHHoro yrna 11 noJ qenoneKa. B Kpen11eH1111 Wymrnona c MCTaJI1111-
ti:ecKHM11 KOJ1bU3Ml1 B MCCTaX coemrneH!rn nlf, HilYLUM,\ K npoTe3y,
npenoTBparuaeTCH cKpyq11saH11e noHCHoro pel\IH51, 06ecne<111BaCTCH
IlJIOTHOe np1111eraH11e Il051CHOro peMHSI K Teny llCJlOBCKa, npeno-
TBpaw.aeTC51 naBJ1eH11e Ha nepenHIOIO CTCHKY )l(HI30Ta (p11c. 3.31 ).

85
 Mo.n11<P11u11ponaHHhie KpenneH11H
(p11c. 3.32) 06ecnct111BaIOT cal\10-
peryn11poBaH11e .IJJJl1HhI seprnIOrcl -
wapHl1pHoro 3BCHa, coe.n11H5IIOWe-
ro .use '-!acT11 l\texaHl13Ma 11 o6ecnc-
y1,rna10wero 11x nonopoT B pa3-
JJl1'-1Hhre <Pa3hI wara. yMeHbwa101
nopwHeo6pa3Hhie .UBH)l(emrn Ky-
J1Hr11 B npoTe3e 11 npen5!Tcrny1o-r
l136hITO'-IHOMY HaT5I)l(eHl1IO BepT-
JJIOra np11 CHD.emm. Ope.nsap1nenL-
Hoe pery;mponamie 3JJeMeHTOB
Kpennemrn o6ecne'-IHBaeT cPYHK-
UHOHaJJhHoe caMoperym1poBaH11c
rnr np11 xo.nh6e.
Ha116onee pacnpocTpaHCHN
Pttc. 3.31. Kpen11etttte KOHCTpyKUHH KOMforn11poBaHHhie cpencma Kpen-
WynanoBa J1eH115!. B coorneTCTB1111 c BBC.IICHHLI-
Ml1 o603H3'-ICHl15l'Ml1 Ha p11c. 3.33
np11BeneHa c11cTeMa KpenneHHH KTH c qmKcau11etl Ha KYJJLTe (BaKy-
YMHLrtl KJJanaH), Ta3e (no51c) 11 Ha.nnne'-!he (noMo'-lh).
flO)l(l1Jlhle JII0.!111 11CnOJih3yIOT KpenJJeHlHI B 811.Ile KOM611H3U1111 Jll1-
cPOB 11 6aHL{a)l(et1. 0Hl1 OTJll1'-13IOTCH yno6CTBOM peryn11poBaHl15!, He-

Puc. 3.32. Kpen11e1itte c perym1pOBKOH ,LVIHHbI rnr:

a - nBOttHoH; 6 - omrnap11oii

86
 a 6

P11c. 3.33. KoM611H11poBaHHbie cpe.ucrna Kpcnnettmi:

a - Ha KYJihTe; 6 - Ha nm1ce 11 Ha.nnneYbC

6oJihWHM nannettHeM tta cTeHKH rpynttot'1 11 6pIOwttot\ nonocTetL EcJIH

HCT npOTHBOTIOKa3aHHM, MO:>KHO n:o6aI3HTb K 3THM KpenJieHHSIM BaKY-
YMHbIM KJianatt.
Tpe6oBattHH K cpencTBaM Kpennemrn:
o6ecne4ettHe MHHHMyMa nopwtteI3blX H pOTaUHOHHblX }ll3H:>KCHHM
nptteMHOM fHJib3bl 6enpa OTHOCHTCJibHO KYJibTH I3)l0Jlb H BOKpyr ee
npo}lOJlbHOH OCH;
CHMMeTpH4HOCTb 1II3H:>KCHHH npoTC3HpOBaHHOH 11 coxpattHBWCHCH
KOHe4HOCTett;
OTCYTCTBHe 6oJICBbIX OIUYWCHHH H npenSITCTBHt'I HOpMaJibHOMY }lBH-
)KeHMIO (3KCKypCHH) CTCHOK rpy}lHOM 11 6p!OWHOH noJIOCTet'1;
paBttoMepttoe pacnpenenettne naBJieHHH no 3att11MaeMoH cpencTBOM
Kpennemrn noBepxttocTH Tena;
H3}lC)l(HOCTb KpenJieHHSI 11 npOCTOTa TIOJ!b30B3HHH HM.

rnasa 4
KflACClt1<l>lt1KALU.il51 06YB1t1 lt1 EE KOHCTPYKH1BHA51
XAPAKTEPlt1CTlt1KA

4.1. K11acc1.1¢1.1Ka41.1fl 06ys1.1

CoBpeMettHYIO o6yBh KJTacc11qrnu11pYJOT no cJICllYJOW,HM npH3Ha-

l<aM: Ha3Ha4eHHIO, CC30Hy HOCKH, BM.UY, MaTepMaJIY nepxa H nOll,0-
1.Uai,1, KOHCTpyKUHl1 33fOTOBKH nepxa, KaTeropm:tM CJIO:>KHOCTH 33f0-

87
TOBKH nepxa, MeTOJIY Kpern1emrn HH3a K Bepxy 06ym1, unery JICTaJJCli
sepxa, Bb1c0Te Ka6nyKa, cnoco6y npoH3BOllcrna, <f:iacoHy KOJ10llKI!.
cnoco6y 3aKpenneHH51 Ha Hore, nonoBo3pacTHbIM rpynnaM.
OpTonen11YecKy10 o6yBh, KpoMe Toro, KJ1acc11¢uu11py10T no c11!\1-
MeTpHYHocn1, HMHY11IO cneUH3J1bHbIX neTaTJeit H l\taTcpmUJy llJ151 I!\
H3rOTOBJ1eHlrn.
Ha3Ha'!ett11e xapaKTep1nyeT ycJJOBHH ucnonb30BaHHH o6yrrn, OT Ko
TOpb!X 3aBHC51T ee CBOHCTBa, KOHCTPYKUH51, np11Me1rneMble MaTepHaJJbi
no Ha3Ha'leHHIO o6yBb nemn Ha CJlellYIOlll.11C BHllbI:
noeceaHe6HYIO - Ha Ka)l(llblH llCHb;
AwaeJ/bHYIO -- llJ15l TOp)l(CCTBeHHblX CJJVLJaeB;
aoMOUIH/0/0 "_ llJ15l )lOMa; •
aopOJICHYIO - llJ151 HenpOJ10J1)1(11TeJ1bHOH HOCKH B llOpore;
11JIRJICHYIO U af/R OKtnU611020 Ol11db/XG - 1IJ151 nporynoK, 3aH51THH cPH3-
KYJ1bTYpOi1;
HOU,UOHOJ/bHYIO - C TpallHU110HHblMH H3Ul10HaJJbHbIMH 3J1CMCHTa-
Ml1 KOHCTpyKUH11 11 OT)lCJTKH;
o6yeb af/R Jl/Oaeu 110.JICUJ/020 603pacma - KOHCTPYKUl111 pa3pa6oTaHLI
c yYeTOM attaTOMO-<f:JyttKUHOHaJJbHblX oco6eHHOCTCH monei1 nmKl1Jl0-
ro B03pacrn;
cnopmueHy10 - J1JT51 3aHHT11t1 pa3JTHYHbIMH B11naM11 cnoprn;
cneu,uaJ/bHYIO - llJ151 33lll,11Tbl Hor OT onaCHblX B03)lei1CTB11tt;
npou1eodcmeeH11y10 - llJ15l pa6oT 6e3 np11MetteH115l 3<HIU1THhIX MaTe-
p11aJJoB 11 neTaJJei1;
opmoneau.,ecKy10 (Men11u11ttcKy10) - KOHCTPYKU1111 pa3pa6ornHhI c
yYCTOM naTOJTOrHYeCKHX OTKJ10HCHl1H CTOnbI, roneH11 111111 6enpa;
npoifyuJ1aKmu'1eCKy10 - KOHCTPYKU1111 pa3pa6ornHhI llJ151 npenynpe)K-
J1CHl151 naTOJTOrHYCCKl1X OTKJ10HCHl1M CTO[]bl.
Ce30HHOCTb - pa3neneH11e noncenHeBHOH 06y1m B 3aBHCl1MOCTl1 or
CC30Ha HOCKl1 Ha 311MHIOIO, BeCeHHe-oceHHIOIO, JJCTHIOIO, Kpyrnoce30H-
HYfO llJ151 HOCKl1 COOTBCTCTBCHHO 311MOt1, B BCCCHHC-OCCHHl1H nep11011.
JTCTOM, B TeYeH11e rona.
K Kpyrnoce30HHOH OTHOC51T .[lOMaWHIOIO o6yBb 11 o6yBb, KOTopy!O
HOC51T B noMelll,CHl111.
no BH)ly o6yBb no11pa3,!lCJ15llOT Ha n51Tb rpynn: pCMCWKOBO-CaH,!laJJb-
Ha51, Tycpn11, nony60T11HK11, 60T11HKl1 11 canorn (cM. nonpa3n. 1.2).
no MaTepmUiaM )1JT51 Hapy)l(Hb!X JICTaJJCt'I Bepxa o6yBb []01lpa311CJ151IOT
Ha K0)1(3HYfO - 113 IOcPTH 11 KO)!( xpOMOBOro ny6neH115l: HCKYCCTBeHHbl\.
11 Cl1HTCTl1YCCK11X KO)!(; TCKCTl1J1bHYIO; KOM611HHpOB3HHylO.
no MaTep11aJJaM )1JT51 Hapy)l(HblX ,!lCTaJJCit HH3a o6ynb l\10)!(CT 6bITb C
nonoWBOH 113 K0)1(11, []0J1HMepoB, B TOM 'IHCJ1C pe3HHhl. nom1ypernHa
(nY), nOJ111Bl1Hl1JlXJJOPl1JJa (nBX), TepM03Jl3CTOTIJ1acroB (T3CT); BOii-
J10Ka; nepesa; KOM611H11pOBaHHOlf.
B11n KOHCTPYKU."" 3aroTOBKn oepxa 06ym1 xapaKTep113yeT CJ10)!(HOCTb
ee KOHCTPYKUHH c yYeToM nonoBo3pacTHoi1 rpynnbI H Ha3HaYemHI
(cM. nonpa3JI. 4.3).
88
 Ta61111 ua 4.1
KaTeropn11 cJio>K11ocT11 1aroTOBOK eepxa o6yen

- KaTe-
nonCellflCBHaH o6yllb

)f(CllCKail II ,:reT-
Mo11e11bHaH 06y1Jb

)!(CHCKail 1111eT-
rop1.u1 My:>KCKast M}")f(CKaH
CKaH CKall
- I HacTpol.J11a51 Kpoii c HCCJJO)f(- HaCTpO'JHa51 f11aJlKHll KpOll
COJOJKa, HC- HO ii OTJlCJl KOil COIOJKa H11H C OTJlCJl KO ii 1111 H
C110)f(HaH OT- HaCTpOl.JllbIC <lmrypHbii-i Kpoi-i
JlC.'l Ka 111111 6cpUbl COT- 6eJ OT.llC11Kl1
6C3 OTJ1C11 Kl1 .llC11KOi-i 111111
6C3 OTJlC}] KM

11 HaCTJ10'I HbIC f11a.11K11ii Kpol! Co c11o)f(- f113.llKMtt 11Jll1

6epub1 6e:i C .ll0II0111!l1TC11b- HOii OTJ1C11- HCC110)f(Hbli-i QJ11-
OT.llCnKll IL'll1 l!Oi-i OT.llC11 KO ii KOi-i rypHbii-i Kpoii co
c nono111111- 11Jll1 llCC110)f(Hbltt C110)f(H0~t OTJ1C11-
TC11bHOtt OT- <jmrypHblii Kpoi1 KOii 11Jll1 C110)f(-
.LlC11 KOi-i 6e3 OTJ1C11 Kl1 Hhitt <jmrypHhii-i
Kpoii 6cJ .110-
HOJllH1TC11hHOM
OTJ1C11KH

III - <D11rypHbli-i Kpoi1 - C11o)f(HL1H qm-

C OT.LlCJlKOii rypHLIM Kpoii
CO C110)f(HO(! OT-
.llC11KOii

no CTenCHM CJlO)KHOCTH pa3Jll1'!alOT TpH KaTcropHH 3aroTOBOK Bep-

Xa 06ys11: 011Ha .UJJH )KeHcKoil H .neTcKoii, nse .nm1 M~cKoiL KaTcropirn
MO,lleJTH 3aroTOI3KH nepxa 06yn11, 131111 OTIJ,eJlKH xapaKTepH3YIOT CJTO)f(-
HOCTb 11 KomjmrypaUHIO Kp051 (rn6JJ. 4.1 ). J;bneCTHbl CJJenyioumc BHLl,bl
OT,llCJTKH: .ueKopaTHI3Hbie CTpO'-IKH, B TOM 'IHCJle 13binYKJlbIC, 6H3HKH,
OKaHTOBO'-IHblC )1eTar111, npo11ep)f(KH, 6aHTbl, yKpaweHH51, nepcpopa-
lUUf H llp.
MeTo.u Kpem1ettusi xapaKTep1nyeTCH BHllOM KperrHTCJJH, coemrnsi-
IOl.I.{ero rro)1owny c nepxoM 06ym1, Ha.nwrneM crrem1qm'-leCKHX 11ern-
Jiei1 (Hanp1n1ep, Hecyw11i1 paHT) 11 n11110M WBa. MeT01lbI KperrJJeHHH
JlCJISIT Ha TpH rpym11>1: :\1CX3HJ1lleCKHe, XHMH'-ICCKHC 11 KOM6HHHp0133H-
Hble (pHC. 4.1 ).
llo UBeTy .ueTaJJett Bepxa o6yBb MO)f(eT 6b!Tb 'lCpHOH, 6eJTOH, KO-
Pfftrnenof\, HpKoii, cnernoii, 30JlOTHCToi1, cepe6p11cToii, pa3HouneT-
Hoi1.
no BblCOTe Ka6JiyKa pa3JlH'-lalOT o6yBb 6e3 Ka6JTyKa, Ha HH3KOM,
Cpe.nHeM' BbICOKOM 111111 oco6o BblCOKOM Ka6JJYKC.
no cnoco6y npOH3BO.UCTBa o6yBb llCJlSIT Ha PY'-IHOro If Mexam1•1e-
C1<oro 113fOTOBJleHirn.

89
 METOAhlKPEITREHHR

Mexauu11ecKue XltMH'leCKHe KoM6uuuposauuble

HttTOYHbie KneeBOH PattTOKJJeesoH

fopw1ci1 KneenpOllllfBHOM
fB03,llCBOM OpowttBHott nyJJKaHH3aUHH
CaH.llaJibHO-KJJeenoii
.[l,epeBllHHO- BTaYHOM Opccconoii
lllTil1JJe'IHblM
nynKaHnJau1111 ,UonneJJbHO-KJJCCBOii
BblllOpOTHblM
BttHTOBOti
Kornonoii fB03.llCKJJeenoi1
Ca111IaJibHbIH
BYJJKaHHJamrn
CTpOlJClJHO-KJJCCllOi\
Pattronpo- ,UonncJJbHbIM
llllfllHOM CTpOlJClJHO-
PaHTOBbIM caH,llaJibHO-KJJeeJJoii
Crpo'ICYHO- TB'-1
.nonnenbHbitt Eoprosoii CrpoYelJHO-
KJ1eenpoll111BHOtt
CrpoYCYHO- «CTapKO»
paHTOBblM
Crpo'leYHo-npecco-
BOM synKaH11Jam111

CrpoYelJHO-
JJHTLCBOH

Puc. 4.1. K.naccmp11Kau1rn Mern.aon KpenneHttH

no cnoco6y 1aKpenJJenm1 na nore pa3Jil1'IaIOT o6yBh 6e3 3acTC)K-
Kl1, c 3aCTC)l(KOi1-MOJIHHei1, pe3HHK3Ml1, WHypKaMH, npH)l(KaMll.
KHOnKaMH, JICHTOtl BCJlbKpo, KO)l(aHbJM 11Jll1 TCKCTHJibHbIM WHy-
poM.
IloJJoso1pacTnb1e rpynnbl - )leJiett11e 06yB11 Ha rpynnhI no poJJono-
MY H B03pacTHOMy HaJHal.feH1110: n11HCTK11, rycap11K11, MaJIOJlCTCKaH,
)lCTCKaH, WKOJibHaH JlJlH )lCBOl.fCK, llCBHl.fbH, WKOJlbHaH )lJlH MaJibl.fH-
KOB, MaJibl.fHKOBaH, )l(CHCKaH, M~CKaH.

06yBh BbmycKaeTCH B COOTBeTCTB1111 c fOCT 11373-88 «06ynb.

Pa3MepbI». B MeTpw1ecKoi1 c11cTeMe pa3Mep 06yB11onpeJJeJIHCTCH11m1·
HOH CTOTibl B MHJIJIHMCTpax, 11HTCpBa11bl no )lJ111HC Me)l(Jly CMC)l(HblMll
pa3MepaM11 06ym1 COCTaBJIHIOT 5 H 7,5 MM (Ta6JI. 4.2 H 4.3).
c HHTCPBaJIOM 5 MM 113fOTOBJ1HIOT BCC BH)lbl 06ys11, KpOMC o6yBH c
nepxoM 113 10qm1 11 cneuHaJihHoro Ha3Hal.feHHH.. CTpn onpe)leJieH1111 pa3-
Mepa 06yn11 0,5 MM OKpyrnHIOT B MCHbWYIO CTOpoHy. CTOnbI npH Oil-
HOH H TOH )KC )lJ111HC HMCIOT pa3Jil1'IHYIO w11p1rny H o6bCMbl, no:nm-1y
o6yBh OllHOro pa3Mepa BbinYCKaIOT c pa3J111l.fHblMH BHyTPCHH11Ml1 paJ-
MepaMH - nOJIHOTaMH, KOTOpblC COOTBCTCTBYfOT Tpe6oBaHHHM fQCT
3927-88 «KO.'lOllKH o6ynHbIC. 06urne TCXHHl.fCCKHC ycJIOBl1H».
CToJIHOTa ooym1 onpe11eJIHCTCH 06xnaTaM11 11 WMpOTOH KOJIOLIKH II
o6o3Hal.faeTrn umJ>paMH OT I JlO 12. C yneJiw1eH11eM noJIHOTbI o6xBaT
ny'-!KOBOH 'laCTH B03pacTaCT.

90
 Ta6;111ua4.2
PaJMCpb1 o6ysn

fpyrma of>yn11 Mcxo11Hbiii

paJMep
Ho- PaJMep 06y1111, M\I rpynnbI,
l-h111\1CHOBaH11c
MCP MM

Bee BUObt o6yeu c u11111epea,10A1 5 .MM

0 n ltHCTKl1 95, 100. 105. 110, 115, 120, 125 110
fycap11K11 105, 110, 115, 120, 125. 130. 130
135, 140
2 MaJ10..1CTC Kasi 145, 150, 155, 160, 165 155
3 llCTCKaH 170. 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 185
200
4 ill KOJI bHa51 11.JISI 205. 210. 215. 220, 225, 230, 225
11.CUOlJCK 235, 240
5 .Llem1•11>H 225, 230, 235. 240. 245, 250, 235
255, 260
6 lliKOJ!bHa5111.JUI 205, 210, 215, 220. 225. 230, 230
MMblJl1KOB 235, 240
7 Ma111>•111Konas1 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270. 265
275, 280
8 )KcHCKaSJ 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240
240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265.
270, 275
9 My)l(CKilH 245, 250. 255, 260, 265, 270. 270
275, 280, 285, 290. 295. 300,
305
06yeb c /IHmepea.10.u 7,5 Af.\t
3 ,LlCTCKlUI 172, J80, 187, 195, 202 187
6 lliKOJlbHaSI 210. 217, 225, 232, 240 225
7 M ~L1Jb•111 KouaH 247, 255, 262, 270, 277 262
8 )KeHCKaSI 217, 225, 232, 240, 247, 255, 240
262. 270, 277, 285
9 My)l(cKan 240, 247, 255, 262, 270, 277, 270
285, 292, 300, 307

0 P f.f MC 'I a II 11 C. Pal:l.tepbl o6yBll 11 llCXOllllblC pan1epbl rpynn COOTllCTCTllYIOT HO-

MepaM KOJIOllOK, Ha KOTOpblX ee 113rDTOB..lSllOT.

91
 Ta6J111ua4.3
flpHMCpuoe COOTBeTCTBHC MCTpH'ICCKHX " lllTHXMaCOBblX pa3MCpOB o6yBH
npH HHTepBaJIC MC.IK,IIJ CMC)f{JfblMH pa3MepaMH 5 MM

fpynna PaJMep 06ym1 fpynna Pa3MCP 06ym1

I
06y1m 06ym1 MM
MM lllTl1MtaC WlllXMac I

CTttHeTKl1 95 16 ,llc1mYbH 225 35

100 16,5 230 36
I 05 17 235 37
110 18 240 37,5
115 19 245 38
120 19,5 250 39
125 20 255 40
fycapHKH 105 17 illKOJlbH3H 205 32
IJO 18 .llJIHMaJJb- 210 33
'111KOB
115 19 215 34
120 19,5 220 34,5
125 20 225 35
130 21 230 36
135 22 235 37
140 22,5 240 37,5
MaJJO.UCT- 145 23 MaTJbYH- 245 38
CKaH 150 24 KOBaH 250 39
155 25 255 40
160 25,5 260 40.5
165 26 265 41
,lleTCKaH 170 27 270 42
I~ 28 2~ 43
180 28,5 280 43,5
185 29 )KcHCKaH 210 33
190 30 215 34
195 31 220 34,5

~~~~~~_2_0_0~~~3_1_,5~~~~~~~~-22_5~--'-~~3_5 ____ 1

92
 01'Ull 1tal/UC /1100c1. 4.3

PaJMCP 06ym1 fpvnna Pa3Mcp 06ym1

fpynna
o6yBH MM WTllXMac 06y1m ~IM WTllX~taC

UIKOJlb- 205 32 270 41

llaH ,nm1
210 33 275 43
,neoo'leK
215 34 My)KCKa51 245 38
220 34,5 250 39
225 35 255 40
230 36 260 40,5
235 37 265 41
230 36 270 42
235 37 275 43
240 37,5 280 43,S
245 38 285 44
250 39 290 45
255 40 295 46
260 40,5 300 46,5
265 41 305 47

MHTepBa.JihI Me)l(lly cMe)l(HbIMH noJJHOTaMll pa3JJH'1Hb1: JUHi MOLlCJJb-

Hoi1: o6yBH 6 MM, lIJISI noBcenHeBHOM 06ym1 113 KO)I( xpoMOBOro ny6JJe-
HHSI 8 MM H c BepxoM HJ IO¢TH 10 MM.
HapMy c MeTpw1ecKoi1 cHcTeMott HyMepau1rn npHMeHSIIOT H WTHX-
MacoBYIO. Pa3Mep o6yBH B :noii CHCTeMe onpe)leJJSieTCH lIJIHHOM CJJena
KOJIOLlKH, Bbipa)l(eHHOM B WTHXMacax. Wn1x - 3TO emrn11ua H3Mepe-
HHH lIJIHHbl, paBHaH 6,67 MM.
B HeKoTopbIX crpaHax HCTIOJJb3YIOT 1110iiM0By10 c11cTeMy H3MepeHHH,
B KOTOpott 3a e11HHHuy H3MepeHHH npHHSITa 1/3" = 8,64 MM, lfJIH l/5" =
:::: 12,7 MM, HJIH 1/6" = 4,23 MM. np11 3TOM B AHrmm 33 HalJaJJO OTC'IeTa
IlPHHSIT HYJJh, a B AMepHKe - 4". CooTHowem1e pa3Mcpon o6ynH B
paJHbIX CHCTeMax naHbl Ha PHC. 4.2.
CoBepweHCTBOBaH11c pa3MepHbIX cucTeM 1111eT HcnpcpbmHo, YTO
CBSIJaHo, npe)l(lle Bcero, c LlCMOrpaqrnYCCKHJ\111 113MeHCHl1SIMl1 CTOTI
.neteM: H B3pocJJoro HaceJJemrn.
Ka¢enpa TexHoJ1orn11 113nem1t'i 113 KO)l(H MocKOBCKoro rocynapCT-
BeHHoro ym,rncpc1nern LlH3attHa H TeXHOJIOrHH BCllCT 3KTl1BHYIO pa6o-
Ty B 3TOM HanpaBJJCHHH. B YaCTHOCTH, npOBOJ111TC51 KOMTIJICKC IICCJIC-
.l(OBaHHtl lIJIH pa3pa6oTKH KOJIOLlOK nm1 neTei111owKOJlbHOro B03pacrn.

93
 45 290
285
44
- . - - - - 2801111-----... 9
43 275
42 270 8
265
41 7
260
40 255
6
39 250
245 5
38
240
37 235 4
36 230
225 3
35
220 2
34 215
33 210
205
32
200
31 195
30 190
185
29
180
28 175
27 l70
9
165
26
160 8
25 155
24 150 7
145
23 6
140
22 135 5
21 130
125 4
20
120
19 3
115
18 110 2
105
17
100
16 95
0
0

a 6 6 a
P11C. 4.2. C11cTeMbl l13MepeHHH:
a - qipaHUY3CKaH (cjJpaHUY3CKl11i WT11x); 6 - pyccKaH (MllJIJIHMeTpbI); 6 - attrmtliCK<UI
(lllOllM); i! - a-
a\1ep11KaHCKaH llJIH BCCX pOllOB o6yBH, KPO\le )!(eJ!CKOil (lllOH\1);
aMepHKaHCKaH )!(eHCKaH (1110ih1)

94
 4.2 . .QeTam1 sepxa 111 H1113a 06ys111

)lenurn nepxa 06yn11 pa3.UeJHIJOT Ha Hapy:>KHhie. BHYTPeHH11e 11 npo-

!'de)l{)'"fOLIHhie (pHC. 4.3).
HapYJKHbie .JJ.eTaJIH Bepxa. K HHM OTHOCHTC5r:
nepeo - .uernJih canora, 3aKpbmaJOI..Ua.H naJibUbI H TbIJihHYJO nonepx-
aocTh flJllOCHbl CTOnb1;
2011eHuw,e - JieTaJib canora, 3aKpbmaJOI..Ua51 roJieHh, 11Horna 'laCTh ee
lfJll1 6e.npo;
HOCOK - 3aKpbmaeT TbIJibH)'lO nonepxHOCTb flaJibUeB CTOObI;

0
,H

C-+-----1
I
11

13

P1-1c. 4.3. Hapy)((Hbie (a), BHyrpett1me (6)

11 npoMe)((yrO'!Hble (e) neTaJIH 3aro-
TOBK11 Bepxa no11y60THHKa c HaCTpO'!HbIMH 6epual\m:
1 - HOCOK: 2 - COI03Ka: 3 - 6epeu; 4 - H3blYOK: 5 - Hapy)l(Hblll peMeHb: 6 -
noJll<Jia..aKa non coto3Ky; 7 - non6noYH11K; 8, JO - no.uKJJa..aKa non 6epcu; 9 - BK.TJM-
11011 no.unHTO'IHllK; // - 60KOBI1HKlf: 12 - MC)l(nO.U6JlOYHllK; 13 - Me)KnOl!KJlaL!Ka
no.u 6cpeu; 14 - KapMaH .!lJlH no.uHocKa; 15 - JMHHK; 16 -- nomrncoK

95
 C0/03KQ - 3aKpbIBaeT TblllbHYIO noBepXHOCTb nlllOCHbl CTOnbI;
6epel{ - nOllHOCTblO 111111 '-laCTH'-IHO 3aKpb!BaCT npenm110CHY 11 60,
KOBYIO n01~epXHOCTb nJIIOCHbl CTOnbt, HHorna '!aCTb fOllCHH;
300U/IKO - 3aKpbrnaeT mITKY CTOnbI;
300HUU uapy.JICHb/U pe111eHb - yKpenmieT 3anttnit LUOB 3aroTO£lK11
Bepxa, KOTOpb!H MO)l(CT onttoBpeMCHHO CllY)l(HTb KapMaHOM MSI 3<1°t-
HHKa;
o6mRJICKa - 3aKpbIBaeT 6oKOBYIO H cppoHTaJJbHYIO nonepxHOCTH Kai)_
11yKa 111111 TOpeu n11aTcpopMbI, nOllJ!O)l(KH, CTellbK11;
Jl3bl'IOK - neTaJib 60THHOK 111111 no11y60THHOK, pacno11o)l(eHHaSI no1
nepenHett '-laCTblO 6epueB H npenoxpaHSIIOIUaSI cTony OT nonpe)l(ZJ.eH11H
6110'-1KaMI1 H ;::r.aBJJeHHSI WHypKon;
06QJ/bHQJl ecmaeKa - COCTpo•1eHa c COl03KOH HHTK31\111 HJIH KO:.Ka-
HblM WHypo!Vl, pacnOllO)l(CHa Han ueHTpaJibHOi1 'IaCTblO nlllOCHbI;
o6COI03KQ - nollOCKa MaTepmurn, coen11HCHHaSI c OBaJibHOt1 BCTaB-
Koti;
npowea - noJiocKa MaTep11aJia, pacno11o)l(ettHaSI Me)l(ZJ.y Janttm.111
KpaSIMl1 ro11eHHIUa H nOBbILUalOIUaSI npO'-IHOCTb H nonocTOJ1KOCTb wna:
KflanaH - COCTpO'-leH c 6epuar.rn H1111 fOJICHI11UaMH (MO)l(CT 6b1Tb
BHYTPCHHeH neTaJiblO nonKJJanKH non 3acTe)l(Ky-Mo11H1110);
OKQH/110601/HQJl iJemaf/b - TeCbMa HllH TIOllOCKa 113 MaTepMaJia Bep\a
MSI oTneJIKH Blfll11MbIX Kpaen 3aroTOBKl1 nepxa;
3aKpenKa - yBeJI11 1 rnBaeT npo•rnocTb coenHHCHHSI neTaJiei-1 (ynpo-
'-lett11e coenwHemrn .zrenwei1 3aroTOBKH nepxa 06yn11 MO)KeT 6bITb npo-
H3ne.zreHo HHTK3MH 6e3 3aKpenKH);
ywKu - nernSI, npwCTpo'-leHHaSI K ro11ett11waM 111111 6epuaM ivrn
yno6crna ttanesattHSI 06ys11.
KpoMe Toro, K Hapy)l(HbIM neTaJISIM Bepxa o6yBH OTHOCSIT •1epec-
nonbeMHbIH, nSITO'-IHbIH, HaMOllbI)l(C'-IHbIH 11 T-o6pa3Hbll1 peMHM.
BttyrpeHHHe neTaJIH eepxa. 3To neTaJIM. conpHKacaJOw11ecsr c tto-
roi1. K HHM OTHOCSITCSI:
llOOKJ/QOKa - KOMTilleKT nernJieH ,llJISI nOBbIWeHMfl rnr11eHH'-leCKll\.
TCTI1103alUMTHblX CBOHCTB, qJopr.10ycTOI1'-IHBOCTl1 H 1130Jl5JUl1H Horn OT
WBOB Hapy)l(HblX neTaJJCH Bepxa;
<jJymop - neTaJJb canora, no qJopMe n paJMepaM coorneTcrnyJOmaH
ro11eH111uy:
llOOHOjJJlO - .1leTaJJb canora, no ¢opMe H pa3MepaM COOTBCTCTBy-
IOIUaSI nepeny;
llOOUJUBKQ - neTaJib canora, no ¢opMe H pa3MCpa!\f COOTBeTCTBy-
IOIUaH Bepxtteii '-laCTH roJieHHllla;
KQjJJltaH - pacnO;lO)l(eH B flflTO'IHOH H.1111 HOCO'-IHOH lfaCTli 3aro-
TOBKH nepxa MSI pa3MC1UCHHSI COOTBeTCTBCHHO 33llHHKa HJil1 nor1-
HOCKa;
3QOHUU BHympeUHUU peJiteHb - yKpenJISieT 33llHHH won;
ywupeUHb/U 3QOHUU BHympeHHUU pe.~teHb - nOBbIWaCT H3HOCOCTOii-
KOCTb nSITO'-IHOH '-laCTH neTaJiei1 Bcpxa;

96
 noa6AO'IHllK - nOBhIWaCT npO'IHOCTb KpenJICHl-HI 6JI04KOB K 6ep-
uaM;
noaKpl{)'le'lllUK - rlOBblWaeT np04HOCTb KpenJieHH51 Kpl04KOB K 6ep-
uaM;
wmarjJepKa - yKpenn5IeT KaHT 3aroTOBKH Bepxa;
nOO)'UIC 11HUK - HaCTpO'!CH Ha HH)l(HIOIO '!aCTb ywKa D.1151 YBCJIWIC-
J:IH.fl npo•JHOCTH COCJJHHCHl151 era c roJICHHW,CM HJIH 6epueM;
\ cmeAbKQ - pacnOJIO)l(CHa no)l nO)JOWBCHHOH noBepXHOCTblO CTOnbI;
6KJIGiJHGH cme!lbKQ - llCTaJlb, no cj)opMe COOTBCTCTBYIOl.Ua51 OCHOB-
f{OH CTCJibKe, ynyywa10wa51 BHYTPCHHHtt m1n 11 rnrneHH'-ICCKHe cnol'l:-
cwa 06yB11;
ema•tHQR cmeJlbKQ - npHCTpO'!eHa K 3afOTOBKC Bcpxa )10 reJICH0'-1-
HOH HJIH 05"1TO'-IHOH 'laCT11;
6K11GiJ11aR 11011ycme11bKG - llCTaJib, no Q)OpMe COOTBCTCTBYIOWa51 n51-
T04HO-reJICHO'-IHOH '-!aCTH OCHOBHOH CTCJlbKl1 11 BbinOJIH5IIOlUa51 cj)yttK-
UHH BK.Jla)lHOil CTCJibKH;
nOOllR1110'1HUK- JICTaJib, COOTBCTCTBYIOl.Ua51 no cj)opMC n5ITO'-IHOH '-laC-
TH OCHOBHOlf CTCJlbKH 11 BhinOJIHHIOWa51 cj)yHKUHH BKJiallHOH CTCJibKH;
llOOHOCO'lllUK - JlCTaJih OTKpbITOH B HOCO'lHOH '!aCTH o6yBH, COOT-
BeTCTBYIOWaH cj)opMC HOC04HOH 'laCTH OCHOBHOH CTCJibKH H BbinOJIHH-
IOl.U351 cPYHKUl111 BKJlallHOM CTCJlbKH.
IlpoMe)l()'TO'IHble .neTaJIH oepxa. K HHM OTHOCSITCH:
Me:JICIJOOKl/QOKG - KOMnJICKT )JCTaJICM, nOBbIWalOI.L(HX cj)opMOYCTOH-
'IHBOCTb 3aroTOBKH Bepxa;
60K06UHKQ - llCTaJib, pacnoJimKCHHaSI B nyYKOBO-reJICHO'-IHOH Yac-
TH D.1151 nOBhlWCHHSI ee cpopMOYCTOH'IHBOCTH;
Me:J1CIJ0061JO'lllUK - )lCTaJib llJIH rlOBbIWCHHH npO'lHOCTH KpenJieHHSI
6JIO'lKOB K 11.CTaJIHM Bepxa;
3GOHUK - llCTaJib, 06ecneY11Ba10wasi cjlOpMOYCTOtt'-IHBOCTb nHT0'-1-
HOH •IaCTH:
nodHOCOK - JJCTaJib, 06ecne•nma10maH cj)opMy HOCO'lHOM YaCTH.
LleTaJIH mna 06yn11 pacnonara10Tcsi non no;:wwneHHOH noBepxHo-
t'IHo CTOrlbl (p11c. 4.4). LleTaJIH HJ13a llCJISIT Ha Hapy)l(HhTC, BHYTPCHHHC
npoMC)l(YTO'lHblC.
HapYJKHble .ueTa.riH HH3a. K HHM OTHOCSITcsi:
nodowea - Haxo1111TcH no.u ncel'l: no.uownettHOM nonepxttocTblO
TOnbr:
cocmaeHafl nooowea - cocTOHT H3 nepeattetl 11 nHTO'-IHOH 4aCTei1;
11pucmaeKa 11000lll6b/ - llCTaJib COCTdBHOH nOllOWBbl, pacnoJimKCH-
asi B ee nHTO'-IHOM '-!acn1;
nocJowea C KpOK)'lle.M - nSITO'-IHaH '-laCTb HMCCT cj)OpMy Q)pOHTaJibHOM
OBCpXHOCTH Ka6nyKa;
111/0CKaR 11odowea - HMCCT OllHHaKOBYIO TOJilUHHY no BCCH nnoc-
OCTJf;
11porjJu11upoeaHHQR llOOOUl6Q - HMCCT pa3HYIO TOJIWHHY Ha pa3Jil1'-l-
hIX y•iacTKax;

4 Jle.leHeua 97
 0 u·
~
2

1
Q J
~5 7 8 9

p
10 11

P11c. 4.4. ll,eTarm HHJa o6ynu:

I - nonowBa; 2 - no11MeTKa: 3 - Ha6oi1Ka: 4 - 06so11Ka; 5 - KpaHeu; 6 · npocrn.1-
Ka; 7 - re11eHoK; 8 - cTeJlt.Ka; 9 - no11yCTeJ1bKa; JO - Ka611yK; / / - paHT

rjJop.M060HHOR noaoUJ60 - H3fOTOBJICHa 113 HCK)'CCTBCHHbIX MaTep11-

aJIOB lUH1 KO)l(H MeTO.UOM ¢opMOBaHmr;
noiJ.~temKO - no ¢opMe 11 pa3MepaM COOTBeTCTByeT HOCO'lHO-TI)"l-
KOBOH l.JaCTH TIO,UOWBbI 11 yBCJil1'll1BaeT cpoK ee CJiy)l(6bJ (MO)l(CT 6bJTb
npoMC)l(YTOlIHOti .neTaJibJO );
HOKJIOdKO - .rreTaJib c p11¢JieH11eM, no ¢opMe 11 pa3MepaM COOTBCT-
CTBYJOWa51 HOCO'lHO-ny'lKOBOH llaCTl1 TIOllOWBbI HJil1 BceH: ee noBepx-
HOCHI, nOBbIWaJOI!Ia51 cpoK ee CJI~6bi, npOTHBOCKOJlb)l(CHHe 11 Ten-
JI03alUHTHbJe CBOHCTBa o6yBH;
Hecytl{UU paHm - .neTaJib, K KOTOpoH: npHKpenJI51JOT 3aroTOBK)' Bep-
xa, TIOllOWBY HJIH TIOllJIO)l(K)';
HOKJIOOHOU paHm - CKpenJI51eT no.nowBy c 3afOTOBKOH Bepxa, no-
BbJWaeT npOlJHOCTb WBa 11 YJIYl!WaeT BHCWHl1H Bl1.Ll 06yn11;
deKopamUBHb/U pOH/11 - TIOJIOCKa, YJIYlJWaJOlUa51 BHeWHHH Bl1ll o6y-
BH 11 repMeTl13aU11JO WBa;
KOOJl)/K - .neTaJib llJIH no.nbeMa TIHTO'lHOH l.JaCTl1 CTOTibI;
Ha6oiiKa - .neTaJib, 3am1-mrmomaH xo.noBYJO noBepxHoCTb Ka6JiyKa
11-fll1 rnITOlJHYJO liaCTb no.nOWBbl.
Buyrpennue neTaJIH nu1a. lleTaJIH, conp11KacaJOm11ecH co cTonoii.
K HHM OTHOCHTCH:
OCH06HOR cm(!JlbKO - .neTaJib, K KOTOpoti npttKpenJIHJOT 3aT51)1(HyKl
KpOMKY 3afOTOBKH Bepxa H 11eTaJIH HH3a o6yBH;
pOH/11060R cmeJibKO - OCHOBHaH CTCJibKa c ry6oti, K KOTOpoti np11-
WHBaJOT 3arn)l(HYJO KpOMKY 3aroTOBKH Bepxa H paHT;
noJ1ycmeJ1bKa - no ¢opMe 11 pa3MepaM coorneTcrnyeT nHT04Ho-re-
JieHolJHOH lJaCTH OCHOBHOH CTCJibKH (MO)l(CT 6bITb H npoMe~OlJHOii
.UCTaJlbJO );

98
 nOOJIOJICKO - no cpopMe 11 pa3MepaM COOTBeTCTByeT no.UOWBe, no-
J,IUiaeT npo'-!HOCTh, yJiy'-!waeT rnrneHtt'-!eCKtte 11 TenJio3aWMTHbie CBOH-
~TBa HM33 o6yBM (MO)KeT 6b!Tb 11 BHYTpeHHett neTaJiblO).
flpoMe)l{)"foquble .ueTaJIH HH3a. K HMM OTHOCHTCH:
fl)lanujJop.Ma - no cpopMe COOTBeTcrnyeT HOCO'-!HO-ny<rKOBOH lfaCTM
110,llOWBbl MJIM BCdi ee noBepXHOCTM, o6THHYTa c Topua MaTepttaJIOM
sepxa 06yB11;
;JICeCmKuii nOOl1Hl110'1HUK - no cpopMe COOTBeTCTByeT nHTO'IHOH <rac-
Tff ocHOBHOH CTeJibKM, nOBb!WaeT npO'-IHOCTb KpenJieHMH Ka6JiyKa;
MH2KUU 110011HmO'fHUK - pacnoJIO)KeH ll nHTOlfHOH <raCTM non BKJia.U-
J{OH cTeJibKOH, noJiyCTeJibKOH MJIM no.nnHTOlfHHKOM, yJiy'lwaeT KOM-
¢opTHOCTb 06ym1;
2eJ1eHOK - yBeJIH'-IMBaeT cpopMOYCTOH'-IMBOCTb reJieHOlfHOM 'laCTM HM3a
06y1nt;
npocmUJIKO - 3anoJIHHeT npoCTpaHCTBO, orpaHM'leHHOe KpaHMM 3a-
TIDKHOH KpOMKM cJien.a 3aTHHYTOH JaroTOBKM Bepxa 06yB11;
</J!IUK - neTaJib 113 KO)KM MJIM pe3MHbl pa3JIM'-IHOH TOJIWMHbT, COOT-
BeTCTBYfOW:aH cpopMe Ha6opHOro Ka6JiyKa;
o6600KO - neTaJib B BM.Ue nOJIOCKM 113 KO)KM MJIH l1CKyccrneHHbIX
MaTepMaJIOB, npttKpenJIHeMaH no KpalO HeXO.UOBOH noBepXHOCTl1 no-
,llOWBbl 11 06ecne<r11Ba10waH nJIOTHoe np11J1eratt11e ee K cJieny 3arnHy-
1oi1 06ys11;
KpaHeu, - lleTaJib B cpopMe no.UKOBKM, npttKpenJIHeMaH no KpalO
BepXHero cpJI!1Ka Ha6opHoro Ka6JiyKa nJIH nJIOTHOro npMJieraHHH ero K
no.uoume.

4.3. KoHcTpyK4"n1 JaroToBOK eepxa 06ye111

3awmoeKoii eepxa o6yeu Ha3brnaIOT KOMnJieKT neTaJiett, coen11HeH-

HbIX B onpen.eJieHHOH nocJie.UOBaTeJibHOCTl1, 3aKpbrna10w:11x 'laCTb MJIM
BCIO TblJTbHYIO noBepXHOCTb CTOnbI, '-!aCTb roJieHM MJIM BCIO roJieHb, a
HHorna 11 6enpo.
3aroTOBKM Bepxa 06ys11 6hrna-
IOT c OBaJibHbIMl1 BCTaBKaM11; c
l.leJibIMM, OTpe3HbIMM 11Jll1 pa3pe3-
HbIMH .UeTaJIHMM; c ueJiblMl1 co-
IOJKaM11; c ueJibIMM 6epuaMM, OT-
peJHbIMM HOCKaMM, HaCTpO'-!Hbl-
~m COI03KaMl1, HaCTPOlfHbIMl1 6ep-
1.laM11.
B 06ya11 pa3JIM'IaIOT cJieny10- r
11.lHe OT.UeJibI: nepe.UHHH - HOCOlf-
llbii1 H ny<rKOBbIH, cpe.UHMH - re- Pttc. 4.5. On1enb1 06yB11:
JieHOlfHbIH, Ja.UHHH - nHTO'-!HbIH A- HOCO'!Hblfl; E- ny'IKOBb!B; B- rc-
(PHc. 4.5). JJCHO'!Hhlfl; [ - nllTO'IHb!i1

99
 KoHCTPYKlll111 3aroTonoK nepxa MOryT cocT051Th 113 paJHoro tJ11c;ia 11
B11Jia nern.neif.
Canorn no KOHCTpyKUH11 3aroTOBOK nepxa MoryT 6b1Tb npHKpOJ,
Hbll\111 11 BbIHDKHblMH. foJICHl1lUC II nepen npHKpOiiHblX canor MO)l(!j(,
coe1111HHTb TpeMH cnoco6al\rn: roJiettmue uacrpatJ11Ba10T Ha ncpen (Pile
4.6, a); roJieHJHUC c nepe110M COC1111HHIOT TalJHblM WBOl\1 (p11c. 4.6, (Ji:
nepe.rr HaCTpa 1 111na10T Ha roneu11me (p11c. 4.6, e).
3a11tt11i1 rnon roJieHMlll yKpenJIHIOT npownoi1 11JI11 Ja.1H11:\1 ttapy:.+
HbIM peMHeM. 3aroTOBKH nepxa np11Kpoi1HbIX canor MOrYT 6bITb c no·i-
Hap5111.0M 11 no11w1mKoi1; c no.rrnapH11.0M 11 6e3 nom111rnK11; 6e3 no.nH:t·
pH.Lia 11 n011.WH_BKl1. CT011.illl1BKa MO)f(CT 6b!Tb Jal\1eHeHa (~yTOpOM.
3aroTOBKa Bepxa BbITH)f(HbIX canor npe11cTaBJIHCT co6oi1 011HY Ill'-
Ta.Jlb, BbITHHYTYJO no QJOpMe KOJIOllKH (p11c. 4.6, 2). 3a11u11i1 won yKpcr1
JIHIOT npownoi:f. B Ka 11ecrne BHYTPCHH11x 11crn.nel1 ucnoJJbJYIOT nonua-
PHll H no11w11BKY 11m1 QJYTOp.
KouCTpyKu1111 3aroTOBOK Bepxa noJiycanor OTJIHlJaIOTCH HaJI11 1 1HC\1
rnyxHX l1Jil1 noJiyrnyx11x KJianaHOB, KOTOpb!C np11cTpa•111BalOT K BCP\
HeMy KpalO COI030K 11 nepe.LI.HHM KpaHM 6epUCB. CToJiycanorn MOr~ r
HMCTb KaK UCJiblC HaCTpO'lHbIC 6epUbI (pHc. 4.7, a), TaK l1 6epULl l'
OTpe3HbIMH 3alll1HKaMH (puc. 4. 7, 6). 06H3aTCJibHO yKpenJieHHC Ja.LI.HC-
ro WBa 3a11.Hl1M Hapy)f(HblM peMHCM. noJiycanom MOrYT 6b1Tb C nO.LI.l'la
pH1lOM HJIH 6e3 Hero.
PaJJIHlJaIOT cne.rr.y10w11e KOHCTPYKUHll 3aroTOBOK nepxa 60T11HoK: c
HaCTPO'IHOH COI03KOH, OTpe3HblM HOCKOM H 3aLIHHKOH (p11c. 4.8, a): c
UCJIOl1 HaCTpOlJHOlf COI03KOH l1 UCJiblMH 6cpual\rn: c HaCTpOlJHhll\111
6epuaMH - pa3HOBH.LI.HOCTb nepnoti: KOHCTpyKUHl1 (p11c. 4.8. 6); c KP~ -
fOBOi1 COI03KOH (p11c. 4.8. e); c UCJibHOq)OpMOBaHHOif COIOJKOti 11 Ha-
CTp0lJHbIMl1 6epuaM11. Ha Hore Kpen11TCH pe3HHKaMH 11J111 JICHTa\111
BCJibKpo (p11c. 4.8, 2).

a 6 6

P11c. 4.6. Canorn:

a - c HaCTpO'IHbl\111 ro~CHllll!aMll; 6 - c BTa'IHbl\I ncpc;10\I; e - c 11acTpo•1111>I\I
nepc.um1; 2 - c ro11eH11LWt\rn-6onjmprn\111

100
 P11c. 4.7. Donycanom:
a - c ueJJblMl1 6epua~m; 6 -- c OTpe3HOii 3~UIJIHKOl1

DOTHHKH MO)l(HO H3fOTOBJI51Tb c ITOllKJIMKOH H 6e3 Hee (113 KO)!(

IlOBblllleHHOH TOJlllIJ1Hbl). B nocJienHeM cJiyLfae c BHyTpeHHCH CTOpO-
Hbl nHTOLfHOH LfaCTH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa npHCTpaLfHBaJOT KapMaH DJl51
33,llHHKa.
KottcTpyKUHH 3aroTOBOK nepxa noJiy6on1HoK 6hrnaJOT: c onanbHbI-
MH BCTaBKaMH (pHC. 4.9, a), c OTpe3HbIMH HOCKaMH, HaCTpO'IHhIMH
COI03KaMH H 3M111-!KaMH (pHC. 4.9, 6), c OBaJJbHblMH BCTaBKaMH H
38,UHHKaMH (pHC.4.9, e), Jiao¢ep c pe3HHKOH (pnc. 4.9, 2), c HaCTpOLf-
HbIMH 6epUaMH (pHC. 4.9, d), THna Jiaocpep C pe3HHKOH non 513bl'lKOM
H OTpC3HblMH 3MHHKaMH (pHC. 4.9, e).
IloJiy6oTHHKH MOfYT 6bITb c nomrnanKOH HJIH 6e3 Hee (c Kap-
MaHOM DJIH 3anHHKa). Pa3HOBIUIHOCTbJO noJJy6on1HoK HBJI51JOTCH caH-
.ll.MeTbI, KOTOpblC H3fOTOBJI51JOT o6bI'lHO TOJlbKO c nonKJia,UKOH non
6epUhl.
B Ka'lecrne KpenJieHHH noJiy6oTHHOK Ha CTone 11cnoJib3YJOT wttyp-
KH, peMHH. npmKKH, pe3HHKH, JlCHTY BCJlbKpo.

P11c. 4.8. Eon1ttK11:

a- c HaCTpO'IHOrt COI03K011, 0Tpe3Hbl\I HOCKOM H 3MHHKoii; 6 - c ueJJblMll 11aCTpo•1-
llblM11 6epua~111; 8 - c KpyroBoii COIOJKOii: c - c ueJJbHOQJOPMOBaHHoii COI03KOii H
uaCTpo'IHbl~H 6epua~rn

101
 B

PHC. 4.9. CT011y60THHKH:

a - c 0BaJlbHblMl1 BCTaBKa~rn; 6- c OTpe3HblMl1 HOCKa~rn, HaCTpO'IHbl\111 COI03Ka\lll
11 3aL111HKa\m; fl - c OlllUlbHblMl1 BCTaBKaMl1 11 3aLll1HKa~m; i' - naocflep c pe:.11111Koi1; i! -
c H3CTPO'IHblMl1 6epua~rn; e- Tl1na Jlao¢ep c pC311HKOll non H3bl'IKOM 11 0TpC3Hbl\lll
Ja.u111-1Ka~m

3aroTOBKH Bepxa TycpeJib n:em!T Ha c11en:y10wJ1e pa3HOBHllHOCTll

(pttc. 4.10): Tycpntt-JTOU04KH c KpyrOBOH COI03KOH H qepecno.ubeMHbl\1
pel\rneM mm 6e3 Hero; naHTOJleTbl c OTKpblTOH HJlH 33KpbITOl1 HOCO'l-
HOH 4aCThto; peMeWKOBbie c HaDJIOllhDKelJ:HbIM peMHeM ttJlH tJ:epec-
non:beMHhIM H mITOlJ:HbIM peMH51MH; c OTKpb!TOH 051TO<IHOH 'laCTbto; c
0Tpe3Hb!MH .ueTaJI51MH - HOCKOM, COI03KOH HJlH 3alll1HKOH; c OTKpbt-
TOH HOCOlJ:HOH H n51T04HOH 'laCT51MH; c 3aKpbITOH n51TOlJ:HOH H OTKpbl -
TOH Hoco<J:Hoi1 qacrnMH. Tyqmn MO)!(HO H3roTOBJT51Tb c no.uKJian:Kol-1 11
6e3 Hee.
lJyB51KH - oirna 113 pa3HOB11llHOCTeH TycpeJTb (pHC. 4.11 ). 11yB51Kll
113fOTOBJ151!0T c nonycol03KaMH; c no11yCOl03KaMH 11 0Tpe3HOH Ja.u1rn-
Koi1; c nonyco!03KaMH, 0Tpe3HOM 3a,UHHKOH H 3a1lHHM Hapy.A<.Hb!M pel\1-
HeM. lJ.yB51Kl1 H3fOTOBJI5llOT TOJlbKO c non:KJia,UKOH HJTH H3 ,Uy6JTHpOBaH-
HbIX MaTepuaJIOB.
Oco6eHHOCTblO caH.UaJIHi1 51BJ151CTC51 OTCYTCTBMe OCHOBHOi1 CTeJTbKJ!.
OcHOBHhIMH KOHCTPYKUM51MH caH.uanntl 51BJI51IOTC51 c ¢11rypHoi1 co-
I03Koi1 H 'lepecno1meMHbIM peMHeM; c OTpe3HbIM nepe.UHHM 11 qepec-
nonbeMHblM peMH51MH; c HaCTp04HOH 3allHHKOH 11 qepecno.ubeMHbll\I
peMHCM (puc. 4. I 2).
102
 a

P11c. 4. IO. Ty¢n11:

0 _ rycjm11 c 'lepecnonbeMHbIM peMHeM: 6 - naHTone11>1; e - peMelllKOBble c H3JJJlO!lbI-
)l(e'lHblM peMHeM; 2 - peMellJKOBbie C 'lepecnO!lbeMHblM 11 nf!T04HblM peMHHMH; C a-
OTKPb!TOH OHT04HOH 'laCTblO; e- ryc!JnH-nO!lO'IK11 c Kpyroaoi1 COI03K0fl 11 0Tpe3HbIM
HOCKOM; .?IC c OTKpbITOtt HOCO'IHOl1 II nHTO'IHOll 'Iacrn~rn; 3 - c OTKPblTOH HOCO'l-
HOtt 11 3aKpblTOi1 nHTO'IHOii '1acnu111

P11c. 4.1 l. '-1.yBHKH:

a- c nonyKpyroBOH COI03KOtt; 6 - c nonycOI03KOfl 11 3all\1HKOtt; 6 - c 3aJlHllM

Hapy>KHblM peMHCM

P11c. 4. I 2. CaH.llamm:
a- c cj:rnrypHOtt COI03KOtt 11 4epecnOJlbCMHblM pe~tHe~1; 6- c OTpe3HhlM nepenHHM H
'leJ>ecno!lbCMHblM peMHHMtt; 6 - c HacTp04HOii 3allHHKOil H 'lCpecno.abeMHbl~f pe~tHeM

103
 a 6 2

Pwc. 4.13. )loMaWHHH o6yuh:

a- 6a6yw11, 6- c npHCTPO'IHblM HOCKOM 11 OTKPbITOii nHTO'IHOi1 'laCTblO; (/ - naHTO-
JJeTbI; i! - 6oTHHKl1

KoHcTpyKUHH 3aroTOBOK Bepxa noMawHeti: o6yBH necbMa paJ-

Hoo6pa3HbI: noJJycanmKKH, 6oTHJJbOHbI, noJJy6oTHHKH, TYcPJJH H np.
(p11c. 4.13). Oco6eHHOCTbIO noMawHeti: o6YBH 51BJJ51eTc51 npHMeHem1e
,UJJ51 .uernJJeti: Bepxa M.flrKHX, KOMcPOPTHblX MaTepHaJJOB.

4.4. K11acc1.1cp1.1Kal..l1.1fl Ka611yKos

Ka6J1yK - o.uHa H3 Ba)l(Heti:w11x neTaJJeti: o6yBH, BO MHOroM onpe-

neJJ51I01Ua51 ee y.uo6crno H nHeWHHti: BH.U. <t>opMa 11 pa3MephI Ka6JJYKori
pe3KO MeH51IOTC51 non BJJH51HHeM MO.Ubl. B TO )l(e BpeM51 OCHOBHbie KOH-
CTPYKTHBHbie napaMeTpbl Ka6JJYKOB (BbICOTa, ,UJJHHa, WHpHHa) He3a-
BHCHMO OT HanpaBJJeHH51 MO.Ubl .UOJJ)l(Hbl Y.UOBJJeTBOp51Tb MC.UHK0-6HO-
JJOrH'-!eCKHM Tpe6oBaHH51M, npe.Ub51BJJ51eMbIM K o6ynH. KoHCTPYKUIHI
Ka6JJyKa 3an11cHT OT TeXHOJJOrHH c6opKH o6ynH. np11 npoeKTHponaHH11
Ka6JJyKOB nOJJ)l(Hbl 6bITb Y'-!TeHbl Me.UHKO-OpTone.uH'-leCKHe, 3CTeTH'-IC-
CKHe H TeXHOJJOrH'-!eCKHe Tpe6onaHH51.
Ka6JJyK11 KJJacc11<P11u11pyIOT no BhICOTe, B11ny, KOHCTPYKUHH, Ma-
TepHaJJY, pacnoJJO)l(eHHIO, THny H pony 06yn11, MeTO.UY o6pa60TKH no-
nepXHOCTH.
no BblCOTe cornaCHO fOCT 3927-88 pa3JJH'-laIOT Ka6JJYKH HHJKllC
(no 25 MM), cpe.UHHe (no 45 MM), BbICOKHe (no 70 MM) 11 oco6o Bb!CO-
KHe (6onee 70 MM).
KJiaCCHcPHKaUH51 Ka6JJYKOB no Bff.IlY .UaHa Ha pHC. 4.14. no KOHCTpyK-
U:HH Ka6JJyKH .ueJI.flT Ha uenhHhie; c BnpecconaHHhIM cTep)l<HeM-yc11m1-
TeJieM; c nnpeccoBaHHOH BTYJIKoti:; c BnpeccoBaHHhIM BKJJa.UhIWeM 113
noJIH3THJJeHa HJJH .uepeBa; c ornepcTH.flMH ,UJJ.fl npHKpenneHH.fl Ha6oei-.::
c OTBepCTHeM ,UJJ51 MeTaJJJIH'-leCKOH BTYJJKH; c npope3bl0 Ha cPPOHTa'lb-
HOH nonepxHOCTH ,UJJ51 YKJia.UbIBaHH.fl KpaeB o6rn)l(KH (pttc. 4.15, a):
WTaMnOBaHHbie; c HaKJJOHHOH cPPOHTaJJbHOH noBepxHOCThIO; Ha6op-
Hble.
no MaTepmUiy pa3JIH'-laIOT Ka6JIYKH .UepeB51HHbie, nJJaCTMaCCOBb!C,
KO)l(3Hble, pe3HHOBbie, npo6KOBbie, KOM6HHHponaHHhie.

104
 a

13

P11c. 4.14. BHllbI Ka6nyKoa:

a- BblCOKHe; 6 - cpenH11e; 6 - H113Kl1e; /, 2 - CTOJ1611K; 3 - UJnl1JlbKa; 4
cl>paHUYJCKHli; 5 - rn.m1pOllaliliblH; 6 - aHrJlllHCKHi't; 7 - npHMOH; 8. 12 - BeHCKHi't;
9- np11TaJJCHHb1i1; JO - pacw11peHHbiii K tta6oi1Ke; I I - yn.rmHeHHbiii; 13 - KJJHHO-
BHlIHbtii

a 6
P11c. 4.15. KoHCTpyKu111-1 Ka6nyKon:
a - c npopeJblO; 6 - c yrny6JJCHHCM (ll 33~10K)

105
 P11c. 4.16. Onpe.nenem1e BbICOTbl Ka6nyKa

Ka6nyKH MO)l(HO KpenHTh K no.uowne HJJH nnanpopMe; K cne.uy 3a-

nrnyrni1 06yn11; n 3aMOK (pHc. 4.15, 6).
flo THny Ka6nyKH npe1lHa3HalfeHhl .wrn o6ynH 3aKpbITOtt, .llOMaUI-
HeH, JJeTHei1 OTKpbITOtt, YTenneHHOtt, oco6o H351.IUHOtt.
IT o po.uoBOMY npmnaK)' Ka6nyKH KJJaccmpHUHPYJOT .llJ151. o6ynH MY:>K-
CKOH, )f(ettcKoi1, .ueBHlfhett, MaJJh<IHKOBoi1, UJKOJJhHOtt.
flo MeTO.ay o6pa60TKH UOBepXHOCTH Ka6JJYKH MOryr 6b!Tb non o6-
T51.)f(KY (nJJaCTMaCCOBbie, K0)!(3Hble, pe3HHOBb!e); 6e3 o6rn)l(KH, OKpa-
weHHbie B Macce; 6e3 o6rn:>KKH c OKpaweHHOtt nosepxttoCThJO.
8b1corn Ka6JJYKa 1!0Jl)l(Ha o6ecnelfHTh 3anpoeKTHpoBaHHYJO np11no11-
H5l.TOCTh mITOlfHOH lfaCTH CTOTibl B 06yn11 OTHOCHTeJlhHO TIJJOCKOCTH
onophI ee B TIYlfKax.
8b1c0Ty Ka6JJYKa BK (pHc. 4.16) B roTOBOtt 06yn1111cxo11Horo pa3MC-
pa H3MepsrJOT no BepTHKaJJH OT rpatt11 cnena n51.TO<Ittoro 3aKpyrnemrn
no 3a11HeMy UJBY .uo XO.UOBOH nosepXHOCTH Ha60ttKH 3a BbilfeTOM TOJl-
IUHHbl h neTanetf HH3a B TIYlfKOBOtt lfaCTH. Ka6nyK11 onttoro HOMepa
BblCOTOH .llO 50 MM np11MeH5l.JOT Ha TPH CMe)l(HblX pa3Mepa o6ynH (3a
HCKJlJOlJemreM Ka6nyKOI3 .llJ151 WKOJlbHOH 06yn11 11 KJJHHOBH.llHhIX), Ka6-
JIYKH BbICOTOtt 6onee 50 MM - Ha ,llBa CMe)l(HblX pa3Mepa. KllHHOBHlI-
Hble Ka6nyKH, Ka6JJYKH .llJ151. WKOJlhHOH 06ym1 np11MeHSIJOT Ha .UBa CMe)K-
Hb!X pa3Mepa He3aI3HCHMO OT BbICOTbl.
Ka6JJYK ttMeeT HeCKOJJhKo noBepxttocTeii
(pttc. 4.17).
D:nttHa BepxHett noBepXHOCTH Ka6nyKa
.llOJl)l(Ha 6hITb He Mettee 0,28 JI, (JI, - .llJlHH<l
CTOTibl). flp11 Ka6JJYKe MeHbWett .llJlHHbl yc-
TOH<IHBOCTb CTOTibl 1!0Jl)l(Ha 6b!Tb o6ecne-
lfeHa MOHOJJHTHOH KOHCTPYKUHett TI51TO'l-
HO-reneHOlfHOfO OT.Uena o6yBH.

P11c. 4.17. noBepxHOCTl1 Ka6JJyKa:

I - 6oKoBaH: 2 - BepxHHH (1rnm1rnaH); 3 - ~1poH·
T3.HbH3H (KpOKYJlbHaH); 4 - Ha6oelJHaH

106
 r11asa 5
OEYBHblE KOilO,[J,Klll

5.1. K11accL11cpL11Ka4L11st KOilO.QOK

KoJIOJIKa 51BJIHeTcH ocHOBHOi1 Textto11orwiecKoi1 ocHaCTKOH B npmn-

ao.ncTBe 06y1m H onpe)leJISieT ee BttyrpeHHJOJO cj)opMy. OettacTKa - np11-
cnoco611eHHH, KOTOpble npHMeHSIJOT npH BbinOJIHeHHH np0113BO)lCTBeH-
HblX onepautti1. B 06yn11, tt3roTOBJrneMoi1 no HHJIHBHJIYaJTbHbIM 3aKa3aM,
6oJibWe ncero ueHSITCSI npHBJieKaTeJibHbIH BHeWHHH BH)l H YJI06CTBO B
HOCKe - CBOHCTBa, onpe)leJI51eMble npaBHJibHblM BbI6opoM KOJIO)lKH.
06YBHhie KOJIO)lKH KJiaCCHcPHUHPYJOT no CJie)lyJOlUHM np113HaKaM:
reXHOJIOfH'-JeCKOMY H accopTHMeHTHOMY Ha3HaYeHHJO, KOHCTPYKUHH
ff MaTepHaJiy. AccopTHMeHTHOe Ha3HaYeHHe, B CBOJO OYepe)lh, BKJI!O-
qaeT TaKHe npH3HaKH, KaK po)l, THn, npHnO)lHSITOCTh nHTOYHOH Yac-
TH, cj)opMa HOCOYHOH YaCTH. KpoMe Toro, o6yBHbie KOJIOJIKH pa31111Ya-
IOT no HOMepaM H nOJIHOTaM.
TeXHoJioruqecKoe ua3uaqeuue. Pa31111'IaIOT KOJIOJIKH 3aT51)f(Hhie H
BCTIOMOraTeJibHbie.
3amR:>ICHbte KOJIOOKU He06XO)lHMbl DJIH cPOPMOBaHHSI 3aroTOBKH nep-
xa o6YBH, T. e. np11naHHH ei1 Tpe6yeMoi1 cj)opMhI. B coorneTCTRHH c cj)op-
MOif H pa3MepaMH 3aTH)f(HbIX KOJIO)lOK H3fOTOBJISIJOT H ncnOI\10raTeJib-
ttyIO OCHaCTJ<Y: wa6JIOHbl (JieKaJTa) DJIH pyYHOro pacKpOSI, pe3aKH )1Jl51
Bb1py6aH115! )leTaJTei1, npecc-cj)opMbI 11 np. Ha pttc. 5.1 npeJICTaBJieHbI
JaTSDKHble H BCnOMOraTeJibHbie KOJIO)lKH )1Jl51 PyYHOro H MexaHWieCKO-
ro cnoco6oB npOH3BO)lCTBa o6yBH pa3Hb!X MeTO.UOB KpenJieHHSI.
Pa3JIHY:aIOT JaTSI)f(Hbie KOJIO)lKH DJIH sttewttero 11 BH)'TpeHHero cno-
co6os cj)opMonaHHH.
JJ..rrn BHewttero cnoco6a cj)opMOBaHHSI 3aT5l)f(Hble KOJIO)lKH H3fOTOB-
JISIIOT c MeTaJTJIHYeCKOH nJiaCTHHOH no BCeMy CJieny, TOJibKO B nHTO'l-
HOH: YaCTH, HJIH B nSITO'-IHO-reJieHO'IHOH, HJIH HOCOYHOH Y:aCTH; 6e3
MeTaJIJIH'-leCKOH n11aCTHHbl.
Ko11onK11 JaTH)f(Hbie c Menum11YeCKOi1 n11acTHHOi1 no nceMy cJieJIY
HCTIOJih3YJOT )lJISI rB03)leBOH 11 KJieesoi1 3aTH)f(KH 3aroTOBOK Bepxa; KO-
JIOJJ:KH c MeTaJ!JIH'-leCKOH n11acnrnoi1 TOJihKO B nHTO'-IHOH HJIH nHT0'-1-
Ho-re11etto•rnoi1 yacTH - )lJISI o6ynH pattTonoro MeTona Kpen11ett11si;
6e3 MeTaJTJIHYeCKOH nJiaCTHHhl - DJISI CaH)laJ!HH.
Ko11onK11 DJIH BHernttero cnoco6a cj)opMonaHHH npeJIHaJHa'!eHbI DJIH
3aTSI)f(KH 3aroTOBOK sepxa co CB060JIHOH (HJIH coe)lHHeHHOH c paH-
TOM) 3aTSl)f(HOH KpOMKOH.
KononKH DJIH BH)'Tpettttero cnoco6a cj)opMoBaHH51 11cno11bJYJOT DJIH
3aTSl)i(KH 3aroTOBOK Bepxa, 3aTSI)f(HaSI KpOMKa KOTOpb!X CKpenJieHa c
BTa'IHOH CTeJlbKOH HJIH TIO)lOWBOH (nODJIO)l(KOH) HJIH npe)lBapHTeJlb-
Ho OTcj)opMoBaHa.

107
 a
~
~
6 e

6 J/C

Puc. 5.1. 06yBHbie KOJJOJIKH:

a - c Bbm1rneHHbI~1 KJ11rnm1 wrn py'!Horo 1nroTOBJJCHllH; 6- co•rne11emiaH lL~H npo-

WllBHoro, nepeBHHHO-UinllJIC'IHOfO 11 KJICCBOro MeTOlIOB Kpcn;re1111H: 6 - CO'IJJe11e11
HOfO llJlH paHTODoro MCTona KpenJJellllH; i' - CO'!JleHCHIJaH llJlH lIOlll!C.1bHOfO MCTO (.J
KpC11JleH1rn; a- llJ!H ca6o; e- OTlleJJO'IHaH; JIC - pacnpaBO'IHaH; 3 - fl)'CTOTCJiaH

Pa311w-1a10T KOJlO.IlKH c qrnrypHbIM HJlH np51MbIM Bbipe30M H c Kpy-

roBbIM pa3pe30M.
BcnoJ110came.nbHbte Ko.noaKu 11cno11h3YIOT, ecm1 3arn)l<Ha5l Ko110.ui-:a
He MO)f(eT OCTaBaTbC51 B o6yBH .uo ee OKOH 1-IaTeJlbHOro 113fOTOBJleHlrn.
HanpHMep, nepe.u npHWHBaHHeM no.uowB HJlH np11611naHHeM Ka611y-
KOB H3HYTPH 33T51)f(Ha51 KOJlO.UKa .IlOJl)f(Ha 6bITb Y.IlaJleHa H3 o6yBH. no-
CJle npone.ueHH51 3THX onepauHH o6yBb He06X01lHl\10 CHOBa Ha.ueTb Ha
KOJlO.UKy. 3arn)l(Hble KOJlO.IlKH CHOBa noMeCTHTb B o6yBb BeCbMa 3aTpyJl-
HlffeJlbHO, no3TOMY HCnOJlb3YIOT BCnOMOraTCJlbHble.
K BCnOMOraTeJlbHblM KOJlO.UKaM OTHOC51T OT.UeJl04HbIC, rna.UHJlbHbIC.
npecCOBbie, paCT51)f(Hbie 11 HCKOTOpbie .upyrHe BM.Ubl.
0 T .Ile Jl 0 4 H bl e K 0 J1 0 .Il K H H3fOTOBJl5IIOT ;urn Ka)f(.Iloro nma l I
pa3Mepa o6yBH. I1x npttMeH5IIOT Ha OT.IleJlo4HbIX oncpau1rnx .umr
npe.uornpaw:eHH51 .ue¢opMaUJ.rn o6yBH. 0T.UCJ10'lHblC KOJl0.IlKl1 OTJTH'Ia-
IOTC51 OT 3arn)f(HblX ¢opMOH H pa3MepaMH: HX 051TO'IHa51 43CTb OKpyrne-
Ha, pe6po HOCO'IHOH 4aCTH CKOWeHO ¢acKoH no JlJlHHe H BblCOTe. Pa3-
MCPbl OT.UeJl04HblX KOJlO.IlOK MCHbllIC pa3MepoB 3anDKHblX llJl51 6onec
JlefKOro Ha.IleBaHH51 H CH51TH51 o6yBH c KOJlO.IlOK 11 npe.uornpawemrn cc
.ueqlopMau11n npu oT.uenKe. Ko110.uKu H3roTOBJl51IOT 6e3 MeTa'lJJ11'1ecK01r
JTJlaCTHHbl.
f J1 a .Il H J1 b H bl e K 0 J1 0 .Il K H CJly)f(aT .111151 OfJl<l)f(JfllaHI151 00.IlOWB!>l
Ha rna.Ill1JlbHOH MaW~!He, HX l13fOTOBJ15IIOT H3 rpa6a HJll1 aJllO'\IHHH51.

108
 Pa3Mepbl rna.rn111bHbIX Ko11onoK Mettbwe pa3MepoB 3anDKHblX. ycTa-
808o•rna51 n11owanKa 11 c11en yKpen11ettb1 MeTaJ1llJ1l1ecK11M11 n11acT11HaM11.
TaK KaK n ttacrn51wee nper-.rn npeo611anaeT npo113Boncrno 06yn11 KJle-
eBoro MeTOJJ.a Kpen11eHl15I, OT.llellO'IHbie 11 rnan1111bHble K0110.11Kl1 11C-
JIOJ1b3YIOT pe11Ko.
0 p e CC 0 B LI e K 011 011 K 11 np11MeH5llOT .llJ151 KpenlleHl151 Hl13a 06yBl1
fdero.naM11 ropw1ei1 ny11Katt113au1111 11 llHTbeBblMl1. Ko11onK11 51Bl151IOTC51
qacTblO npeccon .lll151 ropH•1ei1 ny11Katt113au1111 11 l111TbeBLIX MawHH, 6L1-
pa10T C"beMHbll\111 l1 HeCbeMHbIMH.
pa c T 51 )!( H bl e K 011011 K l1 11 n p 11cn0c0611eH1151 11cnOllL3Y-
IOT B o6yBHblX aTellLe 11 MaCTepCKl1X np11 Bbin011HeHl111 3aKa30B Hace-
nemrn. Ll,1151 pacw11pett115I y'!aCTKOB nepxa o6yBH c11y)!(aT paCTmKHLIC
KOJIO.lIKH, KOTOpL1e 51Bl151IOTc51 'laCTLIO np11cnoco611ett11i1 POC-1-69,
pOC-2-70, np11cnoco611ett115! qrnpMbI Hardo (fepMaH1151).
KpoMe nepe'!11c11eHHblX cywecrny10T KOllO.llKH nycT0Te11Lre, pacnpa-
BOqHI>Ie, a TaK)l(e o6orpeBaeMLie nyaHCOHbl .llJ151 cPOPMOBaHl151 06yn11
no MeTo.ny <DenepMbHOro rocynapcrnettttoro ytt11rapttoro npennp1151-
nm UeHTPMbHblH HaY'!Ho-11cc11enoBaTe11bcK11i1 11HCTl1TYT KO)l(eBeHHO-
o6yBHOH npoMbIWlleHHOCTl1 (UHI1I1Kn) 11 JleH11Hrpa11cKoro npoeKT-
HO-KOHCTPYKTOpCKOro TeXHOllOfH'!eCKOfO 610po llerKOH npOMbIWlleH-
HOCTM (JICTKTE11ernpoM).
CT y CT 0 Te 11 bl e K 011 011K11 BCTaBJI51IOT B 06pa3UbI o6yBH .llJ151 CO-
xpaHeHl151 11X <PopMbl npH neMOHCTpau11tt KOlllleKU11H l1 o<PopM11eHHl1
BHTPHH. TaK11e Ko11onK11 npencTaB115IIOT co6oi1 06011o'!Ky, 113fOTOBlleH-
HYIO 113 nepena, .npeBeCHO-BOllOKH11cToi1 MaCCbl 11JI11 ue1111y1101111a, 11MeIOT
cl>oPMY 3aT5i)!(HblX KOJIO.llOK, HO c 3aKpyrneHHOH 11 CKOllleHHOH c Hl1)K-
Heti: CTOpOHbI n51TO'IHOH '!aCTbIO.
pa c TI pa B 0 lj H bl e K 0 JI 0 JJ. K 11 npttMeH5IIOT .llJ151 npe110TBpawe-
Hlrn ne<PopMau11i1 06yB11 B npouecce HOCKl1. PacnpaBO'IHbre Ko11onK11
He HMeIOT pa3MepoB 11 CTOJIHOT, a neJUITC51 TOJILKO Ha MY)l(CKl1e 11 )l(eH-
CKHe. CTepe11H5151 '!aCTb TaKl1X KOJIO.llOK He 11MeeT HOCKa. lli11p11Ha KO-
JIOUK11 113MettHeTc51 rronepe'!Ho11 pacnopKoi1, a .lll111Ha - ynpyroi1 npy-
:lKHHoi1 B nepe11Het1 'IaCT11.
UHI111Kn cosMecrno c JlCTKTEnernpoMOM 11 o6yBHbIMl1 <Pa6p11-
KaMH C03IlaJ1 11 rrne11p11JI Maw1my <DHCT3-l-O 11 TepMOYBJia)KHl1TeJIL
TY-1-0 .llJlH <PopMOBaH11H 11 TepMo<P11Kcau1111 3aroTOBOK nepxa 06yn11
Pa3Jil1'1HblX KOHCTPYKU11H 11 MeTo.non Kpennett115I. B Ka'!ecrne KOJionoK
HcnoJib3YIOTC51 o6orpeBaeMLTe MeTMl111'!eCKHe nyaHCOHbl: HOCO'IHO-ny'l-
KOBblH. )l(eCTKO 3aKpen11eHHblH B Maw11He, 11 no.nBl1)1(HLIH TI51T0'1HbIH.
Ilpe11MywecrnoM naHHOH KOHCTpyKU1111 HBJI51eTC51 COBMeweH11e npo-
Qeccos QlOPMOBaHl151. 11 TepMOcPHKcau1111 3aroTOBOK Bepxa 06yB11.
Kriaccncl>nKaU.HSI KOJI0110K no poey, HOMepaM H UOJIHOTaM. KI1acc11-
<l>11Kau1151 no fOCT 3927-88 npencTaBlletta B Ta611. 5.1.
Do fIOllHOTaM KOJI011KH no11pa311eJ15IIOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 06XB3-
TOB, 11HTepBaJ1 Me)l(Ily noJIHOTaMH 33BHCHT OT rpynnLI KOJI0110K, Bl1Il<l
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113
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114
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115
 <JJacoH co.nep)l(HT n51Tb 11 6oJiee 3HaKOl1. Ka)l(.libIM 113 KOTOpbIX xapa1<-
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cpHKau11ei-'1 no fOCT 3927-88.
n e p Ba 51 UH cp pa 0603Ha'IaeT nOJIOB03paCTHOe Ha3Ha'IeHl1e o6y-
Fll1: nHHeTKH - 0. rycapHKH - 1, MaJIO.lieTcKa51 - 2, .neTCKa51 - 3.
WKOJibHa51 .lIJI51 .nenol!eK - 4, .neBHYb51 - 5, WKOJibHa51 .lIJl51 MaJib'lll-
KOB - 6, MaJibl!HKOBa51 - 7, )l(eHCKa51 - 8, My)l(CKa51 - 9.
BTopa51 uwqJpa o6o3Hal!aeT 1111.n 06yn11: 3aKpbITa51 - l; Jier-
Ka51 - 2; JieTH5151 OTKpbITa51 - 3; yrenJieHHa51 - 4; oco6o H351WHa51 -
5; canorn H noJiycanorn c nepxm.1 H3 IOcpTH - 6; canorn 113 Ko;i.;
xpOMOBOfO .ny6JieHH51 - 7; cnopTHI3Ha51 - 8; cneU11aJibHOfO Ha3Ha'IC-
HH51 - 9.
T p e Tb 51 u H <Pp a xapaKTep113yeT Bbl COTY np11nonHHTOCTH TI5IT0 1 1-
HOH '!aCTH KOJIO.lIKH: 6e3 Ka6JiyKa - O; HH3Ka51 (5- 10 MM) - 1; HH3Ka}1
(15-25 MM) - 2; cpe.lIH5151 (30 MM) - 3; cpe.lIH5151 (40 MM) - 4; BblCO-
KaH (50 MM) - 5; BbJCOKa51 (60 MM) - 6; oco6o BblCOKaH (70 MM) - 7:
oco6o BbICOKa51 (80 MM) - 8; oco6o BblCOK351 (90 MM) - 9.
l.J: e TB e p Ta 51 u 11 ¢pa (K03qJcp11u11eHT K) xapaKTep113yeT cpop-
MY HOCOl!HOH l!aCTH KOJIO.lIKH H onpe.neJI51eTC51 OTHOWeHHeM np11nycKa
a (pwc. 5.7) n HOCOYHOH l!aCTl1 K w11p11He B cJie.na KOJIO.lIKH n MeCTc.
Haxo.nmueMC51 Ha paccT051HHH' paBHOM .lIJIHHe CTOTibl, Cl!HTa51 0 r
KpaPlttePI TOl!KH n51TKH, T. e. K = a/ B. Op11 K"'" 0,25 HOCOl!HaH l!acn
wwpoKa51 (o6o3Hal!aeTc51 uwcppoPI 1), np11K=0,251-0,549- cpen-
Hett wHpHHbt (uwcppa 2), npH K 6oJiee 0.55 - y3KaH (uwcppa 3).
0 51 Ta 51 H TI 0 C JI e .lI y IO ill H e U 11 cp p bl 0603Hal!3IOT nOp51LlKO-
BbIH HOMep ¢acoHa KOJIO.lIK11 B .naHHOM rpynne. TaK. KOJIO,lIKe .lIJUI
M~CKHX yrernieHHblX 60THHOK Ha Ka6JiyKe Bb!COTOH 20 MM H cpe.ntteii
urnp11ttot1 HOCO'IHOH l!aCTH np11cBa11na10T cpacott 94224, me nocnen-
H5151 u11¢pa 4 TIOK33b!BaeT, l!TO B .naHHOM rpynne 11MelOTC51 TPH paHCC
yrnep)l(.lieHHbie KOJIO.lIKH.
B Kal!ecrne np11Mepa pacwwcppyeM cpacott KOJIO.lIKH 81233: 8 - JL~H
)KeHCKOH o6ynH, l - TycpJIH, 2 - HH3KHH Ka6JiyK (15-25 MM), 3 -
Y3Ka51 cpopMa HOCOl!HOH l!aCTH, 3 - B .naHHOM rpynne KOJIO.lIOK HMC-
IOTCH .nne pattee yrnep)l(.lieHHblC MO,lieJI11.
<DacoH KOJIO.lIOK Mo.neJibHOM 06yn11 .nonoJIHHIOT 6YKBOi1 M. a q)a-
coH KOJIO.IlOK o6yBH llJI51 JIIO.lieii c
Ha'IaJlbHblMH H 3Hal!HTeJibHb!Mll
.necpOpMaUH51MH CTOTI - 6yKBOM n.
TeXHH'lecKHe Tpcl)osaHHsr, npe.lll>-
srBJrneMbie K KOJIO,lJ.KaM. 0CHOBHb!C
napaMeTpbI KOJIO.IlOK .IlOJI)l(Hbl cooT-
BeTCTBOBaTb npHJIO)l(CHl151M 1- 4
fOCT 3927-88. B 3arn)l(Hb1x KO-
JI011Kax .nonycKaCTC51 yne1111l!eH1IC
Pttc. 5. 7. Onpe.nenetttte cpopMbl HOCO'l- .IlJIHHbI cne.na no cpaBHeHHIO c .ru111-
Hoi1 lJ3CTl1 KOJIO.UK11 HOi-1 wa6110Ha Ha l MM, WHpHHbl -

116
a:a 0,5 MM, yBe1mqem1e o6xBaTOB B ceqemrnx 0,55)(, 0, 72)( H 0,68,D -
J{8 2 MM.
WttpHHa nonepeYHbIX ceYeHHH Ko110110K MO)l(eT 6bITb MeHbwe WH-
pffJihI wa6JioHa Ha 0,5 MM c Ka)Kl[Ot1 CTOpOHbl, JlJIHHa npollOJibHOro
ceqeHJrn B HOC04HOH '!aCTH - Ha 0,5 MM.
DpaBbie KOJIO,UKH o,nttoro qmcotta, pa3Mepa H o,nttoii noJIHOTbI nOJI)l(-
Jihl 6hITb 3epKaJihHblM OT06pa)l(eHHCJ\1 JieBblX.
B KOJIO,UKax He llOJI)l(HO 6bITb TPCW.HH, rHHJIH, YepBOTOYHH, cyYKOB
no ]IJ1HH5IM Bblpe3a KJIHHa J1 npHKpenJieHH51 nJiaCTHHbl B HOC04HOH H
JUITO'IHOH 4aCT5IX, a B KOJIOl!Ke JlJl51 paHTOBOro J1 KJieeBoro MeTOllOB
l(J)CIIJieHH51 TaK)l(e J1 Ha 3arn)l(HOH KpOMKC B nyqKOBOH <JaCTH.
K.rreHMO <t>acoHa, pa3Mepa H nOJIHOTbl KOJIOllOK llOJl)l(HO 6b!Tb YeT-
l(HM. MeTaJIJIHYeCKHe n11acTHHbI npoYHo npHKpen11H10T K c11e;::ry, a KJIHH
}lOJl)!(eH nJIOTHO nprrneraTh K TeJiy KOJIOllKH.
,[(epeBHHHbie npo6KH BCTaBJl5IIOT 3ano.zumuo c MeTaJIJIH<JeCKOH n11a-
CTHHOH. ,[(peBec11Ha roTOBhIX Ko110110K llOJI)l(Ha co11ep)l(aTb He 6011ee
(8 ± 2) % BJiarn, B npoTHBHOM c11y4ae B npouecce 3Kcn11yarnu1111 OHH
ychIXalOT J1 TpecKalOTCH, HX pa3Mepbl 113MCH5IIOTCH.
MeTO.zu,1 KOHTPOJUI KOJI0,11.0K. Pa3MepbI H ¢opMy KOJIO.UOK nposepH-
IOT no KOHTpOJihHbIM TO<JKaM (fOCT 3927-88). Ha nepeBHHHbIX KO-
JIO.IIKax KOHTPOJibHble TO'IKH ne11a10T B BHlle HaKOJIOB, a Ha nOJIH3TH-
JieHOBblX Hewm1¢0BaHHbIX KOJIOl!Kax - B BM.Ile MaH<JKOB.
HaKOJihI 1111.11 MaHYKH .IIOJI)l(HhI 6hITh c11e11aHbI B c11e,nyrowttx Mecrnx
(CM. pHC. 5.4):
B nHTO'IHOH YaCTH - Ha 60KOBblX noBepXHOCT5IX no .IIBa HaKOJia y
pe6pa;
Ha CJielle - B ce'!eHHHX 0,07.U H 0, 18.U;
B reJieHO'IHOH YaCTH - Ha rpe6He KOJIOllKH Ha pacCT05IHHH 0,55.U;
Ha OCH c11e11a - BOCCTaBJI5IIOT nepneH11HKYJI5Ip 113 ce<JeHH51 0,55,D
.no nepeceYeHHH c npo11011bHo-oceBhIM npo¢1111eM rpe6HH;
B nyqKOBOH YaCTH - Ha BepxHeH T04Ke rpe6HH Ha paCCTOHHHH
0,72,U;
y pe6pa c11e11a Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,6811 - OTKJiallhIBalOT pa3Mep no
OCH pa3BepTKH CJiena KOJIO.IIKH.
HaKOJihI B nHTOYHOH YaCTH KOJIO.IIKH cn~aT JlJIH KOHTpOJISI ee q)op-
Mbl wa6110HaMH, HaKOJibl B reJICHO'lHOH H nyYKOBOH Yacrnx - JlJISI
KOHTpOJISI o6xBaTOB (rn6KOM JieHTOJ1).
IlpaBHJlbHOCTh nocTpoeHH51 c11en.a KOJIO.IIKH onpeneJISIIOT wa6JIOHOM
(puc. 5.8), Ha KOTOpOM HaHeceHhl pa31\!ephl KOHTpOJibHhIX CCYeHHH
CJle.ua, paCC'IHTaHHblX c yqeTOM K03cPcPHUHeHTOB, np1.rneneHHbIX B ro-
CY.[(apcrneHHOM CTaH.IIapTe.
Pa60Tocnoco6HocTb KOJIO.IIKH onpene11SI10T YHCJIOM OTKpbrnatt11i1-
3aKPhIBaHHH. MexaHH3M KOJIO.IIKH D.OJI)l(eH BbI.IIep)l(ttBaTb He Mettee
600 UHKJIOB.
BJiuJ1nue cocTOJIHHJI KOJI0.11.0K na Ka11ecTBO o6ysu. Bo speMSI 3Kcn11y-
atau.1111 pa3Mepbl 11 ¢opMa KOJIOllOK He llOJl)l(Hbl 113MeHSIThCSI HH npH

117
 JPaHcnopTHpoBaHI111, HH npH XPa-
HeHHH. 06yBh, H3fOTOBJleHHa51 H;1
.uecpopMHPOBaHHbIX KOJlOLl,Kax, He
6y.ueT HMeTb Tpe6yeMblX BHyrpeHlllJ\
pa3Mepon, B pe3yJibTaTe L£ero CH1i-
31rrcH ee KaL£ecrno. TaKHM o6pa30\1.
COCTOHHHe KOJlO.UOK cywecTBeHHo
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CHH)l(eHHlO Kal!eCTBa o6yBH np11-
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OTKJIOHeHHe pa3MepoB KOJlOJlOJ...
BhIWe .uonyCTHMblX CTaHLl,apTOI\!:
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Mepon cnena KOJIOJlKH HOCTblO, npHBO.UHWee K pa36yxa-
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nJioxaH o6pa6oTKa (c JayceH-

ua~m) MeTaJIJlHl!eCKHX TIJlaCTHH MO)l(eT npHBeCTH K TIOBpe)l(JleHll!O
TIOLl,KJla)lKH H 3afOTOBKH Bepxa 06ys11 B npouecce cpOpMOBaHHH;
HeTIJlOTHO npHJJeraeMblH KJIHH KOJlOLl,KH, Heo6pa6oTaHHble 3anon-
JlHUO c MeTaJIJJHl!eCKOH nJiaCTHHOH .uepemJHHbie HJlH nJlaCTMaCCOBblC
npo6KH, nJIOXOe COBMeweHHe L£acTett COl!JieHeHHOH KOJIO.UKH;
HCCTOJlb30BaHHe HeOJPeMOHTHpOBaHHblX H Heo6pa6ornHHbIX KOJIOJlOK.
Yxo.u 3a KOJIO.UKaMu, xpaueuue u cnoco6L1 peMouTa. YxonoM 3a Ko-
JIO.UKaMH B ueHTPaJIH30BaHHblX uexax, aTeJlbe l'I MaCTepCKl'IX 3aHHMa-
JOTC5I KBaJIHQJHUHPOBaHHbie o6ysWHKH, pa3611pa10w11ecH B cpacoHa\.
TIOJlHOTaX, pa3Mepax KOJlO.UOK, yMe10w11e nonorHaTb HX no CTOne 3a-
Ka3L£HKa H OTpeMOHTHPOB3Tb.
KoJIO.UKH tteo6xo.u11Mo xpaHHTb B cyx11x oTanJIHBaeMhIX noMeweH11H\
npl1 Tel\meparype 16- 20 °C H OTHOCHTeJlbHOI1 BJl3)1(HOCTH 40- 60 %. 0o-
Jll13THJleHOBbie KOJlOllKH .UOJl)f(}{bJ 6bITh 3aw11weHbl OT nonanaHHH Ha Hll\
npHMbJX coJIHeL£HbJX JIY'-!eii:. KoJIOJlKH pa3Mewa10T Ha cTeJUIIDKax c HL£eii:Ka-
MH no cpacoHaM, pa3MepaM H TIOJlHOTaM 6e3 HapyweHl151 HX napHocm.
)lJIH xpaHeHl151 KOJlOllOK npHMeHHIOT MexaHH3HpOBaHHhie CTeJlJl3:>Klf.
He pe)f(e OLl,HOro pa3a B KBapTaJI npoBepHIOT COCT051HHe KOJlO,UOl{HOrO
X0351HCTBa. Op11wenw11e B HeronHoCTh KOJIOLlKH H3hIMaIOT, a noBpe)!\-
neHHhie peMOHTHPYJOT. K L£11cny Herontthix K 3KCnJiyarnuHH oTttocHT
KOJIOLl,KH co CJIOMaHHblM MexaHH3MOM COL£JieHeHH51, paCKOJIOTbll\111
BepxHeii: TIJiowanKoii:, 6oKOBbJMH TIOBepXHOCT51MH, paCKOJlOTblMH HJill
necpopMHpOBaHHblMH HOCOl!HbIMH l1 TIHTOl!HblMH l{3CT51MH, yrepHHHbil\l!l
KJil1Hb51Ml1, a TaK)f(e He coorneTCTBYJOWHe pa3MepaM fOCT 3927-88.
118
 Kol10.UKl1 co c11e.noM, npo611TbIM rnm-
JlSIM» l1J111 WflHJlbKaMH, c <IaCTl14HO c611-
roii aepxttett n11ow,a.nKoH, He11cnpaBHhI-
tJU 3aMKaMl1 11)111 MexaHl13MOM C04JleHe-
fflfSI no B03MO)l(HOCTl1 peMOHTl1PYIOT.
Ha c611TbIH e11en. 11 aepxHIOIO n11owa.n-
y;.y HaKJie11Ba10T 1:11111 np11611Ba10T KYCKl1
KO)!(lL C611Tb1e 4aeT11 e11e.na y611pa10T crn-
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~JOT flOJlOCKy )l(eCTKOH KO)l(H 11 3aKpen-
)1SIJOT ee. C61Hyio 4aCTh n11oma.nK11 eKMbl-
aaroT 11 3aMeH5IIOT KyCKOM K0)1(11 tteo6xo-
,llffMOH TOJIW11HhI. Bee BhlCTynaiow11e tta.n
noBepXHOCTblO KOJ10D.Kl1 4aCTl1 K0)1(11 cpe-
:JalOT HO)l(OM 11 o6pa6aTbIBaIOT pawmrneM.
MexaH113M co,rneHeHH51 11 BTYJIKH Ja-
MeHSIIOT 11J1H peMOHTHPYIOT.
OeHOBHhie np11411HhI 113Mettemrn pa3-
MepoB 06ys11 c11e.nyIOw11e:
ttenpaBl1JlbHOe CH51Tl1e pa3MepoB CTO-
nhl 11 ro11eH11 JaKa3411Ka;
HecornacoBaHHOCTb B pa6oTe C"beMIUH-
Ka pa3MepoB, np1rnpaBWHKa KOJlO)lOK H
DO.llf0Hlll,11Ka JleKM;
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PHc. 5.9. CTpas.Hno DJHI canor
KOJIOJJ.OK no CHSITbIM c 3aKa3Y:l1Ka pa3Me-
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l13MeHeH11e pa3MepoB CTOTibl np« .UBH)l(eHHH 4e110BeKa B Te4em1e D.H51.
IlpaBuJTa. ITpaBttJia (p«c. 5.9) npttMewnoT np11 pacnpaBKe ro11eH11w
canor l1 cano)l(eK M51 JlHKBHD.au1111 CKJla,nOK 11 MOPIUHH H He3HaY:H-
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ITpH 1:1cno11b30Bamrn n.epeBSIHHhIX npanH:n ro11eHHllie paJorpeBaIOT
Ha.n :neKTpw1ecKOH nn11TKOH. 3Ta onepau1151 nposon.11TCH .nsa)l(D,bI. Bee
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lfOM), Tel'vmepawpa Kornporo He n.om1rna 6bITh 6011ee 90 °C.
Ha aJIIOMl1HHeBbIX npaBttnax pacnpaBKa ro11ettmua canor H cano)l(eK
BhinOJlH51eTe51 rop514l1M B03n,yxoM. noeTynaIOITTHM H3 con11a M3WHHbI.

5.3. OpTone,qr.11.feCKaR KOIIO,QKa

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$opMaUl151MH. 06ysb 11.0Jl)l(Ha YlJ:l1TbIBaTb eTpoeHtte CTOTibl, a npH He-
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Pel<I.{1111.

119
 4 CornacHo K.11acrn¢11Kaw111 npo<IJ.
B. B. KocTbJJleBott oprnnenw1eCf:1 1c
KOJ10.LIKl1 pa3Jll1'1alOT no TCl\I ;f\t
3
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napTHblC KOJ10J1Kl1. 0.uHaKO 11MC!Or-
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ue11ecoo6paJHO 11cno11bJOnaTh 6cp-

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JlJlHHHYIO WHypOBKy.
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pa3.LICJ1HIOT Ha 11HJlHBH.UYaJJhHhie 11 np11roHO'IHh1e. H11oueuoyaJ1bHbte Ko-
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llla.LIKax Ka)l(.lIOH napbl KOJlO.UOK J10Jl)KHhl 6blTb yKaJaHhl ero cpaMHJ11151.
11Hl1Ul1aJJbl l1 non.
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514CHKax B nopH11Ke nocryn11e1rnH 3aKa30B HJIH no aJJQJaBHTY ¢aMHJlltit
JaKa34HKOB. ITopH.UOK xpaHeHHH perncTpHpyIOT B aJJ<jJan11THoi1 KHHre.
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no HenpHro.LIHOCTl1.
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111111 BH.UY .ue¢opMaUHH CTOTI.
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HOM napaJJ114e CUUIT), Koco11anocT11 y 11eTei1

120
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JJleflbI o6XB3Tbl, OKpyrneHa rnITO'!Ha5I 1.J3CTb. 0pTone1ll11.JeCKHe ~OJIO!l­
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rroJBOJI5IIOT coKpaTl1Th Ma.Jionpo11JB01l11TeJ1bHhie onepau1111 no nonroH-
J(e Ji yJIYl.JWHTb noTpe611TeJ1bcK11e csot1crna 06ys11.
OpTonem1'-leCKHe KOJJ01lKH BMecTo wnqlpa 11MeIOT HOMeHKJJarypHhIH
J{OMep, onpeneJ15IIOillHH, !lJl5I CTOnbI c KaKoi111eQ:>opMau11et1 113fOTOB-
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Ka 307 - HOMeHKJJarypHblH HOMep )l(eHCKOH KOJI01IKl1 Ha YKOpo'-leHHe
cJie.na, Ha Ka6JJyKe BhICOTOJ1 20 MM, HOMep KOJI01IKl1 240, nOJJHOTa 5.

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135
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136
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llttte BonpocbI;

137
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138
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f{}IH OT 6ecenbI Tpe6yI:OT l13BHHeHHH.
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</Jymop 11 noiJwueKa np11.ua10T ycrol1lf11Bocrb ro11eHttlllaM canor 11
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nttreJUIMM HH3a 06ys11. y11y'rWa10w11e ee BHyrpeHHl1H s11.u. BK11MHbie
CTeJihKH M no11ycTeJ1hKl1 Bb1Kpal1B3IOT 113 no.uKJ1a.UOlfHhJX KO)!( 111111 TeK-
CTHJihHhIX MaTep11aJIOB, no.unHTO'IHHKl1 11 TIO.UHOCOlfHHKH - 113 no.u-
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H3 MaTepl1aJIOB, HCTIOJih3yeMbIX )JJI51 OCHOBHOH TIO.UK113.UKl1.
floiJKJ1aiJKy 1100 6aHmbt U opycue yKpGUleHUJl BbIKpaHB3IOT 113 BCeX
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a 6 6 z
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6 - 60T11HoK; z- canor

151
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ToJJrn.nua uapYJKHLIX ,!J,CT3Jleii H3 KO)K, MM

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.llern.~11 06ya11
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tta1160Jihllil1M ynn11HeH11eM B npO.UOJihH0\1 HanpaBJieHlrn 11 H3111\1CHl,-
Wl1M B nonepe'-IHOM.
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152
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sff.llOM H Ha3HalJeHneM o6yBH. TOJilllHHa neTaJieif HH3a llOJI)!(Ha cooT-
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xopOllIO TIOD,liaBaTbCH MexaHWieCKOit o6pa60TKe. 00CJJe HaMOKaHHH H
BbICbIXaHH51 no.uowm1 llOJl)!(Ha coxpaHHTb CBOH pa3Mepbl, cPOPMY H
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TO.UOM KpenJiel:IHH. no11,0WBbl Bblpy6alOT H3 lJenpaKa KO)!( KpynHOfO
poraTOro CKOTa, KOHCKHX xa30B, nopHCTOH pe3HHbl, KO)!(BOJIOHa H .up.
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153
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ca. Ha6ottKa llOJI)l(Ha 6bITb nJIOTHOti H rrpO'lHOH. Op11MeH.HJOT Ha6oiif\ 11
cpopMOBaHHb!e MeTaJIJIH'lCCKHe, H3 ITOJIHMepHb!X MaTepHarrOB HJIH Ha-
6oe'lHOH pe3HHbl.
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6a10T H3 ITJIOTHb!X y'laCTKOB ITOJI H BOpOTKOB.
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Otta o6ecrre'lHBaeT rrnoTHoe npwnerattwe no.nowBhI K 3anI)l(HOH KpoM-
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yBeJIH•rnBaeT TOJ!lllHHY Topua ITO.llOWBbl. 06bI'lHO JIJI.H K0)1(3HOH no110-
WBbl npHMCH.HIOT KO)l(aHyJO, a JIJI.H pe3HHOBOH - pe3HHOBYJO o6BOllKy.
WttpHHa o6BO.llKH cocrnBJIHeT 15-18 MM, O.llHH ee npo.nonhHbIH K(Xti1
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co CTOPOHbl CTOITbI, .uettCTBHIO rroTa, IT03TOMy OHa .llOJI)l(Ha 6bITb n.101-
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154
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KO:>K JlJlH HHJa o6yBH.
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155
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HeKpaTHOCTh JJHHeHHhIX pa3!'.1epoB MaTepttaJJa l1 .llCTaJie11:, MHoro_
CJIOHHOCTb HaCTHna;
cpopMa H B3aHMOYKJfaJlhIBaeMOCTb neTaJJe.H, CHCTeMa lfX COBMeu1e-
HH5! Ha MaTepHaJJe;
yneJihHbie COOTHOWeHH5! n11oma.rreti: OTBCTCTBCHHhIX J]eTaJieH KO\t[]-
JICKTa nepxa o6YBH H YenpaKa KO)J(H;
cpopMa pacKpaHnaeMoro MaTep11aJJa;
MeTO.llhI pacKp051 KO)J(;
TOJilUHHa KO)J(H H xapaKTep ee pacnpenenemrn no n11oma.n11.
IIJioUJ.a.ub MaTepnaJia H BblKpannaeMblX HJ uero .u.eTaJieif. flp11 pac-
Kpoe o6yBHhIX MaTepHMOB, oco6eHHO KO)!(, 60JihWOe BJil15IHHe Ha II\
l1CflOJib30BaH11e OKa3bIBaeT COOTHOWeHHe nnorua.uetl MaTep11aJia 11 l3bJ-
KpaHnaeMbIX neTaJieH. YcrnHOBJieHo, YTO YeM 6onhwe nIIolUa.rrh Mare-
p11aJJa H MeHhWe cpe.llHSUI nJIOlUMh Bh!Kpa11naeMhIX .rreTaJJeH, TeM MCHb-
we KpaeBhlX OTXO.llOB H BhilJJe K03cpQJHUHeHT HCCTOJJh30BaHH51.
Ka'leCTBO K01KH. 3ToT noKaJaTeJih BJIH51eT Ha noHBJJeHHe Me)l(l\tO-
.lleJihHhIX .rronoJJHHTCJ1hHhIX OTXOllOB, CB5133HHbIX c He06XO.lll1MOCThlO
o6xo.ua nopoKOB. '-leM 60JJhWe '!HCJIO nopOKOB H HX nJIOlUMh, TC\!
HH)f(e rpynna KO)f(H, H, cnenonaTeJihHO, 60J!bWe Me)l(MOJleJ!bHhlX OT-
XO.LIOB npH pacKpoe. 06yBHble KO)f(H B 33BHCHMOCTH OT KaYecrn,1 II
HaJJH4H51 nopoKOB neJI51T Ha coprn. CopTHOCTh KO)f(H OUCHHB3IOT no
4HCJIY 6aJJJJOB, ycTaHaBmrnaeMbIX, B CBOIO 04epe)]b, B 33BHCHMOCTll OT
4HCJia 11 xapaKTepa nopOKOB, MeCTa HX pacnoJJO)l(CHH51. lf eM BhIWC copT.
TCM 60JibWe K03¢¢HUHCHT HCCTOJih30BaHH5! MaTepttaJJa (rn6JI. 7.3).
3Ha'lHTCJ!hHhie KOJ1e6aHH51 K03cpcpmrneHTa HCilOJ!b30B3HlUI l\l<lTC-
pHaJJa OJ]HOfO coprn ofrb51CH51IOTC5I pa3Hb!MH pacKpOHHhIMH CBOHCTJU-
MH, KOHCTpyKTHBHhIMH oco6eHHOCT5IMH MOJleJIH, EHLI.OM KO)l(H.
KnaJin«l>nKaum1 pa6o'IHX. CymecrneHHO BJIHHeT Ha noKa3aTemt 11c-
no11h30BaHH5I pacKpaHBaeMbIX MaTepHMOB 11 K34CCTBO nonyYaeMblX .1e-
TalleH KBaJJH<j)HKaUH51 pa60Y11x. PacKpoA MaTep11aJ10B, B nepny10 04epe11b
KO)!(, - OTBCTCTBCHHhIH npouecc, Tpe6yJOWHH OT pa6o4ero BHl1l\13TC.1b-
HOro 11 TBOp4eCKOro OTHOWeHH5!. PacKpOHUlHK l1 Bbipy6ru11K nomKHbl
3H3Tb Tonorpaqnno KO)!(, HX pacKpOHHhie cnoHcTBa, TeXHH"leCKHC rpc-
6onamrn K .rreTaJJ51M, cttcTeMbt conMewemrn .neTaJJeH 11 cnoco6bt o6xo-
aa nopoKon. C nonb1wett11eM KBan11cp11Kau1111 pa6oqero ynemN11na10Tc5l
K03cpcp11u11eHT 11CCTOJ!b30BaHH51 rnromarm MaTep11aJ1a H npOH3BO.ITHTC.1b-
HOCTb Tpyaa, y11y4waeTC5! Kayecrno BhtKpa11naeMhIX 11eTMeH.
HeKpaTHOCTb ;rnueiinb1x pa1Mepon TKaueif n ,lJ,eTaJieit, MHoroc.11oit·
HOCTb HaCTHJia. )lrr51 3KOHOMH'·IHOfO pacKpOSI o6yBHbIX TKaHeH H 11cr:yc-

156
 Ta6nHua7J
Mccne110Bauue o6yBHbIX MaTepmUioB no copTaM
'·
~
KoJ~><P1m11eHr
Marep11an Co pr
11COOJlb30BaHl1ll, %
I(o)IG'I..
no.llKJlailOY H bte I 59,5-84,5
II 57-83
111 55-80,5
IV 50-77
)l(CCTKHC UCJibIC H OOJIYKO)l(l1 .11m1 mna I 80-82
06yB11 II 79-81
III 78-80
IV 76-- 78
xpoMoaoro ,11y6nemrn .11JI51 aepxa 06ym1 I 63,5-83,5
II 67,5-83
IIr 52,5-82
IV 53,5-82
TKaHM H HccyccrneHHhie KO)l(H nnn Bepxa I 66-97
06y1m, OO.llKJl3,llKH H MC)!(00,llKJl3,llKH II 70-95

cTBeHHhlX KO)!( HMeeT 3Hal.JeHHe COOTHOWCHHe JllfHCHHblX pa3MepoB

MaTepHaJJa 11 JleTMeiL 06yBHbre TKaHH lI)HI Bepxa H no.uKJJa.UKH Bhmyc-
K8IOT JlJIHHotl 30-50 M, wuputtoi1 0,6__.:. I M. B pyJJoHe TKaHH o6bJlrno
HMeeTCSI 2- 3 KYCKa. no Mepe yMeHbWCHl151 lI:JIHHbl KYCKOB YBeJJHl.Jl1-
BaeTC5l Y.11cno OTXO,ll,OB tta Kottue OJJ,Horo KYCKa 1:1 B Hal.J.Me ,ll,pyroro. Ha
HCilOJlh30BaHJfe MaTep11aJJa cyruecTBCHHO BJllUieT OTHOWem1e ero W11-
PHHhl K cpeJJ,HeH w11p11He 11Jll1 )lJl11He JlCTaJJett. OT COOTHOWCHl151 pa3-
MepoB 3aBHCl1T BCJIHl.J.J.rna KpaeBbIX OTXOJlOB.
CJ>opMa H B3aHMOYKJla,l1,bIBaeMOCTb )J.enureu, CHCTeMa HX COBMemeHHH.
<llopMa ,ll,CTaJJett Henocpe,ll,CTBCHHO BJll151CT Ha pa3Mep HOpMaJibHhlX Me)K-
wa6JJOHHblX OTXO)J,OB MaTep11Ma npH pacKpoe. Op5IMOJJHHettHble cTopo-
HbI ,ll,eTanei1 COBMeIUalOTCH nOJJHOCTblO, no3TOMY Me)Kwa6JJOHHbie OTXO-
,Qbl Ml1Hl1MaJJhHbl. Op11 COBMCWCHl111 Kpl1BOJ111HettHbIX CTOpOH ,ll,CTMCH
MC:>KllJa6JJOHHbie OTXO,ll,bl TCM 60JJbWe, '!CM 60JibWe HX KPl1Bl13Ha.
'Y)J,eJibHble COOTHOIDeHHH nJioma.n.eii OTBeTCTBeHHblX .ueTaJieii KOMD-
JleKTa eepxa o6yeu H 'IenpaKa KO:IKH. Ko)Ka no nnorua;rn tteo.uttopoima,
ee Tonorpacpl1l!CCKl1e y'!aCTKJ.1 (pHC. 7.3) 11MCIOT pa3HYJO TOJilll,11HY,
C'fpYKTypy 11 ¢m11Ko-Mexatt11Y.ecK11e cnoi1crna (npe,lJ,eJJ npol.J.HOCTH npH
PaCT51)1(eHl111 11 C)Kanrn, HCTMpaHHe, HaMOKaeMOCTb 11 !lp.).
'IenpaK - Ha116011ee nJJOTHa51 11 npoYHaH 'laCTb KO)KH, OH 3aHHMaeT
45-55 % ee o6rueli nJJOlila.rtH. lb 4enpaKa Bb!KpairnaIOT Ha1:16011ee oT-
lleTcTBeHHhre .neTaJJH nepxa 11 HH3a 06yn11.
l<.paenble YlfaCTKH K0)1(11 (nopOTKH, nOJibl, Jianbl, naWHHhl) 51BJ151-
l<trcSI Mettee UCHHblMH H3-3a MeHbWei1 nJJOTHOCTH H TOJlll.l,HHbl. DOBbl-
lUe1nmif T5IrYlfCCTl1. lb KpaeBbJX y4aCTKOB KO)!( 1I:J151 Bepxa o6yBl1 Bbl-

157
 KpaHBaJOT 3a1111HKH, 6epUbl, 513b!·1-
KH, BCflOMOraTeJlbHble neTaJlH, a l!J
KpaeBbIX yciacTKOB KO)!{ ll115I Hl!Jd
o6yBH - CTeJlbKH, 3a.UHHKH. no l-
JlO)l{KH H npyrne 11eTaJ1H.
<l>opMa pacKpansaeMoro MaTe-
pnaJia. Cl>opMa MaTepttaJla cywecr _
BeHHO BmrneT Ha KOJlWleCTBO K]Xl-
eBbIX OTXO.UOB. Ilp11 OlIHOH 11 Toii
)l{e flJ10lllan11 KO)l{H 11 wa6JJOHOB
np11 pacKpoe uenotl KO)l{H nmy-
qaeTCH 60JJbWe KpaeBbIX OTX01IOI\,
'!eM nptt pacKpoe •1enpaKa (Ha 2 cc).
Bopo1xa (Ha 4 %) 11 nonbI (Ha 6 (, ).
OmHMaJlhHOH ¢iopMOH KO)l{H, np11
pacKpoe KOTOpOH nony•rneTC5I Ha11-
MeHbWee KOJJWleCTBO KpaeBbIX OT-
XOlIOB, 5IBJ15IeTC5I KBanpaT, 3aTC\!
Puc. 7.3. Tonorpacj;>w1ecK11e y'!aCTKl1
11.ueT '!eTbipexyroJJhHHK - qenpaK.
K0)1(11 .llJHI Bcpxa 11 CTOLl,KJl3,!lKl1 ( CTpe11-
KaMl1 noK333HO HanpaBJieH11e H311-
pbi6KH - '!aCTb KO)f(H, y KOTOpoii

MeHbwero y.lU111HeH11H): onreneHhI o6e nonhI, nonY'1enpaK.

ueJJb!e KO)f(H. 1..J.eM MeHbWe OTHO-
I - '!enpaK; 2 - nanh1; 3 - nawttHhI; 4 -
noJJbI; 5- BOPOTOK; 6- oryJOK weHHe 11n11HhI MaTep11ana K ero
w11p11He, TeM BhJWe K03cPcPl1Ull-
eHT ero 11CflOJlb30BaHH5I.
MeTO,ZJ,bl pacKpOSI KO:lK. ,[lJui pacKpo5I KO)!( np11MeHHJOT CKB03Hoii 11
HeCKB03HOH MeTO.Ubl. IlpH CKB03HOM MeTone O.UHH pa60'!HH pacKpa11-
BaeT KO)f(Y no KOHUa, npH HeCKB03HOM O.UHH pa60'!l1H BbIKpa11BaeT nee
neTaJJH OCHOBHOfO Kp051 HJJH Bee KpynHbie neTaJJH, a npyrott (MeHeC
KBan11¢11u11poBaHHhlH) 113 OCTaBWHXCH KYCKOB BbIKpattBaeT MeHCC
OTBeTcTBeHHbie neTaJlH. Ilp11 HeCKB03HOM pacKpoe K03cfl<frnutteHT llC-
nOJJh30BaHl151 nnoll!anH KO)f(H MeHhwe. HecKB03Hoti MeTOD. np11MCHH-
10T, ecn11 noTpe6HOCTb BO BCflOMOraTeJJhHbIX neTaJJ5IX He60J1hWa5I (Ha-
np11Mep, np11 pacKpoe neTMeti canor).
PacKpOH MO)f(eT 6bITb KOMnJieKTHblH H HeKOMnJieKTHbIH. Ilp11 KOWJ-
neKTHOM pacKpoe BbIKpattBaJOT nonHhie KOMnneKTbI neTaneti H3 omwii
KO)f(H, '!TO o6ecne'!HBaeT ee pau110HaJJhHoe ttcnoJJb30BaHHe. McT01
HCfl0Jlb3YIOT llJ15l pacKp05I KO)!( llJ151 Bepxa o6yBH. IlpH pacKpoe KO>I'
llJ151 HH3a 06ym1 HCnOJJh3YJOT HeKoMnJJeKTHbIH MeTon. 3To CB513aHO c
HeO.IJ:HOPOlIHOCTblO TOJ1llll1Hbl 11 nJJOTHOCTl1 Tonorpa¢11'!eCKl1X y•rncT-
KOB KO)l{l1, '!TO He fl03BOJ15IeT Bbipy6aTb KOMnJJeKTbl 11eTaneti HJIJ~\.
HeKoMnneKTHhiti pacKpoti neTMett HH3a 06yB11 06ecne'!11BaeT 601cc
paU110HaJJbHOe 11CCTOJlb30BaH11e KO)f(l1 11 nOBbIWaeT npOl13BO.UHTC;1 l>-
HOCTb Tpyna.
Tomu,nna KO:lKH n xapaKTep ee pacnpe,ZJ,eJieHHSI no nJiomann. To1111u1-
Ha K0)!(11 5IBJJ5IeTC5I OllH11M 113 <PaKTOpOB, onpeneJJ5IIOllll1X ee CBOHCTH~ 1

158
tf ueneBoe Ha3Ha'!em1e. ,ileneHHe KO)!( LUISI HH3a o6yBH no TOJIIUHHe
(JOlTeropHSIM) npenycMaTpHBaeTcSI cTaH.napTaMH. ToJIIUHHa KO)!( LUISI
fl}{3a 06yB11 H xapaKTep ee pacnpe.ue11eH11SI no n11ow:a.u11 oKa3bIBaIOT
fjoJibWOe BJIHSIHl1e Ha HCOOJ1~30BaHHe KO)!( H rnaBHhlM o6pa30M Ha
pbJXO.ll OTBeTCTBeHHhIX .uern11e11 HH3a, TaK KaK 11X Ha3Ha'!eHHe onpe11e-
JlfleTC.sl TOJIIU11HOH. lJ.eM TOJilUe KO)!(a, TeM 60JlbWe OTBeTCTBeHHbIX .ue-
raneil Hl13a H3 Hee Bhipy6aIOT (npl1 npO'IHX paBHhlX YCJJOBHSIX) H TeM
s1>1rne ee 11cno11b30BaH11e.

7.4. PaJpy6 MaTep1.1a11os Ha ,qeTa111.1 H1.1Ja 06ys1;1

0p11 nOCTYCTJJeHHH Ha npennpHSITHe MaTepttaJIOB (KO)!(a, KO)!(B0-

110H, nop11CTaSI pe311Ha H 11p.) npoBepSIIOT HX KOJIH'!eCTBO, Ka 11ecrno H
IIJIOIUMh.
3a.uaHJ1e Ha pa3py6 Bb!py6IU11KY yCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, 11CXO.USI H3 ero Bhl-
pa6oTKH B CMeHy (B .UM 2 H napax) H cpe.nHHX HOPM pa3JIH'!Hb!X rpynn
H Btt.nOB .ueTanetL Dp11 cocrnBneHHH 3a,riaH11SI yqHTbIBaIOT Heo6xo.u11-
MOCTh Ha116011ee 3¢¢eKTl1BHOfO HCOOJlh30Bamrn MaTep11ana KOM611HH-
poBaHl1eM .neTanetl: pa3Hh!X pa3MepoB (60JJhWero c MeHbWHM) 11 11X
BHJJ:OB (Hanp11Mep, no.UOWB 11 Ha6oeK, CTeJieK 11 nOLUIO)!(eK).
,[(.rrSI Bb1py6att11SI .ueTanetl: HH3a 11cnOJih3YIQT 3JJeKTporn.npaBJitt'le-
cme npeccbI pa3HhIX Mon:11¢11Kau11H: (CM. no.npaJ.n. 2.3). Dpeccb1 cHa6)!(e-
HbI 3a,UHMM 00.UbeMHhIM CTOJIOM 11JISI YKJJallbIBaHHSI pa3py6aeMoro MaTepH-
an:a, KOTOpbIH no.naIOT B KOJIH'!ecTBe, Heo6XO.U11MOM Ha '!aCTh pa6oqetl:
CMeHhl 11Jil1 Ha BCIO CMeHy, H nepe.UH11M CTOJIOM LUISI xpaHeHHSI pe3a-
KOB. Pa3py6 npott3BOLISIT Ha MeTaJIJitt'!eCIGIX, KapTOHHhIX, .uepeBSIHHhIX
H IlOJil1MepHbIX KOJI011aX (nnwrnx) pe3aKaMl1 c K03blpbKaMH, KOTOpbte
npen:oxpaHSIIOT pyKH pa6o'!ero. Bb1c0Ta pe3aKoB 100 MM, yron 3aTO'IKl1
26-27°. Dp11 pa3py6e KO)!( Ha MeTaJIJIH'!eCKOH nJJHTe pe~asi KpOMKa
peJaKa l10JI)!(Ha 11MeTh paBHOMepHOe 3aTynJieHl1e 0,2-0,3 MM.
C11cTeMbI pa3py6a KO)!( LUISI HH3a 06yB11 ycTaHaBJJl1BaIOT B 3aB11c11-
Mocn1 OT 11x Bttna, pa3Mepa, nnoma.uw 11 copTHOCTH. Ko)!(H pa3py6aIOT
no npSIMOJ111Hei1Ho-nocTynaTeJihHOJ1 CHCTeMe, «eJIO'!Ka», neJJIO)!(e'!HOH.
llpHMOJ1uHeliHo-nocmynameJ1bHaJ1 cucme;.w (c11cTeMa napannenorpaM-
Ma) Ha116onee pauHOHaJibHaSI, TaK KaK Me)!(Wa6JJOHHhie OTXO,Ubl CHH-
:lKetthI .uo MHHHMyMa. Dp11 11cnoJ1h30BaH1111 npSIMOJIHHeJ':fHo-noCTyna-
TeJii.ttotl: CHCTeMbl I303MO)!(Hhl cne11y10ru11e BapttaHThl COBMew:eHHSI:
llyqKOBblMH '!aCTSIMH, nSITO'!Hhll\111 '!aCTSIMH, B O.UHY CTOpOHY, BCTbIK,
IlO.Q YfJIOM.
Ilp11 coBMeW:eHHH B nyqKax BHYTPeHH11e nyqK11 .ueTanetl: MaKCl1-
Mani.tto c6JJl1)!(alOT O.UHOl1MeHHhIMH 60KOBhlMH CTOpOHaMl1, Me)l()ly
lf1t:M11 OCTalOTCSI Ml1Hl1MaJihHble Me)!(MO.UeJJbHhie OTXO.Uhl (pHc. 7.4, a).
Up11: COBMerueHHH nSITO'IHhIMH qacrnM11 nSITO'IHYIO '!aCTh 011Hoi1 11ern-
JI(11: PacnonaraIOT KaK MO)!(HO 6JJJ1)!(e K Jll1Hl111 nyqKOB CMe)!(HOH .neTaJIH
Piie. 7.4, 6).

159
 a 2

P11c. 7.4. CxeMbI pa3py6a np11 coaMe!lleH1111 .ucn1J1et1:

a- ny'lKOBblMll 'l3CTHMll; 6- rnITO'lHblMll 'lacrn~m; 6 - II O.!lHY CTOPOHy; i! - llL' 1111::
iJ - non yrnoM

Dp11 coBMemett1111 B o.n:tty cTopoHy see .n:enurn ttanpaBJieHbl ttoci-.;;1-

M11 11 mnKaM11 B o.rmy crnpotty (p11c. 7.4, e). Dp11 3TOM y neT~Fh.:ii.
CMe)l(HbIX no rop1130HTaJil1, Hap~Hble n)"-IKH MaKCl1MaJibHO c6111i:>Ka-
JOT c BHYTpetttt11M11, a y neTaJiei1, cMe)l(HblX no BepT11KaJI11, Hocu1
COBMemaJOT c mITKaM11.
Dp11 conMemett1111 BCThIK 11 non yrJIOM neTaJIH c6111DKaJOT paJH0-
11MeHHb1M11 60KOBbIMl1 CTOpottaMH (pHC. 7.4, 2, d).
Do noKa3aTeJIJO yKJI31IbIBaeMOCTH BapHaHTbl COB\1etueHHH n:ern.1eii
pacnoJiaraJOTCH B TaKOH nocJienonaTeJJbHOCTH: nyYKOBblMJ1 l.JaCnt\!11.
nHTO'-IHblMl1 l.JacrnM11. B OllHY CTOpOHy, non yrnoM 11 BCTblK.
Ha116onhmyJO H3HococToi1KocTb nonourn 06ecne1.11rnaeT Bap11;1HT
COBMememrn, Karna mITO'-IHbie '-13CTH HanpaBJieHbl K ueHTPY Yenpa1',1.
lleHHOCTHOe MCTIOJib30BaHHe KO)l(H Hanp51MYJO 3aBHCl1T OT BblXOJcl
uettHbIX neTaJiet1: nonourn 113 YenpaKa. cTeJieK 11 331IHHKOB H3 Bopor-
KOB H noJJ.
yfa Bcex BapttaHTOB tta1160J1ee npOH3BOnHTeJibHb!MH 5IBJl51JOTC51 COG\tC-
meH115l BCTbIK H non: yrJIOM.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, lIT06bI o6ecne'lHTb BblCOKHe H3HococToiii-:ocTb
n:eTaJie11, ueHHOCTHOe HCTIOJib30BaHHe KO)l(H H np0113B01Il1TeJJbHOClb
Tpyn:a, Heo6xon11MO paUHOHaJibHO COBMemaTb neTaJIH BCTbIK 11 not
yrJJOM.
l.JaCTO npHXO.UHTCH nepexon:HTb OT on:ttoro BapHaHTa COB\telllCHl!~l K
npyroMy.
Dptt pa3py6e no npHMoJ111tteHtto-noc1ynaTeJ1bHoil cHCTeMe 6o:ib-
woe 3HaYett11e 11MeeT Bh16op 11cxonttm1 JJHHHH 11 tta'laJia pa3pyli< 1·
DocJienoBaTeJibHOCTb pa3Mememrn 3aBHCHT OT KOHrjmrypaUHH 11 nio-

160
I.lla.JlH KO)l(H, accopTHMeHTa .uernJietL Hcxo.uHhIMH JIHHHHMH pa3py6a
~of'YT 6hITb xpe6TOBaH JIHHHH, JIHHHH pe3a 00.Jlbl H BOpOTKa.
f{a npaKTHKe pa3py6 yenpaKoB no npHMOJIHHdiHo-nocrynaTeJih-
110jt cHCTeMe HaYHHaIOT OT cepe,LlHHbl ory30YHOH YaCTH B,LlOJib xpe6To-
JjOi% JlHHHl-l: OT cepenHHbI npirnopOTKOBOH YaCTH B.UOJib xpe6TOBOH
Jil{HHH; OT npHBOPOTKOBOH yacTH B.UOJib JIHHHH pe3a CTO.Jlbl (pHC. 7.5).
BopoTKH H noJihI peKoMeH.uyeTCH pa3py6aTh no npHMOJIHHeHHO-
nocTYJlaTeJihHOH CHCTeMe:
BOPOTKH - OT JTeBoro HJTH npaBoro yrJia B.UO.Jlb JIHHHH pe3a BOpOTKa
(pHC. 7.6, a) HJIH no.u YTJIOM K Hett (pHC. 7.6, 6);
rroJihl - OT 3a1rnei1 JJanbI B.UOJib JIHHHH pe3a nOJJbl (pHC. 7. 7' a, 6).

a 6

Puc. 7.5. CxeMbI pa1py6a YenpaKa

pa3HblX KaTerop11H no CHCTeMe COB-
Mew:eHl151 neTaJJeH nyYKOBhlMH •rnc-
T51Mtt:
a - V KaTerop1111 Ha CTeJibK11; 6 - II Ka-
Terop1rn Ha no.nowBb! c yKopo<JeHHoti
T1HTO<JH011 <JacTbt0; 6 - III KaTerop1111
6 Ha no,UOWBbl

161
 a 6
P11c. 7.6. CxeMbI pa3py6a Ha CTCJlbKl1 BopoTKa:
a - III KaTerop1rn no cttCTeMe COBMe!lleHttSI B OJlHY CTopoHy; 6- IV KaTerop1111 no
CMCTeMe COBMeweHMSI HOCO'IHblMM '13CTH\HI IlCTbIK

P11c. 7.7. CxeMbI pawylia

Ha CTCJl bKl1 flOJl bl:
a - IV KaTerop1rn no c11c-
TeMe COil\fe!lleHlrn B O.IH)
crnpoHy; 6 - III Ka1ero-
p1111 no Cl1CTeMe COB\IClllC"
llllSI ny'IKOilblMl1 tJaCnI\11 1
a 6
162
 a 6

PRC. 7.8. CxeMbl pa3py6a '-!enpaKa III KaTerop1rn Ha nonownbI H CTeJJbKH no

CHCTeMe «eJIO'-lK3»:
a - BllOnb JU!IUIH pe3a nonb1: 6- BllORb xpe6TOBOH RHHHH

CucmeMa «CflO'IKa» xapaKTep1nyeTCH pacnoJTO)f(eHtteM .nernJTew no-

nepeK KO)f(tt 6oJTee ttJTH MeHee Bhipa)f(eHHhIMtt pH.naMtt. BHeurne cttcTe-
Ma «eJTOlJKa» HanoMttHaeT npHMOJTl1HeHHO-nOCTYflaTeJThHYIO Cl1CTeMy
no.n; yrJIOM K xpe6TOBOH JTHHl111, HO yrJThl HaKJIOHa .nernJTett B Hal.Jane l1
B KOHUe pa3py6a pa3Jil1lJHhl.
Pa3py6 qenpaKOB no c11cTeMe «eJiolJKa» HalJttHaIOT OT JT11H1111 pe3a
BOpOTKa BBepx B.UOJTh Jll1Hl111 pe3a nOJihl (pHC. 7.8, a) 11Jll1 B.IlOJlh xpe6-
TOBOH JIHH1111 (p11C. 7.8, 6).
/Je.t110:>1Ce'IHGfl cucmeMa xapaKTep113yeTCH pacnoJTo)f(eHtteM .neTanert
nonepelJHhIMl1 PH.UaM11, HanoMHHaIOlll11MH .ueJTIO)f(Ktt.
Pa3py6 qenpaKa no .uen10)f(elJHOH c11cTeMe HalJttHaIOT OT JTHHHH pe3a
BOpOTKa (pHC. 7.9) 11Jll1 ory3Ka.
HceyccrneHHhie KO)f(H (pe311Hy, KapTOH, H11TpOHCKO~-T 11 .up.)
P33py6a10T Ha .11eTan11 Hl13a no npHMOJTttHettHo-nocTYflaTeJThHOH 11 .11e-
JllO)f(elJHoi1 Cl1CTeMaM.
IlpHMOJTl1HeHHO-noczynaTeJTbHaH CHCTeMa np11MeHHeTCH, eCJIH nJI0-
~3,L(b 11 JlHHeHHbie pa3Mepbl 11ceyccrneHHhlX KO)!( 3HalJl1TeJibHO 60Jih-
llle ITJiowan11 11 1111ttetttthIX pa3MepoB neTanetl HH3a. TaK pa3py6a10T
06YBHYJO H11Tp011CKO~-T Ha 3a.IIH11Kl1 11 DO.IlHOCKl1, TepMonnacT11lJe-
CI<yJo BHHHJI11CKO)f(y-HT Ha 33.IlH11Kl1, 06Y13HOH KapTOH Ha no11ycTeJlh-
I<H, no.nnHTOlJH11Kl1 H npoCTl1JIKH.
Qe11ecoo6pa3HO pacnonaraTh .neTan11 mna TaK, lJT06h1 tta116011bw1111
JJliHettHh!H pa3Mep COBna.nan c Ha1160JibWHM JIHHeHHhIM pa3MepoM
t.tarep11ana (pttc. 7.10).

163
 ,

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...

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

.
PHc. 7.9. CxeMa pa3py6a <1enpaKa P11c. 7.10. CxcMa pa3py6a Hl1Tp()-
II KaTeropHH Ha nonowBbI 11 CTCJlb- 11cKo.1K11-T Ha JaJlllHKlt 110 11pm1u
KH no ,UeJllO)f(elJHOii CHCTeMC Jll.IHCHHO-noc1ymnc.·1bHOii CllCTl'\lc

.Ilemo)f(e'-!HYJO c11cTeMy np11MeHHJOT Toma, Koma n11omam, 11 m111cii-

Hb1e pa3Mepb! 11CKYCCTBeHHblX KO)!( OTHOCl1TeJ1bHO M<l!lbl no CJX1BHC-
Hl1!0 c n11owaJJh10 111111Hei-1HhIM11 pa3MepaM11 nern11ei1 HH3a. TaK p~up\ -
6aJOT pe311HY Ha OOLlOWBbl (puc. 7.11 ), o6yBHOM KapTOH Ha CTCJlLKll

a 6
P11c. 7.11. CxcMbt pa3py6a no neJJIO)f(C'IHoii c11cTe,1e pcJ11HOBb1x 1uiacn11-1 i-;n;' :·

paTHOi1 11 npHMOyroJJbHOH Q)OpMbl Ha nollOWllbl:

a - fulll )f(CHCKOii 06ym1; 6- 11.151 llCflll'lhCil 06\'!lll

164
 J(alJeCTBO nenUieH m13a 06yB11 KOHTpOJIHPYIOT cnenyIOIUl1M 06pa-
30M: cHalJana c 1-IHTalOT H KOMTIJieKTYIOT B COOTBeTCTBl111 c Ha3Ha'leHl1-
J'>{ <t>aCOHOM 11 pa3MepoM, 3aTeM CKJlallblBaJOT B na'IKl1 11 nepeBH3hIBa-
~'. B pacKpOHHoi1 KapTe OTMe'laIOT ¢aKrnYecKoe ~11cno neTanett. KoHT-
p<>Jiep npoBepHeT TOJIIU11HY 11 nnoTHOCTh neTane11, pacnoJ1o)[(eH11e no-
f1YCrMMhIX nopOKOB.
,lleTaJJl1, Ka'leCTBO KOTOpbIX He COOTBeTCTByeT Tpe6onaHl1HM CTaH-
)lapTOB, 6paKylOT 11 3aMeHHIOT. 3a6paKOBaHHhle neTaJJl1 nepepy6aJOT Ha
()oJiee Memrne, K Ka'leCTBY KOTOpbIX npenbHBJIHIOT MeHee BbICOKl1e Tpe-
()oBaHIUI.

7.5. PacKpol1 MaTepHa11oe Ha .QeTa11H eepxa o6yeH

Ilocryna101U11e Ha npennpmn11e MaTep11anb1 llJIH Bepxa 06yB11 npo-

eepmoT no KOJI11qecrny 11 KalJecrny. CTp11 copT11poBKe npoBepHIOT npa-
eWibHOCTh oueHKl1 Ka'lecrna KO)[(, npOl13BeneHHOH Ha KO)[(eBeHHOM
npennp11HTl111, 11 onpeneJJHIOT Ha3Ha'leH11e Ka)[(llOH 113 HHX B 3aBl1CH-
MOCTH OT ee pacKpOHHbIX CBOHCTB.
CopT11pyeMb1e KO)[(H non611pa10T B rpynnhI onHoro coprn, unern,
orreHKa, pHCYHKa Mepe11 H np11MepHO O.UHHaKOBOH TIJI01Uan11, TOJl-
IUHHbl 11 nJIOTHOCTH. D.JIH UBeTHblX KO)[( oco6eHHO Ba)[(eH non6op no
orreHKy 11 pwcyHKy Mepe11. HenocrnTO'lHO BHHMaTeJJbHaH copT11pOBKa
UBeTHbIX KO)[( no 3THM npH3HaKaM 3aTpy.UHHeT pa6oTy pacKpOHIUHKa,
noBbIWaeT pacxon MaTepwana 11 nonycKaeT pacKpott Henp11ronHhIX
.l{eTa.TJ:et\:.
Ko)[(tt Ha neTan11 Bepxa 06ys11 pacKpa11BaJOT Ha npeccax ttJil1 npyq-
HyIO HO)[(OM (CM. rn. 2).
IlpaBHJl3 p33MemeHHH pe33KOB (HJIH rna6JIOHOB) npH pacKpoe M3Te-
PH3JIOB. Pe3aKH (HJJH wa6noHbI) pacnonaraIOT Ha KO)[(e TaK, YT06b1
6onee OTBeTCTBeHHble yqaCTKH neTanei1 Bb!KpaHBaJJH 113 JIY'lWHX yqacT-
KOB KO)[(H, T. e. np11nera101U11x K ee ueHTpaJJhHOH qacTtt. HanpttMep,
nepe.uH1010 qacTb coJ03Kl1 11 6epueB pacnonaraJOT K ueHTpaJJbHot\: qac-
TH KO)[(H, a ee KpbIJibSl - K nepttepep11HHOH.
CxeMbl pacKpOH KO:llill ua neTaJIH sepxa H nO)J.KJI3,1J.KH 06y1m. 061Ue-
IlPHHHTOi1 Cl1CTeMOH pacKpOH KO)[( cpe,UHHX " 60Jiblli11X pa3MepoB HB-
MeTcH npHMOJ111Het!Ho-noCTynaTeJibHaH. YKJJanKa neTaneti no 3TOH
CHCTeMe COOTBeTCTByeT yKJJanKe neTanet! np11 TIOCTpoeHHH MO)leJJb-
){Qij lliKaJJbl.
MooeJlbHaR w1eaJ1a npencrnBJJHeT co6ot! napannenorpaMM, Bepww-
Jfa},m KOTOporo HBJISllOTCH 'leTbipe O.UHOl1MeHHbie 11 on11ttaKOBO Ha-
npaBJJeHHbie TOlJKH YeTbipex neTaneH:. 06bI'lHo nno1Uanh napanneno-
I'paMMa paBHa nJJ01Uan11 .UByx neTanei1 TIJIIOC Me)[(rua6JIOHHhle OTXO.Ubl.
fiptt pacKpoe KO)[( Ha neTan11 Bepxa o6ystt no npHMOJJHHei1Ho-no-
C'J'ynaTeJibHOH Cl1CTeMe npHMeHSIIOT cnenyIOIUtte Bap11aHTbl COBMeIUe-
liim JI,eTaneii (pttc. 7.12):
165
 a 6 6

a
P11c. 7.12. Bap11aHThI cosMemett11H coI030K:
a- c nonopOTOM Ha 180°; 6 - c noBOPOTOM Ha 40-60'; 6 - B pa3Jll1'1HblX Hanpa11-
J1eH1lSlX B L\Byx CMe)((HblX psinax; i! - B OL\llHaKOBOM HanpaMeHllll BO ncex psinax; iJ -
c npyrnMll neTaJlSIMll KOMnlleKrn rneJL\OM

Ka)l(]{asi: cnenyiowasi: .neTaJib noBepttyra Ha 180° no OTHowemno K

npenb1nywei1;
Ka)l(]{asi: cnenyiowasi: neTanb pacnoJJO)l(eHa non yrnoM 40-60° no
OTHOWeHHIO K npe.nbrnyrneii;
BCe neTaJIH onHoro psi:.na HanpaBJieHbl B O.UHY CTOpOHY, a CMe)l(HOfO
psi:na - B npOTHBOnOJJO)l(HYJO;
Bee .neTaJIH BO Bcex psi:nax HanpaBJieHhl B OllHY CTOpOHy;
HeCKOJihKO .neTaneii KOMnJieKTa COBMewaIOT TaK, 'IT06bl 06pa3osa-
JIOCh rne3no, KOTOpoe COBMewaIOT c npyrHMH rHe3,UaMH no JII060J\1Y
J13 nepe'IHCJieHHbIX BbIWe BapttaHTOB.
Pa3Mern:aTh OTBeTCTBeHHhie neTaJIH Ha t.JenpaKe cnenyeT TaKHM o6-
pa3oM, 'IT06bI paCKpOM 3aKaH'IJ1BaJICH npHMepHO npHMOM JIHHHeii K
nonaM H BopoTey. 3To Heo6xo.n11Mo nnsi: c03natt11si: nepexona K pac-
Kpo10 KO)l(J1 Ha Mettee OTBeTCTBeHHbie .neTaJIH. He60JibWHe KO)l(J1 c paJ-
HbIMJ1 p11cyHKaMJ1 Mepe11 J1 pa3HOM TIJIOTHOCTJ1 (wenpo, CBHHbie KO)Kll
xpoMonoro ny6nemrn 11 .np.) pacKpa11BaIOT, co6n10nasi: CHMMeTpH'IHY!O
yKJJanKY no o6e CTOpOHbI xpe6TOBOM JIHHHH. TaK )l(e pacKpa11BaIOT Ko)Kll
6onbw11x pa3MepoB, pa3pe3aHHbie no xpe6TY Ha nonyKO)l(J1. TaKoii cno-
co6 no3BOJIHeT BbIKpOHTb .neTaJIJ1 Ka)l(]{OM napbl 3aroTOBOK Bepxa 01111'
HaKOBOH TOJIW:HHbl, nJIOTHOCTH, MepeH J1 np. IlopOKJ1 cnenyeT o6xo-

166
Jllffb npH pacKpoe TOJibKO B Tex CJIY'-laSIX, Korna OHH He nonycKalOTC51 B
Jle'fansix. YKIIanbrnaioT neTanH KaK MO)l(HO nnoTHee nPYT K npyry, 'IT0-
6bl 6bIJIO MeHbllie Me)l(MOneJJbHblX OTXO.lIOB.
Ko)l(_H He6onbwoH: nnowa1111 pacKpa11BaIOT no c11cTeMe c11MMeTpw1-
aoi:f yKJiauKH .rreTaJJeH no o6e CTOpOHbl xpe6TOBOH JIHHHl1.
Ko)l(l1 cpe.uH11x 11 6oJJhWHX pa3MepoB pacKpa11BaIOT OT cepe.u11HbI
ofY3Ka 11JIH OT nopoKa. 3aKaHlJl1BaTbCSI pacKpOH .UOJJ)l(eH npSIMOH Jll1-
1{}1Ci1. 3TO o6ecnelJHBaeT MHHl1MaJJbHbie Me)l(wa6JIOHHbie .uonOJIHl1TeJib-
I{blC OTXO.Ubl npH nepexon:e K pacKpOlO non H BOpOTKOB. 0CTaJJbHbie
yqacTKH pacKpa11BaIOT OT ory3Ka K 3a.lIHHM nanaM, .uanee K nonaM 11
sopoTKY (pHC. 7.13).
fipaBHJia DOJJ.60pa )leTaJieH B napbl. neTaJJH 3afOTOBOK Bepxa JieBOH
JI npaBOH nonynap no KalJecrny, TOJ!llll1He, nJJOTHOCTH, OTTeHKY H
pucyttKY Mepe11 .UOJI)l(Hbl 6b1Tb O.U11HaKOBblMH. flpH pacKpoe UBeTHbIX
KO)!( onHOHMeHHble .ueTaJJH npaBOH 11 JieBOH nonynap Hano BblKpaH-
B(lTb 113 c11MMeTpl1YHo pacnoJIO)l(eHHhIX yYaCTKOB KO)l(H. Hanp11Mep,
eCJIH cOJ03Ka npaBoti nonynapbl BhIKpoeHa 113 ory3Ka npaBoti nonoB11-
Hbl UBeTHOH KO)l(l1, TO C0l03Ka JJeBOH ITOJiynapbl .lIOJl)l(Ha 6b!Tb BbIKpO-
eHa 113 ory3Ka JieBOH noJIOBHHbl KO)l(H; eCJIH 6epUbl ,UJI.R 0.llHOH nony-
napbl BhIKpoettbI H3 noJibI, TO 6epUbI MS! .llPYTOH nonynapbI Han:o BbI-
Kpa11BaTh 113 Tex )Ke MeCT npyroH: OOJ!bl.
PacKpOH o6ysHblX TKaHeif, CHHTeTHlfeCKHX H HCK)'CCTBeHHblX KO}I{.
}lnsi pacKposi 113 pynoHHbIX MaTepml.TloB cpopMHPYIOT MHorocnotiHhIH
HaCTHJI, lJHCJIO CJIOeB B KOTOPOM 3aBl1Cl1T OT 811.lla MaTep11ana 11 cnoco-

a 6

P11C. 7.13. npttMepbl pacKp05! KQ)IC

a - cpenHei1; 6 - Hc60J1Lllloi1

167
 6a ero pacKp051. Llmr cocTJB;1eH1 151
HaCTHJIOB npennap11TeJibHO no·1_
CllHTbIBalOT onTHMaJlbHYIO llJillli\
'1T06hI norep11 OT HeKparnocrn J~~
TaJleH no .lUIHHe 6bU1H paBHbl Hy:110
Bee c11011 Hacr11na no w11p11He Bi, 1 ~
paBHHBaIOT no onHoi1 113 KPOl\101\
3ro n03BOJI51eT CTaBHTb pe3aK (u1~16~
JIOH) He JlaJlbWe 5 MM OT Kpa~,
Op11 pacKpoe Ha 11eHTO'IHoli l\J;\-
lllHHe COCTaBJI5llOT HaCTHJlbl 113
20-60 CJIOeB, npHlleM HX '1llC10
nomKHO 6bITb KpaTHblM '111CJiy ,le-
TaJieH B nape. LlJIHHHbie Hacnni,1
HenpttroJlHhI llJI51 pac1<po51 Ha \1::t-
w1rne. raK KaK He no3BOJI5llOT npo-
JlBHraTh TKaHb non HO)!( 6e3 C\Ie-
llleHl151 CJIOeB. 06bl'IHO TaKMC Ha-
CTl1Jlbl npensap11TeJibHO pa3pe3a-
Pr: 7.14. c,rna pacKpoH TKaH11 Ha IOT Ha neJIIO)l(KJ1 3JieKrpoHO)KO\!
leTa.111 f10.llK113.UKl1
II111p11Ha neJIIO)l(eK onpenem1nrn
WHpHHOH Marep11ana, a llJIHHa -
pa1~1e1Kml no wa6110HaM. Ll1111Ha HacT1111a noJI)l(Ha o6ecnetIHTb BhI\:OJ
ne~JO)ktl ycraHOBJieHHOH onrttMaJibHOH llJIHHbl 6e3 KpaeBblX OTXO,WB
(p!IC. 7.14).
fKaHll I! llCKyccrneHHbie KO)l(H pacKpattBalOT no pa3Hb!M JlJ151 Ka)K-
JlOI' MOllt.~11 cxeMaM c yqeroM BM.Ila 11 WttpHHbl MarepHaJia. LleT;rnt
BbJKpa111u10r noc11enoBareJihHo: cHatiaJTa onHoro pa3Mepa, noroM npy-
ror~. Ula6.~oHhI H pe3aKtt neTaJieH nonKJianKtt H Me)l(nonKJiaJlKH p::1J-
Me11rawrn.111HOH BllOJlb yrKa, '1T06b! yBeJIHllHTb HX T511)'l{eCTb 11 np11-
6Jill3Hlblil.~JIHeHHe TKaHH K YllJIHHeHMIO KO)l(aHblX neraJieH Bepxa JlJ!}l
npnyn::eAC:eHmr pa3pb!BOB no11orHa.
flpI11!3fOTOBJieHHH opronentttieCKOH 06yn11 no HHJlHBHllYaJTbHO\IY
3ai;ny.iera111 sepxa H nonKJianKH Bb1Kpa11Ba10r pyl!HhIM cnoco601\1 in
l!eTblpC\·, l!B)'X- 111111 OJlHOCJIOHHOro Hacr1111a TK3Hl1. Y.nc110 CJIOeB H<l-
cr1na 3dBl1CJIT OT CHMMerpHllHOCTl1 neraJTeH llJI51 Hap~HOH H BHyT-
pe~Hef1cropoH B nape H no11ynape o6yBH. HanpttMep, qerb1pe no.10-
BMHKH OCHOBHOH no}lKJiaJlKH 60Tl1HOK CMMMerpHllHOH o6ynH BbI1'P·l-
HBl\IOTll3 'leTblpexcJIOHHOro Hacr1111a; nse noJIOBHHKH OCHOBHOH noJ-
KJI:UKJIOOTI!HKa aCHMMerpHllHOH o6yBH - 113 nsyxcJIOHHoro; pa3Hble
B f]OJ1)11Jpe 11eraJTH Hapy)l(HOH H BHyrpeHHetl cropoH 110JlKJ131lKll 60-
THJJKa - 113 OUHOCJIOHHOro HaCTHJia.
TK311E m1e10r pa3Hbie YllJIHHeHHH B npono11bHOM 11 nonepe4HO''
Hanpammm1x (no OCHOBe H YfKY). y 60JibWHHCTBa TKaHeH pacrnA'C-
HH~ nom<y6oJibWe, 4eM no OCHOBe. II1a6JIOHbl Ha TKaHb yKJiaJlbIB'1k11
c J"leTO\:eey11JIHHCHHH H Tpe6oBaHHH K neTaJT51M H 3afOTOBKe nep\;l fl

168
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.11oJ1bHOM ttanpasneHHH, neTaJIH nonKJlallKH - B nonepeYHOM Hanpas-
JieffJUL

7.6. Oco6eHHOCTH PY'-tHOro pacKpoR MaTep111a11oe

,[(JISI PY'IHOro paCKpOSI Heo6xonHMO HMeTb pacKpOHHblH CTOJI, TOp-

uoBYJO pacKpot\:HyIO nocey, HO)I(, 6pycoK, ocenoK. Htt)l(HSIH H BepxHHH
noBepXHOCTH pacKpOHHOH .UOCKH .nomKHbl 6hITb poRHbIMH H f.Jla,IlKH-
J'd}{, no Mepe H3HOCa 11X CTpOraIOT.
PacKpOHHYJO nocKy ycrnttaBJIHBaJOT c HaKJlOHOM B cTopoHy pac-
KJJOHill.HKa.
Illa6noHhI MH pyYHOro pacKpoH KO)I( Ha neTan11 sepxa o6ystt ce-
pHttHoro npOH3BO.UCTBa H HHllHBI1IlYaJibHOro H3fOTOBJieHH.H BbinOJIH.H-
IOT H3 nJIOTHOro KapTOHa H OKaHTOBb!BaJOT MeTaJIJIHYeCKOH JieHTOH.
<l>opMa 11 pa3Mepbl wa6.JIOHOB c OKaHTOBKOH llOJl)l(Hbl cosna,uaTb c
<l><>PMOH H pa3MepaMH .neTaneH: Mo.nentt co sceMtt npttnycKaMH. Ha
noBepxHOCTH wa6notta yKa3bIBaJOT <PacoH 11 pa3Mep o6ystt.
Ha wa6noHe ycrnttoBJieHbI KHonKH, ocTaBJIHIOill.He HaKOJIKH Ha KO)l(e
npn pacKpoe. 3To o6nerYaeT nocne.ny10myio c6opey 3aroTOBOK sepxa
o6y1m.
Ko)[<M yKJia,ubrna10T ory3KOM K pa6oYeMy. Tiptt pacKpoe Heo6xontt-
MO JlJIOTHO nptt)l(ttMaTb nesott: pyKott wa6.JIOH K KO)l(e H o6B01IHTb ne-
pHMeTp wa6.JIOHa HO)l(OM, .nep)l(a ero B npaBOH pyKe nepneHlIHKYJISip-
HO Jl.JIOCKOCTH pacKpOHHOH .UOCKH.
TeKCTHJihHbie MaTepttaJihI pacKpattBaIOT B .nsa cnoH MHHOH 2,5 M.
PacKpoH: HaYHHaIOT, OTCTYJlHB OT KpOMKH HaCTHJia 2,5-3 MM c JieBOH
CTOpOHbl.
11ceyccrneHHhIH Mex Ha .neTaJIH no.nKJiamrn pacKpattBaJOT B 01111H cnot\:.
CTOJI .ll.JISI pyYHOro pacKpOSI HMeeT BbICOTY l M, Kpb!WKa CTOJia c
Tpex CTOpOH o6Hecetta 6opTaMH. c JieBOH CTOpOHbl CTOJia HJIH cnpaBa
OT pacKpOHWHKa npttKpenneH KpOHWTeHH MSI HaBeWHBaHHSI KO)I(.
Cron cHa6)1(eH HlllttKaMH MH xpaHeHHH HHCTpyMeHTa, MaTep11anoB 11
OTXo.nos (nocKyrn). Ha KpbIWKe cTOJia ttMeeTCH ornepcn1e MH c6pacb1-
BaHH.H nocKyTa B HlllHK. Ha 3antteH: YaCTH KpbIWKH pacno.Jio)l(eHa non-
I<a ,II.JI.SI xpaHeHHH roTosoro KpoH H KononoK. CseT Ha pacKpottHhIH
CTo11 .UOJI)l(eH nanaTb cnesa OT pa60Ta10mero. llnH OTllhIXa pacKpoH:-
U(HKa HJIH pa60Tbl B C11.USIYeM no.JIO)l(eHHH HCnOJib3yeTCSI BbICOKHH Ta-
6yPeT.
BhIKpattBaHHe .neTanett HH3a 06ys11 spyYHYIO BhinOJIHHeT pa60Y11i1
noc11e YBJia)l(HeHHSI H npoBSIJIHBaHHSI KO)I(. llirn 3Toro KO)l(H norp~aIOT
Ila 2- 5 MHH B BOlIY KOMHaTHOH TeMnepazypb! H BbIJ{ep)l(HBalOT no.n
lllrIDKHoH: MeWKOBHHOM B Te'!eHHe l - 3 Y.
Ko)!(}' YK11a.Ilhrna10T Ha pacKpot!tty10 .nocey JIHUeBoH: crnpottotf BBepx.
OnpeJJ,e.JIHIOT KaYecTBO, nnoTHOCTh, TOJIWHHY MaTepttana H HaMeYaJOT

169
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HOB, o6ecneYHB310lllHH H311JlY•1-
wee ero 11cnoJib30BaHHe.
Wa6110H aernJIH mna KJiaII}'!
Ha JIHUeBylO CTOpOHY KO)l(H 11 6e1
npHnycKa no BCeMy KOHTYPY 05_
P11c. 7.15. CxeMa PY'IHOro pacKpm1 ne- BOll51T ne3BHeM HO)l(a HnH WllJJo\1
JllO)f(eK Ha noLIOWBbl TaK, lJT06bI Ha MaTepHane OCTa-
nacb Herny6oKa51 (noBepxHocr-
Ha51) uapanHH3 . .Ll.eTaJJH Bbipe3aIOT no 3TOH nHHHH.
l.JenpaK no.uowBeHHblX H CTeneYHblX KO)!( BPYYHYIO pa3pe3a!OT CHa-
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171
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173
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174
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Ka6ny1<11 Ha6opHble COCTOHT 113 OTJleJJbHblX cpJJl1KOB, KOTOpbie Bbl-
py6alOT H3 nop11CTOH pe3HHbl 11JIH 1(0)1(11 IlJIH HH3a 06ys11.
06pa60TKa Ka6JIYKOB 113 nopHCTOH pe311Hbl COCTOl1T 113 WJI11cposa-
HHH Ka6JIY'lHblX cpJJMKOB, YJiaJieHl1H nhIJil1, HaHeceHl1H Ha Hl1X KJJeH,
cyrnKM KJieH, aKTl1Bau1111 KJJeeBOH nneHKl1, CKJ1e11BaHl1H Ka6Jiy'lHblX
ctm111<0B, BbieMKl1 nsinttca, yna.JieH11H nhrn11 c nsinttca, HaHeceHHH KJJeH
na JI.SITIHC.
06pa60TKa KO)f(aHbIX Ha6opHbIX Ka6JiyKOB COCT011T 113 BbipaBHl1Ba-
HH.SI TOJilUl1Hbl cpJIMKOB, WJI11cpOB3Hl1H, yna.JieHl1.SI nhIJIH, c6opK11, np11-
Iq>eTIJieHHH Ha60HK11, w1mq>OBaHl1H cppOHTa Ka6nyKOB.
ToJJlUHHY cpn111<0B Bb1pasH11Ba10T c 6axTapM.si:How cTopoHbI Ha Ma-
unrnax ll,H-2-0 (Poccm1) 1105260/PI cp11pMbI ZPS-SM. Tonw11Ha cpn11-
KOB ,llOJI)f(Ha 6bITb O,lll1H3KOBOH no nceii nnoman11 11 COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
Tpe6oBaHl1.SIM rocynapCTBeHHblX CTaH,llapTOB.
Ko)f(aHbie 1<a6nyKH Ha611pa10T 113 cpn111<0B. ll,JIH C03JiaHH.SI sornyro-
cnr Ha sepxHeM cpn111<e 1<a6ny1<a JIOJJ)f(eH 6bITb pacnoJio)f(eH KpaHeu no
BCeMy nep11MeTpy, KpoMe cppoHTaJihHoti JIHHHH. BHyrpeHHHH Kpai1
KpaHua cnycKaJOT, cpJI11Kl1 c 06e11x CTOpOH npOM33bIBaJOT nOJIHXJJopo-
DpeHOBblM KJJeeM, no11cyw11Ba10T, CKJJeHBalOT, CKpenJIHIOT TpeM.SI rB03-
.IUIMM, pacnoJJO)f(eHHbIMH B m1ne TpeyroJibHl1Ka. Co6paHHbie KO)f(aHbie
Ka6JJYK11 o6pa6aThIBaJOT B npecce 05 I 36/P2 cpHpMbI ZPS-SM HJil1 PY'l-
HOM npecce. ITpOJIOJI)f(J1TeJJbHOCTb npeccosaHHH 40-60 MHH. ITocne
DpeccoBaHHH cpJJHKl1 Ka6JJyKa )lOJl)f(Hbl 6bITb npO'lHO CKJJeeHbl, a KpaH
$.JIHKOB cosnanaTb no BCeMy nep11MeTpy. <!>pOHTa.JibHYIO nosepxHOCTb
8LipasH11sa10T no np111<penneHHH 1<a6ny1<a, a 601<onyio - nocne ero
IlPHKpenneHHH.
Ha6ottKH K KO)f(aHbIM Ka6nyKaM np111<penJIHJOT rno3JIHMH NQ 11 - 20
lfJrHWnl1JibKaf\m HaBHHTOBaHHOH npoBOJIOKOH no BCeMy nepHMeTpy.
~,':IHa WTIHJieK 33BHCHT OT BblCOTbl Ka6JJyKa. PacCTOHHl1e OT Kpasi Ha-
111<11 no rno3nei1 JlOJJ)f(HO 6bITb 8 - I 0 MM, Me)f(Jly ueHTpaM11 rn03nei1
11.J:to WnHJieK - 6 - 7 MM, OT KpaHH11X rB03,lleH HJIM wn11JieK 110 cppoH-
l'a lia6oe1< - 3 - 5 MM.

175
 KoHUbI wmrneK He nomKHbl Bb1ciynaTb Han noBepXHOCTbIO 11aGoii,
KH. Ha6oi1KJ.1 K Ka611yKy np11Kpenm1IOT Ha MaWHHax nH:>K-P (Poe
CH51), 05243/PI qmpMbl ZPS-SM (Y.exm1). np11 OTCYTCTBl111 J\l<llI!ltf
Ha6oi1KH np11Kpen11HIOT K Ka611y1<y BPY'IHYIO (co61110naH yKa3aHH1. 1 ~
HOpMaTH Bbl).
¢pOHT KO)l(aHblX Ha6opHblX Ka6.nyKOB w1111cpyIOT JIBa)l(Jlbl Ha i\1~111111-
Hax WH-1-0 (Pocc115!), 04127/PIO qmpMbI ZPS-SM (Y.exw1): 11c·p-
Bb1ti pa3 w11HCpOBaJlbHOH wKypKoi1 Ng 63-80, BTOpoil pa3 - N_ J !
¢pOHT Ka611yKa llOJl)l(eH 6bITb OTWJlHQ)OBaH 6e3 BbIXBaTOB. np11 OTC\~:
crn1111 Maw11H w1111¢0BaH11e MO)l(Ho npo113non11Tb BPY'IHYIO.
Pe3HHOBbie Ka611yYHbie 11 KO)l(aHbie BHYTpeHHHe ¢1111KH wmHjiy1 01
WKYPKOH N2 63- 80 c 06e11x crnpoH (Ha6oeYHbIH cp1111K c 011Hotf crnp 0 ,
HbI) Ha Maw11Hax WH-1-0 (PoccHH), 04163/P3 qmpMbI ZPS-SM (lk-
x11H). W1111cponaH11e BbinOJlHHIOT paBHOMepHo no Bcel1 noncpxHoc1 11
6e3 BbIXBaToB 11 nponycKoB 110 nonHoro ynMeHHH p11cyttKa 11 rnmma.
nbIJlb C OTWJlHQlOBaHHblX noBepXHOCTeH Ka611yKoB YJlaJlHIOT BO."IO-
CHHblMH rueTK3MH Ha MaWl1He Xnn-3 (POCCHH) JlJ151 XOJlOllHOro flO-
JlHpOB3Hl151 H Yl1CTKH o6yBH HJJl1 KOM6HH11pOBaHHOH OTJleJlOYHOii \Ia-
WHHe OM-2-P (PoccHH).
3areM Ha JlHnHC pe3HHOBblX Ka611yKOB H Ka611yYHbie 3aroTOBKll H:t-
HOC51T paBHOMepHblH CJlOH nonmUioponpeHOBOro KJleH H cywar B TC-
lJeHHe 40-60 Ml1H np11 reMneparype 18- 20 °C. LDrn ycKopeH11H npo-
uecca np11MeHHIOT cyw1111KY COB- I (Pocc115!).
K.neeBYIO nneH KY aKT11BHPYIOT B reYeH11e 4- 6 c np11 reMrrepa1ypc
110-120 °C B TCpMOaKTHBarnpax T-P H TA-0 (Pocc115!). nocne aKTll-
BaUHH K.neeBa51 nneHKa Jl0Jl)l(Ha 6bITb JJl1nKOH.
nocne aKTl1BaUHH KJleeBOH nJlCHK11 Ka6JlyYHbJe 3aroTOBKH CKJla."Ibl-
BaIOT CKJJe1rnaeMbIMl1 noBepXHOCTHMH 6e3 nepeKOCOB 11 CJlBl1fOB H npcc-
cyIOT B npecce 05 I 63/P2 ¢11pMbI ZPS-SM (Y.ex1rn) .
..U1rn nonyl!emrn 1151n11ca B pe311HOBOM Ha6opHOM Ka6nyKe ero nc1,rn-
Jl5JIOT B Kaccery coornercTBYIOWero ¢acoHa. Kacceiy 3aKpennHIOT Ha
CTOJlC 11 Ha)K111\taIOT Ha nellaJlb. Jfarr11c Ka611yKa llOJDKeH 6bITb pOBHbl\f.
6e3 BblXBaTOB 11 nepeKOCOB. Jfan11c B nop11CTbJX pe3HHOBblX Ka6JJyKa\
BbIHHMaIOT Ha Maw11He KoHcrpyKu1111 MocKoBcKoro npo113no11crne11-
Horo o6bemrnemrn no BhmycKY neraJleH H1na 06yB1-1 «KOJ\mneKT>).
¢pOHTaJlbHYIO noBepXHOCTb Ka611yKOB BbipaBHHBaIOT, o6py6aH Ct
Ha crreUJlaJlbHOii MaWHHe 111111 canmKHblM HO)l(OM BpyYHyIO. 06pC3aH-
Ha51 cppOHTaJlbHa51 noBepXHOCTb llOJJ)l(Ha 6LITb nepneH1IHKY1151pHa n.110-
CKOCTH Ha6oi1KH.
06pa60TKa paura • ..QeKopaTHBHbll1 paHT l13fOTOBJl51JOT 113 KO)!-JI.
nopHCTOJ1 rrpocjm1111poBaHHOH HJlH KO)Keno1106Hot1 pe3HHbl, B BJJ [C
rro1111BHHHJJX1lOPHJJHOH ¢acoHHOH )l(HJlKH. TexH011ornyecK11fi npouccc
o6pa60TKH neKopaTHBHOro paHTa COCTOHT 113 CJleJlyIOlllHX onepamtii
pa3pe3aH11e n11acTHH pe311Hbl Ha 11eJllO)l(Kl1, BblpaBHHBaHHC TOJlWl!Hbl
11e11IO)l(eK (lIJlH HarypMbHOH KO)l(H), cnycKaHHe Kpaen, wm1¢ona1111e
6axrapMHHoii (rna11Ko11) cropoHbI, YJlaJleune n1>rn11, uattecett11e K.1c<1

176
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f(S qttBaHHe paHTa.
~eJIIO)f(Kl1 ..'l.IUI neKopaTl1BHOro paHTa Bbipy6aIOT 113 qenpaKa K0)1(11
8 npeccax n Bf-18-1600 (Pocc11H), np11 3TOM ero pa3MepbI 3an11cHT
f(f yTBep)l(lleHHOi1 rv10neJI11 o6yBJ1. nJiaCTl1HY H3 TIPOcPHJittpOBaHHOH
~JJiHhI pa3pe3a10T Ha neJIJO)l(KH w11p11Hott I00- 110 MM Ha MaWttHax
JlCO-P, OC-P (PocettH). 3aTeM BbipaBHttBaIOT TOJIWHHY .neJIIO)l(eK .no
1 g-2 MM Ha MaWHHe )lH-2-0 (POCCHH) C npttnycKOM Ha .IlaJibHCH-
~ o6pa60TKY 0, 1-0,3 MM. Kpa51 paHTa cnycKalOT Ha WHpHHY 3,5-
4 MM 11 .no TOJIWHHbI 0,8- I MM Ha MaWHHe ACf-12 (Pocc1rn). Ko)f<a-
J:{ble ,neJIJO)l(KH WJI11Q)YIOT c 6axrnpMHHOH CTOPOHbI, a pe311HOBble - c
rJia,llKOl1 HepH$JieHOH CTOpOHbl Ha MaWHHax ill H-1-0 (Poccmr) HJIH
04163/P3 <P11pMbI ZPS-SM (YexHH) WJI11¢0BaJibHOH WKYPKOH N2 63-
80. Ha oTWJIHcj)OBaHHYJO HepmpneHy10 crnpoHy HattornT noJI11XJioponpe-
uoBbIH KJTe11 11 BbICYWHBalOT np11 TeMnepaType 18- 20 °C B Te'-!eHtte
30-40 MHH.
,UeJIIO)l(KH pa3pe3alOT Ha pa HT WHPHHOH 7 - 8 MM Ha Mawi-rne
,UH-2-0 (Pocc1rn) c <PmypHbIMH BaJIHKarvm. Ko)l(aHhIH paHT np11cT-
pa1111Ba10T Ha WBCHHbIX MaWHHax KJT. 2523 11 3823 (PoccttH). PaCCTOH-
uHe .neKopanrnHOH CTpO'-IKH OT KpaH 2- 2,5 MM, '-laCTOTa CTPO'-IKH
2-2,5 cTe)l(Ka Ha I cM wna.

8.2. 06pa6oTKa ,c,eTaneH HLo13a ,c,nR py~Horo cnoco6a

Lo13roTOBJleHLo1R o6yBLo1

06pa6oTKa cTeJieK " noJiycTeJieK. C6opKa 11 o6pa6oTKa CTeJieK mm

o6y1m KJTeeBoro MeTona KpenneHHH cocTOHT 113 cneny10wnx onepa-
uuu: BbipaBHHBaHHe TOJIWHHbl, cpe3aHl1e JIHUCBOro CJlOH B ny'-IKOBOH
'laCTH, WJll1cjmBaHHC JlHUeBOH CTOpOHbl nyqKOBOH qacTH' no.nroHKa
KOHTypa CTCJICK K KOHTypy KOJIOllKH, cnycKaHHe KpaeB HOCO'-IHOti qac-
TH, WJ111Q)OBaHue c 6axrnpM5JHOH CTOpOHbl, ynaneHHC Tib!JlH, Ha.nce-
Katttte CTeJieK B nyYKOBOH YaCTH, CHHTHe ¢aCKH B TI5JTO'-IHO-reJieHO'-l-
Ron 4aCTH, WJIJ1Q)OB3HHe TI0;1ycTeJieK, ynaneHHe Tib!JlH, cnycKaHHe
ICpaeB nonycTeJieK. CHHT11e ¢acK11 no KOHTYPY noJiyCTeJieK, Bbrpe3a-
Rue B noJiyCTeJibKax )l(eJJo6Ka non reJieHoK, npHKpenJieHHe reneHKa K
IlOJiyCTeJibKaM, HaHeceHtte K.JleH Ha CTeJibKH H TIOJiyCTeJibKH, cywKa H
CKJieHBaHHC KO)l(aHbIX CTeJieK c TIOJiyCTeJibKaMH.
ToJ11.1.1,uHy cme,1eK eb1paeHuea10m c 6axrnpM51HOH cTopoHbI no Beet!
IDiowan11 canmKHblM HO)l(OM Ha Mparv10pHoi1 nocKe. CTocJie o6pa6oTKH
ToJIIUHHa CTeJJeK llJlH MY)f(CKOi1 o6yBH 1l0Jl)f(Ha 6hITb 2,5- 2, 7 MM, 1lJl51
lkeHcKoi1 - 2.3- 2,5 MM. To11w1rny CTeJieK H3MepHIOT B cepe.n11He nyq-
koBoti '-laCTH.
Bb1pe3am1e nonocK11 c miuenoi'.1 cTopoHbI cTeneK BbITIOJIHHJOT CHM-
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llOcKtt 30-35 MM. CTeJILKY cpc3aIOT Ha l/4 ee TOJIWHHhI. nocne wnn-

177
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6e3 pe3KHX nepexonos (p11c. 8.4 J.
CmeJ/bKY U1J1urjJy10111 c J1Lll(cr1 011
cmopOHbl 11.lJlHQ)OBaJlbHOH 11.lK)'j)K()it
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paBHOMepHO, CHHMa51 TOHK11i1 Clo1j
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o6pa60TKH TOJ1ll.U1Ha CTeJleK .l.'llt
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I 2,3- 2,5 MM, .llJ151 )f(eHCKOH - 2. J --
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45°
WHHe OM-2-P HJlH BPY"!HYIO.
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KJJeeuoro MeTona KpenJJeHIUI HO'-IHOH H TIHTO'-IHOH yacrnx. lllOJ-
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MepKe o6pe3aIOT no KOHTYPY cnena KOJlOlIKH. KoHTYP cpeJa nomKeH
cosna.naTb c KOHTypoM cnena KOJIOlIKH.
Kpaii HOCO'fHOii 'facmu cmeJ/bKU nAaeHo cnycKa10m c 6axrnpM51Hoii
CTOPOHbJ Ha w11p11Hy 10- 12 MM. Tonw:1rna rnpua o6pa6ornHHoii Ho-
COYHOil '-!aCTH CTeJibKH .lIJlH M)')KCKOH o6yBH .ll0JT)f(H3 6b!Tb 1,3- 1.4 ~l\I.
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WJ1urj1y10111 6axmapMHHYIO cmopoHy cmeAeK paBHOMepHo no 1Jcci1
nosepxHOCTH 6e3 BbIXBaTOB 11 nponycKOB WJTHQlOBMbHOil WKYPKOJI
NQ 32-63. Tonw:1rna HOCOYHOJ°:f YaCTH cTeJleK .lIJlH MY)f(CKOJ1 06y1m no-
cne o6pa6oTKH 1IOJT)f(Ha 6bITb 2, I - 2,3 MM, .lIJlH )f(eHCKOH - 1,8- 2 ""t.
0TWJIHQlOBaHHYIO TIOBepXHOCTb O'-IHW:aIOT OT TiblJlH.
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HHHMM napanJleJTbHO JIHHHH cepenHHbI nyYKOB. HanceKaeMbIH yt'lacToK
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Ha.npe3a paBHa l/J TOJIW:HHbl o6pa6oTaHHOH nyt'IKOBOH YaCTH CTeJlbKlf.
EaxmapAtRH)'IO cmopoHy noJ1ycme,1bKU wJ1urjJy10111 WKYPKOH NQ 12- ~ 2
no BCett nosepXHOCTH paBHOMepHO, 6e3 BblXBaTOB H nponycKOB H:I
Maw1rne OM-2-P HJTH BPY"!HYIO.
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no BCeMy nepm..teTPY 6e3 BblXBaTOB H yrn11w:eHHH WJIJ1QlOBaJlbHOH wr:yp-
KOH NQ 12-32 HJTH w1111¢osaJibHbIM KpyroM (p11c. 8.5).
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178
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.-ypKOH N9 63- 100 Ha KOM611H11pOBaHHOH OT,UeJJ04HOH M3Wl1He 11Jll1
pP}"JHYJO.
)/(e11060K 1100 2eJ1eHOK (CM. p11c. 8.5) Bblpe3alOT c OTWJJ11¢0BaHHOH
CfOPOHbl noJJyCTeJJbKl1 no YCJJOBHOH OCH Cl1MMeTp1111 Ha pacCT051HHl1
23 MM OT n11H1111 n51T04Horo 3aKpyrnemrn 11 .uo nepe.uHero Kpa51 nony-
C'fCllbKM. 3To paCCT051Hl1e onpe.ueJJ5leTC51 ,UJ]l1HOH JJ5!n11ca Ka6JJyi<a, ero
ct>aCOHOM 11 rny611HOH 3aXO)l()]eHJ151 reJJeHKa non Ka6JJyK. feJJeHOK .UOJJ-
)l(ell 33XO.U11Tb Ha JJ5!n11c Ka6;1yKa Ha 8- l 0 MM. W11p11Ha )l(eJJo6Ka 1,5 MM,
pzy611Ha l - 1,5 MM. Onepau11io BbinOJJHHIOT Ha Maw11He M:>KC-0 (Poc-
cJUI) HJJH canO)l(HbIM HO)l(OM BpytIHylO. :>Keno6oK non pe6po )l(eCTKO-
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feJleHOK ecmaef/RI0/11 e J1ceJ1060K 11011ycme11bKU 11 np11Kpernrn10T 6JJ04-
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Ha n51T04HO-reneHo4HYIO 4aCTb CTCJJbKH c 6axrnpM51HOH cTopoHbI
H nonycTeJJbKY c OTWJ111¢onaHHOH (HecnymeHHOH) CTOpOHbl HaHO-
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179
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eHhI npo'lHO. 6e3 3a3opos. KpaH noJiyCTeJibKl1 11 cTeJibKl1 .llOJI)f(HbI cu 11 .
nauaTb.
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w11sHoro MeTona KpenJieHJrn noKa3aHbI Ha p11c. 8.6.
06pa6011Gl DOllOUIB. 06pa6oTKa KO)f(aHhlX nonowB .llJIH o6yBH K.Heeno-
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Hl1e reJieHO'lHOH 'lacn1, KPOKYJIH 11JIH H3bIYKa, WJimposaHHe no nep1 1.
MeTpy Hoco'lHo-ny'lKOBOH 11 reJieHO'lHOti 'lacTett, KPOKYJI51 11JI11 HJhJt1_
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HeHWYIO o6pa60TKY paseH 0,2 MM. ToJillll1HY nonows 113MepHJOT B ce-
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cnycKa10m c 6axmapMRHOii cmopoHbt Ha w11p11Hy 7 - 8 MM (p11c. 8. 7. a)
WJI11¢osaJibHOH wKypKoti N:i 32- 63 11Jil1 WJittcposaJibHhIM Kpyrm.1 Ha
Maw11He OM-2-P. TOJilllHHa nonownhI y rnpua .llJI51 MY)f(CKOti o6yrm
.llOJI)f(Ha 6bITb 3,2- 3,5 MM, .llJIH :>KeHCKOti - 2,8- 3 MM.
nocJie nO.llfOHKl1 no CJieny 2e.fleHO'IHYIO 'IGCl11b cnyCKQIOl11 C 6axrnp·
MHHOH CTOpOHbl.

TOJill(HHa nocne o6pa60TKH DOJIOUIB o6yBH MeTO)l,a KpenJieHH.11, MM

KAeeeou flpowueHmi
Cepe;urna ny4KOBOM 4acrn ........................... 3, I - 3,3 3,5- 3, 7
CTepeJIHHH 43CTh KpoKyJlH ............... .............. 0, 7 - 0,9
Hoco4HaH 4acTb c Hapy)KHOH crnpOHhI. ....... 2,3- 2,5 2, 7 - 2,9
feJJeH04H3H 43CTb C Hap~OM CTOpOHbl ....... 1-1,5 2,1-2,3
KpoKYJih cnycKaJOT no sceti nJiolllan11, 3axonH 3a ero nepenHJOKJ
Jil1Hl1JO Ha IO- 12 MM. TOJillll1Ha KpOKYJI51 .llOJI:>KHa 6hITh 0, 7-0,9 r-.t\t.
5I3bI'lOK nonowBhI cnycKaJOT no sceii nJIOllla.Lll1. ToJillll1Ha H3bilfK<I
nocJie o6pa60TKl1 .llOJI)l<Ha 6bITh 1,2- 1,4 MM. np11nycK Ha llaJibHCii-
WYJO o6pa6oTKY reJieHO'lHOH 'lacT11, Kp0Kym1 HJIH 513bl'lKa cocrnsm1-
eT 0,5 MM. feJieHO'lHYJO 'laCTb, KpOKYJib HJil1 513bl'lOK cnycKaJOT cano>K-
HbIM HO)f(OM, WJI11¢0BaJihHOH WKypKOH NQ 63-100 11JI11 WJIHcposa'lb-
HhIM KpyroM Ha Maw11He OM-2-P.
IloiJowebt OAR MYJICCKOU o6yeu UJ.!IU<py10m no nep11MeTpy HOCOYHO-
nyYKOBOH 11 reJieHO'lHOH 'laCTeH, a .llJIH :>KeHCKOH 06ys11 - B reJleHotJ-
HO-KPOKYJibHOH 'laCTl1. flocJie o6pa60TKH He llOJI:>KHO 6bITh pe3Kl1X. nc-
peXO.llOB OT cnyllleHHOH K ocTaJibHbIM 4aCTHM nonowBhI. ToJilllJIH;l
HOCO'lHO-nYllKOBOH 'laCTH nonowB y Topua .llJI51 MY:>KCKOH o6yBH 2,9 ~
180
 a 6
PHc. 8.7. CxeMbl o6pa6oTKH KO)KaHblX nonown ivrn .)l(eHCKott o6yBH Mernna
KpenneHH5I:
a- KJieeeoro: 6 - npow11ettoro; I - nepe.UHHH mnnrn nyYKOB; 2 - nepenHHfl .'ll!Hlrn
Kp0Ky1rn

3,2 MM, arm )l(CHCKOH 2,5- 2, 7 MM. Tom11.11Ha reJJeHO'-IHOH '-laCTH

no.nowB y rnpua LIJJ5I MY)f(CKOH 11 )l(eHcKott 06yn11 1IOJJ)l(Ha 6hITh 1,2-
1,7 MM. Op1mycK Ha 1laJlbHei1wyIO o6pa60TKY B HOCO'-IHO-nyYKOBOH 11
renettO'-IHO-KpOKYJJhHOH 'rncrnx paseH 0,2 MM. 0TwnmposaHHYIO no-
BepXHocTu OYHlll3IOT OT nhIJJl1. 00,.TI.OWBhl no nep11MeTpy l1lJIHfPYIOT WJ<Yp-
KOU N2 63-100 Ha MaWHHe OM-2-P 11m1 BpyYHyIO, OYimlaIOT OT nhlJJH
Ha 3Totf )Ke Maw1rne llleTKaMtt 11n11 spyYHyIO. HopManrnh1 o6pa6oTKH
lKeHcKHX nonows np1me1leHhI Ha p11c. 8.7. PaccT05IHHe JJHHHH no1lpe3-
Kli OT Kpa51 no110WBhl COCTaBJJ51eT 7 -8 MM.
06pa6oTKa 3a.II.HHKOB, nO)lHOCKOB n reJieuKoB. BepxH11i1 Kpai1 KO:>l<a-
aoro 3MHHKa cnycKalOT c 6axTapl\rnHOH CTOpOHhl: 1IJJ51 )l(eHCKOH 06yn11
}{a Cpe11HeM, BhlCOKOM 11 oco6o BhICOKOM Ka6JJyKax - Ha 20-25 MM,
My)KCKOH 11 )l(eHCKOfi o6yBH Ha Hl13KOM Ka6JJyKe - Ha 18-20 MM.
III11p1rna cnycKa HIDKHero Kpa51 3MHttKa .nom1rna 6hITh pastta w11p1rne
3arso1rn011 KpOMKH: 14- 16 l\IM.

181
 3a.UHl1Kl1 l1 no.nHOCKH H3 KO:>KH Bh!paBHHBalOT, WJH1<!)YJOT c -'llllte,
BOH CTOpOHLI, cnycKalOT Kpa51 H wnmpy!OT c 6axTapM51HOH CTOPOllJ,1
Kpa5I nL1py611eHHL1x (Bbipe3aHHblX) 3aJlHHKa 11 no.nHoCKa cnyc1-;;i 10 ;
no nceMy nepttMeTpy.
YT06b1 o6ecne~ll1Th ycTOH'lHBOCTh 3aJlHHKa, TOJllUHHa nepxHero KP:tii
nocne cnycKa noJl:>KHa 6hITb 0,2-0,3 MM, HH:>KHero - 1,1-1,3 , 1, 1
Onepau1110 BhinOJ1H51JOT canmKHbIM HO)l(OM Ha MpaMopttoi1 nocKc. ·
oOKOBbie Kpa51 KO)l(aHoro no.nttocKa cnycKaIOT c 6axrnpM51Hoi1 c1 0 _
pOHhl, nepenHHH - c 6axTapM5!HOH H 1mueBOH CTOPOH canmKHf,J\f
HO)l(OM Ha MpaMOpHOif .UOCKe.
Ocnounbre pa3Mepbr no.unocKa, reJiettKa H Ja,UHHKa o6yBH
nocJJe HX o6pa60TKH, MM
Wup1rna cnycKa:
nepe.UHCro Kpa5! nOJlHOCKa co CTOPOHhI:
6axTapM5!HOH ............................................................... 12-15
JH1UCBOH ....................................................................... 6
3anD1<Hoi-I KPOMKH nonHocKa ............................................ 10- 12
KO)l<aHoro rcneHKa co CTOPOHbI:
60KOBOH ....................................................................... 10-12
nepenHei1 ...................................................................•. 12-14
H11)f(Hero KpaH JanH11Ka ..................................................... I0- 12
Tonunrna nocnc cnycKaHH.R:
3aTH)f(HOil KpOMKH nOJlHOCKa ............................................ 0, 75
Hlf)f(Hero KpaH 3a)lHHKa ..................................................... 0,8- 1.2
ncpxHero KpaH 3aJlHHKa .................................................... 0,5-0,8

Oepenttttti Kpatl nonttocKa cnycKaJOT Ha HeT.

Ko)l(aHbIH reneHoK cnycKaIOT co scex cropoH.

8.3. 06pa6oTKa ,qern11eilt eepxa o6yer,.,

L(eTMH nepxa nepc.n c6opKotl B 3aroTOBKY o6pa6aThIBaJOT llJlH np11-
namrn 06ys11 onpc.neJleHHoro BHcwHero s11.na. Bn.n o6pa6oTKH 3aB11c1n
OT Ha3Ha'ICHH51 o6yBH H npHMCH51CMbIX MaTepHaJJOB.
Bee onepawm no o6pa6oTKe nernneti Bepxa no.npa3nenHIOT Ha c.1c-
ny10wtte rpynnh1:
l) nepe.n coenHHCHHeM neTaJJeH H ,UCTaJlet1 c nonKJla.D,Koti;
2) o6pa60TKa BHilHMblX Kpaes:
3) yKpaweHne.
K nepsoi1 rpynne onepauni1 oTHOC51TC51 KJlei1MeHHe, Bb1pasmm.1-
HHe TOJilliHHhI, cnycKattne Kpaes, nonpe3aHne c Topua, B3bepow1rn:i-
Htte Kpaen, HaMeTKa JIHHHM CTpO'leK, HaMa3Ka KJleeM H HaKJleHBaHJlC
MC)l(flOilKJlailKH (HJlH 11y6m1poBaHne nernJleti sepxa npOMC)!(YTO'lHbl\I il
11eTaJIHl'vll1), npensapHTCJlbHOe cpopMOBaHHe COJ03KH.
Ko BTopott rpynne onepaunu oTHOC51TC51 0Kpaw1rnam1e Topua, 01-
ceKaHtte Kpaen, rop5!'lee cpopMosatttte Kpaes (o6)1(Iff), 3arn6Ka n oKaH-
TOBbIBaHue Kpaen.

182
 J{ rperheti rpynne onepautti-1 OTHOCHTC51 npoK.mUI.hll.iaHtte neKopa-
'fffBJihIX CTPOl./eK, nep¢opHpOBaHHe, THCHemie, TOHl1pOBaH11e, HdHe-
ceJil1e rpa¢apeTHhIX TICl./3THbIX pHCyttKOB H nel./aTb l./epe3 Q)OJ1bry.
Jlepell CKpCTIJieHHeM B 3aroTOBKH Bepxa ,neTaJ1H o6pa6aTblB3lOT 11..JlH
o6JleflICHHH c6opKH, np1maHHH o6yBH Kpac11noro BHewttero m1na. H11)1(e
JJPHBC,lleHhl OCHOBHbie BHllbl o6pa6oTKH llCTaJICll Bepxa.
BblpaBHHBauue TOJIUlHHbl. Onepau1-rn Heo6xonttMa .ll)JH rroJiyl./eH11H
.11eraJICH Bepxa OllHHaKOBOH TOJllUHHbl, o6rn)l(CK Ka611yKOB, 6aHTOB 11
.llPYfHX yKpaWCHHH, TOJllUHHa KOTOpbIX 110Jl)l(H3 6bITb He 6011ee 0,5-
0 6 MM. To11m1111y 11eraJiei1 3aroroBOK BLipaBHHBaIOT 110 HopM, yKaJaH-
~IX B nmoBoi-1 rex11011onrn (ra611. 8.1).
BhlpanHHBaHHe TOJTlllHHhI MO)!(eT 6bITh coBMemeuo co cnycKaHHCM
KpaeB c TIOMOlUblO npo¢111111poBaHHblX wa6JTOHOB, HMe!OlUHX YTOJT-
memrn B rex <1acrnx, r,ue y 11eranei1 llOJT)!(HhI 6bITh cnymeHhJ Kpa51. Opo-
<lJIUIHPOBaHHhie wa6JTOHbl H3fOTOBJ15l!OT H3 qm6pbl HJJH ITJTCHOl./HblX
MarepnanoB. Ha 1111x HaKJTeHBaJOr Me11K0Jep11ttcroe WJIHcPOB3JlhHOe
nonoTHO llJTH 11cKJIIOl./eHH5l cnBHra neraneii rrpH Bb1paBmrna111111. Ha
yqacTKH wa6JIOHa, rne llOJI)!(Hbl 6bITb crrymeHbl Kpa5l, H3KJ1CHB3!0T
nonocKH KO)!(H onpeneJJeHHOM WHPHHhI H TOJilllHHhI. OoJJocK11 11a1<.na-
JlbIBaIOT Ha JTHUCBYJO CTOpOHY neTanH H :HOT rraKeT rrponycKa!OT rro.n
HOX<OM.
CnycKanue KpaeB JJ,eTaneu Bepxa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH or Ha3Hal./CHH5l ne-
TaJIH cnycKalOT Kpa51 KaK c 6axrnpM5IHOM, TaK H c mtueBOH CTOpOHbl
Ha MaWHHax ACf-13 H ACf-13-l (PocCHH), 01339/P3 ¢11pMhI ZPS-SM

Ta 6 JI H u a 8. I
Tonmnua ,11_eTaJieil uepxa o6yun nocne Bhlpauunuaunsi

Tomwrna nernnei:\, MM

nocne llblpallHHBamrn
MaTep11an nern.~u nepBoHa'l<Llb- Me,1KHX (6aH-
H3H KpynHblX Tbl, H3bl'IKH,
o6rnJl'KH)

Ko)K11 xpoMoBoro ny6nemrn 0,5-0,9 0,4-0,7 0,4

1-1,2 0,9-1,1 0,5
1,3 u 6onee 1,2-1,5 0,6
1.5 11 6onee 1.4-1,7 0,6
IO<tiTh 1,5-1,8 1,4-1,7 I
1,8-2,2 1,7-2 I ,I
2.2-3 2,1-2,5 1,2
C1nnem4ecK11e ~1 MHrKue 1,1-1,7 - 0,6
~l<yCTBCHHblC KO)!(H

183
'·
 Ta61111u~18 2
HopMaTHBbl cnycKaHHH Kpaes neTa.rieu sepxa H3 KOlK xpoMosoro ~6J1cm1 11
H KOlKaHOH UOLIKJl~KH

HaJHa'!eH11c To11uurna, M~I W1-1p1rna cnvrn~11-

onepawrn llOfO Kpall, ~1\1.
cnycKaHHll nepBOHa'!3JI bH31l noc11e o6pa6oTKM He MeHee
~

non CTpO'lKY 0,5-0,9 0,3-0,4 3

'
1-1,2 0,5-0,6 4
1,3 11 6011ee 0,6-0,7 5 I

1,5 11 6onee I 6
non 33r116Ky 0,5-0,9 0,2-0,3 6
1-1,2 0,3-0,4 7 I
I
I ,3 11 6on ee 0,4-0,6 8
1,5 11 6onee 0,8 10
ITOL\ BhIBopmxy 0,5-0,9 0,2-0,5 10± I
1-1,2 0,5-0,6 10± I
I
1,3 11 6onee 0,6-1 10± 1
1,5 11 6011ee 0,8-1 I 0± 1
no.a Ofol<Hr H 1-1,2 0,7-0,8 2
0Kp3Wl1B3Hl1C
1,3 11 6011ee 1-1,1 3
non Ta'IHOH WOB 0,5-0,9 0,4-0.6 1.5
1-1,2 0,9-1 2
1,3 11 6onee 1,2-1,3 3
1,5 11 6onee 1,4-1,5 3,5 J

(l.Jexmr), AV-2E qmpMbI Gotz (fepMamrn) mm Bpy<rHYJO. lllttp1ma 11

TOJilUHHa cnymeHHbIX KpaeB 3aBl1C5IT OT Ha3Ha<reHH5l: non Jarnfo:y.
CTpO<rKy, BbIBOpOTcy, ofot<Hr (rn6JI. 8.2).
CoIOJK11 JJ.II5l JaroTOBOK Bepxa 06YB11 c tta1<.nanttb1M11 6epuaM11 cnyc-
KaJOT B MeCTaX CKpenJieHl15l c 6epuaMl1 Ha WHp11HY 8- IO MM.
CTpo¢11nb cnycKa 3aB11c11T OT npo¢11JI5l H HaKJiotta nanKH no OTHO·
weHHIO K CTOJIY MaWHHbl. Don 3arn6cy nenaeTCH <reTbipe npocj)Jl.1)1
cnycKa (pHc. 8.8).
lliHpHHa l1 TOJilUHHa cnymeHHbIX KpaeB nernneti: noJDKHbl 6bITb 0.111'
HaKOBbll\111 Ha BCeM npoTmKeHHH.
B11n11Mbte Kpa51 nernnei1 JaroTOBKH sepxa B JaBHCHMOCTH OT mnHa-
<reHH51 o6ysH 11 ux pacnoJIO)l(emrn o6pa6aTbIBaJOT OllHHM 1n nepc 1 11ic·

184
 P11c. 8.8. npoqn11111 cnyLUCHllbIX Kpae1311ern.adi Bepxa 06y1311:
a- H3KJ10HflLii\; 6 - IiaK.10Hflblii c )l(eJl06KO\t; 6 - npHMOi\; i! - 113K.10111IL>Ili non
06)1(Itr II CTpO'lKY

neHHbIX HH)l(e cnoco6oB wrn np11natt1rn ei1 6oJiee np1rnJieKaTeJibHOro

awi:a.
OKpaUIHBauue Topua. Ha1160Jice npocToi1 cnoco6 oT.neJIKH. OKpa-
IIIHBaJOT Kpa51 neTaJieH 113 nJIOTHbIX KO)!( xpOMOBOro ny6JieHJ151: noJiy-
KO:>KHHKa, 51JIOBKH, 6bI'IKa, 6bI4HHbl, CBl1HblX H 113 6axTapM51HOro
cnHJIKa TOJIWHHOH He Mettee 1,3 MM BOllOCTOHKOH KpaCKOH B UBeT
MaTepttaJia nepxa. OKpaw1rnaH11e npOH3B01lHT pacnbIJIHTeJibHbIM n11-
cToJieToM. KpacKy HaHOC51T pOBHbIM TOHKHM cJioeM 6e3 nponycKon H
no.nTeKOB.
0TCeKaHHe Kpaes. l1Horna BMeCTO o6pe3aHl151 Kpa51 OTCeKaJOT. BH-
llHMblC Kpa51 HOCKa, COI03KH, KaHT H yKpaweHH51 OTCeKaJOT 3y6411Ka-
MH pa3Jll1'IHOH KOHqmrypaUHH, 'ITO llCJiaeT o6yBb 6oJiee npHBJieKa-
Te.JlbHOH. YcTpoi1:crna 1lJl51 OTCeKaHH51 npe.nycMaTpttnaIOT n pe3aKax.
fop.R11ee lf>o.pMoBauue KpaeB (o6>KHr). l1MHrnpyeT 3arn6Ky KpaeB,
BblllOJrHeHHblX B o6pe3KY, 'ITO YJIY4W3eT BHeWHHH Bl1.il H3.UeJIH51. Ll,JI51
BbIIlOJIHemrn 3TOH oncpau1111 HCnOJib3YIOT MaWHHbl KJI. 333 (POCCH51),
01048/Pl qmpMbI ZPS-SM (Yex1rn). Cyrb onepau1111 3aK.JIJ04aeTC51 B
TOM, 'ITO Kpa51 neTaJieH c 6axrnpM51HOH CTOPOHbl o6pa6aTbTB3lOT pac-
KaJICHHOM CK060H, 3aKpenJieHHOH B HfJIOBO.ilHTeJie 11 conepwaIOweti
B03BpaTHo-nocrynaTeJibHbie nm1)1(eH1rn B nepTHKaJibHoti. nJIOCKOCTH. OT
.neikTBtt51 BbICOKOH TeMnepaTypbl BOJIOKHa COKpawaIOTC51 c 6axTapM51-
HOii: CTOpOHbl, B pe3yJibTa Te 'Iero Kpai1 3arn6aeTC5! Ha 90- 180°. CT ptt
3TOM C03.naeTC51 3¢¢eKT o6pa60TKl1 Kpa51 non 3arn6Ky.
TeMnepaTypa o6pa6oTKH Ko:iKaHblX .ueTa.Jieif, °C
4.epHbIH UBeT ..............................................•.....••........... 900- 1000
UBeTH bie . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . ... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 700- 900
CBeTJibie ......................................................................... 500- 700
fop514ee q)opMoBaHHe Kpaen neTaJiei1 113 KO)!( TOJIWttttoi1: no I MM
He Tpe6yeT npe.nnap11TeJihHOH o6pa6oTKtt. Kpa51 KO)l(aHLIX neTaJiei1: TOJI-
ll(HHoi1: 6oJiee I MM nepen rop51411M <flopMOBaHtteM cnycKaJOT Ha wH-
PHliy 2-3 MM. CTp1mycK Ha o6pa6oTKY paBeH 1 MM. CTpo<flnJIH BH.UH-
P.fLDc KpaeB nern.neil sepxa o6yBH noKa3aHbI Ha pnc. 8.9.
3am6Ka KpaeB neTaJieu. 3arn6KY BbITIOJIHHIOT 1lBYM51 cnoco6al\rn:
npe.nBap11TeJibHOe IlpOMa3blB3HHe KpaeB neTaJieH K.JICeM, cywKa
lOteenoH: nJieHKH 11 HaK.Jie1rnatttte yKpenJI51JOWett TeCbMbI, 3ar116Ka;

185
 a

Pttc. 8.9. npo<fnrn11 o6pa6oTaHHblX KpaeB JlCT<UJei1 Bepxa o6yBH:

a - noc11e cnycKa no.a ofo1rnr; 6 - noc11e 06i1<11ra; e - norne ropH'lero cf>op.\foUd11 1111

Hattecemte KJJeSl-pacrnopa HJU1 KJieSl-pacrniaBa Ha 3am6aeMy10 Kpo,1•

KY, HaKJJettnaHHe TeCbMhl, 3arH6Ka.
nocJieD.HHH cnoco6 - Hatt6oJiee nporpeccHBHbIH H npoi13Bo:u 1•
TeJibHblH - npHMeHSllOT Ha npOl13BOD.CTI3e c HCnOJib30BaHHeM M3Lillltj
3K,LJ,- l-O. W11p11tta 3am6KH pantta 4-5 MM.
01uurroBb1BaHHe. 0KaHTOBhmaIOT BHlll1Mbie KpaSl 11.ernJieM sepxa 06~ Bl!
l13 TCKCTHJibHblX MaTepttaJIOB, HCKYCCTBCHHblX l1 Cl1HTeTl1'1CCKl1X KOA<,
HHOfJ]a l13 HaTypaJibHOM K0)1(11. 0KaHTOBbIBaHl1e nOBbIWaeT npO'IHOCTb
Kpaes 11.CTaJieti, a 11.CTaJil1 113 TCKCTl1JlbHblX MaTepHaJIOB npe11.oxpa1rne1
OT OCbJnaHl1Sl .
.llnSl OKaHTOBbmaHHSl KpaeB 11.CTaJieH Bepxa o6yBH np11MeHSllOT Kpo-
M04HYIO XJIOn<1aT06yMa)l(HYIO, BHCK03HYJO, pencoBylO 11 KanpoHOBYIO
TCChMy, 6ecKpOM04HYIO TCCbMY 113 noJIOH TKaHM 11 OKaHTOBO'IHOll
H11Tp011CK0)1(11-T, a TaK)l(e JICHTbl 113 K0)1(11 11 Mexa. KpOMO<JHylO TCCb\IY
BblnYCK3IOT pa3J1114HOH WHPHHbl, pa3Hb!X nepenJieTeHHH 11 UBCTa.
KpaSl 11eTanei1 OKaHTOBbIBaIOT Ha OD.HOHrDJihHb!X npasopyKaBHbI\
umettHhIX MaWHHax KJJ. 550, 550-1 11 2 I I (Pocc11Sl), 11Me10m11x np11cno-
co611ett11e (py6HJJbH11K) lIJISl Jam6K11 H yKJJaD.b1BaH11Sl TeCbMhI no KJXllO
11eTan11. TecLMY yKJJa11bma10T 6e3 cKJ1a110K 11 MOplUHH Ha 011.11HaKonm1
paccTOSlHHH OT Kpaes 11eTaJIH. CTp0'1Ka 11.0JI)l(Ha npoxo1111Th no 06011\1
KpaSlM TeCbMht. PaccTOSlHl1e cTp0'1KH OT KpaSl TeCbMhl I - 1,5 MM.
HaMeTKa JIHHHH lIJIH ,ZI.eKopaTHBHbIX CTpo'leK u nep«J>opuposam!ll.
J111Hl111 11 opHCHTHpbl HaMel.JalOT TYnhIM Wl1JIOM, CTCp)l(HCM 111111 Ka-
pattn.awoM no wa6JIOHaM BPY4HYJO. np11 MaCCOBOM npOl13BOllCTBC o6y-
BH HaMCTKY BbJnOJIHSllOT nepcpopau110HHbIMl1 MaTp11uaMH Ha npccc:l\
06099/PI 11 06045/Pl cp11pMbI ZPS-SM (l.J.ex11Sl), B KOTOphrX Hap51:1y c
npo6oflHHKaMl1 yKpenJISllOT ycTpowcrna lIJISl Tl1CHCHl1Sl CTpo•reK.
HaKJieusauue Me)KUOLl.KJla.ZI.KH, HJIH ,ZI.y6Jmposauue. .llJISl yMeHLwc111rn
TSlry<JecT11, yneJI11YeH11Sl cpopMoycTOttlIMBOCTH H npolIHOCTH 11eT~uc 11
Bepxa Ha HHX HaKJJeHBalOT MC)l(non.KJJaD.KY, npen.sapHTCJlbHO HaHCCll
KJJeiL KJiett Ha l\le)l(nOD.KJJMKY HaHOCSlT paBHOMCpHblM TOHKHM c1oc\I
no ncei1 nJIOllla.Lllf HJIH no11ocKaMH WHPHHOH 3 MM c paccToSlHHel\r l\tCJ0~
HHMH 5 MM Ha Maw11Hax MHB-0 (Pocc11Sl), 01230/P2 11 01287/P2
cp11pMbl ZPS-SM (l!ex11Sl) HJIH BPY4HYJO.
PaccTOSlHHe MO)l(eT 6b!Th H3MeHeHo B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KoHcTpyi-;-
u1111 06yn11 11 MCTOlla KpenJieHHSl Hl13a.

186
 paccT05IHHe OT Kpaen J1CTanei1 nepxa .no Kpaen Me)f(no.nKJJa.nKH 3a-
1111cur oT cnoco6a o6pa6oTKlf 11 s11.na wna, cKpenmnomero .neTan11.

PaccTOHHHH OT Kpaeu .11.ern.rieif uepxa o6yuu .11.0 Kpaeu

Me:i1mo,11.KJJa,1l.KH, MM

EeJ nepcj:>opaw·m C nepcj:>opau11efi

06pa6oTaH Hb1e:
53an16Ky ....................................... . 5-6 8-9
ropH'll1M cpopMOBaHl1CM ............... . 2-3
OKpaweHHbie ..................................... . 1-2 4-6
OKaHTOBaHHbie TCCbMOH 11 coe1111HH-
eMbie Ta'IHblM WHOM .11.CTa.Jll1 .............. . BponeHb c KpaeM .llCTa.JlH
non HaCTpO'lHOH WOB ....................... . 4-5
non BblBOpOTHblH WOB (BepXHl1C KpaH
6epuen) .............................................. . 10-12
3aTH)[(HOJ1 KpOMKl-1 ............................. . 8-10

)],JUI 11CKJIIO'leHIHI HaMa3Kl1 KJJe51 11 nOBbIWeHl151 rrp0113BO.U11TeJibHO-

CTl1 rpy.na .neTaJil1 Bepxa .ny6.11HpYJOT Me)f(OO.UKJJa.UKOH 113 MaTep11a.JIOB c
repMOITJiaCTH'leCKHM KJieeBbIM J10KpbITl1eM. 8 3TOM CJIY''lae ,lIJUI HaKJiel1-
BaHl151 Me)f(no.nKJia.nKH np11MeH5llOT MaWl1Hbl )J,B-1-0 (Pocc1151) 11 np11-
cnoco6.11eH11e, COCT0511Uee 113 3JieKTPOYTJOra 11 CTOJia.
Tncueune. )J,aHHhIM cnoco6oM .neKopaTHBHO o¢opMJI51IOT 3aroTOBKl1
BCpxa o6yBH 113 HaTypa.JibHOH K0)1(11 11 CHHTeTwieCKHX MaTepHaJIOB.
TncHett11e BbinO.JIH51IOT Ha npeccax HarpeTbIMl1 MeTa.11.1111'1eCKHM11 n.11a-
CTHHaM11 c pHCYHKOM, HaHeCeHHblM o¢ceTHblM crroco6oM HJIH rpaB11-
poBaH11eM.

Tex11onomqecKHH pe:>KHM THc11e11uH JaroToBOK o6yBH

TeMneparypa, 'C ..................................................................... 90-100
BpeMH, c.................................................................................. 3-5
.ll:aBJICHl1C, M na . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .............. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . 6- 16

)J.eKopaT11BHble CTpO'-IKl1 Tl1CH51T MaTp11uaMH, 11MeIOlUl1Ml1 Jie3Bl1e c

HacettKOH, HMHTHpy10mei1 HHTO'-IHbIM WOB. TMCHeHHe MO)l(HO BbinOJI-
IUITb c OKpaCKOH HJIH 6e3 Hee. )J,.1151 OKpaCKl1 ncno.Jib3YIOT TepMonnac-
TINecKyIO KpacKy Ha octtone .11aKa HJIH we.11.11aKa. T11cHeH11e CTpo'-IKH
t.fO)!(eT 6bITb COBMeweHO H c Bbipy6aHHeM .neTa.Jiett, llJI51 l.Jero B pe3aKax
Ycnmasnuna10T .nono.11H11Te.JibHb1e Jie3BHH c pHCYHKOM .neKopaTMBHOH
C'IpotJKtt.
Haueceune Tpacf>apeTHblX nettaTHblX pHCYlfKOB. Ha .neTa.1111 .neTcKoti
I( JieTHeJ:i )l(eHCKOM o6yBH 113 KO)l(H H TeKCTHJibHbIX MaTepHa.JIOB HaHO-
csrr JJ.eKopaTHBHbie UBeTHbie PHCYHKH qepe3 ¢0.11bry HJIH KpacKaMH
l'pa¢apeTHOti nel.faTblO c nOMOlUb!O wa6.JIOHOB.
IlettaTb qepe3 ¢onhry npmnno.n51T Ha rrpeccax PP-33 ¢11pMbI Fortuna
gePMatt1151) c aBTOMaTJ.1'-leCKOH rro.na'Iei1 JieHTbl H aBTOMaTwieCKH pe-
JUipyeMbIM pe)f(HMOM o6pa60TKH.

187
 Pe.MrnM ne'laTH .n.euUieii o6yuu '1epe3 cJ>oJILry
Te~rnepazypa nyaHcoHa, °C ................................................... 90-110
BpeMH, c................................................................................. 2-3
,llasJieHHe, Mna ..................................................................... 0,2-0,3

TpacpapeT npencrnBJrneT co6of1 nepeBHHHYIO paMKY c HarnHyrhr\ 111

KanpOHOBblMM JiecKaMH, KOTOpble o6pa3ylOT CMTO. Ha Hero cj:>OTOXl1\1J1-
'leCKHM cnoco6oM HaHeceH pttcyttoK, qepe3 KOTOphIH KpacKa nonana-
eT Ha neTa.Jih. TpacpapeT HaKJianhIBalOT Ha .ueTa.Jih, Ha.JIHBalOT He60_1L-
woe KOJIM'leCTBO KpacKM, paBHOMepHO pacnpeneJIHIOT ee weTKOii nu
CHTy. 3aTeM Tpacj:>apeT CHHMalOT, a neTa.Jib c pMCYHKOM cywaT. D,1151 nc-
'laTH Ha KO)l(e HCnOJib3YIQT KpaCKM Ha OCHOBe HHTp03Ma.Jiett, a Ha TKa-
HHX - Ha OCHOBe JiaTeKCOB.
CTpO'IKa .aeKopaTHBHLIX H BblnyKJILIX JIHHHH. nepe.u CTpO'IKOH .rreKo-
paTMBHhlX " BhinYKJiblX JIMHHH Ha neTa.JIHX Bepxa o6yBH HaMe'lalOT '111-
HMM CTpO'leK, a llJIH nonyqeHMH BbinYKJibIX JIHHHH c 6axTapMHHOH CTO-
pOHbl neTa.JIM HaKJiettBalOT WHyp, KanpOHOBbie MJIH JlbHHHbie HHTKI! II
3aKpenJIHIOT MX JIMnKOH JieHTOH.
JlttHMM llJIH neKopaTMBHhlX CTpO'-leK HaHOCHT rynhIM WMJIOM, UllCT-
HblM KapaHnawoM, TMCHCHHeM, cneUMa.JibHbIMM ycTpOHCTBaMH B pc-
3aKax npH BhIKpattBaHMH nern11ei1 H npyrttMM cnoco6aMH. Ha neTa..111
Bepxa o6yBM c 6axTapMHHOH CTOpOHbl HaKJieHBalOT Me)l(nOnKJianKy ILlll
TeCbMY 113 TKaHM .
.UeKopaTMBHbie CTpO'-IKH BbinOJIHHIOT Ha WBeHHbIX MaWHHax O)IHO-
HfOJibHblX KJI. 330-8, .UByxHroJibHbIX KJI. 224 M 430 (POCCHH), 0123 J/P2
cpttpMhI ZPS-SM (l.JexttH) H np.
l.JT06bI neKopaTHBHbie CTp01IKH HaXOllHJIMCb Ha OllHHaKOBOM pac-
CTO.HHMH OT BH.UHMblX KpaeB neTa.JieH Bepxa o6yBH, Ha WBeHHbIX Ma-
WHHax ycrnHaBJittBalOT HanpaBJIHIOIUHe ynopb1. CTpolJKH noJI)l(HbI 6hITh
pOBHbIMH, xopowo yrHHYfblMH, 6e3 nponycKOB CTe)l(KOB 11 npOXOllllTb
TOlJHO no HaMelJeHHblM JIHHHHM.
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TpeyrOJibHbie, KBanpaTHbie, npHMOyrOJibHbie H T . .U.) H pa3MepOB npo-
6ttBalOT Ha neTa.JIHX Bepxa o6yBH H3 HarypanbHblX H HCKYCCTBeHHbl\
KO)!( (pHC. 8.10).
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H3fOTOBJIHeMOH no 3aKa3aM HaceJieHlrn, HCnOJib3YIOT CJIO)f(HYIO nep-
cpopaUHIO, a B noscenHeBH011 o6yBH - 6onee npocTylO.
DepcpopaUHH ,UeTa.Jiett Bepxa 06ys11 CHH)l(aeT npOlJHOCTb K0)1(11. 0pI1
Bb16ope p11cyHKa 11 pa3Mepa ornepcTHH HY)f(HO pyKosoncTBOBaTbcll
HOpMaTMBaMl1.
Ha onH011MeHHh1x neTa.JIHX B nape pttcyHoK Lr:OJI)l(eH 6bITh on11Ha-
KOBbIM M COOTBeTCTBOBaTb yrBep)l(lleHHOH ~10nem1. 0epcpopaUH51 He
.UOJI)l(Ha nonanaTh non JaTH)f(HYIO KpOMKy 11 noJI)l(Ha pacnonaraTbcll
Ha 8-10 MM BhIWe Hee_ PaccTOHHHe Me)l(lly ueHTpaMH OTBepcntiI

188
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6-8 MM.
Ha o6YBHhIX npem1pm1nrnx nepcjmpaumo JJ,eT<Uiei1 BhITIOJIH51IOT Ha
3JieKTpOrHJJ,paBJll1'1eCKHX npeccax flfTfl-45-0 H fTITfl-100-0 (Poc-
CIDI), 06045/PI, 06066/Pl H 06099/PI cjmpMLI ZPS-SM (l..Jex115!), a B
areJibe H M3CTepCKl1X - Ha WBeHHblX M3WHHax KJI. 330-8, B KOTOpb!e
BMeCTO Mm BCTaBJI}!IOT rrpo6oi1Hl1KH. flon o6pa6aTbIBaeMylO neTaJib
IlOJI:KJiaJJ,bIB3IOT JIHCT KapTOHa HJIH KO)!(BOJIOH3.
OrnepcTH51 MO)!(HO npo611saTb 11 BpyYHYJO npo6oi1HHKOM c noMo-
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1Urn )],OJI)!(eH 6bITb YeTKO Bb!pa)!(eH, a ornepCTH51 )lOJI)!(Hbl HMeTb YHC-
Thii1 cpe3 6e3 OCT3TKOB BbICeYKH.

8.4. ,QecpeKTbt o6pa6oTKIA ,qernnelll eepxa 06ye1i1

Lle<PeKThI, B03HHKa10m11e np11 o6pa6oTKe nernJJei1 Bepxa, KJiaccu-

cl>1nu1py10T B 33BHCHMOCTI1 OT BHJJ,a TeXHOJIOrMYeCKHX onepau11H:
l) npH BbTpaBHHB3HHH TOJilUMHbl nernJJei1: HepaBHOMepHaH TOJI-
II.(RHa no TlJIOlllaJJ,H, OTKJIOHeHHH TOJllllUHbl OT ycTaHOBJleHHblX BeJII1'111H.
lianpttMep, OTKJIOHeHHe TOJllUHHbl OCHOBHbIX .nernJJeH sepxa (yMeHb-
IUett11e HJIH yseJ111'IeH11e) Ha 0,8-1 11 0,9-1,l MM COOTBeTCTBeHHO
1UI.sI )f(eHCKOH 11 l\IY)!(CKOH o6yBH 113 3Jl3CTHYHbIX KO)!( XpOMOBOro JJy6-
.llea1151 CYHTaeTCH JJecfleKTOM;

189
 2) np11 cnycKam111 KpaeB .uernJJei1: HecoorneTCTBHe napaMnp 011
o6pa6oTaHHbIX y•rncrKoB .ueraJJei1 (npoqrn11b cnycKa, urnp11Ha l1 10·1.
llllfHa cnyweHHOrD Kpa51, paBHOMCpHOCTb Wttp11Hbl 11 TOJIWHHbl Clf\.
CKa) npl1HHTbIM HOpMaTHBaM. TaK, TOJIWHHa Kpa51 nocJJe cnycKa Tl( J I
0

CTpO'-IKY He .llOJDKHa npeBbJW3Tb noJJOBI1Hbl 11CXO.llHOH TOJILUHHbl 06p:1.

6aTb!BaeMOH neTaJJH. npl1'H1HOH OOHBJleHl-151 TaKHX ne¢eKTOB 1-IaCTO )ii\.
JJHeTCH HeOTpery1111poBaHHOCTb M3WHHbI;
3) np11 rop51YeM ¢opM0BaH1111 (ofotrnre): Hecoornercrn11e npo<ji1 1
nett o6pa6oTaHHblX KpaeB .llCTaJJeH Ja)JaHHOMY BH.llY 11 npl1H51Tb1M Hop.
MaTHBaM, a TaJOKe nepe)l(or;
4) np11 HaMa3KC KJieeM .lICTaJJe11 Bepxa 11 HaKJiel1B3Hl111 MC)f(TJ0.1-
KJJ3.lIKl1: HatteceHtte KJie51 no Bceti nJJowam1 .ueTaJJH (a He B n11 ·1c
noJJoc); HepaBHOMepHOCTb KJieeBoro CJ1051 no TOJll.UHHe; HaJJO)Ke1111e
Me)[(nO.UKJla,llKH co CKJ13.llK3Ml1 11 MOPWHH31\111; Heco6moneHHe YCTa-
HOBJJeHHblX paCCT051HHH OT KpaeB JieTaJieH .no KpaeB MC)f(nO.lIKJ13)JKll. ll
TOM 1.mcJJe nona.natt11e Me)[(nOIIKJJilllKH non Jarn6Ky;
5) nptt 3arn6Ke: ttecoBnaneH11e Hapy)!(HblX KpaeB .n:eTaJiei1 Bep:1..,1 c
neKaJJaM11 (.n:oJJ)!(eH co6mo.n:aThC51 np11nycK non Jarn6Ky); nonana1111c
no.n 3ar116Ky neTaJiett MC)!(nO)JKJia)JKH; HCll:OCTaTO'lHa51 npo'lHOCTb CK.:1c-
l1B3Hl151 3arnyrb1x KpaeB c HemmeBoi1 cTopottoi1 neran11 11 .n:p.;
6) nptt yKpaweH1111 .ueTaJieti sepxa: HepoBHOCTb, rnroxa51 yrnm-
TOCTb CTp0 1IKH, nponycK CTe)[(KOB, HeTO'lHOCTh CTpO'IKH .n:eKopanrn-
HbIX l1 BbinYKJiblX JlHHHH; He'leTKOCTb pHCyttKa, HepoBHbIH cpe3 orncp-
CTHtt, nona.n:aHtte no.n: 3aT51)1(HYJO KpOMKY, pa3Hble pacCT051Hl151 MCUY
OTBepcTH51Ml1 npH nep¢op11poBaHHH 1ICTaJiei1; He'leTKOCTb 11 CJJa6o
Bbipa)!(eHHblH peJJbe¢ pttcyHKa, nospe)!()JeHHe JlttUeBOH CTOpOHbl ~ia­
Tepuana np11 THCHemm; HepaBHOMepHoe HaHecemre KpacKH, n0Tn1r.
pa3HOOTTeHO'lHOCTb, HeCHMMeTpH'lHOCTb HaHeceHHOro pucyHKa np11
TOHl1POB3HHl1 )leTaJieit

rnaea 9
C60PKA 3ArOTOBOK BEPXA 06YB~

9.1. MeTO.Qbl coe.Q111HeH111.ff .QeTa11e'1

eepxa 06ye111

KaYeCTBO o6ynu B 3Ha 1111TeJJbHoti: cTeneHH JaBHCHT OT KaYecT!l:l

c6opKH 33fOTOBKl1 Bepxa, KOTOpoe, B CBOJO O'lepenb, 3aBHCI1T OT cooT-
BeTCTBl151 MOlle 11 Ha3Ha'-!eHttlO MO.UeJJH 06ys11; no.n:6opa UBeTa l1Jll1 KO\!•
611Hau1111 UBeTOB; CBOHCTB OCHOBHblX H BCOOMOraTeJibHblX MaTep11;1-
JIOB; cnoco6a o6pa60TKI1 BH11,l1MblX KpaeB .ueTanei1; KOHCTPYKUI1l1 WBOll:
yKpaweH1111 (nep¢opaum1, 11eKopaTHBHbie cTpol.fKH H T. n.); npami:w
Horo BbinOJIHemrn 1exHoJJor11YecKttx onepau11i1.

190
 MeTOllbI c6opK11

Mexattw-1ecK11e XMM11'1CCKl1C

TJ-lqJTOBbltt Hl1TO'!HblH KneeBOH fopH'!aH

BYJJK3H11JaU11H
Csapttoti

KJieecsapttoti
JfoTbe

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)leTaJil1 Bepxa co611paTb B 33fOTOBKY l\IO)f(HO l\leXaHWieCKHMH H XH-

MJ{'IeCKHMH MeTOJJaMH (pHC. 9.1 ).
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MCTOL(OM MO)l(HO coeL(HHSITb .ueTaJIH 6ecno.uKJiaL(Ol/HOH peMeUIKOBO-
caH.UaJlbHOH 06yn11 (pHC. 9.2).
Tpa,n:11u110HHbIM cnoco6oM coe.UHHemrn .ueTaJiet1 nepxa B 3aroTOBKY
SIBJUICTCSI HUl110'1Hb/U. r116KOCTb 11 3JJaCTH<JHOCTb wna, TeXHOJIOfWIHOCTb
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.llPYr11X MCTO.UOB.
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HC.UOCTaTKOB:
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6oJibWOH accopTl1MCHT BCITOMOraTCJibHbIX MaTepHaJIOB;
CHH)f(eHHe KaYeCTBa 113-33 .ue¢eKTOB CTpo'leK.

a 6 6

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a - nycrnTenaH 3n; 6 - c6opttaH 3C; e - c6opttafl 3Cn

191
 YKa3aHHbie HenocTaTKH C03LlalOT npennocbJJIKH wrn np11MeHeH11~ 111
COBepweHCTl30BaHH5! 6e3HHTO'-IHbIX MeTOLlOB c6opKH 3aroTOBOK ncpx(l
XHMH'-leCKHe MeTOLlhI 06nana10T cnenYJOI.UHMH npettMywecrnar-. 111 ·
ynpowaeTCH BbinOJIHeHHe TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKHX onepaUHH, CJie.D.olla_
TeJibHO, cHmKalOTCH Tpe6osamrn K KBa.JIHcpHKaUHH pa6oYero;
JaMeHHeTrn nocJieLlOBaTeJibHbitt cnoco6 o6pa6oTKH napa.rrJieJibliLI\t
'-!TO C03.naeT ycJIOBHH .lIJ15! COBMeweHHH onepau11tf;
coxpaH5JeTC5! nepBOHa'laJibHaH npO'IHOCTb l\laTep11a.rra no JlHHHH Lil ilOt
HJ1l1 WBbl OTCYTCTBYIOT B006we (l\laKaHHe, JlHTbe);
o6ecne'-IHBaeTC5! BOLlOCTOHKOCTb WBOB;
CHH)l(alOTCH np1mycKH Ha o6pa60TKY, c11e.noBaTeJibHO, .llOCTHrac1c,1
3KOHOMH51 MaTep11a.rra, 11 OTXO.llhl;
nOBbJWalOTCH npOl13BO.lll1TeJibHOCTb 11 TO'-IHOCTb 06pa60TK11;
o6Jier'-!aeTC5! pa3pa60TKa no11yaBTOl\WTH'-1eCKOro 11 aBTOMaTH'-leCKo-
ro 06opy.noBaH11H.
KAeeeoii MemoiJ c6opK11 xapaKTep113yeTrn cKpen11em1eM .nernJieii (Y3-
11os .neTa.rreH) sepxa KJieHMH (a.nre311BaMH) .lIJ15! OCHOBHOfO CKJie11sa1-11151.
KrieH .lIJ15! OCHOBHOfO CKJie11saHH5! .ll0Jl)l(Hbl HMeTb xopowy10 a.·rre-
31110 K CKJleHsaeMblM nonepXHOCTSIM MaTepHa.JlOB (cy6cTpaTaM); 13LICO-
Kyl0 MexaHH'leCKYlO npO'-IHOCTb B Tpe6yeMOM HHTepnaJie TeMnepaTyp;
MHHHMaJibHYlO yca.nKy np11 OTBep.nemm; BbJCOKYIO 3JiaCTH'-IHOCTb, 130]10-
H TenJIOCTOHKOCTb H .np.
CKJieHBaHHe cy6crpaTOB a.nre311BaM11 cocToHT H3 ttecKOJihKHX 3Tanon:
no.nroTOBKa nosepxHOCTH cy6crparn K Hattecett1110 a.nre311Ba (n31,cpo-
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BaHHe, o6pa60TKa HOHH3HPYIOI.UHM H3JlyYeHHeM);
HatteceHHe a.nre3HBa (weTKaMH, OK)'HaHHCM, HH)l(CKUHeH, ne•i<na-
HHeM, nyJibBep113au11ei1, HaJIO)l(eHHeM);
cywKa 11 aKnrnau1u1 KJieenotf n11eHKH;
npeccoBaHHe .neTaJietf.
Krietf .lIJIH OCHOBHOro CKJieHBaHHH BbI6HpalOT no npo•IHOCTll co-
e.nHHeHHH, KOTopaSI .llOJl)l(Ha npeBbIWaTb npO'-IHOCTb caMOfO cy6cTpara.
B 3TOM cnyYae pa3pywett11e npoxo.!l.HT no O.!l.HOMY 113 cKJleHsaer-.1bI\
MaTepHaJIOB.
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pHaJIOB 11 11cKyccTBeHHbIX KO)!( c attaJIOfH'-IHbIM noKpbITHeM. Kpo\tt'
Toro, csapKOH MO)l(HO coe.nHWITb TeKCTHJlbHble MaTepHaJibJ, conep)Ka-
wne TepMon11acTH'IHhie BOJlOKHa (KanpoH, nascatt 11 n:p.).
TepMon11acTH'IHLie MaTepHaJihI B 3as11c11MOCTl1 OT 11x npttpo.1bI.
KOHCTpyKUHH CBap11naeMblX .neTaJieH, Tpe6onaHHH K csapHOMY coe:111-
Hem110, yCJIOBHH pa60Tbl H3LleJIH5! H Heo6xo.nHMOH npOH3BO.lll1TC.'lb'
HOCTH csapHBalOT pa3J1H'-IHbIMH MeTo.naMH.
l13BeCTHbl TepMH'IeCKHe H 3JleKTpocpH3H'-ICCKHe MeTO.llbl csapKll.
TepMH'-leCKHe MeTOLlbl cnapKH OCHOBaHbl Ha TIOLlBO.lle TenJia OT Ten.10-
HOCHTe115!: KOHTaKTHO-TenJIOBOH, 3KCTPY3HOHHblH, fa30Bbltt, pa.nuaull'
OHHblH.

192
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205
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Me)!(Ily nap31111CllbHblMl1 CTp04K3Ml1 11 CTp04eK OT KpaeB IlCTaJieii;
ttepoBHbie Kpa51 nepcj)opau111-1;
HenpamrnhHO npo11o:>Kei-!Ha5! CTpo4Ka;
HeCl1MMeTpWIHO pacnollO)f(eHHbie llCKOpaTHBHbJe CTp04KH. HaKJl~Ll­

Hbie yKpaweH115I; npoceKaH11e neTaJiet\: Bepxa CTp04KOM.

r11asa 10
<1>0PMOBAHl.1E 3AfOTOBOK BEPXA 06YBl.1

10.1. K11acc1t1cp1t1Ka41t1R cnoco6os cpopM0BaH1t1R

<t>opMOB3HHC - npouecc npH113HH51 flJlOCKOM 33fOTOBKe Bepxa 06\ Bil

06beMHOH cpopMbl K0110IlKl1 nyreM pacrn)f(emrn.
<t>opM0BaH11e 3aroTOBOK Bepxa KJiaCCl1cPHUHpyIOT no c11eny10uut\1
nptt3HaKaM.
Cnoco6 o6pa6onrn. Pa311w1a10T BHewHee, BHyrpeHHee 11 KoM6mu1-
ponaHHoe cpopM0BaH11e.
BHeumee cpop:...1onattue MO)f(eT 6b1Tb napaTJJiellbHbIM, 111111 6e306nr11---
HblM, flOCJ1CllOBaTeJibHbIM 11 napaJI11e11bHO-noc11e.uonaTeJibHbl M' I LI ti
o6rn)f(H0-3arn)f(HbIM. BHemH11i1 n11.u cpopMOI3aH11SI 3aKJ1IO'IaeTcH B pac-
T5J)f(ett1111 paJJIH'-IHbIX y4acTKOB 3aroTOBKH nepxa Ha 3arn)f(Hoii Kono_1i-:c
KJielll,3Ml1 HllH .upyrHMH MexaHH3M3Ml1 MalllHHbl 11 cPHKCHp0133Hl1H npn-
.ll3HHOif cpopMbl nyrer-.1 np11KpenJieH1rn 33T5J)f(H0ti KpOMKH 3aroTOBKl 1
Bepxa K neTaJI5JM H113a.

208
 Op11 PY'IHOM npm13noncrne 06y1rn no HH.llHBM.llYaJJbHb!M JaKaJaM
1:1au60JTee pacnpoCTpaHeH o6nDKHO-JanDKHbIH cnoco6.
OpH o6nDKHO-JanDKHOM cnoco6e Q)OpMoBaHJUI B Ka'1ecrnc 11cnoJJ-
ff]ffeJTbHb!X 11HCTpyMeHTOB HCnOJlb3YIOT KJlelUH, nJJaCTHHbl 11Jll1 pom1-
J{Jl. £e306TmKHb1t:1 cnoco6 ¢opM0BaH115! Bbmo11H5!10T n11acnrnaM11, CK0-
6aMH J1Jll1 WHypKOM.
BHympemwu cnoco6 rjJop.MoeaHuH 6brnaeT TOJ!bKO napan11eJ1bHbIM, Ja-
roroBKa Bepxa 06ym1 Q)OP1'>1YCTC51 pa3)ll3H)((HOH KOJ!O)lKOH.
KoM6uuupoea1111bul cnoco6 rjJopMoeaHufl 51BJJ51eTc51 C0'1ernm1eM nHew-
ttero 11 DHYTpeHHero. 3aroTOBKa sepxa ¢opMyeTC51KJJemaM1111 n11acT11-
ttaMH o6rn)((HO-Jarn)((HOH MaWHHbl 11m1 BPY'IHYIO KJJemaMH H pa3-
,!lBIDKHOi1 K0110)lKOJ°1.
BM KpenHTem1. Op11 cj:JopMoBamrn JaroTOBKl1 nepxa Ha Ko11onKe
33nDKHYIO KpOMKY coe)lHH5llOT c neTM51Ml1 HJ13a (cTeJlbKOJ'-1, paHTOBOH
ry6oi1, flO)lJ!O)((KOH 111111 nO)lOWBOH) MCXaHH'leCKHMH 111111 XHMl1'-IC-
cKHMl1 Kpem1Te1151MH.
K MexaHw-1ecKHM Kpen11Te115!M OTHOC51T CK06K11, rn0Jn11, npoBoJio-
KY, llIHYPOBKY, TCKCbl.
K XHMWICCKl1M Kpen11Tel15IM OTHOC51T KJlCH (paCTBOpbI, pacnJJaBbl,
,1U1Cnepcu11) H TOKH Bb!COKOH lfaCTOTbl (TBl.J).
Ilp11 ¢opMOBaHl111 Ha o6opynoBaHl111 KJlCH-paCTBOpbl 11 KJlCH-)lHC-
nepc1rn npennap11Tel1bHO HaHOC51T Ha 3arn)((HY10 KPOMKY H no nepu-
Merpy CTC11bKl1 weTKar.111, a KJ1e11-pacn11aBbl BnpbICKHBalOT B pa60'111C
opraHbI MaWHHbl MC)((fly CTel1bKOH 11 JaH!)((HOH KpOMKOl·l BO BpeM51
o6TSJ)((H0-3arn)((HbIX onepau11iL
Op11 py4Hoil KJJeeBoi-'1 Jarn)((Ke, KaK npaB11110, np11MeH5!10T T011bKO
KJieH-paCTBOpbI, KJ1e11-1111cnepCHl1.
qHCJIO npneMOB. 3arn)((Ka MO)((CT 6bITb Bblfl011HeHa 3a OLIHH, )lBa
HJJH Tp11 np11er.rn. 3a omrn npHeM cj:JopMYJOT JaroTOBKY Bepxa 06yB11
O.U:HoBpeMeHHO no BceMy nep11MeTpy. 3a nBa np11eMa Jarn)((Ky ocyme-
CTBJJSIIOT Ha MaWHHax no lIBYM Bap11aHTaM: OT HOCOlfHOtl K n51T04HOH
11acT11 11 OT Il51TO'IHOH K HOCOlfHOH. Mone11bHYJO o6yBb Ha BbICOKOM
Ka6JIYJ<e ue11ecoo6pa3HO JarnrnBaTb B TpH npuer.rn, noo4epenHo Q)Op-
Mysi HOCOlfHO-flY'IKOBYJO. re11eHOlfHYIO 11 Il51T04HYIO lfaCTH.
3aT51)((J<Y 3aroTOBKl1 Bepxa Ha K0110.llKY MO)((HO Half11HaTb 111111 c HO-
COtiHO-TIY'IKOBOt'l 'laCTl1. 11Jll1 C Il51T04HOH, 111111 C HOCOlfHO-nYlfKOBOH
H IlSIT04HOi1 lfaCTei1. Opu 3TOM B03MO)((HbI Bap11aHTbI ¢opM0BaH11SI Ja-
fOToBoK nepxa 06yB11:
I eapuamn: o6rn)((Ka 11 3arn)((Ka HOCO'IHO-rTYlfKOBOH lfaCTl1 (p11c. 10.1,
a), JaT5I)((Ka re11eHOlfHOJ'1 (pl!C. 10.1. 6) 11 f151TO'IHOH (p11c. 10.1. 6) lfaCTeH.
3aT5J)((Ka 3aroTOBOK Bepxa MO)((eT 6bITb Bblfl011HCHa nOCJ1C npenBa-
PJ.rre11bHOro ¢opM0BaH115! nHTOlfHoi-'1 lfaCTH.
II eapua11111: npenuap11TeJ1bHoe cpopM0BaH11e nHTOlfHOH lfaCTH (p11c.
10.J, 2), 06Hl)((Ka 11 3aTSI)((Ka HOCOlfHO-flYlfKOBOH 11 lfaCT114HO reJie-
lioqHOH <1acTei1 (p11c. I 0.1, d), 3arn)((Ka nHTOlfHOH 11 re11eHOlfHOtt <iac-
l'eif (p11c. I 0.1, e).

209
 .·._.;.· ·.:;··

a 6 6 iJ e

P11c. I 0.1. Bap11aHThI cj)OpM0BaH1rn 3aroTOBOK sepxa 06ys11 o6nDKH0-3an1;.;;.

HhIM cnoco6oM

¢opMOBaHHe no 3TOMY sapHattry ocylUeCTBJrneTCH Ha flOTOKa\ c

HMnopTHbIM o6opy)loBattHeM.
II I eapuaHm: ¢opM0Batt11e H Jarn)l(Ka rnITO'-IHOH '-!aCTH (pHc. I 0. I, .i1c).
o6nDKKa 11 JaTmKKa HOCO'-IHO-nY'-!KOBOH '-!aCTH (puc. I 0. I, 3), Jarn)KKa
re11etto'-!Hoti '-!aCTH (p11c. I 0. I, u).
CTpu coBMelUemrn npeJIBapuTeJTbttoro ¢opMoBattmr H 3arn)!(K11 m1-
TO'-!ttotl '-!aCTH 3afOTOBKH Bepxa HCKJllO'-!aeTCH onepaUHH ycrnHOllKll
cTeJlbKH Ha KOJTODXY H He Jie¢opM11pyeTCH nHTO'-IHaH '-!aCTh. BapuattT 111
np11eM11eM JJJrn Tex cny'-!aes, Korna HCKJlJO'-!etto perynupoBaHtte no.'10-
)!(eHHH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa npu o6nl)!(Ke H 3aT5l)!(Ke ee HOCO'-!Ho-ny•tki)-
BOM •racTH.
IV eapuaH111: npeJisapHTeJlbHOe ¢opM0Batt11e nHTO'-IHOH •racTH (p11c.
IO. I, K), o6rn)!(Ka 11 Jarn)!(Ka HOCO'-IHO-ny<1K0Bot1 H nHTO'-IHOH '-!acwi1
(p11c. I 0. I, 11), Jarn)!(Ka reJTeHo'-IHOH '-!acrn (puc. IO. I, .M).
BM ,!J,e<t>opMai.~HH ,!J,enuren. Onepau1111 ¢opMoBaHHH MO)!(HO Bhm0.1-
HHTh u3cu6aHueM. pacmRJICeHueM 11 CJ1Camue.M. CTp11 ¢opMosamrn )lc·1;1-
11etl 06ym1 o6bI'-IHO tta6JT1011aeTCH ne¢opMaum1 scex Tpex BHJIOB. HO
npeo611an:aeT KaKOM-JJH60 OllHH.
BM 06opy,!1,0Banmr. Ll.nH ¢opMoBaHHH 3aroTOBKH sepxa 06ys11 MO)KttO
npHMeH51Tb .MeXGHUl.fCCKOe, nHe6.MGmll'fCCKOe HJlH 2uapae11lll.fCCKOe oCio-
PYllOBattHe 11 cooTBeTCTBYJOlUHe np11cnoco611e1-1115!.
B JaBHCHMOCTH OT CTenemf aBTOMaTH3aUHH npouecca ¢opMoBaH!15l
HCf10Jlb3YIOT aen10Mamul.feCKOe H no11yaemo.MGl11Ul.feCKOe o6opyJIOB3HJIC.
KoncTpyx.uus 1aroToBKH nepxa. Ha Bhr6op cnoco6a ¢opMosa111Pt
BJlHHIOT KOHCTPYKUHH 3aroTOBKH sepxa o6yBH 11 CTeneHb CB060llbl J:l'
UDKHOH Kp0l\1KH. CTo KOHCTpyKUHH nepenmrn '-!aCTb 3afOTOBKH MOiKCT
6hITh n11ocKol1. no11yn11ocKotL npocTpattcTBeHHOH 11 06beM1-1011, ec.1!1
K ttei1 npHWHTa f10JlJ10)!(Ka HJ111 CTeJJhKa (pHC. 10.2).

210
 I 4

P11c. I 0.2. KoHCTPYKUHH 3arornnoK nepxa o6ymf:

a- !UIOCKaH; 6 - nonynnocKaH; 6 - npoCTpaHcrneHHaH; i'-e - 06beMHb1e; I -
3aroTOBKa Bepxa: 2- CTeJJbKa; 3- BTat.JHaH CTeJJbKa: 4 -- nOD.JJQ)l(Ka

I 2 I 3 4

a 6 6 z
P11c. 10.3. KoHCTPYKUHH 3anDKHol1 KpOMKH 3aroToBK11 Bepxa 06yB11:
a- CB0601maH I; 6 - c paHTOM 2; 6 - c BTa'IHO}I CTeJJbKOH J; z - c nOD.JJO)l(KOM 4

Ilepe11mrn '!aCTb nJTOCKOH 3afOTOBKM Bepxa COCTOMT 113 OllHOH ITJIOC-

Ko:H nernn11 11n11 nJJocKoro y3J1a. o6pa30BaHHoro HecKOJJbKMMM nern-
JUIM11. CToJJyrrJTOCKafl 3afOTOBKa COCTOHT no MeHbWett Mepe 113 llByx qac-
Te:H, ¢>opMa KOTOpbIX 6oJJee TO"IHO coorneTCTByeT ¢>opMe KOJIOllKM.
KoHcTpyKUMfl npoCTpaHcTBeHHOH 3aroTOBKM Bepxa Ha1160Jiee rrp116JI11-
}l(eHa K ¢>opMe KOJIOllKH.
3arn)f<Ha51 KpOMKa MO)f(eT 6bITb CB06011HOH (npe11nap11TeJibHO OT-
cllopMoBaHHOH HJIH HeT), coe1111HeHa c paHTOM, BTa"IHOH CTeJibKOH
lf.n.H ITOllJlO)f(KOH (pHC. 10.3).
Bee onepau1111¢>opMoBaHHflB3aBHCHMOCTH OT 11x tta3tta"lemrn 11011-
J>a:m:eJimoT Ha TpH rpynnbi: npe11wecrnyiom11e ¢>opM0BaH11io; co6crneH-
lfo ¢>opMOBatt11e; ¢>11Kcau1151 ¢>opMbl 3afOTOBKM Bepxa Ha KOJIOllKe.

211
 10.2. Onepa41r11r1, npe,qwecTBYl-Ol!41r1e cpopMoeaH1r11-0

OnepauH11, npen,wecrnyJOlllHe Q)OpMoBaHHIO, CBOD,HTCH K no!tro.

TOBKe 3afOTOBOK Bepxa, KOJlOll,OK H CTeJleYHbIX Y3JlOB. nopHD,OK II co •
.uep)l(aHite onepaUHtt H3fOTOBJlCHH5! o6yBH' OCTaBa5!Cb B OCHOB!!0\1
noCT05!HHbIM, HeCKOJlbKO MCH5!CTC5! B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Bbr6paHHOJ(;
MCTOD,a Kpennemrn nonOWBbl H KOHCTpyKUHH o6yBH. 06yBb no HHJ.11.
BHD,YaJlbHbIM 3aKa3aM (B TOM YHCJle H pyYHOfO npoH3BOll,CTBa) J!Jro.
TOBJ15!lOT Yallle BCero KJleeBblM, paHTOBblM HJlH paHTOKJlCCBblM J\ICTo.
ll,aMH KpenJTCHH5!.
OcttoBHbIMH onepaum1M11 HBJTHIOTCH c11e11y10ume:
yBJTa)lrneime JaroTOBOK Bepxa;
yBJTa)l(ttettHe 11 npoBHJlHBaHHe KO)l(attbIX n11ocK11x nonttocKoB 11 J~t"t-

HHKoB;
BKJlCHBaHHe nOll,HOCKOB H n,y61111poBaHHe Bepxa nonKJlanKoi1;
BKJlCHBaHHe (BCTaBKa) 3all,HHKOB;
npen,oapuTeJTbHOe ¢opMOBaHHe nHTOYHOtt YaCT11 3aroTOBKl1 BCp\a:
non6op 11 nonrottKa Ko110110K;
YHCTKa KOJTOll,OK;
HaMa3Ka .uepeBHHHbIX KOJlOll,OK (npH tteo6X01l11MOCTH);
np11Kpen11ett11e cTe11eK;
¢pe3ep0Batt11e nHTOYHOtt YaCTH CTeJTeK.
IIo.uroTOBKa KOJIO.UOK. Ko110.nK11 non6ttpa10T no ¢acotty, pa3Mepy 11
TlOJTHOTe, nposep5!lOT HcnpaBHOCTb KJlHHbeB, 3aMKOB, sepXHHX nJJO-
lllanOK, BTyJTOK, MeTaJIJTHYeCK11X nnaCTHH. npH He06XO.ITHMOCTH KOJlOJlKll
nOll,fOH5!lOT no CTOne 3aKa3Y11Ka cornactto CH5!TbIM MepKaM (CM. no.ri-
pa3ll,. 5.4). Ko110JJ,KH, 6hrnw11e B yn0Tpe611ett1111, TlllaTeJTbHO OYH11ia101
OT TlblJlH, CJTCll,OB KJTC5! 11 .npyn1x 3arp5!3HCHHtt, TaK KaK rp5!3Hble "-0-
JTO,ITKH naYKalOT BHYTPeHHlOlO TIOBepXHOCTb o6yB11. nepe.n HaneBaHllC~I
3afOTOBOK Bepxa HOCOYHYIO 11 T15!TOYHYJO YaCTH .uepeBHHHbIX KOJlO;JOK
noKpb!BalOT TOHKHM CJTOCM cyxoro TaJlbKa HJTH CMCCblO TaJlbKa c no-
ll,OH B COOTHOllleHHH 1: 1. 3rn npe.uornpalllaCT npHK11CHBaH11e OOll,KJlaJKll
K KOJlOll,Ke KJTeeM, KOTOPbIM npoMa3b!BalOT npoMe~OYHbie ll,CT::L'lll
nepe.u BCTaBKOH HX B 3aroTOBKY H, CJlell,OBaTCJlbHO, o6JTef'-IaeT cbe\I
06ys11 c KOJTOll,OK. TI pH HCT10Jlb30BaHHH noJTH3THJlCHOBbIX KOJTOll,OK oT-
nanaeT Heo6XOll,HMOCTb o6pa60TKH HX TaJlbKOM.
IIo.woTOBKa 1aroToBOK nepxa o6ynu. 3aroTOBKH sepxa ysnmKHH!OT B
ycrnHOBKax ttenpepbIBHOfO 111111 nepHOll,HYCCKOfO neikTBHSI naposoJ-
ll,yrnHOH CMeCblO.
TipH HCnOJTb30Bamm )l(CCTKHX 3all,HHKOB H nOJJ,HOCKOB 113 HCKyccr-
BCHHbIX MaTepHaJTOB YBJTa)KH5!lOT (aKTHBHPYJOT) TOJlbKO HOCOYHo-ny'l-
KOBYlO YaCTb JaroTOBOK sepxa B TepM01111¢¢y311ottttoti: ycrnttoBKe tte-
nocpencTBCHHO nepe.u 3aT5!)1(KOH B TCYCHHe 1- 3 c.
Ko)l(attbie JanHHKH 11 nonttoCKH ys11a)l(HSIIOT OKYHaHHeM B oo.uy Tc\1-
nepaTypol1 (20 ± 2) °C H npoBS!JlHBalOT BO BJla)l(HOtt MCWKOBHHe B Teqe-
HHC 1,5- 2 y ( ecJTH HCnOJTb3YJOT ¢opMOBaHHbie 3anHHKH H 3JTaCTJlll-

212
'
PelKHMbl ywuuK11e1111J1 3arOTOBOK Bepxa 113 uaTYPaJ1bHb1x
H HCK)'CCTBCllHblX KOJK

• TeMnepaTypa naposo3.11ywttoi1 cMern, ·c ............... 32- 3 8 (35- 50*)

0THOCl1TeJlbH351 BJl3)1(HOCTb napoB03.llYWHOi\
., CMCCH, % ................................................................. 98± I
CKopocTb .11n11)1(ett1rn, M/c ...................................... . 1-2
Bpe~rn, '-1:
HCKYCCTBeHHblC K0)1(11 ............................................. . 0,5-1,5
wespo ..................................................................... . I
onoeK, BbipOCTOK .................................................... . 1,5-2
nOllYKO)l(HHK, CBHHbIC ............................................ . 2,5

.. )lm1 llCKYCCTBeHHblX MaTep11aJIOB.

Hble no.llHOCKH, onepaum1 HCKJIJO'IaeTCH). TepMonnacTH'ICCKHtt 3a.ll-

JUIK pa3orpeBaJOT Henocpe.llCTBCHHO nepe.ll 13KJICHBaHHCM H ¢opMOBa-
HHeM rnITO'-IHOH l.facn1 33fOTOBKH Bepxa. 3a.llHHKH H TIO.llHOCKH TIOBbl-
DialOT ¢opMoycTotl<msocTb JaroTOBKH nepxa 11 npe.lloxpaH5!JOT CTony
OT MCXaHH'ICCKl1X nospe)l(lleHl1tt .
.[(.rrn BKJICHBaHl15! KO)l(aHhIX H ¢opMOB3HHhlX KO)l(K3pTOHHhIX 33.llHH-
KOB npHMem!JOT JiaTCKCHhIH, Ka3eHHOllhltt, TIOJil1BHHHJiaUCTaTHhli1,
JleKCTpHHOBhIH 11 npyrne KJICl1.
)J(eCTKHti 33J1Hl1K BCTaBJI51JOT MC)l(lly BCPXOM H TIO.llKJl3.llKOtt 3aro-
TOBKl1, a B 6ecno.llKJia.llO'IHOti o6yBH - B cneuirnJihHhIH KapMaH. Kpati
repMOTIJiaCTJ1l-ICCKl1X 33.llHl1KOB He .llOJl:>KCH .llOXO.lllffh .llO Kpa51 33T51)1(-
HOH KpOMKH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa Ha l- 3 MM, rpaHh OT¢opMOBaHHOro
3a,D.HHKa JlOJl)l(Ha HaXO.llHThC51 Ha paccT05!Hl1H 13- 14 MM OT ee Kpa51.
IlO.llHOCOK BCTaBJI51JOT MC)l(lly BepxoM 11 TIO.llKJia.llKOH Ha paCCT051-
HHH 3-4 MM OT KpaH 3arn:>KHOH KpOMKH. 311aCTH'IHhlC TIO.llHOCKl1 B
6ecnO.llKJl3.llO'IHOH o6yBH HaKJieHBaJOT Ha 6axrnpMHHYJO CTOPOHY 3aro-
ToBKH Bepxa Ha paCCT05!HHl1 10- 12 MM OT Kpa51 Jarn:>KHOH KpOMKH.

PelKHM npC.ll.BapHTCJibHOro !JiopMOBa11m1 nHTO'IHOH 'laCTH

3arOTOBKH BCpxa

TeMnepaTYpa nya11cotta np11 cpopMonatt1111 33.llHHKOB, °C:

KO)l(3HbIX 11 KO)l(KapTOHHblX .............................................. 90- 110
TepMon11acTw1ecKHX .......................................................... I 00- 120
TeMnepaTypa cpopMylOIUHX no13CTllH, ·c ································ 80
)J,aMett11c nyattcoHa, KCTa ...................................................... 300-400
Bpe~u1. c ................................................................................. 15-30

Ko)l(aHhIC nonHoCKH BKJICHBaJOT npenBapHTCJibHO, ec1111 ¢opMona-

ffl1e BhITIOJTHHJOT MexaHH3HposaHHhlM cnoco6oM. Ilp11 pYLfHOH Jarn:>KKe
kO)l(aHblC TIO.llHOCKH BKJICl1BaJOT B npouecce co6crneHHO ¢opMOBaHl15!
ffOCO'IHOH l.faCTH 33fOTOBKl1 Bepxa.
IlO)l.fOTOBKa CTeJieK. CTCJibKY JIHUCBOH CTOpOHOH H3KJl3.llhIBaJOT Ha
CJJell KOJIO)lKH 11 npHKpCTIJ151JOT Ha MaWHHe CK06KaMH HJll1 BPYl.fHYJO
'l'eKca~rn. B HOCO'-IHOH, re11eHO'IHoti 11 n5!TO'IHOi1: <racrnx ronoBKl1 Kpe-

213
mJTeJidi JJOJl)f{Hbl BbICTynaTb Han nonepXHOCTblO CTeJlbKH Ha 2-3 M\1
.il.JIHHa CK060K 12- 15 MM. .
Ecm1 '-laCTb creJibKH Bbicrynaer 3a rpaHb rne.ua. ee cpc3aIOT. Kp:Hi
cre11bKH norne ¢pe3epoBaHHH llOJI)f{HhI conna.uarh c KOHTypoM cne.ia
KOJIO.UK11. a rpattb CTeJibKH B nHTO'-IHOM •tacn1 llOJI)f{Ha 6b!Tb npouo·1-
)f{eHHe\t rnITO'-IHOM '-laCTH KOJlO)JKH . .il.JI51 0611ef'-1eHJrn 3aT5J)f{KH 3afOTOB-
KH nepxa 11 npe.uynpe)f{JleHHH noHBJleHHH rpeuurn Ha ee JIHUeBoM cnoe
Kpali CTCJibKl1 c 6axrapM51HOM CTOpOHbl, 3a HCKJII0'-1eH11er.1 nHTO'IHOii
'-lacTH, cnycKaIOT HO)f{OM, HaKJioHeHHhIM non yrnoM 45°. To11m11Ha cm.
ll(CHHOfO Kpa51 JJOJI)f{Ha COCTaBJI51Tb 0,5-0, 7 TOJlllll1Hbl CTeJJbKH. .
Onepaum1, npe.uwecrny10m11e <):>opMonaHHIO, llJlH paHTonoro H pa11-
TOKJieenoro MeTO.UOB KpenneHl151 BbinOJJHHIOT aHaJ10fl1'lHO onepaLUIH\i
llJlH KJleenoro Merana Kpennemrn, 3a 11cKJIIO'-leH11eM np1.me.ueHHbIX HII:..J<c
OC06CHHOCTett. np11 11CnO.TJb30BaHl1H paHTOBOH CTeJlbKH C Kpyrono1'i
ry6otl npHMeHHIOT <):>opMOBaHHblC KO)f{KapTOHHbJe 3anHHKH c OTOrHy-
TOH 3arn)f{HOM KpOMKOM.

lllupuua cnymeuuoro KpaH CTeJibKH 06y1m pauToBoro MeTo,11,a KpenJieum1, M\I

HocoYHO-nyYKOBaH YaCTb 06ym1:

MY)f(CKOH ··········•····························••················•························ 4- 5
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feneHOYHaH YaCTb 06ym1:
MY)f(CKOH ......••.................................................. .................... .... 6- 7
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no J111Hl111 cnycKa CTeJJbKl1 WHJlOM .uemt!OT HaKOJlbl, KOTOpbIC CJJy-
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o6Tfl>KH0-3annKHblM py'4HbtM cnoco6oM

Beeb npouecc ¢opMonaHl151 3aroTOBKl1 sepxa 06yn11 PY'-IHhIM cno-

co6oM cocTOHT H.3 cne.uyiournx onepa1mti.
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c Ka)f{Jlott CTOpOHbl KOJlO.UKH 6brna 0.UHHaKOBOM Wl1PHHbl (pHC. 10.4).
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Bb1corn 3a.ITHHKOB B nape JJOJl)f{Ha 6bITh o.n11HaKonoi1, paccTom111i:
or TCKca .uo rpaH11 cre11bKl1 - 9- 11 MM.
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6b1 npaBHJlbHO pacnoJJO)f{HTb Ha KOJlO.UKC HOCO'IHO-ny'lKOBYIO 4acTb
33fOTOBKH Bepxa (p11c. 10.5).
214
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a - KJieeBoro; 6 - paHTOBoro (m1¢paM11
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,IJ;B}'M51.
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Ha KOJlO.llKe CHMMeTpH'-IHO. Ha no.llKJia.llKe He .llOJDKHO 6bITb cKJia.uoK.

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MeTOJla KpenJieHHH
K.neesoro PaHTosoro
UJttpttHa 33T5DKHOfl KpOMKl1, MM ................. . 14-16 15-17
PaCCTOl1Hl1C OT UCHTpOB TCKCOB no rpaHll
CTCJlbKl1, MM ................................................. . 8-lO 4-5
HoMepa rno1nei1 ........................................... . 17-19 12-14

f OJIOBKH rB03.lleH 11J1H TeKCOB .llOJl)KHbl BbICrynaTb Ha.ll noBepXHO-

cn.10 CJie.lla Ha 2-3 MM.
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215
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CKJJanOK H MOplllHH.
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cTeJibKe. llm1 3annKKH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa 06yB11 KJieenoro MeTona Kpe 11 _
JTeHHH nbmOJTHHJOT cJienyJOm11e onepau1111 (p11c. 10.6):
3aTH)l(Ka flHTOYHOH l{aCTH;
33TSI)l(Ka re11eHOYHOH l{3CT11;
3aTH)l(Ka no11KJTanK11 B HOCO'lHOJ'.i YaCTl1 11 HaKJTCHBaHHe 60K01311HOI(·
BKJTeHBatt11e H o6TH)l(Ka KO)l(aHbIX flO)IHOCKOB; .
3aTSI)l(Ka K0)1(3HblX 00.llHOCKOB;
3aTH)l(Ka HOCO'IHO-nyYKOBOH llaCTl1.
Tip11 30n1flJICKe nfln10'1HYIO 'IOCtnb OTr116aJOT 11 HaMa3bJRaJOT nOJTHx._10-
ponpeHOBblM KJTeeM ee 3aTH)KHYJO KpOMKY 11 CTCJibKy. KJieH: HaHoun
pOBHblM CJTOeM, 6e3 crycTKOB. KJieeByJO nJieHKY cywaT np11 TeMnepa-
Type 18- 20 °C B TeYeH11e 2- 3 MHH. TionKJTanKa 11 Bepx llOJI)l(Hbl 6biTL
xopowo BblTHHyTbl H nJIOTHO o6JieraTb nHTOYHyJO 4aCTb KOJIO.UKH 6e3
MOpUl11H 11 CKJTanOK. 3arn)KHYJO KpOMKy nHTOYHOi1 YaCTH np11KJie1rna-
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Ke Ha KoJIO.llKY c MeTaJTJTl1YecKoi1 rnrncTHHOH B nHTOYHOi1 YacT11. TeKcL1
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12
0

PHc. 10.6. CxeMbl 3anDKKH 3arornBKH Bepxa 06ym1 KnceBoro Mern.na Kpem1cH115l:
a - m!TO'lHO-reneHO'IHOi'I •iacn1; 6 - K0)!(3HOro nonHOCKa; 6 - HOCO'IHO-ny'!K0H'' 11
•iacrn (umppa~m noKa3aHa nocnenoBarenbHOCTb JaTR;KKll)

216
Jll>I BblCTynaTb Han nonepxHOCTblO 33HDKHOH KpOMKM Ha 1/3 fu111Hbl.
f{e 3afanyto •1acTh rn03net1 np11m6a10T K cepen11He cTeJJbKIL
flptt Bbfn!)f(Ke JaroTOBKH nepxa JaKpyrneHHe mno•1Hoi1 4acT11 1aro-
rosI<H sepxa Heo6xom1Mo JaxnaTMTb KJJewaMH, BhIT51H}'Tb 11 nonepHyTb
JfX 1-ia 90°' B pe3yJlbTaTC •1ero 33fOTOBKa nepxa nJJOTHO Jl0)f(l1TC5:1 Ha
CffllbKY, JJy<iwe Bb1rnmsaeTC5l H He 06pa3yeT 6oJJbWMX CKJJanoK. Mo-
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Optt 3amRJ1CKe 2eJ1eHOttHoil ttacmu 3a20111oeKu eepxa o6nDKHoti TCKc
JIJ ttee ynanHtoT. Ha reneH0 1 1Hb1e <iacTH JaT51)f(HOi1 KpoMKH 11 CTCJibKH
aaHOC51T paBHOMCpHbI~1 cnoi.f KJJe51, nocne lJero 6oKoBhie CTopOHbI Jaro-
'fOBKH nepxa JarnrnBalOT 11 BpCMCHHO Kpen51T fB03Il51M11 N<2 24- 25 c
JVIOCKOH fOJIOBKOti TaK, <IT06bi JaroTOBKa no rpaHH CTCJibKH DJIOTHO
o6nerana KOJIO.LIKY-
IIonKJianKa .uom1rna 6bITb xopowo BhirnHyrn. W11p11Ha 3anI)f(HOtt
gpoMKH 14 - 16 MM. PaccT051Htte rno3nei1 OT rpaHH CTeJibKH 8- I0 MM,
Me:>K.llY UCHTpaMl1 fB03,Uett - 12- 13 MM.
[B03.1111 .LIOJI)f(Hbl BbICTynaTb Han nonepXHOCTblO 33T51)f(HOH KPOMKH
Ha 1/3 MHHhl. HeJa611Tyio 4aCTb rno311ei1 np11m6atoT K cepem1He cTeJibKH.
3arnH}'Ta5:1 JafOTOBKa Bepxa .llOJI)f(Ha 6b1Th CHMMeTpH'IHO pacnoJJO)f(eHa
Ha KOJlO,UKe, TlllaTCJibHO OKOJT04eHa. rpaHb no BCeMY nepHMeTpy nom1rna
6bITb lJeTKO Bbipa)f(eH£l.
IlpH 3Gl11RJICKe nodKJl(JdKU e llOCO'IHOU ttacmu 3(J2Qnl060K u H(JKJleuea-
HUU 60K06UHOK rB03.llH HJIH TCKCbl 113 HOC04HOH qacn1Y.llaJ151lOT11 OTrH-
6moT ee Ha rpe6cHb KOJIO.llKH. Hoco4HbIC 4aCTH CTeJibKH H nonKJIMKH
npoMaJbJBaJOT poBHhIM cnoeM KJie51 Ha w11p11Hy 33T51)f(HOH KpoMKH,
OTCTyTI351 OT rpaHH CTeJibKH 2 MM. K.JJett ,UOJl)f(eH 6h!Tb HaHeceH 6e3
Cl)'CTKOB H nponycKOB. KneeBblC nJJCHKH B Te4eHHC 2-3 MHH CYlllaT
IlpH TCMneparype 18- 20 °C. CTonKJia.UKY JarnmBaIOT Ha CTCJibKY KJlC-
lI~aMtt no BCeMy nepttMeTpy CTO.llKJI<l.llKa .UOJI)f(Ha TIJJOTHO, 6e3 MOpWHH
H CKJianoK o6neraTb Hoco•rno-ny4KOBYJO Yacrb KOJIO.llKH CKJJanKH
0KOJI3411B3IOT l\!OJIOTKOM. l13JI11WKl1 3aT5l)f(HOH KpOMKH no.nKJJa.UKH
o6pe3aJOT. W11p11Ha JanI)f(HOi1 KPOMKH nocne o6pe3aHirn nonJG'lMKH
I0-12 MM.
Dp11 HJroTOBJJemrn oco6o 3neraHTHOtt 06yn11 HaKJJensaJOr 6oKo-
BRHKH, HaMa3aHHble pOBHbll\1 CJJOeM KJIC51, Ha nonKJJanKY. DOKOBHHKH
.1(0.JDKHbl 3aXO.ll11Tb Ha Kpb1Jlb51 KO)f(aHoro 33.LIH11K3 11 non KO)f(3Hb!M HO-
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CO'iHyIO <JaCTb nonKJlanKH 11 mmeBYIO CTOpOHy KO)f(3HOro nonHOCKa H3HO-
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lloro KJJC51 11 HaKJJCHBalOT nonHOCOK. 3areM TlO.llHOCOK 06rnr11Ba10T H
3a.Kpen115!10T Ha cne.ue Ko11on1<11 TpeMH TeKcaM11 HJlH rno3.U51MH N? 18-
]A'.) c nnocKOM ronoBKOi1. CTpH 11JroToBJJeH1111 oco6o 311eraHTHOH 06ym1

217
OTQJOpMOBaHHbte nonHOCKH c 6axTapM51HOH CTOPOHbl H HOCO'-IHYJO ttacrL
3arnHyroi1 nonKIIa.uKH paBHOMepHO, 6e3 crycTKOB npoMa3b!BaJOT neKCTp11,
HOBO-MyttHblM KJieeM. Krtei1 cywaT 2- 3 MHH. 00.UHOCKH HaK113.ll,bllla1ol
Ha HOCO'-IHYIO t.taCTb JarnHyroti nom<JI3.ll.KH H np11KJie11BaJOT.
nonHOCKl1 IlOJI)KHbf 6bITb pacnoJIO)l(eHbl Cl1MMeTpH'-IHO, nJlOl IJ(J
o6JieraTb HOCO'-IHYIO t.taCTb nonKJia.UKH, He .UOXOilHTb no Kpa51 ee Jan1'J.;_
HOl'l KpOMKH Ha 5-6 MM. 00.UHOCKH IlOJI)l(Hbf 6b!Tb O.UHHaKOBbll\IJJ ll
nape. CTeJiet.tHa51 rpaHb 3arnHyrh1x nonHocKoB noJI)l(Ha 6bITb t.teTKo !JLi-
pa)l(eHa.
np11 30n1RJICKe KOJICOHblX nOOHOCK06 o6T51)1(Hble TeKCbl YilaJI5IIOT. IL1
nonKJia.UKY 11 nonHocoK no 3aT5t)l(HOH KpoMKe HaHoc5tT TOHKHi1 po1i-
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Ba!OT, JaKpenJI51JOT ero Jarn)l(HYJO KpOMKY rB03Il5IMH NQ 18-20 c n.1o-
CK011 roJIOBKOH Ha paccT051HHH 9- IO MM OT rpaHH CTeJibKH. 3annw-
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Ha nonHOCOK, 33T51)1(HYIO KpOMKY nonKJia.IIKH H HOCO'IHYIO lJ.aCTb COl03-
Kl1 HaHOC51T TOHKl1M CJIOH nOJll1XJIOpOnpeHOBOfO KJie51. nocJie CYWKll
KJieeBbIX nJieHOK B TelJ.eHHe 2- 3 MHH 3afOTOBKY Bepxa 3aT5lrttllalOT
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J03Kl1 B nape .IIOJl)l(Hbl HMeTb 0.1111HaKOBhre pa3Mephl H CHMMeTpl!'IHO
pacnonaraTbC51 Ha KononKe.
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cepe.1111He cTeJibKH. CpenH5151 JIHHH51 JaroTOBKH sepxa .UOJI)l(Ha npo,o-
.IIHTb no cepen11He rpe6H51 KOJIO.IIKH. PaccToHHHe OT ueHTpa TeKca JO
rpaHH CTeJibKH .IIJl51 KJieesoro MeTona: B BHCKax H ny'-!Kax 8- IO \1:-.1. B
nepei1Max 6-8 MM; II,Jl51 paHTOBOro MeTona: B BHCK3X 9-11 M'.\I. ll
ny'-IKOBOH '13CTH 4-5 MM .
.lLn51 06ym1 KJieenoro MeTona KpenJieHHH npttMeHHJOT TeKCbI N! 17 ~
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MeTona KpenJieHHH HBJIHeTCH TO, 4TO ee 4aCTH 3aT51fHBaJOT no-pa3HO-
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218
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219
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I151TOYHOH YaCTl1 06ys11 MO)l(eT 6b!Tb 3aMeHeHO ropSIYl1M ¢opMOB3HlfC\f
Ha crreuttaJihHOH MaWHHe.
EcJI11 11cnoJih3YIOT 3anHttKl1 113 TepMonJiaCTl1YecK11x MaTep11aJion 11
KO)l(KapTOHa, a I10.UHOCKl1 - 113 TepMOnJiaCTl1YeCKl1X l1Jll1 3JiaCTll'l-
HhlX MaTepl1aJIOB, TO rrponOJI)l(l1TeJihHa51 OCHOBHaSI cywKa o6yBH l\fO-
)l(eT 6bITb 3aMeHeHa 6oJiee 3cpcpeKTl1BHOH BJia)l(HO-TenJIOBOH o6pa-
60TKOH.
<l>opMOBaHHe (OKOJia'IHBaHHe) UHTO'IHOH 'laCTH. CTocJie OKOJiaYl!lla-
H11SI 60KOBOH nosepxHOCTl1 llSITOYHa51 YaCTb JIOJl)l(Ha l1MeTb YeTKO Bbl-
pa)l(eHHYIO rpaHb M npaBl1JlhHYI0 cpopMy rne3.na .lIJl51 Ka6JiyKa. 3aLIHllK
JIOJI)l(eH l1JIOTHO o6JieraTh nmoYHYIO YaCTb KOJIOilKl1. Ha MaTep11aJie nep\'1
He nonycKaIOTCSI MOPllll1Hhl 11 CKJiaLIKl1. a Ha 60KOBOH nosepxHOCTll
nSITOYHOH YaCTl1 06yB11 - nnanl1Hhl 11 6yrpbl. )lJISI OKOJiaY11BaHH5l m1-
TOYHOH YaCTl1 o6yBl1 11cnoJib3YIOT canO)l(HblH MOJIOTOK 11Jll1 cneuH<Llb-
HOe 06opy.nosaH11e.
ropH'lee 4JopMOBaHHe CJie)J.a. TioCJie cpopMOBaHl1SI rpaHh HOCOtfHOll
YaCTl1 06yn11 JIOJl)l(Ha 6h!Th YeTKO Bbipa)l(eHa 11 COOTBeTCTBOBaTh ¢op\!C
KOJIOJIKl1. He .nonycKalOTCSI nepe)l(Ortt MaTep11aJia nepxa.

220
 PelKllM ropJ1'1ero cJ>opMOBaHHJI HOCO'IHOH 'laCTH Ha npecce nr<I>
TeMneparypa MaTp11u, °C, JUUi 3arornnoK:
J
' 113 KO:>K xpoMonoro .ny611emrn ............... ..................... 90- 120
113 IOcPTH ............. ........................................................ 55 - 60
,UaBJ1eH11e, K0a ............................................................... (3-3,5)10 2
BpeMH, c.......................................................................... 20-40
fpaHb IUITO'IHOH l.faCTl1 CJ1ella nocJJe ropSll.fero ¢opM08aHl1SI .llOJl)f(-
11a 6bITb l.feTKO 8b!pa)f(eHa 11 nOJ1HOCThIO COOTBeTCTB08aTb ¢opMe KO-
noJlKl1. He norrycKaIOTC51 nepe)f(Ofl1 uepxa 06y811. Pe)f(l1M ropS1l.fero ¢op-
MoBaHl1SI nSITOl.fHOH l.faCTl1 06y811 TaKOi1 )f(e, KaK 11 HOCOl.fHOH l.faCTH.
Cyu.oca. 3arnHyTyIO o6y8h cywaT np11TeMneparype60 °C, ornoc1ueJ1L-
aoi1 BJ1a)f(HOCTl1 B03nyxa 30 % 11 cKopocT11 .ll811)f(eH11S1 803nyxa I M/c.
0pO,lIOJl)l(11TeJibHOCTb cywKl1 06YBl1 c ¢opM08aHHblMl1 KO)f(aHbll\111 3a.ll-
ffHI<:aMl111 nonHOCKaMl1 (11Jil1 3JiaCTI1'1HblMl1 nO.llHOCKaM11), BKJieeHHblMl1
nocJie HaMa3Kl1 JiaTeKCHbIM KJieeM, COCTa8JISleT 2 q; 06y811 c nJIOCKl1-
MH KO)l(aHblMl1 3a.llHl1KaMl1 11 rIOllHOCKaMl1 (11J111 3JiaCTl1l.fHbIMl1 IIOll-
tlOCKaM11), 8KJieeHHhIMl1 nocJie HaMa3Kl1 JiaTeKCHhIM KJieeM, - 7 -9 l.f.
Co,llep)f(aH11e 8Jiarn 8 KO)f(aHblX .neTaJISIX nocJie cyWK11 .lI,OJI)f(HO 6b!Th He
Bl>Illie 18 %.
,U;rn ¢11Kcau1111 ¢opMbI oco6o 113HWHoi1 06y811 pa3fJia)f(118aIOT 8epx
ropHl.fl1M 803.llYXOM, xorn 3Ta onepaU11H HBJISleTCH OT.lleJIOl.fHOM 11 8bl-
IlOJIHHeTCH Ha 3a8eprna10weM 3Tarre np0113BOllCT8a.
BmuK110-Tem1osas o6pa6oTKa. BJ1a)f(HO-TenJ108asi o6pa6oTKa, 11J111
BJla)f(HO-TenJI08aSI cPl1KCaUl1H (BT<D), ¢opMhl 3aroT08Kl1 8epxa COCTO-
HT 113 nocJie.ll08aTeJihHOro 803lleHCT8HSI Ha o6y8b BJia)f(HOro TeIIJIOro,
cyxoro ropSl'Iero 11 xoJionHoro 803nyxa.
BJia)f(HbIM TenJihIM 803.llYXOM o6pa6aTLIBaIOT TOJibKO J111ue8yt0 cTo-
poHy KO)f(H.
PelKHM o6pa6oTKH BJia:IKHbtM TenJJbtM BOJ.IJYXOM

TeMnepaTypa, °C ................................................................ 65 ± 5
BpeMJI, MHH ....................................................................... I - 1.5
0THoCHTeJJbHan n11a:>KHOCTb nOJnyxa, % ............................. OK0110 I 00
ITon neticT811eM 8J1a)f(HOro TenJioro 803.llyxa KO)f(a Y8Jia)f(HSJeTcH 11
11arpe8aeTcS1, l.fTO ycKopsieT peJiaKcau1110. KpoMe Toro, y8J1a)f(HeH11e,
kaK 11 Harpe8am1e, yneJ111l.f118aeT pa3Mepb! KO)f(l1, l.fTO TaK)f(e CHH)f(aeT
OCTaTOl.fHble HanpmKeHl1H 8 Heit.
TeMneparypa o6pa6oTKH cyx11M ropsil.fHM 803.llyxoM 3a811c11T OT Ma-
TepuaJia 3aroT08KH 8epxa . .[lJISI o6yBH 113 KO)f(H c Jrnue80H no8epxHO-
CTblO, OKpaweHHOH Kpac11TeJIHMH, He MeHSIIOW11Ml1 OTTeHKa npH Ha-
I'pe8aH1111, 3aTSIHYTOM Ha TepMOCTOHKHH KJiei1-pacnJia8, npHMeHSJeTCSI
Pe)f(l1M HHTeHCH8HOH o6pa60TKH npH TeMneparype 100- 120 °C. llJIH
06y1m H3 KO)f( c HCKYCCT8eHHOti o6Jiaropo)f(eHHOH Jll1Ue80H no8epx-
llocTbIO, TepMonJiaCTHl.feCKHl\111 33llH11KaMH H nonHOCK3MH. 3aTHHY-
Toi1: c npen8ap11TeJ1bHhlM HaHeCeHHeM TepMOnJiaCTHl.feCKOfO KJieH, HC-
noJlb3YIOT MeHee HHTeHCH8Hb1i1 pe)f(HM 06pa60TK11 (no 100 T).

221
 BpeM51 o6pa6orKH yneJIH<IHBaercH c noHtt)f(eH11eM Tel\meparyp 1,1
no3.nyxa.

PeJKHM o6pa6oTKH cyxuM ropH'IHM BOJ~OM

TeMnepaTypa, °C ................................................................. . 100-12(1
Bper.rn, MllH ......................................................................... 2,5-7
CKopocTb nBmKeHlrn BoJnyxa, M/c ...................................... . 5

non .nettCTBHeM cyxoro ropH<Iero B03llYX3 K0)1(3 HHTeHCHBHO TC(1>1CT

BJJary, l[TO npHBO.llHT K B03HHKHOBemuo 3H34HTeJibHbIX HanpmKCHllii
11 ee yca.nKe.
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BO.lll1TC5! Ha KOHBettepe HJIH B ycraHOBKe BTO npH reMneparype 1Jo 3.
.nyxa B uexe B TetieHHe I -2 MHH. nocJie o6pa6oTKH TeMneparypa 00\'-
BH .llOJl)f(Ha 6bITb TaKOH, l!T06bI MO)f(HO 6bIJIO BbinOJIHHTb noc11eny1D-
1UHe onepawm.
nocJIC BJ13)f(HO-TenJIOBOH o6pa60TKl1 33fOTOBKH 13epxa o6yBH JlO.l;!;-
Hhl nJIOTHO, 6e3 CKJ131lOK 11 MOPlUHH 0611eraTb KOJIO.llKY.
Ha 06yl311 He llOJI)f(HO 6b1Tb ITHTCH, noBpe)f(lleHHH l1 orneYaTK013 OT
conpHKOCHOBemrn 06y1311 c ynopaMH HJIH no11ynap .npyr c npyrol\1.
B11a)f(Ho-ren11013yio o6pa6orey 13hinOJIHHIOT nocJie o6rn)f(H0-3arn;+;-
HhIX onepau11ti .no ropHYero cpopMoBaHHH c11ena HJIH no 133bepow1rna-
HH5I 3armKHOtt KpOMKH. B pe3yJihTare :::iroro 13hicyweHHaH KO)f(a copli11-
pyer BJiary l13 B03.llyxa, YTO CHH)f(aer Harrp51)f(CHH51 13 HCi1.
nocJie BJl3)f(HO-TenJIOBOH o6pa60TKH BHyrpCHHHe HanpH)f(eHlrn ll
MarepttaJie, B03HHKWHe nptt cpopMOB3HHH, CHHM3IOTC5I; 33fOTOBKa
JIY4WC npmpopM013bJBaerc51 K KOJIO,llKe, nOBbIWalOTCH OCTaTOllHOe y;1-
JIHHeHHC l1 cpopMOYCTOttl.Jl1130CTb o6yBH.

10.5. ,QecpeKTbl cpopMosaH"1ff 3aroTOBOK sepxa 06ys1.1

.Ue<f>eKTbl, B03HHK3l01UHC npH cp0pMOB3HHH 33fOT0130K nepxa 00\ -

Bl!, KJiacc11¢11u11pyior B COOTBCTCTBHH c onepaUH51MM 11 npouecca\111
¢opMOB3HH51, nptt KOTOpbIX OHM B03HMK3IOT BCJICllCTBMC HapyweHll51
ycraHOBJieHHhIX TeXHOJIOrMYeCKMX HOpMaTHBOB l1 npyrnx nptt4l!H.
Pa3Jltt<Iaior cJienyioiutte rpynnhI necpeKTOB ¢opM0BaH115I npw
I) HapyweHHH rexHOJIOrMH nponeneHttH nonroronttreJihHhIX one-
pau11ti, npenwecrnyiourn:x ¢opMoBaHHIO:
yBJia)f(HeH1m 3aroronoK Bepxa - HenocraroYHoe yBJ1a)f(HeH11e 11.
K3K CJiencrntte, pa3pb!B 3aroTOBKH Bepxa npH ¢opMOB3HHH;
nonrOTOBKe II CM33Ke KOJIO.llOK - 113-33 orcyrcrmrn CM33Kll no1-
KJI31lK3 J\IO)f(CT npHKJieHB3TbC51 K KOJIO.llKC;
npl!KpenJieHHH CTeJieK H o6pa60TKC HX KOHTypa - HenJIOTHOC np11-
J1eram1e 11 HeconnaneH11e KpaeB creJIC'-IHoro yJJia c rpaHhlO c;1ena 1--0-
JIOllKH;

222
1 2) ne¢eKTbI npe1rnap1neJJbHoro ¢opMoBamrn:
. npH o6pa6oTKe J.1 BCTaBKe 331IHHKOB - MOPlllHHbl, CKJJallKH, He-
4efKO Bbipa)l(eHHa51 rpaHb, BbJJJeram1e 3allHHKOB;
npe11sap11TeJ1bHOM cj)OpMOBaHHH rnITOYHOH YaCTH Bepxa - Hepac-
llPaBJieHHbJe Bepx H nonKJJauKa, nospe)l(lleHHe WBOB 3aroTOBKH Bep-
J(ll, HeilJJOTHOe npHJJeraHHe 3a.Ll.HHKa;
BCTaBKe H o6pa60TKe no11HOCKOB - HenJJOTHa51 nocanKa, MOPWll-
llbl H CKJl31IKH, HeYeTKO Bbipa)l(eHHmr rpaHb c11e11a B HOCOYHOH YaCTH,
pa3H351 lIJIHHa OOllHOCKOB B nape, BblJleraHHe OOllHOCKOB;
3) ne¢eKTbl o6rn)l(KH H 3aT51)1(KH 3aroTOBOK nepxa 06y1m:
H3-3a HenpaB11J1bHOro pacnOJJO)l(eHJ.151 (Hall,eBaHH51) 3aroTOBKH Bep-
xa Ha KOJJO.llKY - ee nepeKoc;
o6rn)l(KH - HeCHMMeTpH'-IHOCTb pacnoJJO)l(eHH51 neTaJJett, n11oxa51
ebJT5l)l(Ka 3aroTOBKH nepxa, CKJJallKH Ha no11KJ1a11Ke, WHPHHa 3arn)l(-
1{0H KpOMKH 60;1ee 16 MM HJIH )Ke HellOCTaTOYHa51 ee WHpHHa;
JaT51)1(KH - OTC}'TCTBHe YeTKO o¢opMJJeHHblX rpaHeH nOC;le 3aT51)1(-
KH, nepeKOCbl no11KJ1a,llKH, neTaJJCH 11 Bcett 3aroTOBKH, MOPLIHIHbl,
uapanHHbl, canKa JIHUeBOH nosepXHOCTH, pa3pb1Bbl MaTepHaJJa H WBOB
JafOTOBKH Bepxa.

rnasa 11
nP"'1KPEnilEH"'1E ,QETAilEf.11 H"'13A 06YB"'1

11.1. no.QroTOBKa cne.Qa o6ysH K npHKpenneHHto no,Qows

Onepamm no npHKpenJJett1110 11ern11etl HH3a 06yn11 ycJJOBHO 11eJI5IT

Ha .use rpynnbl:
nonroTaRJlHBalOlllHC 3arnH}'TblH Ha KOJIOllK)' CJJen 06yn11 K np11Kpen-
JICH1110;
co6crneHHO npHKpennem1e.
ITepeYeHb nonroTOBHTeJJbHbIX onepau11i1 H nop51110K 11x BbinOJIHe-
HHH onpeneJI5IIOT KOHCTPYKUHett 06}'BH, cnoco6oM 3arn)l(KH 3aroTOB-
ICH Bepxa Ha KOJIOllK}'. THilOM npHMeHHCMOro 06opy110BaHH5!.
HeK0Topb1e nonroTomneJibHbie onepau1111 BbinOJJH51IOT He3aBHCH-
t.to OT MCTOlla KpenJieHH51 (Hanp11Mep, Y.llaJJCHl1e CTeJJeYHbIX Kpen11Te-
Jlet;i), HO B OCHOBHOM nonroTOBHTeJibHble onepaun11 wrn Ka)l(lIOro Me-
To,lla Kpennett115! pa3JIH4Hbl.
Ilp11 noiJzomoeKe c11e11a 06yn11 K KpenJieHHJO nonows iJepeeRHHO-
lilflUJlel.fHbt.M, 6UHl1106bl.M, 26030e6b/M 11 npoUJU6Hbl.M .Memoda.MU BbinOJIH51-
IOT CJJe11y10wHe onepawm:
nepsoe yn.na)l(Hem1e KO)l(aHbIX cTeJJeK;
Y.D:Me1rne Kpemnenetl 113 CTeJJbK11;
np11:Kpennem1e reJieHKa 11 npocTHJIK11;
YBJia)l(HeHHe KO)l(aHblX nonows u nonMeToK;

223
 HaKJJanbrnaHHe nonowBhl (onepau1rn peKoMeHnycMaH);
CHHTl1C 06y1311 C KOJIOnoK;
BTOpoe yBJia)l(HeH11e KO)KaHblX CTCJICK.
Op11 noocomo61ce cncna 06yB11 K Kpcnnctt1110 nonowB paHmOeb1.1 1 11
paH1noKJ1eeeb1M MemooaAtu BhmOJIHJIJOT cnenYJOm11e onepau1111:
cKpenneH11e reneHO'-IHOH yaCTH 33fOTOBKH Bepxa KJJCeM c ry601j
CTeJibK11 (np11 paHTOKJieCBOH 33T51)1(Ke);
ynaneH11e npoBOJIOKl1 11 3aHDKHOro TeKca;
o6pe3Ka 113J1HWKOB 3aT51)KHOH KpOMKH;
yBJia)KtteHHe 11 npOBHJIHBaHHC KO)KaHoro pattrn;
npHWHBaH11e pattTa (Ha MaWHHe HJIH BpyYHYIO).
0onroTOBKa CJlena K npHWHBaHHIO paHTa BpyYHyJO 3aKJJIOYaeTC5! ll
ynaneH11H 3aT5l)l(HblX wnHJICK 11 rBOJnetl:, BpeMCHHO KpenHlUl1X OCHOIJ-
HYJO CTeJibKY K KOJIOnKe, KJiemaM11 H TCKCOBbITaCKHBaTeJleM 11 CPC3a-
HHl1 H3J1HlllKOB JaTH:>KHOH KpOMKH. W11p1rna 3aT51)KHOH KpOMKH no BCC\I\'
nep11MeTpy noJI)l(Ha 6bITh l 0- 12 MM. .
)lJIH o6JierYeHH51 npOKaJihIBaHHH OCHOBHOfl CTeJibKl1 WHJlOM no
JIHH11H np11w11BaH11H paHTa cc YBJia)KHHJOT 11 nonpcJaIOT non ynoM
30-45° Ha l/3 TOJllUl1Hhl Ha paCCTOHHl111 13-17 MM OT KpaH.
Ha JaTH)!(HYJO KpOMKY 3aroTOBKH Bepxa w11noM 11n11 ocTpHCM ca-
nm1moro HO)!(a HaHOCHT op11eHTHpOBOYHYIO JIHHl1IO llJ15l npOKOJIOB. 0Ha
npoxon11T Ha paCCTOHHHH OT rpaHH cncna KOJIOnKH 1,5- 2 MM.
PaHT YBJ1a)KHJ110T, norp~a51 B Bony npu TCMncparype 23-27 "C Ha
10-15 c, npOBHJIHBaJOT B TCYeHHe 1-1,5 '-I non BJ1a)!(H011 MCWKOf!ll-
HOH. Opu tteo6xon11MOCTH TOJllUHHy pattrn Bh1paBHHBa10T.

Pa3Mepb1 pauTa
W11p11Ha DJIH 06ym1. MM:
MY:>KCKOH . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . ... . . ............. 16
:>KeHCKOH . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 14
Tommrna .LLMI 06yB11, MM:
MY:>KCKOii . ....... ... .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . 2
:>KeHcKoil .................................................................... I, 75
W11p1rna cnycKa paHrn c 1111ueBoi1 CTopOHbl, MM......... 2-2,5
Tommrna cnycKa pattrn .................................................. 2/3 TOJIWHHbl

PaHT np11w11Ba10T nByxHHTOYHhlM WBOM tt11TKaM11 KanpottoBhI'lll

N9 565K 11 470K, KOTOphIC rrponHTbmaJOT MhIJihHOH 3MYJlhCHei\. 11.111
JlbH51HhlMl1 105 TeKC x 8 11 105 TeKC x 7, KOTOpbIC npenBapHTCJibHO npo-
nttTbIB3IOT nYeJIHHbIM BOCKOM 11Jlll BapoM. Optt np11w11BaHHH paHT .11!-
UCBOH CTopottoti HaKJJanhmaJOT Ha 3arn)!(tty10 KpOMKY TaK, YT06b1 cro
cnymettHbIH Kpatl: 6bIJI o6pawett K cepc1111He CTCJlhKH. OpoKOJlbI uu1-
JIOM np0113BOnHT CO CTOpOHhl CTCJihKl1 '-ICpC3 ntto nopC3KH. fny61111 3
npoKOJia OCHOBHOH CTCJihKH HC noJl)!(Ha npCBhTillaTb ITOJ10Bl1Hhl ee ro:i-
lUHHbl.
0CTpHC w1-ma, npotl:nH YepC3 3afOTOBKY Bcpxa, nomKHO Bblt'ITll TO'll1°
Ha HaHcCeHttylO Ha JaTJl)KHOH KPOMKC JIHHl1IO, a JaTeM npoKOJIOTb pal1 1·

224
JJl>litIUI B cnyweHHhIH cro Kpai1 c mmeBoi1 cTopOHhI. PaccTosrn11e npo-
JCOJIOB OT BHYTPCHHero Kpa5! paHTa no BCeMy nepHMeTpy 4-5 MM.1J,.rn1-
l{3 cTe)l(KOB B HOCOl.J.HOH lJ.aCTH 5-6 MM, B OCTa.TlbHblX 6- 7 MM. Ka)l(-
Jlblff cTe)l(OK nomKeH 6bITh TWaTeJibHO YTSIHYT H OKOJiolJ.eH. Ha1.J.11Ha10T
JI 3aKaH1.J.l1Ba!OT npHWHBaTb paHT Ha Jll1HHH nyqKOB HJIH Ha JlHHl111
cl>POHTa Hl13KOro Ka6nyKa.
Ilocne np11w11naH1rn paHTa ero BHyrpeHH11i1 Kpai1 nonpe3a10T Ha
paccTOSIHHH 3 MM OT WBa. KOHUhl cnycKalOT Ha HeT no Bcei1 w11p1rne
1{3 10 MM. 3aTeM paHTOBbIH WOB OKOJlalJ.HBalOT. PaHT pacnpaBJISllOT no
fOpU30HTa.TlbHOro nOJIO)l(eHHSI KOCTOl.J.KOH 11 OrJia)l(HBalOT MOJlOTKOM.
}J.aIIee BhinOJlHSllOT cneny10w11e onepau11w
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o6pe3aHllC H3Jll1WKOB paHTa H 33TSl)l(HOH KpOMKH;
np11Kpenncm1e nonrnlTOlJ.HHKOB (np11 HX OTCYfCTBHH Ha CTCJlbKC).
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CTH. Ero np11KpenJJS110T n11uenoi1: cTopoHoti K Jarn)l(HOH KpoMKe Jaro-
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no.uowBe. PaHT HanceKalOT c 6axrnpMSIHOi1: cTopoHhI non yrnoM 30° Ha
1/3 TOJIW11Hhl. PaccTOSIHHe Me)l(Jly HacelfKaMH cocTannS1eT (9 ± I) MM.
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rrytlKOB). 3anHl1H Kpatf reJJCHKa noJI)l(eH 3axon11Tb non Ka6nyK Ha
18-20 MM;
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KH Ha (I ±0,5) MM, a ee cnyweHHaSI lfaCTb nponomKaTbCSI 3a Jll1HHIO
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llteHHS! ITOJlOWBbl npH npHCTpalfHBaHHH) 11 cywKa KJieenotf ITJlCHKH
(B TelfeHHC 20- 30 MHH np11 Tel\meparype 18- 20 °C l1 HCnOJib30BaHHl1
nonmnonpeHonoro KJieSI).
J:Lnsi o6yBl1 001111eJ/bH020 11 COH00J1bH020 Mem0006 KpellJleHUR nonro-
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B3bepoWHBaH11e 3aTSl)l(HOH KpOMKH;
8
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 npHKpenJieHHC reJieHKOB (np11 HCDOJlb30BaHHII 0IlHHapHoi1 c1c·11,_
KH BMCCTO CTCJIC4HOro Y3Jia);
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np11KpenJiem1e MeTaJIJIHYecKoro reJieHKa;
npocnuiaHHe CJie,na o6yBH.

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rBOJ)leBOH MeTO.ll,. nptt fB03JieBOM MeTOne (pHC. I I. I) fB03./lb, npo-

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no.now By CKJICHBaJOT c KO)KaHOH OO)lJIO)KKOH Ha MaWHHe ACf- I9
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227
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Me1K1ly:
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B HOCOlJHOi-i lfaCTI\ nonown:
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yacn1 nonowB BTOpbI\f p5!.!lOl\t BIIHTOB.
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228
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• JibKH (p11c. 11.4, a). H11TO'IHbIH
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p;oWBbl. npoWl1BHOH MeTOll Kpen-
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BYJO ITOllOWBY CTaB51T DOllJIO)!(KY C I- nonowna; 2- CTeJJbKa; 3 -- 06no}1Ka;
nope3KOH, KOTOpa51 OCTaeTC51 OT- 4 - BllHT; 5 - JaTmKHOrt fll03Jlb; 6 -
JC.PbITOH (pl1C. 11.4, 6). nol1JIO)!(Ky n pOCTl1JI Ka

npmmrnaroT K CTeJibKe OllHOHl1TO'I-

HblM uenHbIM WBOM Ha MaWHHe KT-80 qmpMbI Hardo (fepMaHl!51), a
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4
8
4

3
9
2

1 7 1 2 7 6 5
a 6

PJ.1:c. 11.4. nonepC'IHblC pa3pC3bl 06ym1 npOWl1BHOro MCTOlld KpenJICHllW

1- nope3Ka; 2 - 3arnJKHb1e CK06K11; 3- o6no;:rKa; 4- onHoH1no•JHblil won; 5-
no.u.owsa; 6- OCHOBHa5! CTCJlbKa; 7- npOCTl1J!Ka; 8 - JlllyxHllTO'IHblii l!IOB; 9-
nOJl!lOlKKa

229
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nponHThIBaKn napoM. PaccTOHHHe CTpO'-IKH OT KpaH cTeJihKH 3-6 ~l\J,
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BTa'IHOU Mern.u. Brn'-IHhIM MCTOJlOM KpenJTeHHH (p11c. 11.5) H3roTOB-
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3aTeM 11.CTaJTH CWHBalOT Ha WBCHHOH MaWHHe 6axrnpM5IHOH (BHYTPCH-
HCH) crnpoHoi1 Hapy~. nocJTe ::irnro o6ysb Bhmopa'-IHBaIOT mmenoii
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Ha KOJTOD.KC 6axrnpM51HOH CTOpOHOH Hap~, nonowny npHKpenJlHIOT
K KOJTOD.KC JlllUCBOi1 CTOPOHOH. 3aroTOBKY Bepxa CKpenJTHIOT c no110111-
BOH nOTaHHblM WBOM BPY'-1.HYIO HJTll Ha MaWHHe. 06pa60TaHHYIO o6yBb

4
5

PHC. 11.5. no11cpCYHblii pa3pC3 06ym1 P11C. 11.6. noncpc<fHblH pa3peJ 0Gy11JI
BTa<fHOrO ~teTOll.a Kpen;lCHIHI: BblBOpOTHOro MCTOiUl KpenJleHWI:
I - BK.!1a..1H;rn cTCJJLKa; 2 - nonowBa; 3 - I - nonowna; 2 - no.:rK1am;.a; 3 - :i;H<1 ·
won; 4 - JaroTOIJKa ttepxa; 5 - no11- TOBKa Bepxa; 4 - KOCOfi nonpe3 nOLIOillHb1•
KJ1arIKa 5 - norniiHoii WOB

230
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Pttc. 11.7. nonepe'!HbIH pa3pC3 06ym1
caH.naJJbHOro MeTO,Ua KpenJJeHIHI:
1- JafOTOeKa nepxa; 2 - H3KJla.IlHOii paHT;
3 - ii:eyxHllTO'IHblll woe; 4 - no.uowea
P11c. 11.8. nonepe'IHbIH pa3pe3 06ym1
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I - cTeJJbKa; 2 - HaKJJa.uttoi1 paHT; 3 -
JarorneKa nepxa; 4- noii:KJ1anKa; 5 - ii:nyx-
HllTO'IHbltt woe; 6 - noii:owna

CHHMalOT c KOJTOilOK, BbIBOpatmBalOT, CHOBa HaneBalOT Ha KOJTOilKY H

OfJIIDKHB3IOT. IlOCJTe OKOH'-IaTCJlbHOfO CHSITHSI C KOJTOilOK BHYTPh 06YBH
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OOYBb OTilCJlblB3IOT.
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BH 3aTSJ)l(H3SI KPOMKa JaroTOBKH Bepxa caHilllilbHOro MCTona Kpenne-
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11.8) np11MCHHIOT B OCHOBHOM MH H3fOTOBJTCHHH 06yB11 OCCHHe-Be-
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CBOikrnaM11.
Hoene o6pe3aH11H 113JlHWKOB nonowBbI H JaTfDKHOH KpoMKl1 nonow-
By IlpHKpenJlSIIOT K OTOrHYTOtf Hapy)l(y 3aTH)l(HOH KpOMKe 3aroTOBK11
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231
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232
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233
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234
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235
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236
 Ha npo'IHOCTb CKJle11namrn cywecTBCHHO n11115leT yrniJKa K11eeemi
flfleHKU, B03Hl1KaiowaH np11 ynaJieH1111 pacrnop11Te11eii. YcM l\ICHbIUC
yca.nKa KJleenoi1 CTJlCHKM, TCM Bb~We npOYHOCTb CKJ1Cl1BC\HllH. YBCJll1- c
qeHMCM 3JTaCTH'IHOCTl1 KJlCCBOH CTJJCHKl1 BJll15!HllC yca)]Kl1 Ha npO'l-
flOCTh cKJle11samrn yMeHbwaeTc.H.
Dp11 Bb16ope KJleH Heo6xo1111Mo YYllTbIBaTb csoi1crna cKJ1c1rnae-
MbIX Marepmurns, Hanp11Mep n01rnpHOCTb. llJrn cKJle1rnaH11H nom1p-
flbIX 11CKyCCTBCHHbIX KO)!( c nOJil1Bl1HHJIXJJOp11JIHbIM noKpblT11e:\I
aeueJiecoo6pa3Ho 11cno11b3onaTb Hl13Kono11.HpHb1i1 nom1xnoponpetto-
Bb1H KJieii, HMCIOWHH HH3KYIO a)]fC311IO K Marep11aJiy. noBbIWCHHOe
co.uep)!(att11e B HeKoTopbIX Marep11aJiax )!(Hpon, n11acr11qrnKaropon 11
MSlf'-111TCJICt1 pe3KO CHH)!(aeT npO'IHOCTb KJlCCBOro wna. llmr HOpM<l-
]IHJaUHH co.rrep)!(aHHH )!(11pa B HarypaJibHbTX KO)!(aX, a TaK)!(C n11acr11-
cPMKaTopoB n MHfYHTCJie~i B HCKYCCTBCHHblX KO)!(aX Tpe6ycTC5! ra-
11oreH11poBaHHC CKJTC11BaeMbIX nonepXHOCTCH, Hanp11Mep )]llXJJOp-
aMMHaMH.
,UJIH o6ecneYCHl15l npo 1rnoro CKJJCl1BaHl15l Marep11anoB HCOOXO.ll11Ma
nonroTOBKa 11x nonepxHocrei1. C11e.nyeT y.naJTHTb 3arpHJHeH115! B3bepo-
IllttBaHHCM 111111 WJTHcPOBaHl1CM, YTO cyweCTBCHHO Y13CJTll'll1T nonepx-
HOCTb KOHTaKTa KJleH co CKJle11BaCMbIM MaTepHaJIOM. HHor.na aKTl1Bl1-
pyior CKJICHBaCMble nosepXHOCTH XHMllYCCKHMl1 npenapaTaMl1.
ITpoYHOCTb np11KJle11BaH11H noBbiwaercH n pe3y11brare coorneTcTmrn
KOHT)'pOB CKJ1CHBaCMbIX noBepXHOCTCH 11 co6JTIO.llCHl15! pC)f(l1MOB CKJlC-
HBaHH5! (npeM.H CYWKH 11 aKTl1BaU11H, TCMneparypa aKTl1BaUim KJlCe-
BbIX TIJICHOK, npOJIOJI)KHTCJlbHOCTb 11 .naBJICHl1C npCCCOB3HHH). noCJJC
npHKJICHBaHHH CTOJIOWBbl nepe.n BbinOJlHCHl1Cl\1 OTJICJIOllHblX onepaw11'1
Heo6xonmv1 Bhicroi1.
K onepau11.HM co6cTBCHHo np11Kpen11eH11H Hl13a 06ym1 KJleenoro
Merona KpenJTCHHH OTHOC5!TC5! aKTHBaU115! KJlCCBOH n11eHKl1, HaKJla]1bl-
BaHHe nOJIOWBbl Ha CJICJI 06yB11 H npeccoBaH11e, BhTCTO~i 06yn11.
Ha :noM yYaCTKe MO)f(HO TaK)!(e np11KpenJTHTb Ka611yK11, HO '1awe
BCero 3TY onepau11t0 BbinOJIHHIOT Ha JaKJllOYHTeJTbHOM y 1iacTKe 0T.ne11-
KH o6yBH.

Pe.lKHM aKTuuau,uu KJ1eeuL1x KJJeHoK

3anD!<H3H KpOMKa:
I) BpeMH, MHH .................................................................. 2-4
TeMnepaTypa, °C ........................................................... 60
2) BpeMH, MHH .................................................................. I -- 2
TeMnepaT)'pa, °C ........................................................... 80
nonowna:
BpeMH, MllH ................................................................... 0,5- I
TCMnepa-rypa, °C ........................................................... 90--100

Ko)!(aHylO no.nowny HaKJla.llbIBalOT Ha c11e.n o6yBH rnK, YT06hT np11-

nycK 6bTJI O)]HHaKOBblM OTHOCHTCJibHO rpaHH CJlCJia. noJtOWBY OKOJli:l-
tlliBaIOT caITO)!(HblM MOJIOTKOM.

237
 Ll115l np11KJTe1mamrn nonowB np11MeH5l10T IrnyxceKu110HHbIH npccc
nnr-4-0, a TaK)l(e npeCCbl qrnpM Hardo 11 Brocksieper (fepMaHJHJ).
nocJlC H3K!laJlbIBaH115l nonOWBbl npeCCYIOT B TC4CHl1C 40-60 C Tlp1 1
M3KCl11\13.:1bHOM naBJ1CHl111 0,3- 0,5 M na. nepen BbinOJlHeHMeM Cic-
ny10m11x onepau11ti Heo6XOJIHM BbICTOH o6yBH He Mettee 30 MllH I!
HOpMaJlbHblX yCJlOBlrnx 111111 nYTeM OXJ1a)l(lleHl15l B cneul1aJlbHOH l\.<l\IC-
pe 180042/PI qmpMhl ZPS-SM (Y.ex1rn) B Te'lett11e 2-3 MHH.
MeTon ropH'leil BYJIKaHHlauuu. ByJ1Ka11u3au.u11 - Textto11orn'1ecK1ui
npouecc, np11 KOTOpOM Kay'lyK npeBparuaeTC5l B pe3HHY BCJ1encrn11c
COeJ11rneHl15l ero MaKpOMOJlCKYJl nonepet1HbJMl1 CB5l35lMll B npoCTpa11-
CTBeHHYIO ceTKy. TaK KaK npouecc nponon11Trn np11 noBhIWeHHOH ini-
nepaType ( 140-200 °C), ero Ha3bIBalOT rop5l'ICH BYJ1KaH11Jam1ei1.
CYTb l\leTona (p11c. 11.13) JaKJ110'IaeTC5l B c11eJiy10rueM. 3arnH)'l\1o
JaroTOBKY Bepxa 06yn11 HaneBalOT Ha npecCOBYIO KOJlOnK)', Cbipy!O pc-
311HOBYIO CMCCb 111111 rpaHyJlbl JaKJlanbIBalOT B npecc-cj)OpMy, COCT051-
lllYIO 113 MaTpHUhI 11 nyattcotta. Op11 CMbJKatt1111 'IaCTett npecc-<Pop~1L1
OJIHOBpeMeHHO npo11cxon5lT cpopM0Batt11e, ny11KaH11Jau115l 11 np11Kpcn-
11ett11e HHJa K Bepxy 06y1m.
ByJJK3Hl13aUl1IO npononm B npeccax nrB-3-0 11 nrBC-2 npH Jl3[l-
JleHHH 2,5 Mna, TeMnepaType nyattcotta 170- 180 °C, TeMnepaType
MaTp11u 135- 140 °C. BpeM5l nynKaH113au1111 3an11CMT OT s11na 06ym1 11
T01lllll1Hbl nOJIOWBbI.
JlHTbeBOH MeTO)],. Jl11TbCBbIM MeTonoM l13fOTOBJ15llOT o6yBh MaCCOBO-
ro npo113BOJICTBa. Pa3pe3 JJl1TbeBott 06yn11 aHMor11'!eH pa3pe3y o6yrrn
Mernna rop5l4ei1 BYJ1KaH113au1111 ( Cl\t. p11c. 11.13). Jl11Tbe BbinOJ1H5lIOT Ha
Maw11ttax cp11pMhI Desma (f epMa-
mur) 113 TepMon11acTOB, TepMo-
311acTonnaCToB, pe3HHOBhlX c1'1e-
cei1 11 nom1yperatta.
Texttonorw1ecK11i1 npouecc .111-
Tb5l non naBJICHHel\I JaKJllOlJaeTCH
B TOM, '!TO l\1aTCpl1aJl, 113 KOTO-
I
poro H3roTOBJ15leTc5l non ow na.
pa3M5lf'laCTC5l no B5l3KOTeK)"le I 0
COCT05lHl15l' nnpbICKl1BaeTC5l noJ
naBJlCHl1CM B npecc-cpopMy, Ja-
nOJ1H5leT ee, <t>opMyeTC5l c onHO-
BpeMeHHhlM np11Kpen11eHHeM ~
33fOTOBKe Bepxa, 33T5lHYTOi1 Hcl
KOJIOnKy.
6 4 3 <DopMOBaHHblH Hl13 Ha 06ym1
Puc. 11.13. nonepC'IHblM pa3pC3 o6y- 113 nop11cToro nom1yperntta, ww-
mt MeTona ropw-1cl'\ ny11Kamnawm: CTHKarn no1111BHHHJ1XJ10p11na no.1y-
I - Jarorn1n::a Bepxa; 2 - nomrnan.Ka: 3 - 'I3IOT B pe3yJlbTaTe peaKUHH Me~­
TeKc; 4 - no,10wna; 5 - npocm11Ka; 6 - ny Xl1Ml14eCKHMH nerueCTBaMll B
OCHOBHail CTeJJbKa WHeKaX.

238
 Pe)l{HM cJ>opMoBaHuH uu3a o6yBu
TeMnepaTypa, °C:
B 30Hax WHeKa ........................................... ············ ...... . 170-180
B npecc-<PopMe ............................................................. . 50-70
)laBJiem-1e Bnpb!CKa, Mn a ................................................. . 0,75-0,85
BpeM51 snpbICKa. c ............................................................ . 18-20
MeTo.n Jil1Th51 no.n .nasJieH11eM 11MeeT HeKOTOpb1e npeHMYllleCTBa
rrepe.n MeTo.noM npeccoBott BYJIKaH113au1111: JIY'lllltte ycJIOBH51 rnrncT11-
J{alllrn pe3HHOBblX CMecei-i; Kopo<re UHKJI 113fOTOBJieHl151 113.UCJil1H, TaK
J{aK O,llHOBpeMCHHO c cpopMOBam-1eM O.UHOM nopu1111 pe3HHOBOM CMCCl1
CJie.UYJOllla51 nJiaCTHUl1pyeTrn; aBTOl\13TH311pOBaHHbie .U0311pOBaH11e 11
8npbICK Maccbt MaTep11aJia B npecc-cpopMy.
06yBb no 11H.U11B11.UYaJibHbIM 3aKa33M JIHTbCBbIM MeTOJIOM He npo-
H3BO.UHT 113-3a BbICOKOM CTOl1MOCTl1 11 npOl13130Jll1TeJibHOCTl1 o6opy-
,llOBaHl151.
MeTO.UhI rop51<1eti BYJIKamnau1111 H Jil1Thenoti 11MeIOT CJie.nyIOw11e
npe11MYllleCTBa nepe.n OCTaJibHbl!'\111:
repMeTl1'lHOCTb uma 113-3a OTCYTCTBl151 npoKOJIOB B .neTaJI5IX;
BbICOKa51 npo<IHOCTb KpenJICHl151 11 He3aBl1Cl1MOCTb ero OT TOJillll1HbI
.11eTaJietf;
IllHPOKHM accopT11MCHT np11MeH5IeMbIX MaTep11aJioB;
ynpoweHHa51 TCXHOJIOfH51 11 BbICOKa51 npOH3BO.U11TeJibHOCTh;
Hl13K11e TPY.UOBbie 3aTpaTbI.

11.4. KoMfo1H1r1posaHHble MeTOAbl KpenneH1r1J1

PauToKJJeesou MeT011. PaHTOKJieesoi-1 Mero.n KpenJieHHH Hl13a (p11c.

11.14) 5IBJIHeTC51 KOM611H3UHeH paHTOBOro 11 KJieesoro, n03TOMy TeX-
HOJIOf11'leCKl1M npouecc npOH3BO.UCTBa COCTOHT 113 .UByx rpynn onepa-
IUIM:
npHKpenJieHtte K0)!(3HOH nOJIJIO)!(Kl1 (BMeCTO no.noWBbI) K 3aro-
TOBKe Bepxa paHTOBbIM MeTO.UOM;
np11KJie11BaH11e no.noWBbl K nOJIJIO)!(Ke KJieeBbIM MeTO.UOM.
B Ka'leCTBe MaTepttaJIOB no.nowBhI npttMCHSIIOT MOHOJIHTHYJO 11JI11
nop11CTYIO pe311Hy.
TexHoJiornyecKHH npouecc np11KpenJieH11SI .neTaJieti: Hl13a cocTOl1T
H3 cJie.nyIOwttx onepau11tf:
np11CTpa'l11BaH11e KO)!(aHoi-i nOJIJIO)!(KH;
o6pe3aHtte KOHUOB Hl1TOK;
np11KpenJiem1e n5ITO'lHOM lJaCTH K0)!(3HOH TIOJIJIO)!(K11 no.nowBeH-
lihIM11 fB03.U5IMl1 K rnITO'lHOH <JaCTH 06ys11;
HaHeceHHC KJieSI Ha nOJIJIO)l(Kl1, no.nOWBbl 11 KJil1HOB11.UHbie Ka6Jiy-
l<lf, cywKa;
aKT11B3U1151 KJieeBbIX nJieHoK;
np11KpenJieH11e pe311HOBOM no.noWBbl H Ka6JIYKa.

239
3

2
I

8 7 6 5 4
P11c. 11.14. nonepeYHblH pa3pe3 o6y-
Bl1 paHTOK.neesoro MCTona KpenneHmi:
I - paHT; 2 - OCHOBHmI CTeJJbKa; 3 -
3aroTOBKa Bepxa; 4 -- HHTO'IHbIH won; 5 -
npocTHJJKa; 6 - KJJeeBoi1 won; 7 - no-
11ow0a; 8 - no1IJ10JKKa
7
P11c. 11.15. nonepeYHblil pa3pe3 oGy-
BJ1 KJ1eenpow11BHoro MeTona Kpen 1c-
H1rn:
I - nonowBa; 2 - JarornsKa Bepxa; . 7 -
HHTO'IHbltt wos; 4 - CTeJlbKa; 5 - Klcc-
noi1 WOB; 6 - TeKc; 7 - npOCTlllKd

K.rieenpOUIHBHOH MCTO)J,. KrieenpOWHBHblM MeTOJIOM Kpern1eH11H

(pHC. 11.15) 113fOTOBJUllOT B OCHOBHOM onaHKH 11 MOKaCHHbl.
<!>opMOBaHHYIO nonowsy c 6opTHKOM (onaHKU) np11Kpernrn10T K
OTQ)OpMOBaHHOH 3aroTOBKe Bepxa 06ys11 KJieeM l1 HHTKaMH. [{JUI 3TOIO
BbtnOJIH5llOT cJieny10m11e onepau1111:
aKn1BaUtt51 KJieeBbIX nJieHoK Ha no.uowse 11 cJie.ue, npwKJiemiairnc
no.uows, sb'1crni1 06yn11;
ysJim!<HeHHe BepxHero Kpa51 3afOTOBKH;
CH51Tl1e o6yBl1 C KOJIO.UOK;
ynJia)l<HeH11e 6opTttKa no.uows;
np11cTpalJ11BaH11e no.uows.
)KeHCKl1e MOKaCHHbl MO)l(HO 113fOTOBJI51Tb Ha ¢opMOBaHHOt1 II rn
KO)KaHOH nonowse (pwc. 11.16).
Ha ylJaCTKe np11KpenJieHH5l ¢opM08QHHOU noaowebt BbinOJIH5llOT c.1c-
.UY!Ollll1e onepaum1:
aKTHBaUtt51 KJieeBbIX nJieHoK Ha no.uowse 11 cJiene, np111<.penJieH11c
TIO.UOWB, Bh!CTOH 06yn11;
np11KpenJieH11e Ka6JIYKa;
CH51Tl1e o6yBl1 C KOJIO.UOK;
OKOJia'I11BaH11e HepOBHOCTeit Ha noJiyCTeJibKe HJIH CTeJibKe;
3alJHCTKa KOHUOB rB03Lieit;
np11CTpa'mBaH11e TIOLIOWB B HOCOlJHO-TIYlJKOBOH ltJil1 HOCOlJHo-nylJ-
KOBOH 11 reJieHOlJHOit lJaCT51X.
[CJIH 11CTIOJib3YIOT TIO.UOWBY 113 HarypaJibHOH KO)KH c ¢opMoBaH-
HOi1 HaKJiaLIKOH 113 pe311Hbl, TO .UOTIOJIHHTeJibHO HaHOC51T KJieH Ha HO-

240
 2
2

8 6
a 6

Pffc. 11. 16. CxeMbI KpcnneHirn rIOJlOWB KO)l(3HOH c pe311H0Boi1 HaKJJanKoi1 (a)
11 cpopMOB3HHOH (6) MOK3Cl1H KJJeenpOWl1BHbIM MeTOJlOM:
J- coJ03Ka; 2 - ucrnuKa; 3 -- MOKac11110Bb1i1 won; 4 - nonourna; 5 - ttaKJJanKa; 6 -
npoWHBHOi1 won; 7 - cTeJJbKa; 8 - )l(eno6oK

coqHO-nyt-IKOBYIO 'laCTh nOlIOWBhl l1 HaKJiauey, KJieeBbie nJieHKl1 cy-

waT. 3aTeM KJICCBblC nJieHKM Ha HaKJianKaX l1 no11,ownax aKTMBl1PYIOT VI
nerarm cKJieHBaJOT.
Ilpl1 KJieenpOWl1BHOM MCTOlIC nO.D,OWBY npHCTpatrnBalOT 1IBYXH11-
roqHOM CTpO'IKOH 6e3 o6pbIBOB Hl1TKl1 l1 npoceKaHl15! nonoWBhl, nony-
CieJihKl1 l1Jll1 1aroTOBKl1 nepxa. Won
JIOJDKeH 6hITh xopowo yrnHyr.
Paccrn5IHl1c crpot1K11 OT KpaH no-
.llOIIIBhI 1,5 - 2,5 MM, D,Jll1Ha CTe)l(-
Ka 6- 7 MM. OcrnJILHbie onepau1111
BLITIOJIHHIOT no THTIOBOM TeXHOJIO-
mw.
CaH,!I.aJibHO-KJieesoit, JJ.onneJib-
80-KJieesoit " rB03JJ.eKJieesoit Me-
TO.zu.1. OT1111q11e caHOOJ1bHO-KJ1eeeo-
zo MemoiJa KpenneHHH (p11c. 11. 17)
OT CaHlIMbHOfO COCTOl1T B TOM,
'ITo K 3aroTOBKC Bepxa o6yBl1 npH-
CTpaql1BalOT He nonowsy, a KO)l(a-
lfyIO TIOlIJIO)l(KY- Tionowsa MO)l(CT
61.rrb Bbipy611eHa 113 TIJIOCKHX 11C-
ICyccmeHHhlX MaTepHMOB (Hanpu- 2 I 7 6
Mep, pe311H0Boi1 n11acTHHbI) 111111
P11c. 11. 17. nonepeYHblil pa3pe3 o6y-
npe.n,napHTCJlhHO onpopMOBaHHOH.
m1 caHJlaJJhHO-KJJeesoro MeTo)la Kpen-
I( nOlIJIO)l(KC TIOlIOWBY np11KJiel1-
nemrn:
lla10r no Tl1TIOBOH TCXHOJIOfl1H.
I - nonowna: 2 - noLL~O)l(Ka; 3 - 3a-
):{n51 Jl3HHOro MCTOJla peKOMCH-
fOTOBKa Bepxa; 4 - Ha!01arJHOii paHT; 5 -
~erc51 npeJlBapHTCJlhHO cPOPJ\IOBaTh HHTO'IHblH wos: 6 - JaTfl)l(HlHI CK06Ka;
he TOJibKO TIHTO'IHYIO, HO 11 HOCO'I- 7 - KJJeesoi1 woa

241
HYIO 4aCTb 3aroToBK11 Bepxa 06yB11. Op11 :noM JaroTOBKY ycrnHanm11 1a_
IOT ri npecc-cj)OPMY Maw11HbI 02043/P 1 qmpMbI ZPS-SM ( 4ex1Hq
¢opMylOT ce HOC04HYIO 4aCTb, OTrn6asi 3aTmI<HYIO KpOMKY Ha w11p11H1··
12-14 MM. .
Pe)KHM ¢opMoBamrn HOC04Hoi1 4acT11: BpeMSI 40-50 c, Tel\mep; 1
Typa 75-80°C.
Jl.01111eJ1bHO-KJ1ee6oii (p11c. 11.18) 11 26030eKJ1ee6oii (p11c. 11.19) .Me1110 _
Obi KpenJ/eHUH B OTJ1114He OT MexaHH4CCKHX MeTOllOB HMelOT KO)K3HY10
flOlI.TIO)KKY, KOTOpyIO np.11KpenJISIIOT HHTKaMH (nonneJibHO-KJleeBoii \!e-
TOll) 11Jll1 rB03llSIMl1 (rB03lleKJleeBOH MeTOll) K CTCJibKe H 3ant)KH011
KpOMKC 3aroTOBKH Bepxa. 00llOWBY npHKIIeHBalOT K flOllJIO)l(KC.
Crpo'le'IHbie MeTo,ru,1. K crpo<re4HbIM MeTonaM KpenJieH.11si OTHOCHTcn
CTp04e4HO-KJICCBOH, CTp04C'IHO-p3HTOBblH, CTpO'IC4HO-llOnneJlbHbiii,
crpo'le4Ho-caHmUJbHO-KJleeBoi1, crpo4e'IHO-KJieenpow11BHOH 11 CTPO'IC'i ·
HO-JlHTberioi1, a TaK)l(e Mernn crpo4e'!Ho-ropsi'lei1 nyJIKaHHJau.1111. 06u111,1
llJIH 3THX MCTOllOB SIBJISICTCSI HCnOJib30BaHHe o6bCMHOH 33roTOBKH BCp\a.
Cmpo1Je1JHO-KJ1ee6oii .Memod KpenJleHHH (p11c. 11.20) <raCTo npll\1e-
HS110T llJI5l H3roToBJiemrn JICTHett o6yBH llJISI ncex nOJIOB03pacTHbIX rpynn.
3a HCKJll04CHHeM M~CKOH l1 MaJib'IHKOBOH.
CyTb MeTona COCTOHT B CJienyIOlUCM: K npenBapHTeJlbHO OT<l)Op\t0-
B3HHOH 3aroTOBKe Bepxa o6ysH npHCTpa<rnBalOT o6nt)l(Ky; 3aroTOBK\'
HanenaIOT Ha pa3llBI1)f(HYIO KOJIOllKY, ¢opMyJOT, pa3nBHra5l KOJlOJlK~:.
JaTeM npHKJie11Ba10T nonowny.

2 1 8 7 6 5 1 8 7 6 5 4

Puc. 11.18. nonepe'!Hbltt pa3pe3 06ym1
nonneJibHO-K.TJeeBoro MeToJia Kpenne-
H1rn:
I - CTe.1bKa; 2 - HaKnarrHoll paHT; 3 -
JaroTonKa nepxa; 4 - nomrnarrKa; 5 - H11-
T0'1Hb1ii won; 6 - nonowna: 7 - no;:i,-
JJo:>KKa; 8 - K.HeeBOll WOB
Puc. 11.19. nonepe'IHbIH pa3pe3 ooy1111
rno3ne1<.TJeerioro MeTona KpenneHJJW
I - CTeJJbKa; 2 - 3aroToBKa sepxa; 3 -·
TeKc; 4 - rBOJllb; 5 - Kneesoll wmi: I> •
no.nowna; 7 - no:LTJO)l(Ka; 8- npocTJLI":'

242
 3aroTOBKa nepxa 06yn11 nomK-
f{a nJIOTHO, 6eJ cKJJanoK 11 Mop-
!Illiff o6neraTb KOJTOJJK)'' a BTa'IHa5l
creJil>Ka pacnonaraTbC5! TO'IHO no
ee cne,ny. Bee nernn11 3aroToBKH
8 epxa B nape JJOJJ)f(Hbl pacnom1-
ra'fbC.sI Ha KOJJOJ]Ke CHMMeTp11'IHO.
pacnpaBJJeHHbiii WOB, CKpenJT5II0-
111Dlf 3aroTOBKY Bepxa co CTeJlb- 5
J{Olf, ,llOJl)f(eH npOXOJJHTb no rpa-
f(ff KOJl011Kl1. 3aroTOBKY Bepxa 3a-
crernBalOT Ha np5I)f(J<Y. 06rn)f(KY
3lfOTOBKl1 nepxa OTrn6alOT Ha 60-
J{OBYJO nosepxHOCTb KOJlOllKH.
3aroTOBKY nepxa naHTOJJeT 3a- 2
KPeOJI5IIOT Ha Konon.Ke TeKcaMH c 1
BHYfPeHHeH 11 Hap~HOH crnpoH
nytIKOBOH qacTH p5!1IOM co CTPO'l- P11c. 11.20. nonepC4HblH pa3pe3 o6y-
K0lf. BH cTpo4e4HO-KJieeBoro MeTo.ua Kpen-
Ha c.nen JarnHyrol1 o6yBH (nrn'I- neHm1:
ffYIO cTeJJhKy). nnanpopMy c Hexo- l - nonowna; 2 - KJJeeuoii won; 3 -
JlOBOH CTOpOHbl HJlH c o6eHX CTO- n11aTc!Jop~rn; 4 - npocnrnKa; 5 - cTeilh-
Ka; 6 - JaroTOBKa sepxa; 7 - o6nDKKa;
poH, 6axrnpMHHYIO CTOpOHY 06-
8 - HHT04Hhlii WOil
TIDKKM H BepXHIOIO nnowa.ney KJIH-
HOBl1,llHblX Ka6nyKOB HaHOCHT TOH-
KHH CJTOJ1 noJTHXJToponpeHOBoro KJJeH 6e3 noTeKOB H crycTKOB. K.rree-
BYJO nJTCHKY 13bICYWHBalOT l3 Te'ICHHC I0- 15 MHH npH TCMneparype
18-20 °C.
Ha 3arnHyrb1H cnen o6yBH (Ja HCKJ1101ieH11eM o6ynH Ha pe311HOBhIX
Ka6JTyKax) Me)f(lly BTa'IHOH CTCJlLKOM 11 nnanpopMOH BKJICl1BalOT M5If-
KHe npoKJJallKH. Oocne :noro nJJaTCl)OpMy 11 KJIHHOBH,llHLIH Ka6JTyK Ha-
IOia,IlbJBalOT Ha CJlCJ] o6ynH TaK, 1IT06bJ HX Kpa5! COBnaJ]aJJH c rpaHblO
CJie)la o6yBH. Hano)f(CHHbie neTaJJH no BCeMy nepttMeTpy oKoJTa'IHBalOT
MOJIOTKOM.
06rn)f(KH nnanpopMbl H KJIHHOBHllHbIX Ka6JIYKOB ornopa'IHBalOT
KIIeeBbIM 11moM K cneny 06yn11 H pacnpaBJJ5IIOT. 3arn)f(HYIO KPOMKY 11
6oKony10 noBepxHoCTb nnanpopMbI OKOJJa'IHBalOT MOJJOTKOM. Op11 3TOM
Marep11an o6rn)f(Kl1 H 3aroTOBKH Bepxa o6yBH He ,llOJJ)f(eH 6bITb no-
Bpe)l(JleH. BL1corn nnanpop~1hI no BCeMy nep11MeTpy H B nape D.OJT)f(Ha
6Lrrb OllHHaKOBOH.
Op11 11JroTOBJTeH1111 06yB11 Ha pe3HHOBOM Ka6JTYKC ero He 06rnrn-
lla10r. 0CTaJJbHbJe TCXHOJlOfJ1llCCKHe onepauJ.m BbinOJTHHIOT no THnO-
lloij TeXHOJlOrHH.
Op11 HJroTOBJJeHm1 06yB11 cmpolfelfHO-paHmoebt.M .Memoao.M Kpen-
JJeHlrn (pHc. I 1.21) nonowBy npHCTpa'IHBa10r K paHTY JJBYXHHTO'I-
llLIM UlBOM Ha paCCT05IHl111 2-3 MM OT rpaHH JarnHYTOH 06yn11 Ha

243
 7 6
Puc. 11.21. nonepe4HblH pa3pe3 06ym1 Puc. 11.22. noncpe4Hbii1 pa3pC3 ooy1111
C"fP04e4HO-paHTOBOro MeTOlla KperlJ!e- CTpo4e'IH0-llOnneJJbHOrO MeTona KPL'li-
HUH: JICHHH:
I - 3aroTOBKa Bepxa: 2 - Hecyu111i1 paHT: I - HaKJiaaHoii patrr; 2 - 3aroT01JKa 1<ep-
J - no.uKJJa.uKa; 4 - BTa4HaH cTenbKa; 5 - xa; 3 - no.rurnan.Ka; 4 - flTa<JHaH CTe.11,~.1.
DO,UnO)KKa; 6 - HHTO'lHble WBbI; 7 - no- 5 - HHT04Hhle Wflhf; 6 - no.uowna: ~
.uouma npoCTHnKa

Maw11He CITP (Poccmi:) 111111 03028/Pl qmpMhI ZPS-SM (Yex115!). )])111Ha

cTe)KKa 3- 3,5 MM, rny611Ha nope3Kl1 noD,OWBhI 0,8- 1,2 MM. H 1nK11
npOTil1ThIB3IOT BapoM 111111 MhIJlhHOH 3MY11hCHeH. 3aTeM nope3KY no-
D,OWBhl 3aKpbIBaIOT, OrJI3)KHB351 ee MeT311JIJ1'-leCKHM BaJIHKOM. np11
Heo6xoD,HMOCTH npeD,Bap11Te11hHO no.uowny c11erKa yn11a)KH5IIOT. Bee
HepoBHOCTl1 Ha no.uowne crna)K11Ba10T np11 noc11e.uy10llleM cjiop-
MOBaH1111 Ha npecce 04048/P4 qmpMhI ZPS-SM (YexHH), JaTeM o6yBb
cywaT B cyw1111Ke B Tet.JeH11e 1 - 2 q np11 TeMnepaType 30-40 °C. Ko-
Het.JHOe COD,ep)KaHHe B11arn B TIOD,OWBe J1011)KH0 COCTaB1151Th 18- 20 'c.
ITp11 11JroToB11eH1111 06ys11 cmpo11e11Ho-iJonneJ1bHbl.M .111emodo,u Kpcn-
J/eHUR (p11c. 11.22) TIOJIOWBY np11WMBalOT K o6beMHOH 33fOTOBKe nep\3
Ha D,Orrne11hHOH MaW11He.
CTp11 11JroToBJieH1111 06yn11 cmpo11e11Ho-caHdaJ1bHO-KJ1ee6b1.111 .111e111oao.11
KpenJ/eHUR no.uourny rrp11KJie11BalOT K nO]l110)KKC, rrp11cTpOYCHHOii "
06beMHOH 3afOTORKe Bepxa TaK, l.JT06bI 3aT51)KHa51 KPOMKa 6bIJI3 oTO-
rnyrn Hap~.
ITp11 Kpen11eH1111 cmpo11e1JHO-KJ1eenpowueHb1.111 .111emodo.111 ¢opMollaH-
HyIO no.uowsy c 6opT11KOM 11 )Ke1106KOM coemrnHIOT KJieeM 11 m1n:a-
Ml1 c 06beMHOH 33fOTORKOH Bepxa 06yB11 KJieenpOWHBHhIM MeT010~ 1
(pnc. 11.23).
ITp11 np11MeHemm MemoiJoe cmpo11e11Ho-20pR11eu 6J'J1KaHu3au,uu (p11c.
11.24) 11 cmpo11e11Ho-J1umbeeo20 no.uowsy np11Kpen115!10T K o6beJ\IHOl 1
33fOTOBKC Bepxa o6yBH COOTBCTCTBCHHO MCTO.ll.OM rop51qei1. ny11KaH11J:l-
um1 mm 1111ThCBhIM.
244
•

6 5 6 5

P11c. 11.23. nonepC'IHblH pa3pC3 06ym1 P11c. 11.24. nonepe"!HblH pa3pe3 06yn11
crpO"IC"IH0-J(,1CenpoWHBHOro MCTOna MCTona CTpO"IC"IHO-ropSl"ICH synKaHl1-
Kpcnnemrn: 3au1111:
J - JaroTOHKa Bepxa; 2 - nomrnanKa; 3 - I - JaroTOHKa Bepxa; 2 - nOll!01aL1Ka; 3 -
BTil'IHaH cre.%Ka; 4 - no!lJIO)l(Ka; 5 - H11- BTa•1HaH CTenbKa; 4 - npocn1.~Ka; 5 - 1111-
ro•1Hi,1e WHbI; 6 - flOllOLUBa TO'IHblH WoB; 6 - nOLIOLUBa

MeroA «IlapKo». Cyrh MeTona cocTm1T B cJ1e.uyYOIUeM: nonowBy npH-

IIIHBaIOT K ttecymeMy pattry, npe1JBap1neJihHO (.rro cpopMoBaHHSl 3aro-
TOBKH Bepxa) COCTpO<IeHHOMY c 3aHDKHOH KpOMKOH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa
o6y1m (p11c. 11.25).
CywecrnyeT Tp11 Bap11attrn MeTona «CTapKO». B o6yBH MeTo.rra Kpen-
neH11S1 «IlapK0-1 » paHT npHWHBaJOT K 3aroTOBKe Bepxa no BCeMy ne-
PHMeTpy, B o6yBH MeTo.ua «CTapKo-3» - no nHTO'-IHOtt '-!acT11. MeTO.UOM
«IlapK0-1» o6yBh H3fOTOBJISlJOT 6e3 CTeJibKH, MeTo.rraMH «CTapK0-2» H
«flapKo-3» - co cTeJibKOtt. KpoMe Toro, nHTO'-IHYJO '-!aCTh nonownhI
06ys11 «CTapKo-1 » npttKpenJIHJOT
l'Bo31IS1MH. 00CJie npHCTpa'H!BaHH51
Heo6xo.UHMO 3aKpb!Tb WOB Ha no-
~OIUBe.

P11c. 11.25. no11epe"1Hb!H pa3pe3 06y-

B11 MeTona KpenneHHSI «napKo»:
I - liecyw11ii paHT; 2 - JaroroBKa Hepxa;
3 - flOlll01aLIKa: 4 - CTeJlLKa; 5 - npo-
CT1111Ka; 6 - HllTO'-lHble lllBbl; 7 - TCKc;
8 - noLIOWBa I 6

245
 11.5. np1r1Kpen11eH1r1e Ka611yKOB "1 Ha6oeK

np11KpenJieHHe Ka6JiyKOB 11 Ha6oeK BXO,llHT B rpynny onepa1u1ij

)f(eCTKOfO CKpenJICHHH Hl13a o6ynl1 c BepxoM l1 BbinOJIHHCTCH c no~IO­
lllblO rnoJnei1, MeTaJIJIH'-!ecKHX BTYJIOK, KJICH w 11pyrnx Kpen11Te.1c 11
8b16op KpenHTeJIH 3aBHCl1T OT KOHCTPYKUl1l1 o6ynw, mma MaTepHa'1a I!
cnoco6a KpenJieHWH Ka6JiyKa.
Ka6Jiyirn. Cnoco6 KpenJieHWH Ka6JiyKoB xapaKTepHJyeTcH pacno.1 0 .
)f(eHHCM Ka6JIYKa 11 nHTO'IHOH '-!aCTl1 nO,llOWBbl, BHJlOM KpenHTeIIeii
Cnoco6hI KpenJieH11H, xapaKTCpl13YIOlllHC BJaHMHOe pacnoJIO)f(e111 1e
Ka6JiyKa 11 nHTO'-IHOtt 'IaCTH nonowBhI, noKaJaHbI Ha p11c. I I .26.
no BHJlY KpemITeJiett CnOC06bI KpenJieHHH Ka6JiyKOB p33LieJIHlOT H:1
WTHQHOBbie, KJieeBbie l1 KOM611H11pOBaHHbie.
n pH WTHcpTOBbIX cnoco6ax B K3'-!eCTBe KpenHTCJieti npl1Mell%.1f
rnoJLIH, wypynhr, BTYJIKH; np11 KJieeBbIX - noJIHXJioponpeHOBh111 11
noJI11ypernHOBhlH KJie11; np11 KOM6HHl1pOBaHHbIX - WTHcpTbl 11 K:1e11
(nepXJIOPBHHHJIOBbltt, HlffpOUCJIJIIOJI03HbIH, nOJil13Ml1,llHhIH).
Ka6JiyKH KpenHT rBOJJlHMH 113HyTpl1 11 cttap~H (p11c. I 1.27). B ncp-
BOM CJIYl.Jae fl303,lll1 B6HBaIOT co CTOpOHbl CTCJibKH, OHH npoxomn 'lt-
pe3 CTCJihKy, no11owny 11 Ka6JiyK, HC ,llOXOLIH LIO Ha60C'-IHOH nonepx-
HOCTH Ka6JiyKOB Ha 2- 3 MM. Bo BTOPOM CJIY'lae fB031Il1 s6wsaIOT co

a 6 6

e
P11c. 11.26. Cnoco6b1 Kpernie1111H Ka611yKoB:
a- mITO'lllaH 'l3CTb nonoW!lbl no.11lOCTbIO nepeKpbrnaeT !lepXllIOIO n.TJOW3!1KY Kao.l\'f;.L
6 - H3bl'IOK llO!lOWilbl 'IaCHl'lllO nepeKpblllaeT !lepXllIOIO n.TJowanKy Ka6.qyKa: Ii -
coemrneu11e Ka611yKa 11 H3bI'!Ka nonowllbI B Ja\!OK; c - nHTo•rnaH YaCTb no,:io1111i1>1
nepcKpbrnaer um1<u1010 n11owaaKy Ka6nyKa: iJ - KPOKy.TJb nonowBbI nepcKp1>rnacT <jipoH·
T<L1bllYIO noBepXllOCTb Ka611yKa; e- Ka6nyK cjJop\!yeTCH Il\!eCTe c llOLIOWBOll

246
 a 6 6

a
P11c. 11.27. CxeMbI KpenJlemrn Ka6JlyKoB rno11UIMH:
a- KO)KaHoro HJHyrp11 06y1m; 6 - peJllHOBoro cHapy)K11 06ys11; 6 - .uepenmrnorn
MCTaJIJJH'JeCKOi1 BT}'JJKoii H rBOJ.UHMH llJH~rrpH o6ystt; i! - nJJaCTM3CCOBOfO H .uepeBHH-
Horo H3BHHTOB3HHblMH rDOJ.UHMll HJHYfPH 06ys11; iJ - K0)1(3HOro rDOJWl\UI, HapeJaH-
HbnlH 113 npOBOJJOKll co cn11paJJbH011 HaKaTKOii

CTOpOHbl tta6oel{HOH noBepXHOCTH, OHl1 npoxO,llJIT l{epe3 Ka6JTyK, no-

JJ,ourny 11 cTeJTbKy. OcTpHe rno3.ru1 nomKHO 3arw6aTbC5! B cTeJTbKY tta
2-3 MM.
fB03JlJ1 non611pa10T B 3aBHCHMOCTl1 OT KOHCTpyKUHH 11 MaTepmurn
l<a6JTYKa, KOHCTPYKUHH 06y1m 11 xapaKTepa KpenJTeHH51 HH3a 06yB11.
fB031U1 pa:UI11"!a10TC5! He TOJTbKO 11Jll1HOH, HO H cpopMOH CTep)l(H51 11 ro-
noBl<H, cpopMOH 11 JlJTHHOH OCTpl151. fB0311H c KOHHl{eCKOH fOJTOBKOI1 H
ICOpoTK11M l{eTbtpexrpaHHbIM nwpaMHllaJTbHbIM OCTpHeM (p11c. 11.28. a)
llLinycKaIOT 11nyx TttnoB: KK - llJlH np11Kpennett11H KO)l(aHbIX Ka6JTy-
ICos H3HYTPH 11 Knn - llJTH np11Kpennemrn Ha6oeK H 11epeBHHHbIX
ka6JiyKOB.
fB03JlH c KOHl1l{eCKOH roJTOBKOH 11 YllJlHHeHHblM OBaJTbHblM OCTpH-
CAf (p11c. 11.28, 6) THna KM rnJOKe npttl\feHHIOT 11...rrn np11KpenJ1eH1HI
l<O)l(aHb!X Ka6JTYKOB.

247
 o/~if =+:::r ~ a
"<:::!

6 2

·-1
e --
P11C. 11.28. B1111b1 Ka611y4HblX rn0311ci1:
a - c KOHH4eCKOH fOJIOBKOH II KOpOTKHM 4eTblpexrpaHHblM n11pa\1llll:LlbHbl\I ocrp11-
eM; 6- c KOHH4eCKOH fOJIOBKOi-i 11 YllllliHeHHbl\I OBaJJbllblM OCTptte\t; 6 - c rLlOL'Kllii
ronoBKOtt 11 KOPOTKHM mipai.mna.nbHblM OCTptte\t; 2 - c nJJOCKOi-i roJJOBKOii II y.1.111-
HeHHblM OBaJJbHblM OCTptteM; a- HaBliHTOBaHHbli'I; e- C mtpa~lttllaJlbHbIM CTCpAdlc\!
6e3 fOJIOBKll H OCTpm1

fB03.l:U1 c nJIOCKOM fOJlOBKOH H KOpOTKl1M n11paMHllaJlbHbIM OCTpll-

CM (p11c. 11.28, e) BhmycKaIOT Tpex T11noB: KH - Ka6JJ~"IHO-Ha6oe'1-
Hb1e, K - Ka6JJy'-IHbie 11 KA - Ka6JTy'-!Hbie aBTOMaTHbie. OoCJJe'lH11e
npe11Ha3H3'-ICHbl llJlH np11KpenJTCHl1H Ka6JJyKOB Ha Mawmmx c 3BT0\1:1-
Tl1'-ICCKOi1 nona'-lett fB031lCM.
fB0311,H c n11ocKoi1 roJJOBKOM 11 YllJlHHeHHbIM oBaJJbHbIM ocTp11e\t
(p11c. 11.28, 2) 113fOTOBJJHIOT Tpex T11noB: Hll - llJTH np11Kpen11cHWI
pe311HOBhIX Ka6nyKOB 11eTcKol1 06ys11, H>K - llJlH npHKpenneH11H 1-:;16-
JJyKoB )l(CHCK011 06yB11 11 OE - llJlH np11KpenJJeH115! Ka6JJyKoB cnc1u1-
aJibHOM o6yBH.
Ka6JJy<IHbie HaBHHTOBaHHbie rno31111 np11MeHH10T 1vrn np11Kpen:ie-
mrn pe3HHOBbIX 1111,epeBHHHb!X Ka6JJyKOB 113HYfP11 (p11c. 11.28, o). OHll
Moryr 6hITb llBYX THnoB: KBO - c HamrnToBaHHbI'\t CTep)l(HeM, n.1oc-
Koti Kpyrnol1 fOJTOBK011 H n11paMHLl,aJlbHbIM '-ICTblpexrpaHHblM OCTpllC\I
11 KB - 6e3 ocTp11H.
f B0311H c m1paMJ11laJlbHb!M CTep)l(HCM 6e3 fOJ10BKl1 11 OCTpl151 (pllC-
11.28, e) HCnOJ1bJYIOT 11Jl51 np11KpenJJemrn KO)l(aHb!X Ka6JJyKOB CHapy;.+-.11-
llnHHa rno31151 L (cM. p11c. I 1.28) B M11Jim1MeTpax 03Ha'-!aeT HO\tCP
rB031151. Opu rnmneBoM l\teT011e KpenJJeH11H nonournbI 11.rmHa rnoi.151
11Jl51 KpenJJeHHH Ka6JiyKa 33Bl1CJ1T OT BblCOTbl 11 TOJ11Ul1Hbl nernJieii nw
TO'-IHOJ:i '-13CTl1 3afOTOBKl1 Bepxa o6yBH H nOJIOWBbl.
fB0311H BbinYCKalOT llJlHHOH 10- 72 MM. ilHaMeTp CTC)J/KH51 npai..:Tll'
'-ICCKH 51BJl5ICTC51 nocT051HHblM 11,J1H OllHOro T11na rB0311CH (113MCirneTCH (l

npeneJJax ±0,2 MM OT HOMHHa'lbHoro 3Ha'-!emrn).

248
 qucno rno3.nei1 .nJI51 npttKpen-
JleJIMSI Ka6JJyKa 3aBHCHT OT pa3Me-
pa 0 6y1m 11 o6bitIHO He npeBhrwa-
e'f 7- 13. fB03IUI llOJI)f(Hbl 6b!Tb
pa»HoMepHo pacnpe.neneHbI no
f10BepXHOCTl1 Ka6JJyKa H pacnona-
rafbCSI Ha paCCT051Hl1H 4- 7 MM OT
iq>aSI cTeJibKH.
Htt3KHe Ka6JJyKH H Ha6oi1K11
npnKpenmnoT TaK)f(e cTaJihHOH
f1POB01IOKOH CO CTTHpaJibHOH Ha-
l(llTKOM (p11c. I 1.29). a 6 8
TaKl1M o6pa3oM, ocHOBHbIM11
reXHOJIOfl1lleCKMMH napaMeTpa- Puc. 11.29. npoBOJlOKa co cm1panbHOH
Mlf, OT KOTOpb!X 3aBl1Cl1T npoll- IIaKaTKOH (a) LUU! 113fOTOBJlemrn rB03-
HOCTb KpenJJeHH51 Ka6JiyKa rB03- nel'l, OTpeJaHHaH OT npOBOJlOKH '!aCTb
JlSlMM, 51BJI51IOTC51 llHCJIO rB03)lett 11 (6) 11 rB03llb nOCJlC npHKpenllCHHH
HX )J.JIHHa. neTan11 K 06yB11 (e)
Ha6oit.KH. Ha6oi1K11 Ka6JI)'KOB
IlO,llBepraIOTCSl HCT11paHHIO 11 C)f(aTHIO. l1x H3fOTOBJI51IOT H3 TTOJIHar.rn.na,
IlOJIHBHHl1JIXJIOp11.na, nom1ypeTaHa.
IJo KOHCTpyKU1111 Ha60HKl1 )leJI51T Ha Tpl1 rpynnbI:
HeCOBMeweHHb!e c Kpen11TeJieM, c ueHTpaJibHbIM ornepCTl1eM llJl51
Iq>eIIHTeJIH (p11c. 11.30, a);
coBMeweHHhre c Kpen11TeJieM (p11c. 11.30, 6);
HeCOBMeweHHb!e c KpemneJieM, 6e3 ueHTpaJibHOro OTBepCTl151 ,UJI51
Iq>eIIHTeJI51 (p11c. 11.30, 6).
Ha6oi1K11 nepnoi1 rpynnhI np11MeHHIOT B 06y1m Ha cpe.nHeM 11 BbI-
COKOM Ka6JJyKax np11 He60JJbWOH noBepXHOCTl1 Hl1)f(Hei1 TIJIOWa.nK11
Ka6.1I)'KoB. Ha6oi1K11 np11KpenJ1HIOT O.UHHM wecT11rpaHHhIM rn03neM c
YT0Jill(eHHoi1 ronoBKOM, BBOilHMhIM so BTYJJKY Ka6nyKa. <t>opMa 11 pa3-
Meph1 fOJIOBKH rB03Il5l coorneTCTBYIOT cpopMe 11 pa3MepaM ueHTpaJib-

a 6 8

P11c. 11.30. Ha6oi1KH K nnacTMaccoBbIM Kafo1yKaM:

0- c LteHTpa.1bHbJM ornepcT11e~1 DJIH Kpem1Te1rn: 6 - coBMeweHHbJe c Kpemne.~H~tJt; 6 -
6e3 ueHTpaJibHOro ornepcnrn LIJJH KpemnenH

249
HOro OTBCpCTIUI 13 Ha6oi1Ke, a .rrnaMeTp rB03JUl - .miaMeTpy llTY.lf\11
Ka6JJyKa.
BTopy!O rpynny COCTaBJlHIOT nJJacn.rnccoBbie Ha6oi1KH, COBMC!lli.'H-
Hble c KpenHTCJlHMH, KOTOpb!e npHKpenJJHIOT K nJJaCTMaCCOBblM 1'd[i_
JJyKaM. KpenHTCJJHMH HBJJHIOTCH .UBa-TpH H 6oJJee lliTbipH, B03Bb1111~ 110 _
lll,l1CCH Ha.a HCXO.UOBOM noBepXHOCThlO Ha60HKH.
Ha6ottKH TpeTbei1 rpynnhI npHKpenJJHIOT K Ka6JJyKaM rnoJ:tH\ 111
(111nl1JlbKaMH) no nepHMeTpy 60KOBOM noBepxHOCTM HJJH (pe:>Ke) l!p11-
KJ1Cl1B3IOT.
Kpenneuue pe3HHOBbIX u KOJKaHblX ua6opHblX Ka6JJ}'KOB. Pe311Ho11 1,1e
Ka6JJyKH K pe3l1HOBblM l1 KO:>KaHbll\1 no.uo111BaM o6yBl1 rB03.LieBorn \ll:-
TO.Lia KpenJJeHHH opHKJJeHBalOT OOJll1XJJOpoopeHOBblM KJJeeM.

Pe>KHM npHKJICHBaHHH Ka6nyKOB

KoHUeHTpamrn KJiesi, %:
.llJISI pe311HOBOfO Ka6nyKa 11 pe311HOBOH nonoWBbl ......... . 18-20
.llJISI nHTO'IHOH 43CTl1 K0)1(3HOH nOllOWBbl ...................... . 23-25
Bper.rn:
CYWKl1, 4 ........................................................................ . 1-1,5
3KTl1B3UH11, C ................................................................. . 18-20
npeccoBaH11si, c .............................................................. . 40-60
Ter.mepaTypa, C: 0

CYWK11.............................................................................. 40-90
3KTl1B3Ul111....................................................................... 80- 110
Ll,aBJ1eH11e npeCCOB3HHSI, M na ............................................. 0,35-0.4

Op11 KOM6HHHPOBaHHOM KpeoneHHH pe3HHOBbie H KO:>KaHhIC Ha-

6opHbie Ka6JJyKH ope.uBapHTCJlbHO OpHKJJei.rnalOT. llJJH 3TOro Ha OT-
lliJJHcpoBaHHbie noBepXHOCTH 00.LlOlliBbl H Ka6JJYJ<a HaHOCHT OOJllllUO-
opeHOBblH KJJCH H BbICYWHBalOT B Te4eHHe 15-30 MHH.
KpeDJJeHJte DJJaCTMaccoBbIX u JJ,epeBHHHbIX Ka6JJYKOB. Ooepau1110 MO:.KHO
Bb!OOJlHHTb 3a O.UHH HJJH .UBa opHeMa c ope.uBapHTeJlbHOH Haca.:JKOil
Ka6JJyKa H 6e3 Hee. OpenBapHTCJJbHYJO Haca.uKy Ka6JJYKa Ha o6ynh c npu-
KJJeeHHoi1 00.LIOlliBOH (HJJH 6e3 Hee) Bb!OOJJHHIOT Ha HaCa,U04Hble rnoJ-
.UH CHapy:>KH 4epe3 OTBepCTHH, opocBepJJeHHbie B Ka6JJyKaX, HJJH 1rn1yr-
pl1 4epe3 BTYJJKY B OHT04HOH 'laCTH KOJJOJIKH BBHH4HB3HHeM 111ypyna.
B HaCTOHlll.ee npeM.sI 3TY ooepau1110 BhmOJJHHIOT penKo (Haop1n1ep.
opH H3roTOBJlCHl1H o6yBH c KJlHHOBH.LIHblM Ka6JJYJ<OM, o6yBH Ha Bbf-
COKOM l1 oco6o BblCOKOM Ka6JJYKaX c 513bf4KOM Ha K36JJYK 11 np.). 06bl'IHO
nnaCTMaCCOBblH Ka6JJyK Kpe05IT rB03.ll51MH H3HYTPH 33 OJIHH opHeM noCIC
CHHTH51 06yn11 c KOJJO.UKH. Cooco6b1 opHKpeoneHHH cpenHHX H Hbrco-
KHX Ka6JJyKOB OOKa3aHbl Ha pttc. l l.31.
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CTByeT p51.U oonroTOBHTeJJbHblX ooepaUHH.
Oepen Op11KpenneHHeM Ka6JJyKa OHT04H351 4aCTb 06YBH .llOJl:>KHa 61,!Tb
OTcpopMOBaHa, 11MCTb 4CTKO Bblpa:>KeHHYIO rpaHb 11 opaBHJlbHYIO cj)OP~
MY rHe3.ua .LlJlH Ka6JJyKa. Ha rpaHH H 6oKOBOH ooBepxttocTH OHTO'IH 011

250
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B HeKoTopbIX cJiyt1a51x Ka6JiyKH nepen KpenJieHHeM 06n1msa10T. D,JI51
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IHKOM.
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II nopeJoB.
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24) HJIH ceMbIO (pa3Mepbl 24,5- 27,5) rB03)l5IMH BPYYHYIO HJIH Ha
MalIIHHe 04325/PI qmp\lbI ZPS-SM (l-JexHH). fB0311H 3a6HBaIOT c Ha-
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Bb1coKHe H oco6o BbICOKlie Ka6JIYKl1 nepe11 np11KpenneHHeM Haca-
llcitBa10T cneUHaJibHblM rB0311eM CHaPY:>Kl1 'Iepe3 ornepCTHe B Ka6JiyKe.
Op11: OTCYTCTBHH ornepcTH51 era npocnepJIHBaIOT. .UnH Haca11K11 11onyc-
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251
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o6yBl1 c KOJIO.LIOK 11Jil1 Bpy<rny10 c noMOlllblO cneul1aJibHOro np11cno.
co6JieHl1SJ. Ha rnITO'IHYJO '.JaCTb cTeJihKl1 HaKJianhma10T nonnSITO'IH1t1<
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MM Ka6JIY'IHbIMM rno3MMM NQ 18-20. BhICOKMtt w oco6o BbICOK11i1 KdG.
JiyKM np1161rna10T rno3.USIMM, a B ueHTP Ka6JiyKa B6ttBaJOT WYPYn
,UonycKaeTCSI KpenJieHMe Ka6JiyKOB 4-5 wypynaMM JIJIMHOH He MCHcc
16 MM. HaBMHTOBaHHhie rB03.UM JIJIMHOH He MeHee 23 MM 3a6Jrna10T c
HaKJIOHOM K ueHTPY Ka6JiyKa paBHOMepHO no CTSITO'IHOH 'IaCTl1 CTC.1L-
Kl1 Ha paCCTOSIH1111 7-10 MM OT ee KpaSI. roJIOBKl1 rB03}1eH YTaOJ111llaK11
B no.unSITO'IHHK, a OCTp11S! fB03Jiel1 He .uomKHbl BbIXO.UHTh Ha 60KOU\ IO
noBepXHOCTb Ka6JI)'Ka. -
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TipenBapHTeJibHO Ka6JiyK KpenSIT Ha MaWMHax 04299/P2 11 04299/Pl
qmpMbI ZPS-SM (qex11S1), AV-12 qrnpMbI Anver (<DpaHU11SI) tuypy.
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JiyKa. 0KOH'IaTeJibHO Ka6JiyK KpenSIT l13HYTPl1 nocJie o6pa60TKM 1-1 OT-
.LieJIKH CTOJIOWBbl H CHSITMSI o6yBM C KOJIOJIOK. rB03Jll1 3a6ttBalOT COL'laC-
HO TeM )l(C HOpMaTttBaM, 'ITO w JIJISI cpe.UHHX Ka6JiyKOB. YwcJio rn03-'!ei1
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24,5-26,5) 11JIH 11 (pa3MephI 27 - 30,5).
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JiyKa npoMa3b!BalOT nOJil1XJIOponpeHOBbIM HJIH nom1ypeTaHOBbIM K.'lr-
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Ka 11 Ha6ottKe aKTHBHPYJOT npH TeMneparype 90-100 °C B Te'ICHlle
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JIS110T npoBoJIO'IHhIMl1 Ka6Jiyy:Ho-Ha6oeY:HbIMH rno3JIHMl1 NQ 11- 13.
qHCJIO rB03JieH JIJIH npHKpenJieHHSI Ha6ottKl1 onpeneJISieTCSI pa3Mepo\I
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.uepeBSIHHblH Ka6JiyK Ha60HKY np11611Ba10T CTS!TblO-WeCTblO rB03.[UJ\tll·
Ha Bb!COKHH - TpeMH. ECJIH Ha6oi1Ka HCWTaMnOBaHHa51 11 He ll\!CC1
lllTbipH JIJISI KpenJieHHSI, TO BO BTYJIKY Ka6JI)'Ka c yMCHbWCHHOH xoW'
BOH noBepXHOCTblO BCTaBJIHIOT nepeBSIHHbli1 IlKJiaJibIW, B KOTOpbI~i n6U-
Ba!OT rB03.[Jl1, KpenHlllHe Ha60HKY-

252
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csi c ttaKJlOHOM BHyrpb. Ha6oi11<11 B nape nom1<H1>1 61>1Tb on11HaKoB1>1J\111
110 To11uurne H uneTy, n110THO, 6e3 JaJopoB np1111eraTb K nonua6oe'I-
f10U noBepXHOCTl1 Ka611yKOB. f OJ10BKl1 rI3031leH He .IIOJl)KHbl BbICTynaTb
11an noBCpXHOCTblO Ha6oi1Kl1, a OCTp1151 - BblXOnHTb Ha 60KOBYIO no-
sepXHOCTb.
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8 nape c Ka611yKaM11, noc11e np11K11emiaH11H Hec1111bHbIM y.napoM Mo-
noTKa JanpeCCOBbIBalOT B Ka611yK.
,llJlH np11Kpen11emrn MeTa.JI1111'1ecK11x Ha6oeK 11cno11bJY10T rn0Jm1 c
weCT11rpaHHbIM CTep)l(HeM, npenornpawa10w11M nposopa,111sam1e rnoJ.nH
ff tta60MKl1 BOKpyr CBOei1 OCH. f B03.Ilb Ja611Ba10T Bpy<my!O MOJlOTKOM TaK,
qro6bI ro11onKa 6b1Jla yron11eHa B BbieMKC MeTaJ1Jll1'.J:eCKOH Ha6oHKl1.

11.6. ,QecpeKTbl np1.1Kpen11eH1.1H H"13a K sepxy 06ys1.1

.UeQ:>eKTbl npl1Kpen11eH11H nOJIOWB 33Bl1C51T OT MeTO.IIa Kpen11eHl1H.

TI05IBJieH11e .ne¢eKTOB np11 npv.Kpen11em111 no.nown CBH3aHo B ocHon-
HOM c HapyweH11eM TeXHOJ10fl1'1eCKHX HOpMaTHBOB H He11cnpaBHO-
CTblO 06opy.nosaH115!.
K o6llJHM .ne<PeKrnM np11Kpen11eHH5! no.nown 11 Ka611yKoB llJlH o6y-
BH pa3J111YHbIX MeTOllOB Kpen11eHl15I OTHOC51T CJ1CllYIOll!11e:
B3bepow11aaH11e sepxa 06yB11 Bb1we rpaH11 c11ena (OTMeTK11);
B3bepOWl1BaHl1C 3aT51)1(HOH KpOMKl1 no TOJ1ll!l1Hbl MeHbWe .nony-
CTHMott;
Hen110THOC (Heno11Hoe) 3anOJ1HCHl1e c11ena 06yn11 npOCT11JlKOH;
CKyt1eHHOCTb Kpen11Te11ei1 no nep11MeTpy nonowsb1;
Heno11Hoe npoxo)l(llem1e Kpem1Te11eti nonowBbI B cTe11LKY;
Heco6Jll01lCHl1C paCCTOHHl1i1 MC)l(lly Kpen11TeJ15!Ml1 11 OT Kpa51 no-
.llOlllBbI;
npoceKaHHC .nern11ei1 Hl13a CTpOYKOtt;
CJlellbl nOBTOpHoro Kpen11eH115I;
Heno11Hoe 3aKp1>rnaH11e nope3K11;
pa3Ha51 BblCOTa Ka611yKoB;
pacwemrnhI B Ka6JiyKax;
Bh1CTyna10w11e Han Ka611yKOM Kpem1Te1111;
3a3opb1 Me)l(lly Ka611yKaM11 11 nonowBaJ\111;
0TKJIOHCHl1C XOllOBOH nosepXHOCTH Ka611yKOB OT rop1130HTaJlbHOH
ll.1IocKocT11 11 .np.
AelJ>eKTbI KJieeBoro MeTo.ua KpenJieum1. CTp11 Kpen11eH1111 nonowB
IOieeBbIM MCTO.IIOM B03MO)l(Hbl CJ1CllYIOlll11C .ne¢eKTbI:
OTKJ1e11BaH11e nonowBhl 113-Ja n11oxoro Ka'1ecrna KJ1e5!. n11oxoi1 non-
roTOBK11 CKJICl1BaeMblX nosepXHOCTCH, HepaBHOMepHoro HaHecemrn
IOie51 Ha CKJICHl!aCMble noBepXHOCTl1, HenpaBHJlbHOro pe)l(HMa np11-
IOie11saHl15!, n11oxoro yn11a)l(HCHH5! KO)l(aHoH nonownbl;

253
 HepaBHOMepHblH np1mycK TIO)lOWBbl 3a rpaHb CJle)la 06yB11 II l-3·
d
Hecoon~eTCTBIHI pa3MepoB nOJJOWBbl 11 KOJlO)lKl1 111111 HenpaBl1Jlb1!()10
HaJ10)l(eH1rn 11 CJJB11ra noJJOWBbI B npouecce np111rne11BaHmr;
np11KJle1rnaH11e nO)lOWBbl K 6oKOBOH noBepXHOCTl1 113-3a HaHCCCllJJlj
60l1bWOro K011WieCTBa KJ1e51, BbICOKOro )laBJleH1151, He)lOCTaTO'IHOii Ja_
llll1Tbl 60K0130H noBepXHOCTl1 06yB11 OT 3arp513HeHl1H 11 nona;JaH1rn K'k>J:
HepOBHOCT11, npOBaJlbl, BbICTynhl OT npOCT1111Kl1, re11eHKa 11 Ja r$J;+;_
HOH KpOMKH Ha XOJlOBOH noBepXHOCTl1 nO)lOWBhl.
)l.e«J>eKTbl paHTOBOfO MeTO,LJ.a KpenJieHHJI. np11 KpenJleHHH n0,10lliH
paHTOBblM MCTOJlOM B03MO)l(Hbl C11C)lyJ0lU11e JlCQ:>eKTbI:
OT1111'IHblC OT HOpMaTl1BHhIX paCCT05JHl151 CTpO'IK11 OT Kpa5I;
He)lOCTaTO'IHa51 yrn)l(Ka WBa, CKpenm11owero paHT c 3aroTOB1'.0JJ
Bepxa 11 cTel1bKotl:;
npoceKaH11e MaTep11ana H11TKotl: 113-Ja 6011bwei1, 'ICM ycrnH01v1e11o
MeTOllHKOH, )lJ111Hbl CTe)l(KOB;
pacme1111Hbl Me)l(Jly paHTOM, no)lJlO)l(KOH 111111 TIO)lOWBOi.\, JaJopi,1
Me)l(Jly KpaeM noJJOWBbI 11 KPOKYJlCM Ka611y1<a;
HenapM11eJlbHOCTb wna rpaHl1 CTe11bK11;
HepaBHOMCpHbIW np11nycK flO)lOWBbl OTHOClUe11bHO rpaHH c.1c.1a
06yB11;
pa3Ha51 rny61rna nope3Kl1, HCCOOTBeTCTBl1e ee KOHTypa KOJHypy
TIO)lJ10)1(K11;
HCpOBHa5J CTpO'IKa;
Heno11Hoe 3ano11HeH11e npoK0110B HHTKOi:f;
pa3110XMa'ICHHblC H11TK11 B CTpO'IKe;
OTKJlel1BaH11e nope3KH noBepXHOCTl1 no)lOWBbI;
HepOBHOCTl1 Ha XOllOBOH noBepxHOCTl1 TIOllOWBhI;
HeTI110THOC np1111eraHHe TI5JTO'IHOH 'IaCTl1 nO.UOWBbl K JaTmrmoit
KpOMKC 111111 06BO.UKe;
pacnycKaH11e WBa 113-3a HC3aB513aHHbIX KOHUOB Hl1TOK.
)l.e«J>eKTbl rB03,LJ.eBOfO MeTO,LJ.a KpenJieHml. nptt KpCn11CHl111 nO}lOillB
fB03lleBblM MeTOAOM B03MO)l(Hbl C11e)lyJOlll11C AeQ:>eKTbI:
)le¢opMaUHH 06yn11 113-Ja HenpaBl111hHOro .nep)l(aHl151 ee BO npcWI
rrptt611Bamrn no}lOWBbI, oco6eHHO B MeCTe rrepexo.na OT nyYKOB K Hoci-:y:
Henona.naH11e fB031ICH B CTe11bKY 113-33 HenpaBl111hHOro HaJlO)l(CH!Hi
flO.UOWBbl;
pacCT05JHl1e fB03Liei:f OT Kpa5l flO.UOWBbl He COOTBCTCTByeT HOp\W\I
113-Ja HenpaBH11bHOH ycrnHOBKH 6oKoBoro ynopa;
Wl15JnK11 rB03.UCH BbICTYJ13lOT Ha)l f10110WBOM H3-3a HenpaBH11bHOil
ycrnHOBKH MOJIOTKa H He.UOCTaTO'IHOro HaT5J)l(CHH51 np~HH pora \ta-
W11HbI;
nponycK rnm11eti 113-3a He11cnpaBHOCTH rnm.neBoro MexaHHJMa (n.io-
xa51 no.naya rnoJ11eH B KaHaJI H 113 Hero);
npoK011bl nOLIOWBbl - fB03LIH He 3a6HB3IOTC5J B OTBepcnrn, Hai-:o-
110Tble WH110M. 113-3a HCCOOTBeTCTBJ.151 wara TpaHcnopT11poBaHl15! oCiy-
BH paCCTOHHHIO MC)l(Jly OCHMH M0110TK3 H w1111a;

254
I cJ()'l.JeHHOCTb rno3nei1 H3-3a nonoMKH wttna 11n11 HapyweHHH pa6o-
'1 rJ.eXaHH3Ma rora.
,llecJ>eKTbl BHHTOBOro MeT0.11.3 KpenJ1eum1. DpH KpenJlCHHH nonowu
J1111ffOBbIM MeTO.[!OM B031\10)1(HbI CJ1CIIYIOW.11C necpeKTbI:
cJ()'l.JCHHOCTb BHHTOB B pC3YJlbTaTC 3a.IlCP)l(KJ1 06yB11 113-3a HCHC-
IJP3BHOCTH KOI-meflepa;
11enpoXO)l(.[!CHHC BHHTOB CKB03b CTCJlbKY 113-33 CKOJlb)l(CHIHI rpe-
(jeOJKOB M3Wl1HbI no npOBOJlOKe;
:BMHTbl BbICTynaIOT Han nonepXHOCTblO TIOIIOWBbI, HO)l(l1 nJlOXO o6-
py6aIOT npOBOJlOKY, TaK KaK 11Jll1 3arymrnl1Cb, 11Jll1 HenpaBHJlbHO yc-
'[8HOBJICHbl, l1Jll1 CJlHWKOM Bb!COKO ycrnHOBJieHa ynopHa51 JlanKa;
)l.CcpOpMaum1 o6yBH (Kopo6JleH11e) BO speM51 KpenJleHl151 BHHTaMH.

r11aea 12
OTAEflKA 06YB~

12.1. Cnoco6b1 0T,a.e11KH

Kaqecrno roToBoi1 06yn11, oco6eHHO 113roTOBJ151eMm1 no 11Hmm11-
JIYallbHbIM 3aKa3aM, onpenem1eTC5! HC TOJlbKO KOMcpOpTHOCTblO B HO-
CICe 11 COOTBeTCTB11CM Tpe6osamrnM 3aKa3'-ll1Ka, HO 11 BHCWHHM (To-
eapHbIM) BH.UOM.
0T.UeJ1Ka o6yBH - 3aKJll0'-111TCJibHblH ::nan ee l13roTOBJlCHlUI, KOTO-
PLIM BKJlIO'-laeT 6oJlhWoe '-111CJlO TpynoeMKHX npoueccos. CTopHIIOK BbI-
nonttemrn 11 BM.II. onepau11i1 3aBHCHT OT KOHCTPYKUl1H 11 MaTep11a;m
DO,llOWBbl, npenBapHTCJibHOH o6pa60TKl1 11 OTIICJ1Kl1 Jl.CTaJJeH HH3a o6y-
BH, MaTep11aJla 11 UBCTa .LlCTaJlCH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa, MaTep11Ma, KOH-
CTpYJ<U1111 11 BbICOTbI Ka6JlyKa. a TaK)l(C Tpe6osam1ti OCT 240-78
«06YBb. l13roTOBJleH11e no 11tt.n11s11.nyMhHbIM 3aKa3aM», PCT 24 l- 78
«06ysb OTpeMoHntponaHHaH», TY 213 l-260-85 «06YBb oprnne.n11-
1ICCKa51 CJlO)l(HaH. TexHw-1ecK11e ycJlOBl151», npeno51BJ15leMbIX K sttewtte-
My Btt.ny o6yBH H np.
0TneJ1Ka o6yBH 113 HaTypaJlbHbIX MaTep11MOB 6oJlee TpynoeMKa51.
11CM 113 HCKYCCTBCHHblX. )],eTaJlH 06ys11 113 CHHTeTH'-ICCKHX MaTCPHaJlOB
He 0T.UeJlb!B3lOT.
Ilpouecc OT.UCJlKH 06YBH B llOPHJlKC npOBC.UCHHH TeXHOJlOrH'-leCKHX
onepau11if nonpa3.LlCJ15llOT Ha .UBC OCHOBHbIC rpynnbr: OT)lCJlKa HH3a H
OlAeJIKa nepxa.
OmiJeJ1Ka HU3a o6yeu 3aKJlIO'!aeTC51 B np11naH11u neTaJlHM H~Horo
ICoHTypa; nonroTOBKe nosepxHOCTefl K HaHeCeHHIO OT.UCJlO'-!HbIX coc-
'l'anon, o6ecne'-IHBalOW,HX HM 6JlCCK H BO.UOOTTaJIKl1B310lll,11C CBOM-
C°l'Ba; yrrnon1eH1111 ype3a KO)l(aHoif nonoWBbI 11 6oKonoif nosepxtto-
C'J'H KO)KaHoro Ka6nyKa; np11naHHl1 )lCTaJIHM Hl133 Kpac11Boro BHCill-
lfero B11na.

255
 Omae//Ka eepxa o6yeu 3aKJI10YaeTrn n BoccTattom1emm nepB011<1't,1.i1,.
Horo BHewHero Bl11la, noTepHHHO~,o B npouecce npo113BOJ1CTBa, 11 H:i.
HeCeHl1H neKopaTHBHbIX noKpblTIHI.
no cnoco6y BblnOJIHeHH51 pa3JIHYalOT OTJleJIOYHbie onepaUl111. llpo.
113BOJ111Mbie BPY'IHYJO 11 Ha l'v!aWHHax.
no BHllY onepaUim OTlleJIKH o6yBH lleJI51T Ha l\IeXaHHYeCKllC II \if.
MH'leCKHe. UeJib .MexaHu 1tecKux onepaimA - np11naTb neTaJJHM TiX\>\t.
MYJO ¢opl\1y 11JI11 oKa3aTb 11Hoe MexaHHYecKoe Bo3n.eAcnrne. Uni, -~ 11 •
.MU'lecKUX onepau11i1: - HaHeCeH11e OTLieJIOYHblX noKpblTHi1 11 DJ'.fWpa.
THBHOe 0¢opMJieH11e o6yBH.

12.2. 0TAenKa H~3a o6ys~

K onepau11HM orneJIKl1 mna 06yB11 OTHOCHT cppe3ep0Bam1e, m1 11 •

Q)OBaHHe, OKpaWHBaHHe, nOJIHpOBaHHe, n.eKopaTHBHYJO OTll.CJIKy KO-
)l(aHoro HH3a, annpeTHPOBaH11e, npOMbIBKy, HaHeceHHe OTJ1CJ10•f1-Jhl\
COCTaBOB H 3aKpen11TeJI5!, ynJIOTHeHHe.
<l>pe1eposauue. UeJib onepau1111 - ynaneHHe H3JHIU1KOB MaTcp11a-
Jia, BbipaBHHBaHHe nonepXHOCTl1 11 noJiyYeH11e Topua neTaJJeii HC06-
XOllHMOH ¢opMbI. B npouecce ¢pe3epoBaH115! YllaJIHIOT 113JIHWKH M<ncp11-
aJJa no KOHTYPY no11owB, Ka6JiyKoB H Ha6oeK Ha Maw11Hax <t>Yll-2-0
11 <t>Yn-3-0 (PocCHH) HJIH Caravelle Cambi ¢11pMbT Hardo. Pa60<111\1
opraHOM 1v1aw11H HBJI51eTc51 Bpawmowa51c51 cppe3a (pHc. 12.1).
Ype3 nonoWBbl, tta6oi1K11 11 Ka6JiyKa ¢pe3epyIOT pa3D.eJ1bHO . .\-'f>no.11
noaoUl6bl Ha3bIBalOT ee TOpeU, KOTOpblH MO)l(eT HMeTb pa3HYIO cjio1rny
(p11c. 12.2).
np11 ¢pe3epoBaHHH nonowB HJIH CTeJieK HcnoJib3YIOT ¢pe3LL
Llm1 noJiy<IeHH51 Tpe6yeMOro KOHrypa nonowBy npH)l(l1MalOT K B[Xl-
waJOwettc51 ¢pe3e (p11c. 12.3).
W11p1rna no11K11 ¢pe3bI JlJ151 o6pa6oTKH ype3a nomKHa 6bITb MCHb-
we TOJIW11Hhl nonoWBbl Ha 0,5-0,75 MM.
Kpai1 nonoWBbI LIOJI)l(eH Haxo1111TbC5! OT rpaH11 o6ynH Ha paccToHHllll
3-5 MM.

a 6 6

Puc. 12.1. <!>peJbl 1urn o6pa6oTKH:

a - ype3a no1011JIJ 11 cTeJJeK, 6 - reneHo•rnoli •iacTH nonornn 11 CTC ~eK; 6 - - 6nr-n1"111
nooepxHocn1 Ka6.1yKa

256
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P11C 12.2. <DopMbl ype1a nonourn nocne ¢>pe1eposamrn:
,·_ HOCO'!Ho-ny'!KOBOl1 'laCTll KO)f(l\Hofi: 6 - reJJeHO'lHOH 'lacn1 KO)f(attofi; 6, 2 -
pe3HHOBOl1

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JCPOMKH cppC3bl 110Jl)l(Ha 6b!Tb Ha 2 MM MCHbWC BblCOTbl Ka6JiyKa nmoc
toJIIlll.fHa nonoWBbL Bepxmrn rpaHb Ka6nyKa 11om1rna Bb1crynaTh 3a rpaHb
JUITO'IHOH lJaCTH 06yn11 HC 6onee '-ICM Ha 2 MM, aero 60KOBaSI noBepx-
ROCTb - COCTaBJlSITb c nJTOCKOCThlO Ha60HKH YTOJI 90°. )],onycKaeTCSI
cI>pe3epoBaHHC Ka6JJYKa Ha KOHYC c ITJlaBHblM rrepexonoM OT fCJICHO'-l-
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..accoBhlX Ka6nyKax, o6rnHYThIX KO)((eH, ¢pe3epYJOT no KOHTYPY ¢pe-
30H c npSIMOi1: flOJJKOH, HMCIOlllCH OllHH )((CJJ060K 11 OllHO MaJJOC rrepo,
HJIB ¢pe3oif c ¢11rypttoi1 noJJKOH 6e1 nepbeB. BepxHHH KOHTYP Ha6oi1-
ICH ,llOJl)l(CH COBnanaTb c KpaSIMH XOllOBOH nonepXHOCTH Ka6JJyKa, a
JIIDKHHH - BbICTYilaTb 3a 60KOBYJO noBepXHOCTb Ka6nyKa Ha 1- 1,5 MM.
c XOllOBOH CTOPOHbl Ha6oi1Ka llOJl)l(Ha HMCTb cpacKy ll111p11HOH 1-
1,5 MM H Bb!COTOH 0,3 MM. np11 ¢pe3epoBaHHH H~HO CJIC)lHTb, '-IT06bI
He 6bIJIH noBpC)(()lCHbl o6rn)l(KH 11Jll1 IlOKpbITl1C Ka6JJyKOB.
Ilocne cppe3epoBaH11S1 o6yBb 11om1rna HMCTb:
noJJKY ype3a nonolllBbr, 3a 11cKJ110lfeH11eM BHYTPCHHett cTopoHbI
l'e1ICHO'-IHOH lfaCTH, nepneH)lHJ<YJJSIPHYIO ee Kpa10;
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IlJlaBHblH nepexon OT Il)"-IKOBOH K reJJCHO'-IHOH '-laCTH;
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C'Ipo'IKH Ha IlOllOlllBC, a TaK)((C Bepx
06y1m.
lllnuclx>Balllfe. UeJlh orrepau1111 -
80Jiyqett11e rnanKOH IlOBCpXHOCTH.
lllirll¢onaHtte BbinOJJHHJOT Ha yH11-
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Combi ¢11pMbI Hess, Caravelle
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lic. 12.4). llOWBbl

~Hfna 257
P11c. 12.4. Wn11¢0BaH11e Ka6nyKa P11c. 12.5. Wn11<f>oBaH11e nonOLUBbI

noKoByIO noBepxHOCTb KO)l(aHbIX H pe3HHOBbIX Ka6JJyKOB wnwl>YIDT

Ha MaWHHe MWK-1-0 (PocCH51), xo.uosyIO nosepxHOCTb no.uourn 11
Ha60CK - lllHTI-1-0 (POCCH51) (pHC. 12.5). DOKOBYIO no-
Ha MaWHHe
BepXHOCTb KO)l(aHoro H pe3HHOBOro Ka6JJYKOB, no.uowsy H Ha6oiiKy
o6pa6aTbIBaIOT .usa pa3a: BHaYane WJJHcPOBaJlbHOH WKYPKOH NQ 20- 32.
a 3aTeM - WKypKoi1 NQ 8- 10.
nocne wm1¢osaHH5l 6oKoBa51 nosepxHOCTb Ka6nyKa H sepx 06~ n11
He Jl0Jl)l(Hbl 6LITb nospe)l(IlCHbl, HepOBHOCHl, o60)l()l(eHHbIC l\ICCTa.
BLIXBaTbl H BOJlHHCTOCTb Ha noBepXHOCTH Ka6nyKa He .uonycKaIOTC51.
Pa31\fepbI H ¢opMa Ka6JJyKOB B nape .UOJl)l(HbI 6LITb OJlHHaKOBbtWI.
C))p0HTa'IbHa51 noBepXHOCTb Ka6JJyKa - COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nHTO'-IHOii qac-
TH nO..JOWBbl.
XoJJOBYIO noBepxHOCTb no.uowB Ha'-IHHaIOT wn11¢0BaTb c reneHo'l-
Hoi1 '-!aCTH, a 3aTCM nepcxo;rnT K wm1$ouaHHIO HOCO'-IHO-nyYKOBOii
YaCTH. nptt OTJlCJlKe BO.UHO-BOCKOBbIMH KpaCKaMH WJlHcPYIOT BCIO no-
BepXHOCTb no.nows, npH OT.UCJJKe 6ecnOJlHpOBO'-IHbIMH KpacKaMH II no1
HaTypaJJbHblM UBCT KO)l(H - TOJJbKO Kpa51 XO)lOBOH noBepXHOCTH no-
JlOWB H Ha6oeK )lJl51 y.uaneHH51 BOCKa H 3arp513Hem1i1.
Tiocne WJJHcPOBamrn nO.UOWBbl 11 Ha6oi1KH JlOJl)l(Hbl HMCTb:
pOBHYIO, 6e3 uapanHH, O)l(OroB, HCOTWJIHcPOBaHHbIX MCCT II K0.1b-
uco6pa3HbIX CJle)lOB nosepXHOCTb;
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Ka6nyKa, CTe)l(KH, npHKpcnJJHIOWHe no.uowsy K paHTy, II Bepx o6yB~·
0KparnHBaHHe ype3a UO)l,OIUB, ua6oeK H 6oKOBOU nosepXHOCTH Kao·
JJYKOB. UenL oKpaWHBaHHH ype3a no.uowBbI - nOJlJ"ICHHe UBern, rap·

258
- J{JfPYJOlUCro c UBCTOM Bepxa, YJJY'IWCHHC BHCWHCro SHJJa II nOSbl-
:::J{Jfe B0.llOCTOl1KOCHI. CTosepXHOCTH 0Kp3WHS3!0T B 'ICpHbiii l1Jll1 TCfll-
0-J(OpHl!HCSbIH USCT, HaHOCSI BOCKOSYIO (nOJJHpOBO'IHYIO) KpacKy 11Jlli
fl cKY Ha OCHOBC CHHTCTHl!CCKHX JlaTCKCOB MaJICHbKOi1 lUCTKOl1 POil-
~ cJIOCM. 00CJIC HaHCCCHHSI KpaCKH o6yBb CYWdT npH TCMncpaType
18 _ 20 °C B Tel!eH11e 20- 25 .. MHH. 60Kosy10 nonepxHoCTb Ha6opHoro
iat6JIYK3 noKpbIB3!0T KpaCKOH .nna pa3a. ..
Jl1rnYJJY'IWCHH51 BHCWHero BH.na 11 TIOBblWCHl151 BO.UOCTOHKOCTl1
J(O)l{aHbIC no.nowsbI 11 Ha6oi1KH TIOKpbIB3!0T Ka3C11HOBOCKOSOi1 l1Jll1
JIIeJJJl3'IHO-Ka3CHHOSOi1 KpacKOH TOHKl1M pOBHblM CJIOCM 6e3 cryCT-
J(OB, nponycKOB H TIOTCKOB.
OKpaw11saH11c npo113no.nHT TIJJOCKOH 6CJJl1l!bei1 Kl1CTb!O nHrMCHT11po-
)l3JIHOH (USCTHOH) 11Jll1 l!CpHOH KpaCKOH .nsa pa3a, 6eCUBCTHOl1 JJa-
'('eJ(CHOH KpacKoi1 o.n11H pa3. CToCJJe nepsoro 0Kpaw1rnaH11H tteo6xo.n11Ma
cyillK3 B TCl!CHHC 20-30 MHH, a TIOCJIC STOporo - 35-40 MHH np11
reMnepaType 18- 20 ·c. n PH H3HCCCHl111 6ecnOJJHpOBOl!HOH KpaCKH
cyillK3 .llJIHTC51 1,5-2 Ml1H np11 TCMnepaType 70-- 75 ·c s cywHJIKC
COB-1.
)ln.R OT.llCJIKH KO)f(aHblX no.nowB HaTypaJibHOro useTa npHMCH.mOT
6ecuseTHbie JJaTeKCHbIC KpacKH. OKpaw11naHHe npo113BO.llSIT KHCTb!O 11JJH
nyJibSCpH3aTopoM. B HCKOTOpbIX CJlyYaHX OKpaw1,rnaHHC XO.llOBOH no-
uepXHOCTl1 no.nows 3aMCH5llOT TOHHPOBaHHCM no KOHTYPY HHTpOKpac-
KOtl, onHonpeMCHHO TOH11pyH 11 ncpx 06ys11.
Ilp11 OKpaWHBaHHH HCJ1b3H n:onycKaTb nOTCKOB KpacKl1 11 3arp513HC-
HHH KpacKoi1 sepxa 06yn11. He .nonycKaeTcH 3aKpaw11naH11e cTpOl!KH
o6y1m paHTOBOro Mern.na KpenJJCHH51. B 06yn11 Bl1HTOBOro MCTO.Ua Kpcn-
JICHH51 o6so.ney OKpaw11na10T O.UHl1M UBCTOM c ype30M no.nows.
IlOJIHpOBauue. Pa3JIJ1l!a!OT noJ111ponaH11e XO.UOSOH TIOBCpXHOCTH no-
.D;OWB H Ha6oeK (XOJIO)lHOC TIOJJl1p0BdHHe) 11 TIOJJHpOBaHl1C ype3a non:-
lIO:lKCK, nonows, Ha6oeK 11 6oKOSOH nosepxHOCTH Ka6JJyKOS (nepsoe
H BTopoe rop51l!CC noJ111ponaH11e).
U:eJib!O nepsoro ropSll!Cro noJ111posaH115! SIBJl51!0TC51 ynJJOTHCHHC 11
ll>opMoBaHHC ype3a no ¢opMe npo¢11JI5! cj:JyMCJl51, SbipaBHl1B3HHC no-
BepXHOCTH 11 yMeHbWCHHe nop11cToCT11 ype3a B pe3yJJhTaTC pacnJJaBJJe-
ffIDI: npe.nnap11TCJlbHO HaHCCCHHOro CJIOSI BOCKa 11JIH 3aKpen11TCJISI.
fop51l!CC nOJJHposaHMC npOH3SOD:SIT Ha MaWHHaX [0 (POCCHSI),
Caravelle Cambi 175-CRS c peBOJJbsepHoi1 nom1posaJibHOtt ycrnHoB-
ICotf RS qmpMbI Hess ([epMaH11H), 04207 /Pl qmpMbI ZPS-SM (l.fe-
JGur) ¢yMeJieM (pHC. 12.6), HarpeTblM )JO TeMneparypbI 90- 100 °C.
UonKa ¢yMeJJH .nom1rna 6bITb y)l(c noJJKH ¢pe3bI Ha 0,5 MM 11 coorneT-
C'l'BonaTb ee npo¢11J110, l!TO 06ecnel!11BaeT ynJJOTHeHHe ype3a 11 no,1y-
'le1ure l!CTKO Bblpa)((CHHblX ¢acoK.
Ype3 nonownbr .llOJJ)f(eH HMCTb rna.ney10 nonepxHOCTh 6e3 CO)(()l(CH-
liLix MCCT.
U:enb sToporo ropS1l!ero noJ111posamrn - pacnpe.neJJCHHe socKa no
noBepXHOCTH ype3a, npH,UaHHC CMY KpaCHSOro SHCWHCfO SH.U3 11 yne-

259
 JTl1'ICH11e nOllOCToi1Koc111. Bro 11 c1,.
rop5P1ec no1111pouaH HC nhmo.·1 11 ~i-
IOT TaK)f(C cl>Yl\ICJJCM. BocK p:111 11 <1_
l\1CpHo pacnpC/lCJT51CTCH no YPL ,1
nonourn 11 Ha6oi1Ke. Ype3 no"1y' 1: 1_
CTCH rna.nKllil 11 6JTCCT511Jllli1. c 1:1,1.
pa)l(CHHbll\111 <JJaCK<ll\111 II :>KIL'lkcl\!lf
8 06ym1 Ha cpCllHCM II llLICu,
KOM Ka6JTyKax ropw1ee no.111p 0 _
B3Hl1C ypc3a fCJJCHO'lHOii '!-tc111
001l0Wl3bl H ee KpOKYJJH BLllIO.i-
H51IOT PY'IHhlM cjJyMcJTeM, Harpl-
TblM no 90- I00 °C. Ero JXU.\tcp 1,1
llOJT:>KHLJ COOTneTCTnonaTb !llflj)!f-
HC ype3a re.TJCHO'!HOii '!<ICTI! 110-
llOWBbl 11 Kp0Kym1.
UeJTL xoJTo.n1-1oro norn1po11:1-
Pttc. 12.6. nom1pona1n1e ype3a no-
mrn - npo51BllTL 6JJecK, o6ccnl'-
irownbI
Yl1Tb KpacJIBblH BHCUJHlfii BIU .\()-
JlOBOii noBep.\HOCTl1 CTOllOILIB I! 1Li-
6oeK. Onepau1110 BblnOJTH51IOT Ha Maw1rnax xnn-3-0 (Pocc1rn). <llllp-
Mbl Hardo (fepMaHMH) BpawaIOW111\111C51 BOJIOCHHbl'\111 WCTK<ll\111. Ha
noBepxHOCTh KOTOpLIX HaHOCHT BOCK. Uner OT}lCJ10 1moro nocKa mu;+;c11
COOTBCTCTBOB3Tb UBCTY OKpaweHHblX non.OWBbl H Ha6oitKll.
np11 PY'IHOH OTllCJTKC XOllOBYIO nonepXHOCTb no11oum II HaOOl'.K 11~1-
TMpalOT BOCKOM 11 noJT11py10T HarpeTOH 110 TC\meparypbl 70- 80 L .\IC-
TaJTJll1YCCKOi1 rnamrnKOH. OrnoJ111poBaHHY10 nonepxHocTb npon1pa1m
cyKOHKOH 110 noJTy<IeH1rn panHOMCpHoro 6JJecKa. EcJJn .neT<L1111 1n1 u
OKpaweHbl 6ecnom1pOBO'IHO~i KpaCKOH, MX XOllOBblC nOBCpXHOCll! He
nom1py10T. Yro6b1 noJTyYl1Tb Ko:>KaHbie no.nornnbl 1-1ary1xtn1>1-1oro 1111e1,1.
HCl10Jlb3YJOT 6ecuBCTHLIH JTaK 11 HCOKpaWCHHblC BOCKOBblC ::Jl\t):JbCllll
,UeKopaTHBHasi OT.ll.eJIKa KO:>l\.anoro nu1a. UeJTb onepau1rn - ~ KJXl-
CHTb o6yBb, ynJTOTHHTb nope3Ky II KpoKy.TJb Ka6JJyKa. D.JJH ::>Toro 1:py<1-
HYJO HaHOC51T y3opHb1e JTMHI1H 11 p11cyHK11.
Ha 6oKonoi1 rronepxHOCTH o6rn)f(Kl1 .nepem1H11oro Ka6.TJyKa Ha pac-
CTOHHHl1 0, 75- I MM OT BepxHero KpaSl 11 KpaSl K)JOKYJJH no,1011Jflbl
HaHOCSlT y3op OTBOllKOH, MCTaJIJTHYCCKa51 'laCTb KOTOpoii HarpcTa JO
TCMnepaTyp1>1 90- I 00 °C. D.JTSl 3TOro ttarpnyJO orno11Ky c onc.10'1·
HbJM BOCKOM npll)f(l1MaJOT K IlOJIOWBC, rIOCJIC 11ero npon1pmoT t'C (\"
KOHKOi1. 8 06ym1 KJTCCBOfO MCTOlla KpenJTCHllH 11.IlH l1\l11Tau1111 11cKyi.:c 1•
BCHHOro paHTa Ha HOCOYHO-nyYKOBYIO YaCTb no.noWBbl KOJJCCl!f\O\! HJ•
HOCHT p11cyHOK. 8 06ym1 paHTOBOro MCTOll<l Kpen.rremrn y3opHytn .1 11 ;
HHJO rrpoB011S1T no nope3Ke nOlIOWBL!. HaHeceHHb1e p11cyHKH 11 >i..Jt.1" 1
llOJT)f(Hbl 6bITb pOBHLIMH, 'ICTKHMH ll HaXOlillTbCH Ha OJlllH<lKOBO\! f,.i.:·
CTOSIHHH OT KpaSl Ka6JJyKa l!JTH CTOllOWBbl. Bepx 11 Hl!J 06ym1 HC ;it1.1F
Hbl HMCTb noBpC:>KllCHI1il 11 O)l(OfOB.

260
 Haueceuue OT,lleJIO'IHbIX cocTasos. 3aKpenumeJ1b HaHornm 1w ype3
noiJowe, Ha6oeK 11 noeepxuocmb 11a6op11b1x Ka6)1yKoe wrn no.riroT013Klf K
91>1flOJIHCHl1JO CJIC1IYJOWHX onepauui1. 3aKpenHTCJib CKJ1Cl1BaeT 130JIOKHa
JCO:>KH, neJiaeT noBCpXHOCTb )l(CCTKOi1 H rnanKOH, a T3K)l(C np11.naeT ci1
.,oJlOCTOHKOCTb.
Ha ype3 nonowB. Ha6oeK 11 6oKo13yJO no13epxHocTb Ha6opHbIX Ko-
JIGlHbIX Ka6JiyKoB 3aKpenHTCJib HaHocm MaJICHbKOH WCTKOH. B KaYecrne
33J(penHTCJI5I npHMCHHJOT 22-25%-HbIH pacrnop KaHmpOJil1 HJIH H,llll-
fOJia B cnttpTe, MblJibHYJO HJIH BOCKOI3YJO 3MYJibCl1JO, B011Hbii1 pacrnop
~eJ)lpOBOro KJICH. noCJie HaHCCCHHH 33KpenHTCJIH o6yl3b cywaT B TC'IC-
flllC 5 - l 0 MHH npH TeMnepaType 18 - 20 °C.
Ha11ece11ue eocKa ua ype3 1100Ao.11ceK, nooowe 11 11a6oeK 13binOJIH51JOT
.zvm nonroTOI3Kl1 IlCTaJICH KO BTOpOMY ropwreMy nom1poBaHHJO . .lJ;rn
noJIYlICHH51 Kpacttl30ro BHCWHero 1311.Ua, a TaK)l(C 1IJIH YBCJIHYCHH51 130-
JlOCTOHKOCTH Ha ype3 fl01IOWB. nOlIJIO)l(CK 11 Ha6oeK H<lHOC51T OT.LICJIOY-
HblM BOCK. PeKOMCH1IYJOT npHl\ICHHTb OT.UCJIOlJHblH BOCK c TeMncpaTy-
poi1: nJiaBJICHl151 80 °C. KOTOpbIH o6ecneYHBaeT CTOHKOC 6Jiecrnwee
noKpbITHe. BocK11 oT.r1eJIOlJHb1e npe.ncTaBJ15IJOT co6oi1 cnnaBbI BOCKOB 11
BOCKOfl01I06HbIX BCWCCTB c 1106aBKaMH KaCTOpOBOro Mac11a HJlH a6pa-
3HBHOro HanOJIHHTCJlH.
HaueceHue J10Ka Ha ype3 nooowe u 11a6oeK HC06xo1111Mo 1IJI51 np11.na-
mrn HM KpaCHBOro BHCWHero BH.Ua. 0TllCJ10YHbli1 JlaK, COCT05IWHH H3
paCTBOpa WCJIJiaKa 11JIH 11mn0Jla B 3THJ10BOM cnttpTe, HaHOC51T KHC-
TO'IKOH. npo.UOJI)l(HTCJibHOCTb cyWKH COCTaBJ15ICT l ,5-2 MHH npH TCM-
nepaTYpC 18- 20 °C.
On1.eJIKa xo.uosoH: nosepxuocTH no.LI.ourn H ua6oeK Hl ucKyccTseu-
BLIX MaTepHa.TIOB • .llJIH npOH3B01ICTBa 06y1m WHPOKO npl1MCH51JOT no-
Jl;OllIBbl 11 Ha6oi1KH 113 KO)l(BOJloHa. C 11eTaJiei1 Y1laJI51JOT nHTHa 11 3arp513-
Hett115I, oco6eHHO c XOilOBOH n013CpXHOCTH nonowB, npOMbIBaJOT HX
6ett3HHOM HJlH CMblBOlJHOi-i )1(111IKOCTbJO c nOMOllihlO TaMnOHa. 3aTeM
Ha ype3 H XOilOBYIO no13epXHOCTb no.nowB HaHOCHT Y3KOH KHCTblO 11JHI
ry6Koi1 TOHKHH pOBHbli-t CJlOH JlaKa (H.LIHTOJlOBOro 11Jll1 WCJlJ1alJHOro)
lfJIH WCJlJlalJHYIO annpCTYPY, He .UOnycKa5! nOTCKOB Ha Bepx 06ym1. npo-
Jl;OJDKHTCJibHOCTb cyrnKH n11eHKH cocTaBJI5leT 5 - I 0 Ml1H nptt TeMnepa-
Type 18-20°C.

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266
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267
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269
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276
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qecKOH H TeXHOJJOrn'-leCKOH 110KyMeHTau11ei1. OcHOBHblM Tpe6oBaHHel\t
gBJISleTCSl o6ecne'-leHHe BblCOKOfO Kal!eCTBa peMOHTa o6yBH.
Ka'lecmeo peA10Hma o6yeu - cooTBeTCTBHe oTpeMoHTHpOBaHHoi1
o6YBH Tpe6oBaHH51M TeXHHl.JeCKOH llOKyMeHTaUHH, a TaK)l(e 3anpocaM
3aKa3'-IHKa, cornacoBaHHbIM np.11 npHeMe 3aKa3a. CBOHCTBa oTpeMoH-
mpoBaHHoi1 o6yBH B npouecce ee 3KcnJJyaTau1111 JIOJI)l(Hbl coorneT-
CTBOBaTb 3anpocaM noTpe6HTeJJetL Tpe6oBaHH5lM TeXHH'·leCKHX ycJJo-
BHH .HJIH rocynapCTBeHHhIM CTaHnapTaM.
CnenyeT pa3JJHYaTb nol"pe6.11TeJibCKoe H npoH3B011CTBeHHoe Ka'1ecTBO.
flon f10111pe6umef/bCKUM KO'ICClnBO,it OOHHM3!0T Halle)l(HOCTb H llOJl-
fOBeYHOCTb 06y1m nocne peMOHTa, ee KpaCHBblH BHeWHHi1 BHll H OT-
)leJIKy. noHHTHe «f1pOU380acmeeHHOC KO'ICC/1180» nonpa3yMeBaeT npa-
BHJibHblH Bbl60p HCXOllHb!X MaTepHallOB H MeTOJlOB KpenJleHHSl npH
peMOHTe Bepxa H HH3a o6yBH, co6JIIO.UeHHe TeXHOJIOn1'!eCKOro npo-
uecca peMOHTa, HOPM H pe)f(HMOB.
KaYecTBO peMOHTa o6yBH onpe11em1.eTCSI TaK)f(e noKa3aTem1.MH
CBOHCTB o6yrm, OOJlyYeHHbIX B pe3yJJbTaTe CTaHnapTHblX HCOblTaHHH.

13.2. 8"1,D.bl peMOHTa

PeMOHTHpyeMyIO o6ynh nonpa31lCJJSIIOT Ha rpynnb1 cornacHo o6mei1

KJiaccmp11Kau1111 06yB11 (cM. nonpa3n. 4.1 ).
PeMOHT 06ym1 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT l!Hcna 11 pa3Mepa 3KCnJJyarauu-
OHHbJX ne¢eKTOB H TpynoeMKOCTH HX YCTpaHemrn KJJaCCHcPHUHPYIOT
Ha Tp.H rpynnbl: MCJJKl1H, cpenH11i1 .H KpynHblH.
MeJJKHH peMOHT. K MeJJKOMY peMOHTY OTHOCSIT ycTpaHeH11e MeJlKHX
.ne¢eKTOB, ipe6yIOmee 3aKpenJieH11s:i 11 3aMeHbI nenUietl: Bepxa .11 H.H3a,
3aMeHbl H.H3KHX Ka6JiyKOB .H Ha6oeK, peMOHTa Bepxa, nonKJJallK.H 11
I<a6JJyKoB, yKpenJJeH.HH nonourn .H Ka6JiyKoB, ocBe)f(eHHSI 06ym1 11 .np.
MeJJK111':.\ peMOHT cocrnBJrneT 65- 70 % OT o6mero o6'beMa peMoHT-
R1>1x pa6oT.
Cpe,11.nuif peMOHT. CpenH.Ht'r peMOHT npe11ycl\1aTp11BaeT 11cnpaBJJett11e
6oJJee 3Ha•rnTeJJbHbIX ne¢eKTOB, BJJ.HH!OlllHX Ha noJJroBel!HOCTb o6yBH,
3aMetty ttecym.11x neTaJieH HH3a 06y1m, yJJy'lwett11e ee BHewHero mma,

277
113MCHCHHe pa31\fepoB nernJietl 3aroTOBKl1 Bepxa. K HCMY OTHOCHT i;,_
MCHY nonMeTo•rnotl '-laCTl1 nonowB; HaKJJeHBaHHe npocpHJiaKTH'-len: 11 ,
nO.UMCTOK; np11KJJe11BaH11e nonoWBbI, OTKJJCCHHOH noJIHOCTblO 11Jllf 01
nO.UMCTO'IHOH '-!acnt; 3aMeHy cpe.rrHHX 11 BbICOKl1X nJiaCTMaCCOBblX. 1l:-
peB51HHblX H KOM611HHpOBaHHbIX Ka6JiyKoB; 113MCHCHHC .UJIHHbl 11 11111.
pHHbI roJieHHlU canmKeK; 0Kpaw11BaH11e Bepxa KO)l(aHotl o6yBH. Cpl'."f.
HHH peMOHT KO)l(aHOH o6yBl1 COCTaBJIHCT 25- 30 % OT o6iuero 06N:\ld
peMOHTHblX pa6oT.
KpynttblH peMOHT. K KpynHOMY peMOHTy OTHOCHT pecrnnpau1110 11
o6HOBJICHHC o6yBH 113-3a CHJibHOBbipa)l(CHHbIX necpeKTOB, KOTOp1>1c
He non.rra!OTC51 HCnpaBJICHl1!0. 3Tl1 necpeKTbl, KaK npaBH:"IO, B03HIH,a-
IOT B pe3yJibTaTe .UJI11TCJlbHOH HOCKH, o6bI'-IHO y)l(e noc11e pCMOllla
o6yBH H H3HOCa neTaJietl Bepxa, Tpe6y!OLUHX 3aMCHbl nepena, CO!OJ-
KH, 3a.UHHKa. 3aMCHa TaKl1X .UCTaJICH conpOBO)l(.llaeTC51 OTllCJlCHl!l'.\f
3aT51)1(HOH KpOMKH 3aroTOBKH nepxa OT CTCJlbKH, CMCHOH CTapbI>.. .lC-
TaJICH Hl13a, a TaK)l(C 3aT5I)l(HblMH, c6opO'-IHbIMH H OTllCJIO'IHbIMH onc-
paumJMH.
K KpynHOMY peMOHTY OTHOCSIT 3aMeHy OCHOBHbIX .UCTaJICH Bl'.p\a
o6yBl1 (COI030K, nepenHeH '-laCTl1 Bepxa) 11 nonowB BMCCTC c Ka611y1<a-
MH. KpynHhIH peMOHT cocrnn11sreT 5- 7 % OT o6w.ero o6beMa peMoHT-
HbIX pa6oT.
TpynoeMKOCTb pa6oT no rpynnaM peMOHTa pacnpene11sr10T cJie.1y-
10W.l1M o6pa30M'. MCJIKHH - 110 20 MHH, cpe.rrHHH - OT 20 no 80 Ml!H II
KpyTIHblH - 6oJiee 80 MHH.
B 3an11CHMOCTH OT MaTep11aJia nepxa 06y1rn pa31111'-la10T peMOHT Ko-
)l(aHow, pC311HOBOW 11 BaJISIHOH o6yBl1.
Oo CTenCHl1 H B11.UY TIOBpC)l(.llCHl1H KO)l(aHOH o6yBl1 11 cnoco6ar.1 II\
yCTpaHCHl1SI onpeneJIHIOT CJICllYIOW.HC BM.Ubl peMOHTa'. nepxa 06y1rn II
TIO.UKJlaIIKH, HH3a, pecrnBpaUHIO, o6HOBJ1CHHC H o6Jiaropa)l(HBa!me
BHCWHero mrna.
Pe3HHOBYIO o6yBh peMOHTHpyKn MeTonoM ropsr'-lew Hy11KaHHJm11111
B npecc-cpopMax H aBToKJiaBax HJlH xo11onHbIM cnoco6oM.
PeMOHT BaJISIHOH 06yB11 BhinOJIHSIIOT CJIC.UYIOlllHMH MCTonal\rn: npo-
WHBHbIM, KJlCCBbIM 11 ropsr'-lett ByJIKaHH3aUHH.

13.3. lt13HOC o6yBH

B npouecce .UBH)l(CHHH '-1e11oneKa ¢opl\m H pa3Mepb1 CTon H3MeH51-

IOTCSI. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT no11a 11 B03paCTa '-ICJIOBeKa, npeMCHH ro.1~1.
MeTeopo11orn'-leCKHX YCJIOBHH, 3MOUHOHaJibHOro COCTOSIHHSI '-ICJJOBC-
Ka, a TaK)l(C npyrnx cpaKTOpOB CTCTICHb B03.UCHCTBH51 CTOTibl Ha o6yflb
H, CJlCllOBaTCJlbHO, CTCTICHb ee H3HOCa BapbHpyeTCH.
KpoMe Toro, co npeMeHeM non netlcTBHCM norn cTonL1, nL1.111.
H3MCHCHHH TCMnepaTypbl H BJia)l(HOCTH B03nyxa MaTCpHaJibl CTaHomn-
CSI 6011ee )l(CCTKHMH, '-ITO ycKopsreT H3HOC o6yBH.

278
, . pa3J111<Ia10T 3Kcn11yarnuuo~Hb1e necfJe~TbI o6ysu KO)l(aHoi1, H3 uc-
tyccTBCHHbIX KO)!(, pe3HHOBOll H BaJHIHOH.
9KCTIJlyaTaUHOHHble neQ:>eKTbl KO)l(aHOM o6yBH neJ151T Ha necjJeKTbl

11eranei1 sepxa H .~onKJlanKH H nx cKpen11eHm'1, neQ:>eKTbI nernnei1 HH3a

11 nx cKpenneHHH.
flpu'IUHOJ.tll UJHoca iJema;1etl Bepxa u noiJK.11aiJKu 51BJ15JIOTCH nonepe-
p.fCf-IHOe pacrn)l(eHHe H C)l(3Tl1e Marep11a.na COI030K B npOil,OJlbHOM l1
110nepe<IHOM HanpaBJleHH51x; TpeHne CTOnhI no nonKJlanKe 11 nonKJlan-
JGf no Bepxy o6yBH npH Oil,HOBpeMCHHGr.f .rraBJlCHHH CTOnbl Ha non-
JC]Ia,D:KY; HCllOCTaTO<IHO xopornee Ka<IeCTBO Bepxa H nO.lIKJlail,Kl1.
B pe3yJlbTaTe 113Hoca .rreTaneii nepxa H no.rrKJla.lIKl1 o6pa3ylOTC51
cKJia.ITKH, TpewHHbl H CKB03Hb!e pa3pb!BbI; 3arp513H51CTC51 Bepx o6yBH
(oco6eHHO CBCTJlb!X TOHOB H3 Bemopa 11 3aMWH); OTpb!BalOTC51 pe-
MCillKH 11erKoi1 o6yBH, pBeTC51 K3HT H 33T51)[(H351 KpOMKa 3aroTOBKH
BCpxa; pacrnrnBalOTC51 .rreTanH B nonepe'JHOM Hanpas11eHn11; npon1-
paeTC5l KO)[(aHa51 noJJ,KJ13,lIKa; HCTHpalOTCH )[(CCTKHC 33Il.HHKH; H3Ha-
unrnalOTC51 y<IaCTKH COI030K, 3aJJ,HHKH HJlH Il51TO<IHbie y<IaCTKH 6ep-
ueB 11 fOJICHHlU.
IlplllfllHOJ.1ll U3HOCG CKpen.lleHUU iJema.11etl 6epxa ll llOOK.llaiJKu 51BJ151IOT-
CH HanpH)l(CHHH, B03HHKaIOIUHC B WBaX non Il.3BJ1CHHeM CTOnbI Ha o6yBh;
H3rn6aHHe .rreT<Uieii Bepxa H noJJ,KJla.nKH; n11oxoe Ka<Iecrno BcnoMora-
TeJihHbIX MaTepHMOB, HHTOK 11 KJ1e51.
B pe3yJlbTaTe H3Hoca cKpen11eHHtt .rreTaneii nepxa H nonKJla.ITKH pa3-
pyurnlOTC51 WBbl Bepxa; J10M3IOTC51 33CTC)[(Kll-MOJIHHH; 0Tpb!B3IOTC51
DpIDKKH.
0CH06HOfl npU'IUHG U3HOCO iJema.11eu HU30 - TpeHHe no.rrou.m, no.rrMe-
TOK, Ka6JlyKOB ll Ha6oeK no onopHOH nonepXHOCTH.
3oHa M3KCl1MaJibHOro 113HOCa nOJJ,OWB 11 IlOil.MeTOK cocpe.rroTO<IeHa
B HOCO<IHOH <Iacn1 (p11c. 13. J), Ka6JiyKOB 11 Ha6oeK - B 3ail,Hei1 'IaCTH 11
Ha BHewHeii: crnpoHe (p11c. I 3.2). Ha6otiKH B nepBoHa<I3J1bHhitt nepHOil.
HOCKH 113Hall111BalOTC51 3H3'JHTCJlbHO 11HTeHCl1BHee, <IeM B nocne.rry-
IOllI,He nep110il.hI. HepaBHOMCpHOCTb H3Hoca KO)[(aHbIX no.rrowB, TIOil.Me-
TOK H Ha6oeK 3Ha<IHTCJ!bHee, <ICM 113HOC pe3HHOBb!X .rreTa.neii.

Puc. 13.1. MeCTa ttau6onbwero H3Hoca KO)K3HbIX no.uows

279
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a 6 6

P11c. 13.2. MeCTa Ha116onbwcro l13Hoca pC311HOBblX Ha6oeK 11 HIDKHCii •1ac 111
Ka6nyKOI3:
a - 96,8 %; 6 - 2,2 %; 6 - I%

Oco6eHHocmb10 U3Huca pe3UHOBbtX nopucmblx noiJowe HmrneTC5! ni,1.

KpaWl1B3Hl1e KpaeB HOC0'1HOl1 'laCTM l13-3a y.uapoB npl1 X01lb6e 0 He
POBHOCTM orropHoti flOBCpXHOCTM. l1Horna Ha6monaeTC5I nepe11m1 no-
.LIOWB B rry'lKOBOH qacn1 no J1HHl1l1 H3rn6aHH5I o6yBH, CB5133HHblii c
Hey.LIOBJlCTBOPHTeJlbHblM conpOTHBJlCHHCM MHOroKp3THOMY J1Jrit6y
MaTepH3110B ITO.LIOWB.
OcHoeHaR rj.JOp;ua U3Hoca K0:>1ca11b1x cme11eK - o6pa30BaH11e rroucp\-
HOCTHbIX TPC1UHH pa3HOH rny6HHbl, nepCX01l5I1UHX rrp11 nponoml<HTC.1b-
HOH HOCKC B CKB03Hble TPC1Ul1HbI H 113J10Mbl. l13HOC KapTOHHblX CTC'l\'K
rrp051BJ15ICTCH B pacc11aHB3Hl1H H CK3Tb!B3HHl1 (HCTHpaHHH), o6pa3oBa-
HHH HCpOBHOCTett, CKJla!lOK, a MHOrna 11 rrepCllOMOB.
XapaKmepHbt.Mu cjJopAtaMU U3Hoca 3aiJHuKoe HBllHJOTCH 11x 11cKp1rn_11e-
Htte, ocenaHHC, pa3MHr'fCHHC (113 HCKYCCTBeHHbIX MaTepHaJlOB) 11 llC-
THpaHHC co CTOpOHbl, conp11Kaca10iuettcf1 co CTOnOJ1.
Ka6nyKH (3a HCKJ1JO'feH11eM pe3HHOBbIX), KaK npaBHJIO, He non
Bepra!OTCH HCTIOCPC.LICTBCHHOMY H3HOCy. YTOHCHHbie Ka611yKH non flOJ-
.LICHCTBHeM cocpenoTO'fCHHb!X Harpy30K B npouecce XO.Lib6bI H 6era (np11
HenpaBHJlbHOH KOHCTPYKUHH HJIH rrpl1MCHCHl111 .LlJlfl HX H3roTOBJlCHllH
MaTepH3110B c HCYllORJlCTBOpHTCJlbHbIMH MCX3HH'leCKHMH CBOiicrna-
MH) 110MaJOTCH. He3aBHCHMO OT tt3Hoca Ka611yKOB c1111paeTCH m111cnaH
rrosepXHOCTb KO)KaHblX o6Tf!)KeK H HCTHpaeTCH HX HH)KH}(51 qaCTb npll
HHTeHCHBHOM H3HOCC Ha6oeK.
CKopocTb 11 xapaKTep H3Hoca neTaJ1e11 HH3a 3an11rnT OT cnoiicTll
MaTepH3110B, H3 KOTOpb!X OHH H3rOTOBJ1CHbI; nona 11 B03pacTa .11111.
fl0Jlb3YJOIUHXC51 o6yBbJO; oco6CHHOCTCH 11X flOXOllKH: KOHCTpyKLllllf
ner3Jlett n o6ysu.
Ha116011ee 'faCTO BCTpC'faJOIUHMHCfl 3KCn.TJyaTaUHOHHblMI1 aec}Jer:ma.11//
KpenJ/eHUR aemafleu HU3(l 51BJIHIOTC51 OTKJ1Cl1BaHl1C nonowB, OTpb!B p~lH­
Ta 11 ITO.LIOWBbl OT paHTa.
Klleenoe Kpen11eHHC nonown. no11JIO)KCK 11 n.nanpopM pa3pywac1-
Cfl LlOBOJlbHO 'laCTO. 06bI'fHO flOllOWBbI OTKJlCHB3lOTCfl B HOCO'fHOii 1 1ac-
TH, a TaK)Ke B o6nacnr Hapy)KHOro 11J1H BHYTPCHHero ny'fKOB (pl!C·
13.3, a-:>1c).
lliBbI, rrp11KperrJ15llOIUHC paHT K 33Tfl)KHOH KpOMKC nepxa 11 ry6e
CTCJibKH, a TaK)KC COCllHH51JOIUHe ry6y co CTCJlbKOW, pa3pywaJOTCH ;io-
CTaTO'IHO pe.LIKO. OocTyn11e1rne B pCMOHT o6yBH C HapyWCHHblM Kpcfl-

280
l(CJIMeM paHTa B 60J1bWl1HCTBe CllY'-IaeB CB513aHO C ero OTpbIBOl\I [l HO-
C()qHOH YaCTl1 o6yBl1 (p11c. 13.3, 3-H).
B nep11on HOCKl1 paHTOBOH 06ym1 npoYHOCTb JlByxH11TOYHbIX no11ow-
peJ1HbIX Kpen11eH11i1 pe3KO CHmKaeTCH, 'ITO np11BO)ll1T K OTpbIBY no11ow-
Jjbl OT paHTa Yame ncero B HOCOYHOH YaCTH (p11c. I 3.3, o-y).
B 06ys11 npow11BHoro MeTona Kpen11eH11H xapaKTepHbIM ne¢eKTOM
jlBJI51eTC51 Hapywemte Hl1TO'lHOfO 3BeHa, '-ITO np11BO)ll1T K pacnycKa-
}l}IJO uma. 0JlHOHl1TO'IHbJe KpenneHl151 TeM Ha)le)!<Hee, '-leM 60J1bWe UJOB
yrJJY6neH B nonowBy 11 ee MaTep11aJ1 o6nanaeT 6onbweti 113Hococrni1-
JCOC'fbl0.
fB03)leBble KpenneHl151 HapywaJOTCH np11 113HOCe fOJlOBOK rnmneil:.
IlpO'-IHOCTb nepeBHHHO-WmfJle'-IHOfO Kpen11eH115! OCJ1a6JrneTC51 nptt
nonepeMeHHOM HaMOKaHHH 11 BblCYUJl1BaHH11 nepenHHHblX wnttJleK B
npouecce 3Kcn11yarnu1111 o6yBH. B 75 % cnY'-!aen Kpen11ett11e pa3pywa-
ercsi: B reneHO'-IHOH '-laCTH OO)lOWBbl.
113 3Kcnnyarnu110HHb1x ne¢eKTOB neTaJTett mna pacnpoCTpatteHbI
HapymeH11H KpenneHHH Ka611yKOB, OTCTaBaHHe nHTOYHOH '-laCTH no-
JlOlllBbl H Ka611yKa.
3KcnnyaTaUHOHHbie nect>eKTbl pe311HOBOH 06yn11 '-laCTH'-IHO cxm1m
c Jle<PeKTaMH KO:>KaHOH, HO HMeJOTCH H xapaKTepHbie BH)lbl H3HOca.

3 u K JI M H

0 n p c m y

P11c. 13.3. MeCTa ttapywett11ii KperrncHHH 06yn11 KJJeenoro Mernna (a-J1c),

OTpbIBa pattTa (3-11) 11 nonowBbI OT pattrn (o-y):
O- 24,8%; 6 - 28,6%; 6 - 17,1 %; Z - 11,2 %; O - \,4%; e - 13,7%; .JIC - 3.2 %;
J- 7 %; II - 14.1 %: K - 70. 7 %; JI - 1.4 %; -~t - 5,2 %; H - 1,6 %; O - 24,2 °O; 11 -
16.5%; p - 41,6%; c - 9,1 %; m - I%; y- 7,6%

281
 llpll'IUHO/llU U3HOCO pe3UH060U o6yeu (faJIOW, 6oT, cano:>KCK) HB-
JUIJOTC5I:
conpHKOCHOBCHHC npH XO.Ilb6e c pa3JTHYHbIMH npe}lMCTaMH II Ha-
xo.nmueAC51 BHYfPH K0)1(3HOH o6yBbJO; He6pe)l(HOC HMCBaHHC 11 CHlt-
MaHHC o6yBH;
ycTaJIOCTb MaTCPHaJia B pe3yJTbTaTe MHOfOKpaTHOfO H3rn6a;
HCCOOTBCTCTBHC pa3MepoB pe3HHOBOH H K0)1(3HOH o6ysH;
TpCHHC pe3HHOBOH o6yBH 0 K0)1(3HyJO.
B npouecce 3KCnflyamau,uu 6 pe3uHoeou o6yeu noSIBJTSIJOTCSI cne,1y_
JOIUHC 11ecpeKTbI: •
H3HOC Ka6JiyKa, IlOJlOWBbI H 33.IlHHKa;
paccJiaHBaHHe MaTepHaJia IlSITOYHOH YaCTH o6yBH;
pa3pbIB 33.IlHHKa;
33MHHbl 33.IlHHKa H Ka6JIYKa;
nope3bt nepena;
TpCIUHHbl Bepxa 11 pa3pb1Bbl fOJICHHlll 60T H canO)l(CK B o6nacnt
H3rH6a H no 33.IlHCMY WBy;
pa3pbIB 33CTC)l(KH-MOJIHHH, Bepxttero KpaSI 3311HHKa;
o6pbIB BOpOTHHYKa 6oT.
K oerjJeKmaM llOOKJ/OOKU pe3UH060U o6yeu OTHOCSITCSI H3HOC HJlll lX13-
pblB BKJ13JlHOI1 CTCJibKH; H3HOC Il0JlKJ13JlKH B nyYKOBOi1 H HOCO'IHOii
YaCTSIX.
B o6meM o6beMe necpeKTbI tta6oeK H Ka6JIYKOB cocTaBJISIJOT 36 CC.
IlO.IlMCTOK - 24, Bepxa - 30, OCTaJlbHblC - 10 %.
K 3KCnflyamau,UOHHblM oerjJeKmaM eepxa 60J/RHOU o6yeu OTHOCHTCH
H3HOC nSITOYHOH YaCTH Bepxa; rny6oKHC TPClllHHbl H nope3bt ny 111<0-
BOH YacTH; H3Mettett11e urnpHHbI.
K oerjJeKmaM Hl/30 60J/RHOU o6yeu OTHOCHTC51 H3HOC Ha6oeK 11 n0,1011113.
CT pH HaJIHYHH 11onoJIHHTCJibHbIX neTaJieH HH3a BaJISIHOH 06ym1 \IO-
ryr nOSIBJISITbCSI 3KCnJiyaTallHOHHbIC necpeKTbl, CBSI3aHHbIC c H3HOCO\I
H pa3pyweHHCM MaTepHMOB, H3 KOTOpblX OHH H3fOTOBJICHbl.

r 11 a ea 14
PEMOHT .QETAllElll BEPXA Ill no.QKllA.QKlll 06YBlll

Pa3JIHYaJOT cnenyJOmHe rpynnht pa6oT: peMOHT ttap~HhIX ner~i.~eii

Bepxa; peMOHT no11KJ13.IlKH; 33MCHa JlCTaJICH Bepxa H nOJlKJIMKlt: 113-
MCHCHHC cpopMbl 11 pa3MCPOB o6yBH.

14.1. PeMOHT Hapy>t<HblX ,qeTa11eH eepxa o6yer.it

K peMOHTY Hapy)l(HbIX JlCTaJICH Bepxa o6yBH OTHOCSIT CJICJlyKlLLllle

BHllbl pa6oT:
BOCCTaHOBJICHHC HHTOYHbIX H KJICCBbIX KpenJICHHJ1;

282
~. npHKpenJJeHHC JanJJaT;
peMOHT KaHTa 11 OKaHTOBO'IHbIX nernJJett.
BoccTaHOBJieuue HHTO'JHLIX KpenJieuuit • .LlJrn: 3Toro Ha TpynHono-
cfY11HbIX yqacTKax npMMeH5IIOT WBei-tHbie MaWHHbl c MaJJblM l.JeJJHO-
JCOM, a Ha 6onee noCTynHLIX yqacTKax - co cpenHHM •1eJJHOKOM. B Ka-
qecTBe npttcnoco6JJeHHH H HHCTpyMeHTOB HapHllY c MaWHHHblMH Hf-
JiaM" 11cnoJJbJYIOT pyqHbie wnei1Hbie MrJJbI 11 WHJJbH-KpIO'lKH. H11TK~1
,!l0JDKHbl 6bITb TC )l(e, KOTOpblMH BbinOJJHCH HapyweHHblH WOl3.
qTo6hI noccrnHOBHTb HapyweHHbie KpenJJeHHH, cHa'lana YllaJJHIOT
nospe)l(lleHHblC HHTOl.JHblC 313CHMI wna, JaTeM COBMClllaIOT neTaJJH TaK,
q'f()6bl JIHHHll npoKOJJOB nep1311 1 1HblX WBOB cosnanan11. lleTaJJH CKpen-
JVIIOT onHo- HJJH nnyxHHTOl.JHbIM wsoM. Ecn11 Me)l(JBCHbCBhie Y'IaCTKH
t.taTCPHaJJa He pa30pBaHbl, WOl3 llOJl)l(eH npoXOllHTb no JJHHHH CTapblX
npoKOJJOB. Won JIOJJ)l(eH Jaxon11Tb Ja KpaH nonpe)l(lleHHoro yt.JaCTKa Ha
8-10 MM.
Tpe6oBamrn, npellb.HBJJHeMbie K noccTaHOBJJCHHbIM wnaM, TaKHe )l(e,
tcaK K WBaM np11 l13fOTOBJJeHHl1 o6yBH, 'laCTOTa CTpOl.JKH 4-5 CTC)l(-
KOB Ha 1 CM.
Op11 noccTaHOBJJeH1111 JanHero Tal.JHOro wna neTaJJH npennapHTeJJb-
HO BbIBOpal.Jl1BaIOT, YBJJa)l(HHIOT MeCTa, Ha KOTOpb!X HapyweHbl WBbl,
3aMCH5IIOT 113HOWCHHblC npowny 11JJl1 6113l1K, a 33TCM KpaH llCTaJJett
COCLll1H5IIOT Tal.JHblM WBOM Ha WBeHHOH Maw11He. l-1Horna c cornacHH
3ll!Gl3l.Jl1Ka Tal.JHbie WBbl JaMeHHIOT nepeMCTOl.JHblMH.
EcJJl1 HapyweHHblC Hl1TOl.JHbie WBbl HeB03MO)l(H0 BOCCTaHOBl1Tb 113-Ja
HC,UOCTynHOCTH HJJH pC3KOfO yxynweHHH BHCWHero BHlla o6yBl1, TO
KpaH llCTaJJett CKJJeHBaIOT. KJie11 llOJl)l(Hbl conep)l(aTb nOBbIWeHHOe KO-
JIJllfCCTBO CMOJJ. ITepen CKJJe11BaH11eM OCTOpO)l(HO cpeJaIOT JJ11UeBOH CJJOH
K0)1(11 Ha np11nycKax non Tal.JHOH WOB, cnyweHHblC MeCTa HaMa3bl-
BalOT nOJJHXJJOponpeHOBblM KJJeeM, KOTOpOH JaTeM cywaT B Tel.JeH11e
S-10 MHH npn Ter-meparype 0Kp~a10mei1 cpenbl. nornM KpaH neTa-
Jiei{ coenMHHIOT 11 cKJJennaIOT npyt.JHyIO.
Cnoco6 ycTpaHeHHH MexaHw-1ecK11x nonpe)l(lleH11i1, rny6oKnx Tpe-
ll{HH 11 CKB03HOfO 113HOCa yt.JaCTKOB LlCTaJJCH BCpxa 3aBl1Cl1T OT xa-
Paicrepa HJHoca 11 pacnoJJO)l(CHHH peMOHT11pyer.10ro yt.JaCTKa. Ha Ta-
ICHe 3Kcnnyarnu110HHb1e necpeKTbI MO)l(HO nocrnBHTb JannaTbI. 3a-
TIJian1 npnKpenJJHIOT llBYMH cnoco6aM11: 6eJ HapyweH11H coe1111He-
liHsi LlCTaJJCH H C HapyLLICHHCM. flo cpopMe pa3JJl1l.JaIOT JanJiaTbl Kpyr-
JiLie, nonyKpyrnL1e, onaJJbHbie 11 n s11ne nonaTot.JeK. Ecn11 11n11Ha
lf3HOllleHHOro yqacTKa COI030K (nepenon) 11JJl1 COI030K 11 3a.[{11HOK 60JJb-
lllasi, HX nOJJHOCTblO 3aMCH51IOT. 3TO KpynHbIH peMOHT 06yn11 c pa3-
6opKoi1 Hl13a. B peMOHT nocrynaeT TaK)l(e o6yBb (B OCHOBHOM TY<PIIH)
c PaJphrnoM KaHrn, a TaK)l(C pa3pbIBOM 11 113HOCOM oKaHTOBOl.JHOti:
~eta.JiH.
B npocTOM cnyt.Jae, Korna noBpe)l(lleHHbiti: yt.JaCTOK nepxa 06yn11 pac-
IIOJio)l(eH Ha paCCTOHHHl1 6onee 7 MM OT WBa 11JJl1 JaT.H)l(HOH rpaHH,
lial<.JiennaIOT 3an11aTy Kpyrnoi1 11JJH onaJJbHOH cpopMbI.

283
 B11JI, useT 11 c)laKTypa KO)f(l1 .rurn 3annaT JIOJl)l(HbI 6bITb TaK111\llf *e
KaK 11 KO)l(H, 113 KOTopoii o6yBh 113roToBJ1eHa. <:DopMa 11 pa3Mepb1 (c Y•ic~
TOM np11nycKa6-8 MM Ha 3aKJle11BaH11e) 3annaT JIOJl)l(HbI coonic 1_
CTBOBaTb ¢opMe 11 pa3MepaM noBpe)f(}leHHbIX ylfaCTKOB Bepxa 11 llMcrb
3aKpyrneHHbIC KOHrypbl.
IlpuKpeDJieuue Jam1aT 6eJ uapyrneum1 coeJJ.HHeHH.R AeTaJieif. Pe\1oH-
T11pyeMhIH Y'-laCTOK Bepxa o6yBl1 113 K0)1(11 XpOMOBOro MCTO}la .LIY6.ic.
Hl151 c Jll1UeBOH CTOpOHbl (KpOl\te BCpxa 113 Bemopa 11 3aMW11) BJbcpo_
Wl1BalOT (3a'imUalOT) no Beet!: nOBCPXHOCTl1 illlll1cPOBaJlbHbIM no.TJ01-
HOM N~ 12-16 11n11 cnycKaIOT HO)f(OM Ha HCT no nep11MeTpy Ha u111p 11 _
Hy 6-8 MM OT 113HOWeHHOro Y1-1aCTKa. c
6axrnpM.HHOH CTOpOHbl Kpasi
3annaTbI TaK)l(e cnycKaJOT HO)f(OM no BCeMy nep11MeTpy Ha HeT Ha 111 11 _
p11Hy 6-8 MM.
Ha 3annary c 6axrnpM.RHOH cTopoHbI 11 B3bepoweHHbIH Hlll1 cnyiucH-
HhIH y'-1.aCTOK Bepxa HaHOC.RT pOBHblH TOHKl1H CJIOH CTOJll1XJIOponpe110-
BOfO KJlC.R 11 no}lcyw11Ba10T ero B Te'ieH11e 5-10 Ml1H. HaMa3alil-IYIO
KJleeM 3annary HaKJlMbIBaIOT Ha rrnspe)f(}leHHbIH Y1-l3CTOK Bcpxa 11 orna-
)1(11BaJOT TOKMa'-1.0M, HarpeTbIM }10 TeMneparypbI 50-60 °C. OepC\OJ
OT 3anJiaT K HenoBpC)f(}lCHHblM ylfaCTKaM nepxa }lOJDKeH 6bITb nJJaBHbl\!
11 MaJl03aMeTHbIM.
Ecn11 KO)f(a xpoMonoro MeToJia ,rry6nemrn 11l\1CCT naKoBoe nom1ypc-
TaHonoe n0Kpb1T11e, Texttonorn.R np11Kpennemrn 3annaT 3Half11Te.11Ho
ycnmKH.RCTC.R.
Ha naKOBOM noKpbITl1H 113-3a He6onhUioH: 311acTwrnocT11 (MeHbLLieii.
'ieM y K0)1(11 c ecTeCTBCHHOH JIHUCBOH noBepXHOCTblO) KaK BO npern1
113fOTOBJICHH51 06ys11 (nptt 3aT.R)l(Ke), TaK 11 np11 ec HOCKC MOryT o6pa-
30BbIB3TbC51 TpeIU11Hhl. Me11K11e TpeIU11HhI Ha naKOBOH nneHKe 6e3 no-
npe)f(}lCHl1.H .uepMbl KO)l(H 33"4HIUaJOT TICl\130H l1JlH WJll1cPOBaJlbHOH Wl'yp-
KOH Ng 5-6 .uo nonHotl n11KB111wu1111 noBpe)f(}leH11.R, nbIJlb yna;rn1m.
3aTeM 3a1.J.11meHHOe MeCTo nporna)l(1ma10T YTJO)l(KOM, ttarpeTbIM .uo TC\!-
neparyphr He 6onee 100 °C, nocne lfero 6en11lJ:beH Kl1CTbJO HaHOC.HT ttmpo-
naK, OKpaWCHHbIH cnttpTopaCTBOpHMbIM KpaCHTCJlCM B H~HhIH UBCT.
KpynHbie TpeUIHHbI naKoBoH: KO)f(J1 06pa3y10Tc.H o6hI'IHO B pcJy.1b-
TaTe lJJIHTCJibHOH HOCKH (JiaKOBa.R TIJICHKa TPCCK3CTC51 BMCCTC c KO-
)l(CH). B 3TOM CJIY1-lae Heo6xo1111Mo BOCCTaHOBHTb noBpe)f(}leHHhie yqacT-
KH caMOH K0)1(11 c TIOCJIC1IYIOllIHM HaHeCCHl1CM 6CCUBCTHOro naKa.
TexHOJIOrnlfeCKHH npouecc 3MCJIKl1 TpeUI11H naKoBotl 06ym1 co-
CTOl1T 113 CJIC.UyK)IUHX onepau11tl: npOMbIBaHHC, pa3rna:>!<11Bam1e. pc-
MOHT CKB03HbIX TIOBpe)f(}lCHHH, rpyHTOB3Hl1e noBepXHOCTl1 o6yBil. 3a-
.UCJIKa TpCllll1H, HaHecett11e nonttypeTaHOBOro noKpbITl151 Ha Bepx o6y!lll·
0epeJl peMOHTOM eepX o6yeu npOMb/6010/n OT 3afp513HCH1111 T3\!flO-
HOM, CMO'IeHHhIM aueTOHOM. 3aTCM o6yBb cywaT 20-30 Ml1H npH TC\!-
neparype 20 °C.
Pa3i11a:>1cuea10m .MeC1na noepe:>1eOeHuii eepxa o6yeu rop.R"411M po.111'
KOM 11)111 TOKMalfOM lfepe3 cPTOpon11aCTOBYIO n11aCTl1HKY w11p1rnoi1 50 ~
90 MM, He nonycKa.H nnaBJTCHl1.H JiaKOBOH nJICHKl1.

284
I PeM011m CK60311btX noepeJ1cde11uu - ~To peMoHT nom(]lall.~H. lL'HI •1ero
~OOJ1b3YIOT 3arnrnry H3 nO.UKJlarJ.04HOH K0)1(11 HJIH JIBYXCJIOl1HOi1 Kl1p3bl.
'f[a 3annary 11 nonKJia.UKY 06ym1 BOKpyr CKB03HOH TpemMHbl HaHOCHT
JIOJIMXJIOponpeHOBbIH wm nonHypeTaHOBbitt KJiei-1: H np11KJieHIIBIOT ee. Ecm1
'
.JCOit
-
uo.nKJia.uKa OTKJieHJiaCb OT Bepxa, KJICH HaHOCHT Me)l(lly BCpXOM H nonKJiau-
He .uaBaH npocoXHYTb KJieIO, 3annary HaKJJa.uhmaIOT 11 nJIOTHo np11)1(11-
)(aKH, coe.uHHHH KpaH TµeWHHbI. Pa6ory BbinOJIHHIOT Ha pa60•1eM CTone c
,,ecrHOH BblTH)l(HOH BeHTHJIHU11CH (pHC. 14. l ). 06yBb cywaT B TelJ:CHHe 3 -
j MHH np11 TCMneparype 18- 20 °C, nocJie Y:ero H3.llCBaIOT Ha KOJIO.UKy.
IloBepXHOCTb o6yBH H3 KO)l(H c JiaKOBblM noKpbITHCM 2py11my10111
nonuypeTaHOBbIM KJJeeM. fpyHT HaHOCHT paBHOMepHO Ha BCIO nonepx-
ffOCTb o6yBH TOHKHM CJIOeM MHrKotl: KHCTblO c noc11e.uy10metl: CYWKOH
ne MeHee l 11 He 6011ee 24 4.
f;1y60Kue u CK603Hbte mpeu{UHbt 3aiJeJ1bt<Ja10m nocne peMOHTa no.u-
KJia,IIKH . .II.JUI 3a,UeJIKH TpCUlHH HCOOJJb3YIOT 25-30%-Hb!H pacrnop
nom13qmpypeTaHa B aueToHe. PacrnopoM 3ano11HHIOT TpemHHbI B He-
CKOJibKO nptteMOB .uo ypoBHH 1111ueBoro c11051 KO)l(H. Ka)l(.llbJtl: c11011 pa-
crnopa cywaT 10 MHH B cyWHJJbHOM WKac~y B OOTOKe Ten11oro B03.Uyxa.
Ilptt peMOHTe JJaKOBOH o6yBH '-lCpHOfO UBCTa B paCTBOp .uo6aBJJ5IIOT
KpaCHUlHH pacrnop 4epHOfO UBeTa, npH peMOHTe UBCTHOH o6ynH -
IllffMCHTHYIO ypeTaHOBYJO naCTy.
floJ1uypemaHO<JOe noKpbl/11Ue HOHOCH/11, 4T06bJ Bb!pOBHHTb UBCT H BOC-
CTaHOBHTb 6.11ecK. Bepx o6yBH noKpbmaJOT 6%-HbIM pacTBOpOM
rro11113cjrnpypernHa B aueToHe. PacTsop HaHOCHT KpacKopacnbIJJHTeJJeM
B OKpaCOlJ:HOH Kar..1epe. EcJIH UBeT 3a.UeJJaHHOH TpemHHhl OTJJHY:aeTCH
OT UBCTa Bepxa, o6ynb noKpbIBalOT HC l\leHee 4CM .UBYMH CJJOHMH Toro
JKe, HO mtrl\ICHTHpOBaHHOfO paCTBOpa 110 OOJJHOH yKpb!BHCTOCTl1. IlocJJe
Hattecemrn Ka)l(lloro c11051 noKpbITHH o6yBb cywaT B cywHJJbHOM wKa-
cpy (p11c. 14.2) B noTOKe Tennoro B031lyxa. BpeMH cywKH no I0 MHH,
3aTeM o6yBb CHl1MalOT c KOJIOllOK.

-
A 0

PHc. 14.1. Pa604Hi1 CTOJI c MCCTHOii BbinDKHOH BCHTl1JlHUHeii:

I - 11a:-.mi,1; 2 - cTeKna

285
 P11c. 14.2. CxeMa cywHJJbHoro WKacji: 1:
/ - imepua, 2- nar411K !L1H peryJ111pol!a11 11 ,1
TCMneparypb1; 3 - repM03JICKTPOHarpci. 11,·_
JH1 (T3Hb1); 4- BCHTl1JIHTOp; 5 - Hanpai. 1'1-
IOIIU1C llUlTbl; 6- cyWllJILHaH KdMCpa; -
noJIKl1

6 Ha CKB03Hbie pa3pbIBhI sepxa oG~ _

2 Bl1 113 ue1cyccmeeHHblX KOJIC HaKJJa,(hJ-
7 BaIOT 3annaTbI 113 Toro )l(e MaTep11a_'1; 1_
KpaH 3annaTbI c TKaHeBott l1IIl1 Bo-
I
JIOKHl1CTOH CTOpOHbl cnycKalOT Ha HCT
rro sceMy nep11MCTpy. MeCTo non. Ja-
nnaTy npoT11pa10T pacrnop11Te_'le\r
aueTOHOM, ::n11naueTaTOM, 6eH3l1HO\I.
Ha peMOHT11pyeMoe MecTo l1 3am1~ny
K BblTH)l(HOMY
HaHOCHT 011l1H CJIOH KJJeH B COOTBCT-
BeHTHJHITOpy
CTBl1l1 c THITOM noKpbITl1H l1CKYCCT-
BeHHOH KO)l(l1. He 11onycKaH BhICb1xa-
Hl1H KJJeeBblX nJICHOK, HaKJJ3.1lb1Ba101
3anJiaTy l1 rrp11)1(11Ma10T pyKoi1, a 3aTeM orna)l(l1BaIOT ee TOKMa'IO\l.
HarpeTbIM 110 TnmepaTyphI 50- 60 °C.
f ny60KHe TpemHHbl l1 CKB03Hble pa3pb!Bbl BCpxa 06yn11 113 HCKyc-
CTBeHHblX KO)!( c nOJJl1Bl1HHJIXJIOpl111HblM noKpbITl1eM 3aKJJel1BalOT 11
33.lleJibIBalOT ITOJll1BHHl1JIXIIOPl111HOH rrJieHKOH c Jil1UeBOH CTOpOHbl II
HaKJJal1blB310T KO)l(aHylO 3anJiaTy c HeJil1UeBOH CTOPOHbl o6yBl1. BHCIII-
HHH 3annaTa 110Ji)l(H3 6hITb np11nJiaBJieHa K Bepxy 6e3 MOpml1H l1 c1c1a-
l10K, nepexo11 OT KpaH 33ITJl3Tbl K Bepxy 06ys11 IlOJl)l(eH 6hITb nnaBHhl\I
l1 MaJI03aMeTHblM.
np11 peMOHTe o6yeu C eepXOM U3 10rjJmu 3anJJaTbl npl1Wl1B3IOT HllT-
K3Ml1. Hen11uesyio CTopoHy 3annaThI cnycKaIOT Ha umpHHY yCTa11ori-
neHHoro np11nycKa 110 l/2 nepBOHa'-laJibHOH TOJIUll1Hbl. 3aYl1UleHHOC
nospe)l(.lleHHOe MeCTO sepxa 06yn11 l1 3arrJiaTy c HeJ111UeBOH CTOpO!lL>I
npoMa3blB3IOT flOJIHH30flpeHOBbIM KJieeM. 3arrJiaTbl rrp11KJJeHB3IOT H np11-
CTpaYHBalOT Ha wBeHHOH MaUIHHe, a B TpynH011ocTyrrHhIX yYaCTKa\. -
spyYHyIO. WoB llOJI)l(eH rrpoxo11ttTh napanneIIbHO KpaHM 3annaTbI Ha
paCCTOHHl1l1 1,5- 2 MM OT Hl1X 11 6bITb pOBHblM, 6e3 nponycKOB cw»:-
KOB, xopOUIO yTHHyTbIM l1 OKOJIO'-leHHblM.
IlpuKpem1euue 3anJ1aT c uapymenueM coeJJ,uneum1 JJ,eTaJteif. Ec111
nospe)l(.lleHHblH yYaCTOK Bepxa o6yBH pacrroJIO)l(eH Ha paCCTOHHflll
Mettee 7 MM OT WBOB HJll1 33TH)l(HOH rpaHH 6JIH3Jie)l(aU111i1: Y'IaCTO"
pacrrapbmaioT, HaMa3aHHYIO KIIeeM 3annaTy no11KIIa11bmaioT non won
Ha 6-8 MM l1 np11KJ1e11Ba10T. 3aTeM coCTpaY11BalOT llCTaJil1 no JIJIHilll
CTapb!X npoKOJIOB (p11c. 14.3).
nptt pacnoJJmKeHHH flORpe)l(.lleHHOfO yY3CTKa BllOJib 3aTH)l(HOJ1 rpa-
Hl1 06ys11 KJJeeBoro MeT011a KpenJieHHH Ha paCCTOHHHll Mettee 7 M\1 oT

286
 A-A

PHC. 14.3. Cxel\la np11KpcnJ1eH1rn JanJiaTbI (a) np11 pacnoJIO)l(eH1111 nonpe)f(lleH-

HOfO y<JaCTKa Ha paCCTOSIHlll1 He MeHee 7 MM OT wna, Bil.LI 06ym1 LIO (6) 11
nocne (e) peMoHrn:
1- Jannarn; 2 - KJJeCBaH llJlCHKa; 3 - noBpCl!V1CHHblii y4aCTOK; 4 - Wllbl; 5 -
coIOJKa; 6 - 6epeu

Hee CHalJ:rna OTCOemrn.HIOT nonowsy OT 3aT51)1(HOH KPOMKH. 3anJial)

BblKpmmalOT 113 K0)1(11, 6JIH3KOH no UBCTY 11 ¢aKType KO)l(e nepxa o6y-
BH. ,UrrttHa 3annaTbI .llOJI)l(Ha 6bITb paBHa .llJIHHe nospe)l(JleHHoro ytJaCT-
Kll TIJIIOC 8- IO MM c 06e11x cTopoH. W11p11Ha JannaTbI nom1rna 6bITh
TaKOtt, 'IT06b1 nepeKpbIBMCH scpxHHi1 Kpatt nospe)l(JleHHoro ytJacTKa
o6ys11 Ha 8 - I0 MM H o6ecnelJHBaJIOCb 3arn6aHHC HIDKHero Kpa51 non
no.nowsy Ha 14-16 MM. BepxHHH Kpatt 3annaTbJ cnycKalOT c Hen11ue-
BOH CTOpOHbl Ha WHpHHY 8- IO MM. nospe)l(JlCHHbIH ylJaCTOK nepxa
o6ys11 Bb!We J111HHH pa3pbma Ha 8- I 0 MM H HH)l(HHH Kpai1 3anJiaTbl c
JIHUeBOH CTOpOHbl Ha WHpHHy 14- 16 MM B3bepow1rna10T WJIHcpO-
lla.JibHblM noJIOTHOM.
Ilospe)l(JleHHbit1 yYaCTOK Bepxa o6yBH H 3aTSl)l(HYJO KpOMKY Ha 3TOM
ytlaCTKe. 3annaTy c HeJlHUeBOH CTOpOHhl H no.rrowny c HCXO.LIOBOH CTO-
P<>Hbl npm.rn3bma10T nonmuroponpeHOBhIM KJieeM. IloCJie KpaTKOBpe-
Mettttoro no.rrcyw11BaHH5! KJieesoro cno.H KO)l(aHylO JannaTy npHKJieH-
Ba!OT K nospe)l(JleHHOH lJaCTH Bepxa H 3aTSl)l(HOH KPOMKe 3aTeM CHOBa
DPHKJic11sa10T no.rrowBy (puc. 14.4).
Ilptt pa3phme sepxa BlIOJlb 3arn)l(HOH rpaHH .rrmr nocTaHOBKH Janna-
TI:.I OTllCJlSllOT BCIO HOCOlJHO-nylJKOBYJO 'laCTb no.rroWBbl. .[(mr 3TOro cJTe)l
06yBH HarpeBalOT B TcpMOaKTHBaTOpe npw TeMnepaType 100-110 °C
8 TelJeHHe 2-3 MHH H OCTOpmKHO OTKJie1ma10T HOCO'IHO-nylJKOBYIO
'iaCTb no.rrOWBbl.
flo OllHOMY 113 cnoco6oB 3annary Bb!Kpa11Ba10T 113 CTOllKJla.Il04HOH
l<o)lm 1v111 KO)l(H .nnH Bepxa 06ys11. 0Tcoe.n11HHB no.nowsy, cpe3aJOT
3aTm1rny10 KpOMKY nepxa Ha nospe)l(JlCHHOM Y4aCTKC. no.nKJiallbIBalOT
11>.ieCTo Hero 3annary 6axrnpMHHOH CTOpOHOH Hapy)l(y 11 npHCTpa'IHBa-

287
 14-16
6
a
Pnc. 14.4. CxeMa npn1<.nennamrn 3an11aTbI (a) npn pacno11o:>KeH1111 nonpeA.:tc 11 _
HOfO Y'l3CTKa Ha paCCT051HHH He MCHCC 7 MM OT JanDKHOi1 rpaHH 06y1m. OU\"BL
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Kpa51. nocJIC 3aT5l)((KH 3anJiaTbl HOCO'-IHO-ny'-IKOBYIO <1aCTb nO.LIOlllllbl
CHOBa npHKJICHBaIOT.
no JJpyroMy cnoco6y 3annary B3bepOUJHBaJOT C JIHUCBOW CTOpOHbl.
a BepXHHH Kpaw cnyCKaIOT Ha HCT Ha WHpl1HY 8- l 0 MM. nocJIC ::noro
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wirnaJOT no sepXHCMY Kpato O.LIHOP51.LIHOH CTPO'-IKOH. 3aTeM Bcpx J~\TH­
nrnaIOT.
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npH pa3pblBC KaHTa 06y1rn Ha nopsaHHbIH y'-IaCTOK c BHYTPCHHeii cro-
pOHbl HaKJICHBaIOT 3annary H3 nomc.na.LIOlJHOW KO)((H BPOBCHb c BCp\-
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WBOM.
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288
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pacnapbIBaHHC WBa no KaHry fOJTCHHill, 3HD.Hero II ncpc1rnero IIJHOI;
B BepxHet'i 'i3CTl1 roJJCH11lU Ha llJIHHY 15- 20 1\11\1;
HHCTpa'-111BaH11e neTa.,1ci1 nepxa, o6pa6ornHHbIX no HIDKHCJ\lY Kp.i!\l
B3arH6Ky, Ha roneHMllla nByJ\151 napHJl;lCJlbHbl\IM CTPO'!Ka\111;
CTa'-IHBaHHC nepenHHX Kpaen neTa.,1eii;
H3HCCCHl1C KJICH, cywKa KJlCCBOro C-'1051 11 Jarn6Ka ncpxHero Kp:l'I
llCTHJlll, npl1CTp0'-ICHHOi1 K roneHJllllaM:
CTa'-IHB3Hl1C JanHHX KpaeB JICTaneii ncpxa, npHCTpOl!CHHbl\'. K ro. JL'
HHlllaM;

300
 OTBOpa'-IMBaHMe fOJlCHIHU 11 HaCTpa'll1Bi.l.Hl1C llCTaJlei1 KO)f(<lHOi1 non-
JC}laJlKH Ha nOJIKJlaJIKY fOJTCHl1lll llBYM51 napaJ!JlCJlbHbIMH CTPO'IKal\111;
CTa'-IHBaHMe nepemrnx H 3aJIHHX KpaeB KO:>KaHOH nonKJlallK11;
npHK1lCl1BaHHe KO:>KaHOH nonKJlallKH no BepxHeMy Kpa10 K llCTa.MIM
sepxa, npJilCTpO'-ICHHbIM K fOJTCHHLUaM;
BCTaBKa 11 npttCTpa'-1J1BaH11e 3acTe:>KKH-MOJlHHl1;
OTCTpa'-111BaHHe BepxHero KaHrn;
o6pe3aHHe 113Jl11WKOB KO:>KaHOH TIO.llKJlaJIKH no BepxHeMy KaHTy;
pa3rna:>K11BaH11e 06yB11 Ha npaminax.
Jlepen pacrn:>KKOH llCTaJlH Bepxa (pHC. 14.10) M TIOllKJlaJIKH 06yB11
yBJia)[<H5110T KHCTb!O, CMO'-ICHHOH TCTIJlOH (reMnepaTypa 40- 50 °C) BO-
JlOM. YBJJa:>KHCHHYIO o6yBb B TC'!CHHe 30- 60 MHH BbI.Liep:>KHBaIOT non
Jl]la)[<HOH MCWKOBl1HOH. ll1l51 JlY'-IWero YBJla:>KHeHJ.151 B BOllY no6aBJl51!0T
cMa'-IHBaTCJTJil - noBepXHOCTHO-aKHIBHbie BCLUCCTBa (nAB).
Ko1lO.llKl1 .LIJT51 pacrn:>KKH non611pa10T B coorneTcrn1111 c cpacoHOM 11
pa3MCPOM 06YBH. lln51 pacrn:>KKH y'-laCTKOB .llCTaJlCH BCpxa 11 TIO.llKJlaJIKH B
COOTBCTCTBYIOLUHX MCCTaX yKpCnJl51!0T rptt60BHllHbIC HaCa.LIKH. nptt HaJIC-
BaHJilH 06yn11 Ha KOJlOllKY 11 ee pacrn:>KKC HC llOJl)l(HO 6hITb HapyweHHi1
UlBOB 3aroTOBKH Bepxa H LI.CJTOCTHOCTH o6yBH, pa3pblBOB MaTepmUlOB
Bepxa 11 TIOllKJlaJIKH. 06yBh Bb!JICp:>KHBa!OT Ha pacrn)f(HbIX KOJlOllKax npH
reMnepaType 18- 20 °C HC MCHCe 24 '-I 110 TIOJlHOro Bb!CbIXaHH51 Bepxa 11
IlOllKJiallKH. fu51 ycKopemrn cywKH 11 nOBbIWCHl151 q)OpMOYCTOH'-111BO-
C'fH o6yBb Ha pacrn:>KHOH KOJlO.llKC ycrnHaBJ111Ba!OT B pecj)JlCKTOpHblH Tep-
MOaKTHBaTop H ttarpena!OT JTal\rnaMH HHcppaKpacHOfO 113JTY'-ICHH51 MOLU-
HOCTb!O 250 BT. npo.U0Jl)l(J1TCJlbHOCTb HarpeBaHH51 He 6oJlCC 8- l 0 MMH,
TeMneparypa Ha TIOBCpXHOCTH o6yBH 70- 75 °C. np11 HarpeBaHlrn KJlC-
eBOC KpCTIJlCHHC TIOJIOWBbl He llOJl:>KHO 6b!Tb HapyWCHO.
Jlocne pacrn:>KKH noJlynapbI 06yB11 .llOJl)f(HbI 6bITb on11HaK0Boro pa3-
Mepa, 3a HCKJl!O'-ICHHCM OfOBOpeHHblX 3aKa3'-IHKaMH CJly'-laen.
Ha npennp115!TH5! no peMoHry o6YBH '-laCTo noCTynaer o6yBb c ne-
clx>pMttposaHHhIMH l1Jll1 H3HOWCHHbIMJ1 3aCTC:>KKaMH-MOJTHl151MH, Tpe-
6yiorn,11M11 11x ynaneHM51 11 3aMeHbI. Ll,Jl51 3TOro CHa'-la.na pacnapbIBa!OT
llIBbI, coenHH51!0LUHe TCChMY 3aCTe:>KKH-MOJlHHH c BCpXOM 11 nonKJlall-
kOH o6yBH, 11 y.uanHIOT CTapyIO 3acTe)f(cy-MoJlH1110.
Ha Kpa51 JlCHTb! HOBOH JacTe:>KKH-MOJlHHH c JIBYX cTopott 11 HCJTHUC-
Bhle CTOPOHbl Bepxa 11 nonKJlaJIKH HaHOC51T nomnnonpeHOBbIH KJlCi!,

P11c. 14.10. CxeMbI pacnDKKH 06y1m:

a- o nonbe~1e; 6 - HOCO'lH011 'Iacn1; e, i! - no w11p11He

301
He 3arp513HH51 nern.n11, 11 cywaT KJieeByJO n11eHKY 5- I0 MHH np11 Te~i­
neparype 18-20 °C. PacKpbITYJO noJTHOCTbJO 3acTC)l(KJ'-MOJTH11JO BK.ie-
11naJOT Me)f(lly BepxoM 11 nonKJianKoi1 06yB11, a 3aTeM np11cTpa1111naf{)1
K HHM llBYM51 napaJTJTCJTbHblMl1 CTp04K3Ml1 c Ka)f(llOH CTOpOHbl. Pacc10-
5IHl1e nepnoH CTpO'iKH OT 3BCHbeB 33CTC)l(Kl1-MOJTHHH 5-8 MM, tno-
poti cTpO'iKH OT nepBOJ1 2-3 MM. B HH)l(Hei111acn1 3acTe)l(KH-Moni-11111
nonycKaeTC51 nonoJTHHTeJTbHOe YKPerrneHHe 11eHTbI BPY'iHYJO Hlno•i-
HhIM WBOM C llJTHHOH CTC)l(KOB 2,5-3,5 MM. np11 HaJTl14HH B o6yn 11
513bl4Ka 33CTC)l(KY-MOJTHHJO np11cTpa1111naJOT c OllHOH CTOpOHbl K Bep-
xy 11 nonKJianKe 06yn11, c npyroi1 - K nepxy 11 nonKJianKe BMene c
513bI'iKOM. CTpo11Ka .llOJT)l(Ha npoXO.lllffh no ncei1 llJTl1He 513bI4Ka Ha pac-
CT051Hl111 6-8 MM OT ero Kpa51. KoHUbl Hl1TOK B Ha'iaJTC H B KOHue
CTp04Kl1 Bb!T3CKl1B3JOT Ha JT11UCBYJO CTOpOHY nonKJiallKH, 33B513bll3a101
Y3JTOM 11 OTpe3aJOT Ha paCCT05IHHH 4-5 MM OT OCHOB3Hl151 Y3JTa.
Pa3MCpbl HOBOH 33CTC)l(Kl1-MOJTHHH llOJl)l(Hbl COOTBCTCTBOBaTb 11111-
He CTapOH 33CTC)l(KJ1 111111 llJTHHe pa3pe3a roJTeHHlU, a UBCT TCKCTl!Jlb-
HOH JTCHTbl - rapMOHHpOB3Tb c UBCTOM Bepxa o6yBl1.

14.5. 3aMeHa "1 ycTaHOBKa cpypHwrypbl "1 yKpaweHHH

YKpaweHHH 11 cpypH11TYPY pa3111111aJOT B 33BHCHMOCTl1 OT B1111a 11

UBeTa 06yB11, llJTH KOTopoi1 0H11 npe.llH33Ha11eHhI. OnHHM 113 Ha1160.1ee
yno6HblX BJ11IOB OTlICJIO'iHOH ¢YPH11TYPbl llJT51 )l(CHCKOH 06yn11 51BJTHIOT-
C51 yKpaweHl151 B BHlle KJTHTICOB. 11cnOJTb3YJOT TaK)l(C 6aHTbI, KOTOpble B
OCHOBHOM npHKpenJI51JOT Ha TycpJil1-JI0110'IKl1. EaHTbl MOryT 6bITb rnan-
KHMH, cpaCOHHblMH, yKpaweHHblMl1 CTp04K3MH H THCHCHHeM, c llBOi1-
HOH l1 TpOHHOH CKJT3.1l.KOH, paCWl1TbIC 611cepoM, OT.IICJT3HHbie BCC1l03-
MO)l(Hb!Ml1 K3HT3MH. EaHTbl 113fOTOBJT51JOT 113 HarypaJibHOH H HCK)'CCT-
BCHHOH JiaKOBOH KO)l(H, KO)l(l1 c ecTeCTBCHHOH noBepXHOCTbJO, 3a\l-
w11, BCJI!Opa, H3p51.l1Hb!X TKaHett, 6apxarn, Kpy)l(CB H np. L(JI51 OTLICJJKll
)l(CHCKOH 06yn11, KaK MOllCJibHOH, TaK H noncenHeBHOH. MO)l(HO 11c-
CTOJib30BaTb nJiaCTMaCCOBble l1 MCTaJTJil14CCKJ1C nyrOBHUbl, npSDKKll.
KOJibU3, MCllaJTbOHhI, uenO'iKH, peJTbecpttblC H3KJT31lKl1, wapbl, pa~tKll
11 T.ll. 0TllCJTKY llCTaJTCH Bepxa 3aKJTenKaMH, ¢11rypHblMH 6JI04K3Mll II
XOJTbHHTCHaMH MO)l(HO BhlflOJIH51Tb no JTHHH51M WBOB.
Op11 3aMeHe 11ecpopMnponaHHbie 11 tt3HOWeHHhie peMeWKH, npmi-:-
Kl1, nyroBHUbl l1 6aHTbl, a TaK)l(C OCTaBWHeCH wnei1Hble HHTKH 11.111
CK06KH Y.llaJI51JOT HO)l(HHU3MH HJTH HO)l(OM. nptt yCTaHOBKe HOBbIX pe-
MCWKOB H3HOWCHHble B MCCTaX KpenJieHH51 np51)1(CK YllaJT51JOT noJJHO-
CTbJO, a npH yse111111eH1111 llJTHHhI - 11acT1111Ho.
nocTaBJTCHHbIC BHOBb HJIH yneJIJ1lICHHbIC peMCWKH TIO UBCTy, cf1op-
Me, pa3MepaM 11 xapaKTepy o6pa6oTKl1 KpaeB llOJI)l(HbI connanaTb co
crnphIMtt peMewKaMtt. Honbre peMewKH 111111 11x 11acT11 np11 OTCYTCTBJ!fl
B Hl1X nOllKJI31lKH npHKJTCHB3JOT H npttClp341183JOT H 3aKpenJI51JOT .IIBYV
p51.llHOi1 CTpo11Koi1:. Opn tta.n11111111 nonKJia.llKH peMeWKH cnycKaJOT Ha

302
ler Ha w11p1rny 8-10 MM, ycrnHaBJJHBaIOT MC)l()ly sepXOM 11 no.uKJia)l-
ioJ:l: 6epueB (3a.UHHOK) HJIH peMeWKOB, KOTOpbie HC06XO.UHMO Y.llJlH-
JPffb, a 3aTeM npocTpa'-111BaIOT no sceMy nep11MeTpy. PeMeWKll np11-
C'fPa•nrna10T 11 3aKpenJIHJOT .UBYXPH.UH0~1 CTpO'-IKOit
TipH 3aMeHe npmKC'-1.HbIX pCMCWKOB HOBblC neTaJIH HaMa3bIBaJOT
110JIHl130npeHOBbIM KJICeM c Hem1ueBOH CTOpOHbl, Ha.uenaJOT Ha HHX
pPfDKKH, a 3aTeM cKJia.uhmaJOT B.UBoe. KoHUhI peMeWKOB ycrnHaBJJHBa-
JOT MC)l()ly sepxoM H no.uKJJa.UKOH o6yBl1 Ha rny611Hy 8- l 0 MM l1 npo-
C'fPa'IHBaJOT no nceMy nep11MeTpy, o.uHonpeMeHHO 3aKpenJIHH .UByx-
pMHhIM WBOM MCCTO COC.Ul1HCHl1H 11 pacnOJJO)KCHHH npmKKl1. KoHUbl
JlffTOK B HaYaJie H KOHUe CTpO'-IKH BbITaCKHBaJOT Ha JIHUCBYJO CTOpOHY
nOJIKIIallKH, 3aB.H3bIBaJOT Y3JJOM 11 OTpe3aJOT Ha paCCTOHHl111 4- 5 MM
OT ero OCHOBaHHH.
0yTOBl1UbI np11KpenJJHJOT 11rnott Bpy<IHYJO no Mecry nepBOHaYaJib-
HOfO pacnoJJmKeHHH He Mettee '-ICM nHTblO CTC:>KKal\UL PacCTOHHHC MC)l()ly
11poKoJJaM11 (c BHYTPCHHeti crnpoHbI) 4-5 MM, ywKo nyron11ub1 .uon:>K-
HO 6bITb nJJOTHO npHTHHYTO K Bepxy 06yn11.
oaHThl npHKpenJJHJOT TaK>KC Ha MCCTO HX nepBOHa'-laJibHOfO nOJJO-
:x<eHHH 6e3 nepeKocos 11 c.umffOB. KpenneHHe 6aHTOB .UOJJ:>KHO 6bITh
npoYHhIM 11 He yxy.uwaTh BHCWHHti BH.U 06yB11. Opu ycrnHOBKe HOBhIX
6aHTOB 11X pa3Mepbl, cflopMy l1 UBCT cornacOBbJBaJOT c 3aKa3YHKOM.
llecflopMHPOBaHHbIC 11 113JIOMaHHbJe 6JJO'-IK11 H KPIOYKl1 33MCHHJOT
HOBhIMH, npe.unapHTeJJbHO Y.UaJIHB HenpHro.UHblC .llCTaJIH c TIOMOU{b!O
ornepTKH, KJiemei1 mm KYCa'-leK. Op11 pacw11peH1111 roJieH11m canmKeK
6.rrO'lKH 11 Kp!O'-IKH yCTaHaBJJl1BaJOT 3aHOBO.
llnH BCTaBKH 6JJO<JKOB, Kp!O'-IKOB l1 XOJlhHHTCHOB Ha npe.unp11HTl1HX
no peMOHTY o6yntt 11cnoJJb3YJOT HacTOJJbHbie np11cnoco6neH11H BEK-P
(PoccHH) c py<IHhIM npHBO.UOM 11 aHaJIOrH'-IHhie eMy, a TaK>Ke cneutt-
aJihHbIH PYlJHOH HHCTpyMeHT (CM. no.upa3.U. 2. l).
Pa3MCpbI, cflopMa 11 UBCT BHOBb ycrnHasmrnaeMbIX 6no'-IKOB 11 KpJ0'-1-
KOB .U0Jl)l(Hbl conna.uaTb c TCMH, KOTOpbie 6blJlH Ha o6yBH. CT pH 3aMeHe
Bcex 6JJOYKOB H Kp!O'-IKOB HX UBeT .UOJJ:>KCH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb UBery 6ep-
:nes HJil1 roneH11m o6ynu. nno'-IKl1 H KPJOYKH c11MMeTpl1'-IHo pacnonara-
IOT Ha 06011x 6epuax 11m1 roJ1eH11max B o6ettx nonynapax 11 pacKJienhI-
BaIOT Ha no.u6JJO'-IHl1Kax 11 no.uKp!OYC'-IHHKax.

rnaea 15
PEMOHT Hl.13A 05YBl.1

15.1. 8111,Qbl pa60T

B npouecce peMoHTa HH3a 06yB11 noccrnHaBJ111saJOT HapyweHHhie Kpen-

JieB11H, 3aMCHHIOT 113HOWCHHbIC ,LICTaJ111, a TaK:>Ke npoBO.UHT npoqmnaK-
11iqeCKl1~1 peMOHT .llJlH TIOBbIWCHHH 3KCnnyarnu110HHbIX CBOHCTB 06yn11.

303
 )l.JUI peMOHTa Hl13a o6yBH KpoMe 06bl'IHbIX .ueTa.Jlei1 op11MeH5IJOT Tai.;_
)Ke H COCUl1a.JlbHbIC: opo¢irnaKTH'ICCKHe OOllMCTKH, py6Ubl ~I KOGl'I~.,,
npocjrn.JiaKTH'ICCKHe 00.UMCTKH OpC.UCTafl.J15llOT C06oi1 TOHKHe npo~
cjm.JIHpOBaHHbJe HaKJTallKlf co CXO.ll51LUHMH Ha HCT Kpa5IMH. c X01IOB011
CTOpOHbl OHH 111\!CJOT p11¢.11eHbIH pucyHOK, YMCHbWalOLU11H CKO.Jlb>Kc-
Hlfe BO BpeM51 XO.llb6bJ, OC06CHHO B 311MHCC BpCM51. npocjm.J1aKTll'IC-
CKl1C 0011MeTKI1 ycTaHaB.JIHBalOT Ha BCe B11.llbl HOBOH 11.JIH Ma.JIOHOllJC-
HOH MY)l(CKOH H )l(CHCKOH o6yBl1 OCCHHC-311MHero H BCCCHHe-.JieTHcro
accopT11MeHTa. Oco6eHHO 3¢¢eKnmHbI opocjmnaKTH'ICCKHe oon~tCT­
KH, YCTaHOB.JICHHble Ha KO)l(aHYIO OOllOWBY o6yBH, CpOK HOCKH KOTO-
pott yBenwrnBaeTC51 B 3 pa3a.
Py6ub1 11 KOC51l.JKH ycrnHaB.J111Ba10T Ha 30HbI MaKCHMa'IbHOro 1rn10-
ca HH3a 06yB11: py6Ubl - Ha HOCO'IHYIO l.JaCTb 00.UOWBbl, a KOC51l.JKll --
Ha Ka6.J1yK.
Py6ub1 op11MCH5!10T TaK)l(e H ll.Jl51 opo¢11.JiaKTHt.JecKoro peMOHTa
HOCO<IHOH l.JaCTH OOllOWBbl. Hx MO)l(HO OpHKJTCHBaTb K .ueTa.'1511\1 Hlt:la
o6yBH 113 K0)1(11 H .JII06bIX BH.UOB pe3HHbl (MOHO.Jll1THOi1, KO)l(eno:106-
HOH, oop11cmtf).
KocHt.JKH op11KJTe11BaJOT K KO)l(aHoMy Ka6.J1YKY 11m1 K Ka6nyKv m
\10HO.J111THOH H.JIH 00p11CTOH pe3HHbl opH 113HOCe Tbl.J1bHOH l.JaCTH KaG-
.JiyKa He 60.J1ee l.JeM Ha 5 MM. non11ypeTaHOBblC KOC5Il.JKH HCOO.JlbJYIOT
op11 peMOHTe Ha6oeK KO)l(aHoro Ha6opHoro Ka6nyKa.
PeMoHT HH3a o6YBH B JaB11c11MocT11 OT BH.Ua ne¢eKTOB MO)l(CT 61>1Tb
no.upaJneneH Ha .une rpynnb1: peMOHT 11 JaMeHa nonowB; peMoHT 11
3aMeHa Ka6.J1yKOB H Ha6oeK.
flepeaR 2pynna peMOHTHbIX pa60T BKJllOl.JaeT BOCCTaHOB..TJCHHe Kpcn1c-
HHH 0011owBbl, peMOHT oo.uMeTOl.JHOtt t.JaCTH 11 oo.JIHYIO 3aMeHy oonmun.
HapyweHHe KpenneH11i1 HH3a 06ym1 rnm.ueBoro 1111epem1HH0-uin11
.Jiel.JHOro MCTO.UOB KpenneHH51 - 3TO OT)lC.JleH11e 00.UOWBbl OT 3aTHA-
HOH KPOMKH Bepxa H.Jllf CTe.JlbKH.
HapyweH11e KJTeeBoro KpenneHHH HH3a o6yBH - 3TO OTKJ1eMBaH11e
TIOllOWBbl H.JIH OT 3aTmKHOH KpOMKH Bepxa, H.JIH OT TIO.ll.JlO)l(Klf, 11.111 OT
o6rn)l(Klf nnaT¢opMbI, a TaK)l(e OTKJ1e1maH11e paHTa c no.uowBoii or
3aT5IHYTOi1 KpOMKH Bepxa If CTC.JlbKlf.
Kpen.JieH1rn no.uowB 11 paHrn MOryT 6bITb BOCCTaHOB.JICHhl nmu1> Tor-
na, Koma llCTa.JIH Hl13a He lf3HOWeHbl H.JIH He pa3pyweHbl.
TexHo.J1orwt.JecK11tt opouecc BOCCTaHOB.J1eH115! no.uowBeHHhlX i-.:.pcn·
.JICHHH 33BHCHT OT MeTo.ua KpenneHH51.
H0Bb1e no.uMeTKH CTaBHT op11 rny6oKOM H.JIH CKB03HOM H3Hocc no·
)lOWB. npocj:J11.J1aKTHl.JCCKHC pe3HHOBblC 00.UMeTKlf CTaB51T Ha KO)KaHb!C
00.UOWilbl op11 OTCYTCTBHH lf3HOca 11.JIH op11 HX HC3Hal.JHTe.JlbHOM llJHO(C.
npw pcMOHTC np11MCH5llOT Y.ll.JlHHeHHhIC 11 HCY.ll.JlHHeHHhlC OOJ.\ll~T­
KH, cjJOpMa If pa3MCpbl KOTOpblX oopene.J15IIOTC5! xapaKTepoM 1rnwc;l
yt.JaCTKOB 00.UOWBbl.
B 06yB11 paHTOBoro MeTo.ua KpeoneHHH 11 ero pa3HOBH.UHocrnx ~!(llK"
HO opoH3BO.llHTb l.JaCTHl.JHYfO, a HHOrna H TIO.JIHYIO 3aMeHy paHTa.

304
 PeMOHT nonMeTO'IHOH '1acT11 nonowB 3aB11c11T OT MCTona Kpern1e-
fllHI HH3d np11 npol13BO.LICTBe o6yBl1.
TeXHOJIOrn'1ecK11i1 npouecc peMOHTa nonMeTOYHOi1 'IaCT11 nonowB
coCT011T 113 CJIC.LIYIOW11X pa6oT:
np11KpenJICHl1C 00.LIMCTOK 11 py6UOB K o6yBH KJieeBoro. npow111rno-
ro, )lCpemIHHO-WOl1JIC'IHOro 11 rB03.llCBOro MCTO.LIOB KpeOJICH1151;
np11KpenJieH11e 00.LIMCTOK. py6uoB 11 paHTa K o6yBH paHTOBOro, paHTO-
J(Jleesoro. pattTonpow1rnttoro. «CTapKO», nonneJibttoro 11 caHllaJibHO-
ro MCTO.LIOB KpenJICHl151;
3aMeHa no.nows B03MO)!(Ha B 06ys11 KJieenoro. Hl1TOYHoro 11 rno3-
,11eBoro MCTO.LIOB KpenJICHIUI.
BmopaR zpynna peMOHTHblX pa6oT COCTOl1T 113 YKPCOJICHl151 11 peMOHTa
l(a6JiyKOB np11 HapyweHMH 11X KpenJICHl151, 113HOCe Ha6oeK 11 He3H3Yl1-
TeJlbHOM 113HOCC Ka611yKOB. He Tpe6yIOWCM 33MCHbl HX HOBbIMl1.
Ka6JiyK11 JaMeH51IOT np11 11x 6oJibWOM H3Hoce, HJJIOMe 11 pacKaJibl-
uamm, 3H3Yl1TCJibHbIX MCX3Hl1YCCKl1X noBpe)l(JICH1151X o6rn)KCK Ka6Jiy-
KOB np11 CTapeHHH qJacoHa Ka6JIYKOB, a TaK)Ke npH paCK3JlbJBaHl111
nepenHe11 YacT11 JI5ln11ca Ka6JiyKa c YKPCnJiett11eM ero MeTaJIJil1YecKoi1
nnacTl1HOH.
Tip11 113HOCC 43CTl1 Ha6oi1Kl1 60JibWOH nJIOW31111 peKOMCH11YCTC51
ycTaHOBKa KOCHYKOB 113 HaTypaJibHOH K0)!(11. HCKYCCTBCHHblX MaTep11-
aJIOB 11 MCTaJIJIOB.

15.2. TexH011onrn peMOHTa no,qowe 06ye1r1 reo3,qeeoro

lr1 ,qepeBf1HHO-wn1r111e'"IHOro MeTO,QOB Kpen11eHlr1fl

Jln51 06yn11 fB03.LICBOro MCTO.ll3 KpenJieHl151 npHMCH5llOT CTOllOWBbl:

K0)1(3Hble c o6BO.LIKOi1, BHYTPCHHl1Ml1 TIOJlMCTKaMH, K0)1(3HblMl1 Ha-
(JY)KHbIMl1 11 pe3HHOBbIMl1 CTO.LIMCTKaM11;
PC311HOBblC ¢opMOB3HHbie c nO.LIJIO)l(KOH 113 KO)KCTI01106HOH pe-
3HHbl.
fB03)leBoi1 11 nepemlHHO-Wnl1JIC4HbIH MCTO.llbl KpenJICHl151 TIO.LIOWB
HCTIOJib3YIOT npe11MywecTBCHHO npH 113rGTOBJICHH11 pa6o4ei1 cneu11-
aJlbHOH o6yBl1 c BepxoM 113 IOQJT11, KO)I( xpOMOBOro ny6JICHl151 11 11C-
KyccTBCHHblX KO)!(.
TionowBCHHbie H CTCJIC'IHblC MaTep11aJibl .LIJI51 rB03.LICBOro MCTO.ll3
I<penJieHH51 .LIOJI)!(Hbl o6Jia.LI3Tb BblCOK11M conpOTHBJICHHCM 3THM BH.ll3M
Pa3pyweHH51.

15.2.1. BoccTaHoeneH1.1e KpenneH1.1si noAOWB

BKJianHbie cTeJibKH 11 noJiycTeJibKH YaCTHYHO OTJICJI5llOT 11 0Tr116a10T
lfJI11 Y.Lia.JrnIOT 113 06y1rn. HapyweHHble yYaCTKH KpenJieH115! KO)K3Ho1\
Oo.nowBbl yKpenJI5llOT )lepeB51HHblMl1 WTil1JlbK3MH. nopHCTOi1 pe311HO-
Doii TIO)lOUJBbl - nO.LIOWBCHHbll\111 rB03.ll51Ml1. LJ.epeB51HHbie WTIHJibKl1 11

305
rB03.lll1 B611saJOT B crnpb1e npoKOJihl. Wn11JibKH 11 rB03.llH .llOJDKHbI npo:x 0 _
.llHTh l{epe3 noaowsy, 3ano1rnyJO KPOMKY Bepxa, 3a.LIHHK 11 cTeJILKY . .Ilepc_
BHHHble Wnl1JibKl1 .llOJDKHbl Bb!XO.lll1Tb 3a CTeJihKY Ha 1,5 - 2 MM. BbICT\ -
naJOLU11e Ha.ll CTeJlbKOH KOHUbl wmrneK 3a<I11LUaJOT pawn11JleM. f O.TJO;l-
KH rB03nei1 .llOJI)l(Hbl 6b!Tb yrorn1eHbl B nonowBy Ha I - 1,5 MM, OCTp11i1
rB03neti - 3arHYTbI B CTeJibKY, HO He BbiczynaTb Ha.LI ee noBepxHOCTh!O,
.IlepeBHHHbie wnHJibKl1 3a611BaJOT B .llBa pHna B waXJ\1aTHOM 110-
PH.llKe.

PaccTOHHHe npu KpeWieuuu no.u.owu, MM

OT Kpa51 nonowB:
ncpBoro p51na wmrneK . . . . . . .. .. . . . .• .. . . ... . . .. . . ... .• . . . .••.... .. . . .•. . . . .. . . . . 7- 9
urnporo pnna wn11ncK OT nepBoro ......••............. ................•... 3-4
fB03LlCH ....•....•..........•........•..••...........•..............•...................... 5-8
Me)l(Lly ueHTpal\m:
wn1111eK B OilHOM p51LlY .......•................................................... 6- 7
rno3nei1 B HOCO'IHOH 'laCTl1 .................................................... 8- 9
rnoJnel'1 Ha oCTaJJbHblX y•iacTKax ..•......................................... 9- I 0

HOBbJe 11 paHee yaarreHHbJe 11JJH OTOfHYTbie BKJJaUHbJe CTeJibKll II

nonycTeJihKl1 npoMa3LIBaJOT TOHKl1M cnoeM KJJeH, a 3aTeM np11KJJe1rna-
JOT K OCHOBHOH CTeJibKe.

15.2.2. 3aMeHa nOAOWB

np11 peMOHTe nonMeTO'IHOH l{aCnl nonowB CHal{aJia Y.llaJTHJOT 113-
HOWeHHYJO l{aCTb nonoWBbl, a 3aTeM KpenHT o6nonKH, nonMen,H 11
py6Ubl nepeBHHHo-wmuJel{HblM HJil1 rB03neBblM MeTonoM.
J13HOWCHHYJO l{aCTh nonMeTKH BMeCTe c o6BonKOH OT.lleJIHIOT OT
3aTH)l(HOH KpOMKl1 Bepxa H cpe3aJOT Ha HeT non yrnoM no JJHHl111 ny'l-
KOB. nocne 3Toro nonowBy c m1uesotf cTopoHbI cnycKaJOT Ha HeT Ha
w11p11Hy 12- 15 MM. a Ha yl{aCTKe HaTJO)l(CHHH py6ua - Ha w11p1111y
I 0- 12 MM. CTp11 0TneneH1111 nonMeTO'IHOH l{aCTl1 nonowBbI 11 06son1<11
JaTH)l(HaH KpOMKa nepxa He noJI)l(Ha 6hITh nonpe)l(.lleHa.
06nonKy, Bh!KpoeHHYJO 113 CTeJiel{HOH K0)1(11 TOJilUHHOH 1,8- 2 \1 \f
11 w11p11Hoi1 16- 18 MM, ysJia)l(HHIOT, npOBHJil1BaJOT, OKOJial{HBaKlT
.llJIH ynJIOTHCHHH 11 cnycKaJOT on11H KOHeU Ha HeT Ha w11p11Hy 4-6 \f\1.
CnymeHHbIH KOHeu 06sonK11 JanpaBJJHJOT non nonowsy, HaKJJa.Lib!lla-
JOT 06BOnKY JIJ1UeBOH CTOpOHOl'.f Ha 3aTH)!(HYJO KpOMKY rry<IKOBOii If
HOCO'IHOi1 43CTeH 06yn11, np11KpenJIHJOT o6sonKy K CTeJibKe TeKCO\f
11Jll1 aepeBHHHblM11 wnHJibKaMH no npOKOJJarvl.

PaccTOHHHe, MM, npu KpenJieHHH o6BO.UKH

llepeB51HHblX wmrneK 11 TCKCOB OT rpaHl1 CTCJlbKll ................... 5- 6
Me)l(Lly wm111bKaM11 11 rB03Ll51M11:
B HOCO'IHOtt 'laCTll ·······•••··••··•·•·······•···········•························· 8- I0
B ny'I KOBOH yacn1 . . .. . . . . . ...... .. .. . ...... .. . .. .• . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .• I 0- 12

306
 BTopoi1 KOHeu yKpenneHHOH 06sonK11 cnycKaIOT Ha HeT Ha w11p 11 -
8Y 4-6 MM 11 TaK)f(e 3anpamu110T non nonowsy, 3aTeM o6nonKy
01<0JTa'Il1flalOT MOJIOTKOM, orna)f(HBalOT Ha nocKe 11 o6pe3alOT no KOH-
'l)'PY Ha paccT051Hl1H OT rpaHH MY)f(CKOH 06ys11 5-5,5 MM. )f(eHCKoi1
o6YJ3H 3-3,5 MM.
Tip11 Heo6xon11MocT11 3aMCH5IIOT npocnrnKY. Hosyio npocnrnKY np11-
ICPenJTHIOT 3-5 nepeBHHHbIMH wn11J1bKaM11, TeKCOM, MYlJHbIM 11n11 Ka-
:JeHHOBbIM KJICCM.
TionMeTKH 11 py6Ubl no cjJOpMe 11 pa3MepaM nOJJ)f(Hbl COOTBeTCTBO-
saTb cpacoHy 11 pa3MepaM peMOHTHpyeMott 06ys11. Op5tMoi1 Kpati nou-
t.1eTKH cnycKalOT c HCJIHUeBOH CTOPOHbl Ha w11p1rny 12 - 15 MM' py6-
Ubl c Hen11uesoi1 crnpoHbl - Ha w11p11Hy I 0- 12 MM.
TionMeTKY c HeJIHUCflOH CTOpOHbl 11 nonMeTO'IttylO 4aCTb CJJena 06ym1
HaMa3bIBaIOT nonmnonpeHOBbIM KJJeeM Ha w11p11tty 18- 20 MM OT Kpa51.
Ilo.llMCTKY HaKJJel1BalOT Ha cnen o6yBH TaK, 4T06bJ pacCT051Hl1e OT ee
KPaH no rpaH11 cnena 6brno 2-2,5 MM, a np51Moi1 cpe3 3axon11n 3a
JIHHHlO nyqKOB M~CKOl1 06yn11 Ha 30-35 MM, )f(CHCKOH 25- 30, ne-
BH'Ibeti, MaJJb'IHKOBOH 11 WKOJlbHOH 20-25, neTCKOH 15-20 MM. Ko-
)l(aHble nonMeTKH nonoJJHHTCJlbHO nptt6HBalOT nHTblO nepemIHHblMH
WIIHJlbKaMH.
Ko)l(aHbJe nonMeTKH 11 py6ub1 np11KpenJI5IIOT nepeB51HHbIMH wnHJJb-
KaMH, 113 KO)f(BOJIOHa - nepeB51HHblMl1 Wnl1JibKaM11 HJIH nonowBeH-
HblMH fB03n51MH, pC3HHOBblC - nonOWBCHHblMH fB03n51MH.
. llepeBHHHbte wn11J1bKH 3a611sa10T no crnpbIM npoKoJJaM. OpoKOJibl
JlOJDKHbl 6bTTb pacnOJIO)f(CHbl B nna p51na no o6e CTOpOHbl OT WnHJICK
HJIH rB03neti, npttKpenJI5llOllll1X o6nonKY.
Py6Ubl npHKpCnJJ5IlOT no BHCWHCMY 11 BttyTpeHHCMY KOHrypaM nnyMH
PH.llaMH nepeBHHHbIX wmrneK. WmrnbKH pacnonaraIOT n waxMaTHOM
IIOp5InKe.

PaccTOHHHH )J,epeBHHHbIX umHJJeK npu KpenJJeuuu nO)J,MeTOK

H py6u;OB, MM
no)J,MCTKl1 Py6Ubl
OT rpaH11 CTCJlbKM w111111eK:
nepBoro p~uia ...................................................... 3- 5 3- 5
BTOporo p~111a OT nepBoro np11 llOLIMCTKe:
KO)i<aHOii ....................................................... 7- 8 3- 4
113 KO)l(BOJlOHa ............................................... 7- 9
OT np5IMOro cpe3a .uo wrnrneK
nepBoro pH.ua ...................................................... 7- 9
BTOporo PH.Ila OT nepBoro ................................... 4- 6
Me)l(.liy ueHTpal\111 w111111eK ...................................... 5-6 6- 7

flp11 KpenJICHHH nonMeTOK rno3n51MH 11X 3a611BalOT B on11H p51n no

BceMy KOHTYPY· OcTpirn rno3ne11 noJI)l(Hbt 3arn6aTbC5I B cTeJJbKY. a ro-
JJ:OBK11 rno3nei1 - YTOnaTb B nonowse.

307
 PaccTOHHHH rBol.11.eit npu Kpem1euuu no.11.MeTOK, MM
OT rpaHH CTCJJbKH ..............................................................•.... 3-6
OT npHMOro KpaH no.nMeTKlf ..........................•..... : ................. . 5-8
Me)Klly ueHTpaMtt:
B HOCO'-IHOH '13CTH ............................................................. . 8-10
B OCT3JlbHblX '-13CT51X ....••.......•......................•••...••....•........... 10-11

npHKpenJieHHbie nO.UMCTKH H py6Ubl OKOJ13'111B3IOT, nOCJIC '-ICro 11\

nosepXHOCTb .UOJDKHa HMeTb pOBHYJO HeCKOJibKO BbfnYKJIYJO cpopl\ty.

15.3. TexH011ornR peMOHTa no,qows 111 paHTa 06ys111

Hl!1TO'"IHblX MeTOAOB Kpen11eHl!1R

llm1 o6ysH HHTO'-IHblX MeTO.UOB Kpen11eHHH npHMeHHIOT nO.UOUIBLI

KO)l(3Hhie, pe3HHOBbie H BOHJIO'-IHbie c pe3HHOBbIMH HaKJianKaMIL Cpc-
.UH o6ysH HHTO'IHblX MeTO.UOB KpenJieHHH HH3a, nocTyna10wei1 fl pe-
MOHT, Hatt6onee pacnpocTpatteHbI paHTOBbitt 11 paHTOKJiecsoi-1. Pc;.i;e
BCTpe'-lalOTCH .uonneJibHblH, nonneJibHO-KJICCBOt1, CaH,UaJibHblfi, pamo-
npOWHBHOH, rrpoWttBHOfi H BbIBOpOTHblH.

15.3.1. BoccTaHoe11eHHe HHTO'"IHOro Kpen11eHHJ1 no,Qowe

HapyweHHC HHTO'IHblX WBOB .UCTaJICH HH3a 06ys11 B rrpouecce HOC-
KH 33KJIIOtiaeTC51 B OTCOC.UHHeHttH paHTa BMeCTe c nonowBOH OT 3a-
T51)KHOH KpOMKH Bepxa " CTCJibKM, nO.UOWBbl HJlH nO,UJlO)l(KH OT JXlH-
Ta, ITO.UOWBbl OT 33T5I)l(HOH KPOMKH Bepxa H CTeJibKH.
06ysb paHTOBOfO, paHTODpOlllUBHOro, )1.0nneJibHOfO, caH)J.aJibHOro,
npOlllHBHOro MeTO)J.08 KpeDJieHUH. llnH BOCCTaHOBJICHH51 HHTO'IHOfO KJ)CO-
JlCHHH ITO.UOWBbl BbinOJlHHIOT CJlC.UYIOIUHe onepaUHH.
l. YnaJieH11e nKJianttoi1 cTeJibKH.
2. YnaJieHHe ocTaTKOB HHTOtIHoro wBa.
3. YBJ13)1(HeHHe KO)l(aHbIX paHTa 11 nonowB.
4. Yrny611ett11e nope3KH.
5. BoccrnHOBJieHtte y<IaCTKa wBa Ha no.uowBe.
l. BKJianHyIO CTeJibKY Y.UaJIHIOT H3 o6yBH noJIHOCTblO HJIH OT.UeJrn!OT
H 0TfH6aIOT qacTH'IHO B 33BMCHMOCTH OT pacnoJlO)l(CHHH peMOHntPY-
CMOfO yqaCTKa WBa. 3ry onepaUHIO BbinOJIHHIOT B o6ysH npoWHBHOfO
MCTO.Ua KpenJieHHH.
2. OcrnTKH CTC)l(KOB HapyweHHOro HttTO'-IHOro wBa y.uaJIHIOT npy1 r-
HYJO KpHBbIM WttJIOM H rrnocKory6uaMtt. CTe)l(KH c paHrn .UOJl)l(HbI 6b1Tb
y.uaJieHbI noJIHOCTbJO, 6e3 noBpe)l(,UeHHH Bepxa 06yn11 11 pattrn.
3. YtiaCTKH KO)l(3HbIX pattrn 11 rro.uornBbI c ttapyweHHbIM WBOl\1 yB-
Jia)l(HHIOT no.now, no.uorperni1 no TeMnepaTypbI 40-50 °C, c no\10-
lllblO KHCTH. nocJie YBJI3)1<HCHH51 o6yBb OCTaBJIHIOT ,UJ151 npOBHJII1BaHllH
B TC'ICHHe 15- 30 MHH.

308
I 4. Dope3Ky KO)f(aHoi1 nonowBhI Ha Y'!aCTKe c HapyweHHbIM wBoM
yrJIY6JUIIOT Ha l/3 ee TOJ!lll,11Hbl.
5. YtJ:acToK nonownhI npowirnaJOT Ha Maw1rne MJIH Bpyt.J:HYJO JIByx-
JUffO'lHblM WBOM JlbH5!HblM11 11Jil1 KanpoHOBblMH HHTKal\rn, npon11-
,.at1HblMl1 BapoM H BOCKOM. lfacTOTa CTpO'lKH Ha I CM WBa )10Jl)f(Ha
6bITb He MeHee 2,5 )l.H51 KO)f(aHbIX nOJIOWB 11 He MeHee 2 )1Jl51 pe311HOBbIX.
UJoB JIOJl)f(CH npOXOJIHTb no CTapblM npOKOJiaM 6e3 nponycKOB 11 06-
pb!BOB HHTOK, 6bITb xopowo yrnHYThIM 11 YTOnJieHHbIM B nope3Ke,
:JaXO)lHTb Ha 2-3 CTC)f(Ka 3a o6e CTOpOHbl HapyweHHOro KpenJieHH.51.
flope3Ka KO)f(aHOH no110WBbl llOJl)f(Ha 6bITb 3aKphJTa 11 OKOJIOlJ:CHa.
Ha npe11np11HTl15!X no peMOHTY 06ym1 3atJ:aCTYJO MaWMHHoe np11-
1<penJieH11e nern.neA Hl13a HHTOlJ:HbIMH wnaM11 HeueJiecoo6pa3HO 113-3a
He60JibWOi1 noTpe6HOCTl1 B 11aHHOM n1111e peMOHTHhIX pa6oT, MaJIOH
opOTH)f(eHHOCTH WBOB, onacHOCTH OCJia6JieHl151 CKpenJIHeMblX 11CTaJiei1
npH BTOpH'lHOM npoKaJibIBaH1111 w11J1b5IMH 11 11rnaM11 MaWHHbI. Pyt.J:HOJ1
WOB no3BOJI51CT BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTb KpenJieH11e Ha JII06bIX ytJ:aCTKax o6y-
BH, B TOM 'II1CJie Tpy11Hon:ocTynHh1x.
Pyt.J:Hoif won (p11c. 15.1) BbinOJIHHJOT c noM0111,h10 npHMbIX 11m1 Kp11-
eoJ111HettHbIX Wl1JlbeB-Kp!OlJ:KOJ3. illHJIO-Kp!O'lOK BB0)151T B nepBblH npo-
I<OJI CKpenJIHCMbIX 11eTaJICH, HaKHllbIBalOT Ha KPIOlJ:OK 0Tpe30K HallO-
IlleHHOH 11Jll1 npon11TaHHOH BapoM H HaBOlll,CHHOH HHTKH, npOTaCKH-
BalOT HHTKY CKB03b npOKOJI no cepe1111Hbl ee l!Jll1Hbl, BB0)151T WHJIO-
KPIOlJ:OK BO BTOpoi1 npOKOJI, HaKHllbIBa!OT Ha Hero BeTBb 1 HHTKH,
BblT51fHBa!OT neTJIIO 11 npon:eBalOT <Jepe3 Hee BCTBb 2 HHTKH. DornttyB
3a BeTBb 1 HHTKH, BrnrnBaJOT y3eJI nepenJieTeHMH 06e11x nerneif BHYTPh
CKpenJI.HeMbIX llCTa.net\ 11 )1aJiee CHJlbHO YT5lfl1Ba!OT CTe)f(OK. 3aTeM BBO-
MT WHJIO-Kp!O<JOK B CJ1e11y10111,11i1 npOKOJI, HaKl1JlhIBalOT Ha Kp!O<JOK
BCTBb J HHTKH 11 U11KJI nOBTOp5110T.
Py<JHOl1 WOI3 npl1MCH51IOT )1Jl51 CKB03HOro 11 HCCKB03HOro npHKpen-
nemrn paHTa 06ym1 HHTO<JHbIX MeTOllOB KpenJieHl151 K 3aT.51)f(HOH KpOM-
Ke Bepxa 11 K CTCJlbKe npl1MCpHO Ha l/2 ee TOJI111,11Hbl. Do KOHCTpyKUHH
CTC)f(KOB PY<JHOH WOB noXO)f( Ha 1113YXHHTO<JHblH WOB BHYTpeHHero

I I

Puc. 15.1. nocJleilOBaTeJJbHOCTb o6pa30Bamu1 PY'lHOfO WBa:

I - nepBaH BeT!lb HllTKH; 2 -- BTOpaH BeTBb Hl1TKl1

309
nepen11eTeH11H. Ha npo4HOCTh pyirnoro wsa RJJl1HJOT Te )Ke ¢aKTopL1, •110
11 Ha npO'IHOCTb nsyxHHT04HOro WBa BHyrpeHHero nepenJTeTCHl15!; CB01j_
CTBa MaTCpHarIOB CKpenJTHCMbIX neTaT(eH H HHTOK, CTeneHh OCJTa6nc1111\(
MaTep11anos B npouecce o6pa3oBaHHH wBa, 1111aMeTp wuna-Kpl04Ka, P:ic-
no11o)l(eH11e Y3Jla nepenJleTeHlrn B HHTO'IHOM CTC)l(Ke, YTH)l(Ka WBa II Ip
Ha npo4HOCTb py4HhIX HHT04HbIX WBOB 11 11x Hane)l(HOCTb B np 0 _
UCCCe HOCKH o6yBH Cl1JlbHO BJil1HCT CTeneHb YTH)l(KH. np11 HC.UOCT<IT0•1
HOH YTH)l(Ke wsa 110.nowsa 111111 nonMeTKa B npouecce 11Jr116aHHH 0G\-
B11 np11 XO.Ub6e MO)l(CT CMClUaTbCH OTHOCl1TCJlbHO ,Upyr .npyra. np11 :m;\1
Ha HHT04Hble CTC)l(Kl1 neHCTByeT 60JibWaH Harpy3Ka, OHH HCTHpa!{)l.
CH, 'ITO 4ame scero HBJlHCTCH 11pl14HHOH pa3pyweHHH KpenJlCHHH HllJa
Eo11LwaH HJlH MeHLWaH YTH)l(Ka wBa 3as11c11T OT ycHJ111H, np11,1o)Ke1J-
HbIX pa60411M np11 CWHB3Hl1H, CBOHCTB 11 BJia)l(HOCTH CKpCilJIHC\fLI\
.UCTMCH. np11MeHCHl1C )l(CCTKl1X 11 HC1lOCTaT04HO YBJI3)1(HCHHbIX KOA\:t-
HbIX no.nows, nonMeToK, py6uos 11 paHrn, KaK 11 HenocraT04HOe y1rna;+;-
HeH11e K0)1(3Hb!X CTeJTeK peMOHT11pyeMOH o6yBH, npHBO.Ul1T K Heofoo-
.UHMOCTl1 11p11no)l(eH11H 6011bw11x yc111111i1 np11 npoKMbTBaH1111 nen1.1ei1
WHJTOM-Kp!04KOM, 6oJlee CJia6oti: YTH)l(Ke WBa np11 O.UHOBpeMCHHO\f
CHl1)1(CHHl1 npo113BO.U11TCJlbHOCTl1 Tpy.ua.
06yBb paHTOKJieesoro n AODDeJibHO-KJieesoro MeTOAOB KpenJiemrn.
Ll.1151 BOCCTaHOBJTCHHH KpenJICHHH 110,UJlO)l(KH c 110.UOWBOti: BblllOJllUllOT
CJIC.UYIOLUHC onepau1111.
l. 0Tne11eH11e no.uowBLI.
2. YnaneH11e ocrnBw11xcH cre)l(KOB.
3. B3bepow11BaH11e 110,UJlO)l(KH 11 no.uowBLJ.
4. YBJla)f(HeH11e y4acTKOB KO)l(aHbIX neTMeH.
5. Ha.nesaHne o6ynu Ha KOJTO.UKY-
6. BoccTaHOBJieHue yYacTKa HHT04Horo wBa Ha rronJTO)f(Ke.
7. HaHeceH11e KJleH Ha no.ilJTO)l(KY 11 rro.uowsy. CywKa.
8. AKTHBaUHH KJleeBblX n11eHOK 11 np11w11BaH11e 110.uowBhI.
l. Ll.JIH o6Jler4eH11H 0Tne11eH11H nonoWBbI o6ysh ycrnHaBJ111Ba101 B
TepMOaKTl1BaTop 110.UOWBOH K 11CT04Hl1KY HarpesaHl15! 11 Bbl.UCP)l(llB:l-
IOT npu Tel\meparype l 00- 110 °C B TelfeHne 3- 5 MHH no ocna6nctt1rn
KJleeBoro Kpe11neH11H. 3aTeM BPYlfHYIO HJIH KJJewaM11 oTneJIHJOT nonouw~
B HOC04HOH lfaCTl1 o6yBH no HapyweHHOro ylfaCTKa WBa.
2. BhmOJIHeH11e 011epau11u CM. Ha c. 308.
3. no,UJlO)l(KY 11 1101IOWBY C HeXOlIOBOH CTOpOHbl OlfHlUalOT OT K!lCil
11 3arpH3HCHHH (necKa, nbIJil1 11 .up.) 11 B3bepOWHB3IOT Ha Maw11HC
11J111 BPYlfHYJO WJIHQ>OBMbHblM nOJTOTHOM. noBepxHOCTH llOJI)l(Hbl 6t>Hb
B3bepoweHbl 6e3 npo11ycKOB, BbIXBaTOB H CKB03HbIX nonpe)l(.lielrnii.
nbIJib, o6pa30HaBWYIOCH 11p11 B3bepOWHB3HHl1. Y.UaJJHIOT BOJlOC5l!IOil
lUCTKOH. nocJle '.HOro OTCOC.U11HCHHYIO lf3CTb nO.UOWBbl OTBOp3'1HBaK1T
11 3aKpCl1JlHIOT Cl1CUHMbHbIM Kp!O'IKOM 111111 rB031ICM.
4. 8bll10J1HCHHC onepau1111 CM. Ha c. 308.
5.np11 H31IeBaHl111 o6ynH Ha KOJ10.UK11 He 110,T()l(HO 6bITb HapywcHlifl
UJBOB Bepxa 06ys11, .ne¢opMaUHH HOCKOB 11 3a.UHHKOB, a TaIOKe paJpl• 1"

310
li,B aepxa H CTOJ1KJl3J1Kl1. <J)aCOH 11 paJMep KOJIOJ1Kl1 )10Jl)l(Hbl COOTnCT-
IP<;B3Tb (l>aCOHY 11 paJMepy peMOHTHpyeMOH 06yR11.
·. 6. BLmo11HeH11e onepau1rn CM. Ha c. 309.
·· 7. Ha RJbepoweHHhte noRepxHOCTl1 nOJ1JIO)l(Kl1 H nonownht 113 KO)l(J1
JI pe3HHbl H3HOCHT TOHKHH panHOMepHblH CJIOH nOJil1XJIOponpeHOBOro

~
I eH 6e3 nponycKOB, crycTKOR If noTeKOB, Ha nonowsy HJ CTOJ111BHHllJ1-
pl1Jla If npyrnx TIOJllfMCpOB - CJlOH no1111ypeTaHOBOro KJleH c orncp-
eneM. KJie11 H3HOCHT J1ByKpaTHO Ha )lCTaJIH 11J KO)l(lf c npoMe~O'I­
~" cywKoi-i I0- 15 M11H, O.UHOKpaTHO Ha neTan11 HJ .rrpyrnx MaTep11a-
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312
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313
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314
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315
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MCWKOB, non611pa10T HX w11p1rny B COOTBCTCTBHH c WHPHHOH paHTc1 Ii
peMOHTHpyeMOH o6yBH c np11nycKOM 1,5- 2 MM Ha nocJTeJiy101ay10
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CTeJJbKH c Hap~HOH CTOpOHbI ysJTa)l(H5JJOT TaK )l(C, KaK 11 np11 Ma1I11111-
HOM npHWHBaHHl1. BHYTpeHHHH Kpai1 paHTa no scei1 JIJTl1He cnycKaior
c 1111uesoi1 CTOpOHbl Ha 5-6 MM np11 peMOHTe M~CKOH o6yBM It Ha
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11 HaKJla)lbIBaJOT )lpyr Ha Jipyra.
np11 peMOHTe o6yBH paHTOBOfO MeTO)la KpenJJeHH5! OpHeHTl1pa\flt
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11 Jll1Hl15! Ha BKJla)lbIWe, npo'-Iep'ICHHa5! OCTpY!eM WMJTa Ha paccTom11111
12- 15 MM OT Hap~Hoi1 crnpoHhI ry6ht. B 06ys11 PY'!HOro npo113Bo:i-
CTBa JlJT5! npaBHJJbHOfO pacnoJTO)l(eHM51 WBa npo'!ep'IY!B3JOT JIBe Jll1Hllll.
nepBa5! JTMHl15! npOXOJIMT no 3aT51)1(H0H KpOMKe Bepxa Ha paCCT051lll!ll
I - 1,5 MM OT rpaHH CTeJlbKl1 npM OTKpbITOM paHTe 11 2- 3 MM np11
3aKpblTOM paHTe, BTopa5! JTHHY!5! - Ha BKJla)lbIWe Ha paccT05!HMM 12-
15 MM OT nepBOH. no BTOpOH JTHHHY! HO)l(OM, nOCTaBJJeHHbIM non yr-
JTOM 30-40° K nonepxHoCTH BKJiaJihrwa, neJTaJOT nonpe3aHHe Ha rny-
611Hy OKOJTO l MM.
PaHT HaKJiaJibIBalOT 1111ueBoi1 cTopoHoi1 Ha 3aT5J)l(HYJO KpOMKY nep-
xa 06ys11 H np11KpenJTHJOT PY'!HhIM WBOM no npoKoJTaM, Bhmo:11rn-
eMhIM11 KPHBhIM w11JToM-KpJO'IKOM. CHa'-lana npoKaJTbIBaJOT nopc:.iK~
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KH, BbIBOJl5!T WHJTO-Kp!O'IOK y OCHOBaHl15! ee ry6hl c Hapy)l(HOH CTOpO-
HbI HJIM y JlHHl111, npottep'!eHHOi1Ha3aT5J)l(HOH KpOMKe sepxa (pHC. 15.3) .
.[Lanee npoKaJTbIBaJOT Jarn)l(HYJO KpOMKY Bepxa 11 paHT nocepemrnc cro
cnyureHHOH '!aCTH . .[LJJMHa CTe)l(KOB B nYtIK0130H '-JaCTM panHa 7 - 8 \t\!.
B HOCO'-IHOH - 5-6 MM. np11 np11Wl1BaHMY! paHT B ny'!KOBOH 1.JaCTll
HCCKOJlbKO BblT51fl1BaJOT, a B HOCO'-IHOH - CJJerKa noca)l(HBaJOT. Ll-151
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BaHlrn OCTaBWHi1CH KOHeu paHTa OTpe3aJOT non yrnoM, cnycKaJOT HCI
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JJY!WKH.
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JlOCKe. 0TKpbITbIH paHT c Jll1UCBOl1 CTOpOHbl npoKaTbIB3JOT HarpeTI>1't
HaKaTHHKOM.

316
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P11c. 15.3. Cxel\ta np11Kperu1eH1rn paHrn py4HhlM cnoco6oM B 06yo11:
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4. Cnyw.eHHbIH Kpai1 nonowBhI B3bepowirnaIOT WJIHcPOBaJihHbIM

nonoTHOM N2 32-50 Ha Mawirne MBK-0 HJJH KOM6HHttposaHHOI1
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paHT, 3aTml<HYIO KpOMKY sepxa H CTeJJbKy.
Ha B3bepoweHHoi1 nosepxHoCTH He nom1rno 6h1Th nponycKoB H
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HOH w.eTKOH.
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IlpHKpenJI51IOT npy'lHYfO K CTeJibKe .llBYM51 TeKCaMH. 0epe.UHI1H Kpati
reJieHKa He 110Jl)KCH llOXO.UHTb .no JIHHHH nylJKOB Ha 10-12 MM, a
33.}lHHM Kpati JlOJI)KCH 3aXO.UHTb Ha no.nKa6Jiy'IHYIO '-!aCTb CTeJibKH He
Mettee '-ICM Ha 20 MM.
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meHHbIM nepel!HHM KpaeM (Ha w11p1rny 10-15 MM )JO TOJIW.HHbl 1-
1,5 MM) npHKJie1rnaIOT BCTbIK c Kpa51MH 3aT51)KHOH KpOMKH nepxa HJIH
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317
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HbJM.
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KO)((aHblC no.LIMCTKH HJ111 py6Ubl )((CCTKOH KHCTblO HaHOCHT TOHK1111
paBHOMCpHbIH CJlOH nOJ111XJlOponpeHOBOro KJlCH, KOTOpblM cyw~n. cl
3aTCM HaHOCHT ew:e CJlOM KJlCH.
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nptt 331\!CHC nO.LIOWB Ha CJlC.ll o6yntt, BKJ1!0'-la51 paHT H npOCTHJlK). II
BCIO nosepXHOCTb no.rrowB, KpoMe n51TO'-IHOH '-laCTH (np11 HCKPYIO-
BOM paHTe), HaHOCHT TOHKHM paBHOMepHbIH CJlOM nOJ111H30npcHo-
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Jl51Tb 30-35 %.
9. 00.LIMCTKH H py6Ubl npHKJlCHBalOT no TCXHOJlOfHH peMOHTa l<-_lC-
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MawttHa HMeeT TaK)((e cneuttaJ1bHOe np11cnoco611etttte .llJ151 3aKpbt-
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ll011\1CTOK 11 py6uoB, He Ha.rreBa51 o6yBb Ha KOJIO.llKH.

318
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npHCTpat.iHBaHHH llOllMeTOK, py6110B H llOllOUIB

06yBb
)KeHCKaSI
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HroJlbHOii:
JlbHSIHOii .................................................. 9,5/6 9,5/7
KanpoHOBOi1 ............................................ 2 1,8
'-ICJHJO<JHOii:
11 bHSI HO ii ................................................. . 9,5/5 9,5/6
KanpOHOBOi'i ············································ 2 1,8
HoMep:
WHJla ........................................................... . 155 165
Hl.1lbl ............................................................ . 175 200
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nepaT)'phI 60- 70 °C, YeJIHOYHYJO KanpOHOBYJO - .no TeMnepaT)'pbl
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roM HHTKH He peKOMeHuyeTC51 nponHTblB3Tb BapoM, HX CJJe.uyeT HaTH-
paTb nYeJJHHbIM BOCKOM. CT pH pyYHOM np11w11BaHHH no.nMeTKl1, py6uhr
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'ICHHeM no.nKa6JJyYHOH Yacnf.

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PaccTOSIHHe nope3KH OT KpaH neTaJJeii 06yB11

C paHTOM. MM:
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3aKpblThlM ........................... .................. .......... ...... ................ I ,5- 2
f11y6m1a nope3KH. MM .............................................................. I - I ,2
YroJl HaK.i10Ha nope3KH K xonoBoli noBepxHocn1 ncrn-
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319
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Lll1HC TOJ!llll1Hhl CKpenJI5JCMhlX LlCTaJieti 06ym1.

Tpe60Baum1 K npucTpa'IHBa11mo !lern11eit

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12. Kpa51 nope3KH 3aKaThIBaIOT npaiua10rm1MCH pmj)J[CHhIM Ba'n1 "()' 1

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WBbl OKOJia'-IHBaIOT MOJIOTKOM. 11HOrJia nope3KY nonoWBbl npenn:1p11-
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ynanmoT.
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nop11CTOi1 pC31iHhl, npl1KJICCHHOH K 11011JIO)((KC, Ha Hl13KOM Ka6nyKC.
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320
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6. HaHeceHHe KJJCH Ha cne11 06yB11 11 no1IJ1m1<Ky. CywKa.
7. n PHKJICHBaHHC KO)l(aHblX nolIJIO)l(CK.
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CymKa KJJeeBoro CJJ05l.
11. CTp11KJieHBaHHe no11MeTOK, py6uon H nonownhI.
l. Onepaumo nhmOJJHHJ-OT raK )l(e, KaK H B o6yBH paHTOBoro Mero11a
gperrJI CH HH.
2. l13HOWCHHYJ-O lfaCTb nO.UOWBbl cpe3aJ-OT no JIHHHH, npoxo.umuett
aa 5- l 0 MM Hl1)1(C Jll1HHH ny'-IKOB. feJJCHO'IHYJ-0 1IaCTb no.uoWBbl, KaK
H ITO.UMCTKH, cnycKaJ-OT no np51MOMY KpaJ-O Ha HCT Ha WHpHHY 25-
30 MM npH peMOHTC My)l(CKOM o6yBH H Ha 20- 25 MM npH PCMOHTC
)J(CHCKOii, .UCBH'-lbCH H MaJJb'-IHKOBOM o6yBH.
Y•rncTOK no110WBbI, Ha KOTOpb1i1 HaKJJa.UbIBaJ-OT py6eu, cpe3a10r non
yrJIOM Ha HCT. illHpHHa cpe3a, KaK H urnpHHa py6ua, paBHa 12-15 MM.
CTpu rny6oKOM l13Hoce HOCO'-IHYJ-0 '-laCTb nolIJIO)l(KH cpe3a10r non
YfJIOM Ha w11p1rny 12-15 MM. CTC)KKH HHTO'-IHOro WBa. COCJlHHmowe-
ro nOlIJIO)l(KY c paHTOM, nepepe3alOT no nepHMCTpy, COOTBCTCTBYJ-OlUCMY
npOT5l)l(CHHOCTH yl.faCTKa H3HOCa H HapyweHHH KpenJJCHHH no.UJIO)KKH
HJIH paHTa. 0011.nO)KKY OTrtt6alOT K nHTO'-IHOM '-laCTH o6yBH H 3aKpenJJH-
IOT O.UHHM rB03IlCM. 0CTaTKH nepepe3aHHblX CTC)!(KOB Ha paHTC H BHYT-
peHHCM CJIOC nonoWBbl HJ!l1 nOD.JIO)l(KH Y1laJJ5llOT KpHBbIM WHJIOI\f H
fiJIOCKOry6uaMH.
CTp11 nonHoi1 3aMeHe nonown cTe)KKH WBa, coe11HHHJ-OIUero non-
JIO)l(KY c paHTOM, nepepe3aJ-OT no nceMy nepttMeTpy, a 3aTeM 11eTaJJl1
Y.UaJJ5lJ-OT BMCCTC C Ka6JJyKOM.
3- 5. Onepamm BbinOJJHHJ-OT TaK )KC, KaK tt npH 3aMeHe paHTa o6y-
BH paHTOBOro MCTOJla KpenJICHH51.
6. nolIJIO)l(KH B3bCpOWHB3lOT Ha MaWHHC MBK-0 HJ!l1 KOM6H-
HMpoBaHHOH 0TllCJIO'-IHOi1 MaWHHe: JIHUCBYJ-0 CTOpoHy nO,llJIO)KKH H3
Ko)l(].f - wmn:f:lonaJihHbIM noJIOTHOM NQ 12- 16, 6axrnpM5lHYJ-O crnpo-
By - NQ 63-80. nolIJIO)l(Kit 113 pe3HHhI - c 06e11x crnpoH wnmpo-
lla.nbHbIM nonornoM N:.> 63 - I00.
Ha cJie11 o6yntt. BKJJJ-Ol.faH 6axrnpM51HYJ-O nonepxHOCTb paHTa, non-
Jio)l(KY, HaHOCHT TOHKHi1 poBHbIM cnoii nomm3onpeHonoro KJJC5l. CTp11
UOJIHOH 33MCHC Il01IOWB nOJlHH30npeHOBblH KJICM HaHOC5lT Ha BCCb
CJien o6yBH, KO)KaHyJ-O HJll1 pe3HHOBYJ-O nOlIJIO)l(KY, 3a HCKJIJ-0'-ICHHCI\I
IIs!TO'Y.HOll '-laCTl1 (npH HCKpyroBOM paHTe). KJJeeBOH CJIOH cywaT npH
TeM:nepaType 18-20 °C B TC'-ICHHC 10-15 MHH.
7. 3arnyryJ-O B CTOpoHy 051TO'-IHOH '-laCTH o6yBH 00)1.HO)l(Ky OTm6aJ-OT
lfa MCCTO. l.JaCTb KO)l(aHOH IlOlIJIO)l(KH, OTllCJICHHYJ-O OT paHTa, ynJia)K-
lfiIIOT KHCTbJ-0, Cl\IO'ICHHOl1 B noue; BHOBb npHK.i1CHBaeMyJ-O KO)KaHyi-o

11 JleJ1eHi'11<1 321
nOLIJIO)l(KY YBJia)l(WllOT, norpy)l(a5l ee Ha 2-5 MHH B BaHHY c BOll01i
Harperni1110 TeMneparypbI 18-20 °C. 3aTeM no1IJIO)l(KY npoBHJTHBaK_i;
no.u BJTa)l(HO~t MeWKOBHHOH B TC'leHHe 30- 60 MHH.
no1IJIO)l(KY npHKJieJ1BalOT K CJTeLiy o6yBH Ha npeccax nn-P 11·11 1
OKn-P 6e3 nepeKOCOB H CllBl1fOB, 06)1(J1MalOT no Kpa!O BMeCTe C IXlH-
TOl\1 H OKOJTa'-IHBalOT MOJTOTKOM. Kpm1 nOLIJIO)l(KH D.OJI)l(eH COBnamni, c
KpaCM paHTa. np11 nOCTaHOBKe HOBbIX n01IJ10)1(CK HX Kpa51 LIOJT)l(Hbl jXlll-
HOMCpHO BbICrynaTb no BCeMy KOHTypy OTHOCHTeJTbHO paHTa.
8. 3aHOBO np11KJieeHHble TI01IJ10)1(KH o6pe3alOT no BCeMy nepHMeTp\
BPY'IHYIO 1rn11 Ha MaWHHe OC-P. 00.fu10)l(KY np11cTpa'rnBa10T Ha ~ta~
Wl1He CnP-1 (111111 aHaJIOHl'-IHOH etf) JlbH51HbIM11 11JIH KanpOHOBbI\!11
Hl1TKaMH TaK )Ke, KaK H nonMeTKl1, py6Ubl H nOLIOWBbl B 06yn11 P<IH-
TOBOro MeTOLia Kpen11eH115l, HO 6e3 11X nonpe3aHH51. llJOB LIOJT)l(eH npo-
XOLIHTb Ha paCCT051Hl111 2-3 MM OT rpaHl1 3aT51HYTOH 06y1m:. l1,J111Ha
CTe)l(K013 Ha KO)l(aHOH nOJl}IO)l(Ke 3 - 4 MM' Ha pe311HOBOH 4 - 5 1\1:\1.
9. Op11 HeKpyroBoM paHTe nHTO'-IHYIO '-laCTb BHOBb np11cTpo'leH-
HbIX no1IJIO)l(CK np11Kpen115!10T BPY'-IHYIO no11owBeHHbIM11 rB031151M11 K
CTCJlbKC o6yBH. f B03D.11 LIOJI)l(Hbl npoX01111Tb 'lepe3 n01IJ10)1(Ky, 3aTH>l\-
HYIO KpOMKY Bepxa, 33.llHHK 11 cTeJihKY 11 3ar116aTbC5l Ha cTeJibKY. Pac-
CT051Hl1e rnmnetf OT Kpa51 CTeJTbKl1 5 MM, Me)l(Jly ueHTpaM11 rnmneii
10-12 MM.
10. Ha KO)l(aHyIO no1IJIO)l(KY HaHOC51T 11Ba c11051 ( c npoMe)l(yrO'-IH011
cywKoi1) nom1XJToponpeH0Boro KJie51. Ha pe3HHOBYIO no1IJIO)l(KY 11 no+
MeTKl1, py6Ubl, DOllOWBbl 113 nopHCTOH pe311Hbl KJieH HaHOC51T OJlllH
pa3. npoMe)l(yrO'-IHYIO CYWKY KJieeBOro CJ1051 np0113B011HT npH TeMne-
paType 18-20°C B Te'-1eH11e 15-20 Ml1H, OKOH'-laTeJTbHYIO - npl1 Ta-
KOl1 )Ke TeMnepaType B Te'-1eH11e 45-60 MHH.
11. Bbmo11HeH11e onepau1111 cM. Ha c. 325.
06)'Bb npOlllHBHOfO MeTOJJ.a Kpem1euust. B peMOHT B OCHOBHOM no-
CTynaeT )l(CHCKa51 (pe)l(e My)l(CKa51) Mo11eJibHa5l o6yBb npounrnHoro
MCTOJla KpenJieHH51 Ha KO)l(aHOH no11owBe, 113fOTOBJTeHHa51 py'-IHbl\I
cnoco6m.L PeMOHT nonowB rnKott 06yB11 3aKJIIO'-laeTC51 B ynaJieH1111 1u-
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UOB 6e3 noc11eJIYIOrnero 11x np11w11BaHH5l. Tex1-1011or1151 rnKoro peMoHTa
COBnanaeT c peMOHTOM DOLIOWB o6yBH KJieeBoro MeTOl(a KpenJTeHllH
(CM. C. 325).
np11MCH5llOT TaK)l(e KOM6HHl1p013aHHhIH MeTOJI: npttKJieHBaHHC II
np11w11Ba1-111e no11MeToK 11 py6uoB.
B 3TOM c11y'-lae noc11e Ha1-1eceHH5l Ha KO)l(aHb1e nonMeTKl1 11 py6ubI
no1111x.noponpeH0Boro KJie51 11x ynJia)l(H51IOT, npoBHmrnaIOT. np11KJicll-
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11 CTCJlbKe. BKJiaJlHbie CTeJibKl1 HJTH no11ycTeJThK11 npe11BapttTeJTbHO yna-
JT51IOT H.TJH OTrn6aIOT K n51TO'-IHOM '-13CTl1 06ym1, a OCHOBHbie CTeJibKll
no noBepxHocT11 HaJIO)l(CHH51 nonMeToK 111111 py6uoB yBJTa)l(H51IOT c 131-1yr-
pc1-1Hei1 (o6parueHHOH K CTOne) CTOpOHbl. no.nMeTKl1 11 py6Ubl nonpc-
3alOT c XOLIOBoi1 CTOPOHbl.

322
'
IlapaMeTpb1 nope3KH
fny6irna nope3Kl1, MM .............................................................. I - 1,2
Yron HaKJJoHa nope3Kl1 K xonoBoi1 noBepxHocn1, rp<in ........... 45
PaccTmrn11e nope3Kl1 OT KpaH nonMeTKl1 11 py6ua. MM............. 5- 8

Dope3KY ym1a)f(H5IIOT KHCThJO, CMO'-!eHHOH B so.ue, a 3aTeM no.upe-

33f1Hhltt CJlOH ornopa'-!HB3IOT TynHKOM.
no.uMeTKH H py6Ubl npHWHBalOT JlbH51HblMH HHTK3MH N~ 9,5/6 11
9,5/7 HJlH KanpoHOBhIMH HHTKaMH NQ 1,8, nponHTaHHbIMH cHa'-!Ma
JJllpOM, a 3aTCM n'-ICJlHHblM BOCKOM. illoB .llOJl)KeH 6bITb pOBHbIM, 6e3
nponycKOB M o6pbIBOB HHTOK, xopowo Yf5IHYfbIM H yronJleHHblM B
J10pC3Ke. Illar CTe)l(KOB 6- 7 MM, paCCT05IHHe WBa OT Kpa51 CTenbKH
3-5 MM. llioB .UOJl)l(eH 3aXO.UHTb Ha 2- 3 CTe)l(Ka 3a o6e CTOpOHbl pe-
fllOHTHpyeMoro y'-!aCTKa TIO.UOWBbl.
flOCJle npHWl1B3Hl151 nope3KY Ha TIO.UMeTKaX H py6uax 3aKphIB3IOT,
TIUaTeJlhHO OKOJ1a'-!1rna10T. BKJla.uHbie CTeJlhKH BKJ1e1rna10T HOBh1e HJlH
orrn6aJOT H npHKJleHB3IOT paHee HCnOJlb30BaHHble.

15.4. TexHonornR peMOHTa no,Qows 06ys111 Kiteesoro

MeTO.Qa KpenneH111R

15.4.1. BoccTaHoe11eH11te Kpen11eH11tfl noAOWB

,[(aHHbIH BH.U peMOHTHhIX pa6oT BbinOJ1H5IIOT npH MCCTHOM OTKJleH-

BaHMH nO.UOWBbl OT 33T51)1(HOH KpOMKH Bepxa HJlH BHyrpeHHero CJ1051
00.UOWBbl (nO.llJlO)l(KH).
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Mepbl OT.UeJlHeMoro y'-!aCTKa no.uowBhI onpe.ueJ15IIOTC51 pacnoJlO)l(eHHeM
HapyweHHoro KJleesoro KpenJleHH51.
L(J151 o6Jler'-!eHH51 onreJlemrn no.uowBbI o6yBh ycTaHaBJlHBaJOT B pe¢-
JieKTopHbIH TepMOaKTHBaTop no.uowBaMH K HCTO'-IHHKY HarpeBaHH51.
06ynh Bhl.llep)l(HBalOT B TepMOaKTHBaTOpe npH TeMnepaTYpe 100- 110 °C
(B 30He pacnOJlO)f(eHH51 o6ynH) B Te'!eHHe 3- 5 Ml1H .uo 3aMeTHOro
OCJia6JlCHl151 KJleesoro KpenJleHH51. 3aTeM spy'-IHYJO KJlewaMH oCTopo)l(-
Ho 0T.UeJ15IIOT no.uowsy OT o6yBH. TI pH OT.UeJleHHH OT 06yB11 no.uowBa H
3aT5DKHa51 KPOMKa Bepxa (11J1H nO.UJlO)l(Ka) He .UOJl)l(Hbl 6bITb noBpe)l(-
.l{eHhl, coe.uttHeHHC 3aT5I)f(HOH KpOMKl1 nepxa co CTeJlbKOH He .UOJl)l(HO
6L1Th HapyweHO.
TIO.UOWBY C HeXO.UOBOH CTOpOHbl H 3aT51)1(HYJO KpOMKY Bepxa 11J1H
no.llJlO)l(KY 0'1HlU3IOT OT necKa, nhIJ111 H .upyr11x 3arp513HCHl1H 11 B3bepo-
nurnaJOT MeTMJ111'-!eCKOH npoBOJlO'-IHOH weTKOH, WJlHcj)OBMhHhIM no-
JIOTHOM HJlH KpyroM. BcJO noBepXHOCTh OTOrHyroi1 '13CTI1 no11owBbI 11
no.lJJIO)l(KH B3bepOWHBalOT, a 3aT5l)l(HYJO KpOMKY Bepxa, - OTCTynHB
ot JaT5I)f(HOft rpaHH 0,5- l MM.
B3bepow11BaH11e BbinOJ1H5IIOT 6e3 nponycKoB, BhIXBaTOB H noBpe)l(-
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323
ceHHOii (nplf HJroTOBJlCHl111 06yn11) KJJCeBOif rrneHKll. fl blJlb, o6pa \()_
BaBrnyJOcH Ha no11011rne 11 c11e.ue 06yB11 np11 BJbepournnamrn, y,1a·15 11111
BOJlOCH HO ii LUCTKOi1.
flocJJe 0'111CTKl1 OT nbIJHI 'laCTb nonOlllBbl, KOTopy!O c11e11yer IIJ<11.
KJJelfTb, ornopa'-111 naroT 11 3aKpenJJ51 IOT fl-o6pa3H bl!\! Kp10•1 Km.1 11 111
rr30311Cl\1.
flp11 He3H3'-111TeJlbHOl\1 OTKJJel1B3Hl111 (110 10 \IM no CJJCJly) 11 II 1-
ne)l(HOl\1 KpenJJeHHM nOlIOWBbl B ueJJOM nonycKaCTC51 npllKJlCllTh 01 -
KJlel1BlllHHCH yl.JaCTOK, He OTcoem!H5151 .ueT~Ulb OT o6ymt.
flpH npeccOB3Hl111 nO.UOWBbl 6e3 np11MCHCHH51 BHyTpeHHl1X l\ICT.1.1-
Jll1l.JCCKHX BKJIMbJJJJCH nepen H3Hecem1eM K.JlC}I pCMOHTl!pyeMylO o\lyi,1,
HaneBalOT Ha K0Jl011K11. flpu 3TOM He 110Jl)KHO 6b!Tb Hapyrnem1i1 1111101,
Bepxa 06y1m, 11eqlopMarn111 33JlHHKOB, pa3p1>IBOB Bepxa 11 no111G1a.1u 1
flp11 peMOHTe o6yBH c BepxoM 113 HaTypaTJbHOii KO)l(H 11 TKaHci1 1:
rronownaMH 113 KO)l(11 11 pe311H1>1 Ha B3bepoweHHbre y'-laCTKH 3arn:fK111q 1
KpOMK11 (HJlH n011Jl0)1(Kl1) 11 nOJlOWBbl HaHOC51T nOJll1XJlOponpeHOI>h11i
KJleH. flp11 peMOHTe 06y1m c nepXOM H3 11CKYCCTBeHHblX KO)!( c nO.I!J-
BHHHJlXJlOPHlIHb!M noKpbITHeM 11 nOJlHBHHHJlXJJOPHlIHOH no11011rnoii H~l­
HOCHT rronHypeTaHOBhrii KJJdi c 0Tnep1111TeJJeM. Ha KO:>Ka1-1y10 no.11011111\
(H ITOilJlO)KKY) KJlCH H3HOC51T .unyKpaTHO c npOMC)l()'TO'll-IOii cy111i-.:011
rrpH TeJ\.meparype 18- 20 °C B Tel.Jemie I0- 15 M11H, Ha 3arn)f(HY10 Kpm1-
Ky nepxa 11 no.uowBhI 113 pe3HHhI 11 nom1mrn11nXJJopima - OilHOKparno
Kneif H3HOC51T TOHKl1M pOBHblM CJJOeM, 6e3 nponycKOB, crycTKOI\ II
noTeKoB. Bepx 06yn11 11 xo110Ba5l noBepxHOCTb rronownb1 He no.:1:+:m1
6bITb 3arp513HCHbl KJJeeM.
Cnoi1 noJJHXJJoponpe1-10Boro KJJe51 Ha 33nI)l(HOit KpOMKe nep\<1 11
IT0110ll1Bax (HJJH nOilJlO)l(Ke) cywaT npH TeMnepaTypc 18- 20 'c II TC-
l.JCHHe 45-60 l\HIH, non11ypernHOBOro - 60 MllH.

15.4.2. 3aMeHa no,qows

Tex1-10JJOrHl.JecK11ti rrpouecc 3aMeHbI no11owB paccMoTpeH np11'1'"

HHTeJlbHO K OCHOBHblM KOHCTPYKUH51M o6yBH KJlCCBOro l\ICTOlla Kpcn-
JJeHH51, xapaKTepH3YIOlliHMC51 np11Kperrnem-1eM J3T51)1<HOii KpOMKM ncp\.i
K CTeJlbKe (HJlH K 06nJ)l(Ke rrnanpopMbl B 06yn11 CTPO'-IC'IHO-K..TJCCl\010
MeTOlla KpenJJemrn) 11 npHKJJCHBaHHeM nOllOlllBbl K 33T}!)l(HOH KpO\!f..t'
(HJlH K 06T51)1(Ke).
Tex1-10JJorw1ecK11H npouecc cocT01n 113 c.r1e11y10umx 011epau11ii.
I. YmUJemte 1rnH Bb1paBHHBaHHe H3Howe1-11-1oi1 1 1acT11 no110urn 11
nonroTOBKa cJJe11a.
2. flo116op KOJlOlIOK H 1-1a11enaH11e Ha HHX 06ym1.
3. 83bepOWHB3Hl1e 33T51)1(HOH KPOMKH Bepxa lfJlll CJJe11a 06ym1.
4. HaHeceH11c KJJe51 Ha 3arn)l(HYJO KpOl\IKY Bcpxa wrn cnen 06y1'11.
no11MeTKH, py6ub1 11n11 no11owBb1. CywKa KJJeeBoro c1105l.
5. TepMoaKnmawrn 1<..neeB1>1x nJJeHOK, np11KJJemmHuc nom1cTl1t--
py6uoB 11m1 no.uown.

324
 6. 06pe3aH11e 113JIHWKOB nonowB H non.MeTOK.
7. OrneJJKa Bepxa 06yB11.
8. OrneJJKa Hl13a o6yrm.
1. H0Bb1e nonMeTKH np11 peMOHTe nonowB, KaK npan11J10, np11101e-
11aaioT HenocpelICTBCHHO K 3aT5DKHOH KpOMKC Bepxa 06yn11. 3TO 06ec-
neq11BaeT rH6KOCTb OTpCMOHT11pOBaHHOH 06y1rn, npenOTBpawaeT ec
yrID1<eJieH11e 11 yxy11weH11e BHewHero B1111a. Llmr nocTaHOBKl1 nonMeTOK
cHaqaJia YllaJJHIOT 113HOWeHHYIO no11MeT0'1HY10 '-laCTh nonowBbI, npe11-
sap11TeJ1hHO OCJ1a61rn KJICeBOH WOB MeXaHtt'1eCKl1J\1 11Jll1 Xl1MWleCKl1M
cnoco6oM .
MexaH11'1eCK11A cnoco6 npenycMaTp11BaeT HarpeBatt11e 113HOWeH-
):{OH l{3CTl1 no)IMCTO'-IHOH TIOJIOWBhl. 06yBb ycrnHaBmrnaIOT B TCPMO-
aKTl1B3TOp 11 Bh111ep)[(11Ba10T np11 TeMneparype I 00- 110 °C (B Jo He pac-
noJIO)[(eH11H o6yBH) B TelJ:eHHe 2- 3 Ml1H, a 33TCM Bpyl!HYIO KJJewaMH
OT,UCJIHIOT noJIOWBy. LlJJH 3TOro npttMeHSJIOT TepM03KTl1BaTOpbl c 3JleK-
TPOJiaMnaMl1 11HcppaKpacHoro 113JJyqeHHSJ M0-17 ( Poccm1), TepMo-
aKT11BaTOpb1 TC-P (Pocorn) HJIH cp11pMhI GP (fepMaH11SI) .
TepMoaKTttBaTOp cf:mpMhI GP (p11c. 15.4) 11MeeT noJJKY 1IJJH .n:ern-
nei1:, rniiMep, BeHnrnsnop H HarpeBaTeJJhHbIH 3JJeMeHT. Pa3Mep1>1 Tep-
MOaKT11Barnpa (410 x 400 x 390 MM) TI03BOJIHIOT pa3MewaTb ero Ha pa-
6oqeM CTOJJe, a BCHTl1Jl5ITOp npenornpawaeT llCCTPYKTyp11poBaH11e KJle-
eBOH nJJeHK11.
X11M11'1CcK11M cnoco6oM ynanHIOT tt3HoweHHYIO nOJIMeTO'-IHYIO qacTb
rro.u )leikTBHCM pacrnopl1TCJleH, SIBJl5IIOW11XC51 CMCCblO paBHhlX Macco-
BbIX '-laCTCH 3Tl1JJaueTarn 11 6eH311Ha. 3Ty CMCCh 113 MaCJICHKH 11Jl11 Ka-
IICJibHl1Ubl OCTOpmKHO, '1T06bI HC Hapywl1Th OKpacKy KO)[(aHoro Bepxa
06y1m, H3HOC51T Ha CTbIK TIO.UOWBhl 11 nepxa 11Jll1 Ha Kpatf X0110BOi1
IIOBepXHOCHI KO)[(aHO(I TIOllOWBbl. llepe3 I - 3 Ml1H TIOllOWBY 0TllCJl51-
IOT OT o6yBH. H3'111Ha51 c HOCOl!HOH lJ:3CTH. EcJJl1 no.aowBa OT.UeJJHeTC51
c Tp)'.llOM, CMCCb nonOJJHHTeJJbHO Ha-
HOC51T Ha KJICCBbie nJieHKl1 no MeCTY
OTphma 11 npo.aom1<a10T OT11CJl51Th no-
.nonrny, He nonycKaSI noBpe)[(llemrn
3aTSJ)[(HOM KpOMKl1 Bepxa 06yn11.
LlJJH ocJJa6JJemrn KJJeeBoro wna
o6yn11 c K0)[(3HOii no.aoWBOH ueJie-
coo6pa3Hee npl1MCH51Tb paCTBOpl1Te-
.11H, B o6yBH c pe311HOBblMH nonowBa-
MH, a TaK)[(e c BepxoM 113 UBeTHblX
KO)[( c ecTeCTBCHHOH mmeBOM no-
BepxHOCTblO - HarpeBaHHe.
no rocynapcrneHHOMY CTaHnapry
•06yBh K0)[(3Ha51, pe311HOBaSJ 11 BaJISl-
HaSJ. Tpe6onamrn K peMOHTY» JIOJ1)[(-
H11 6b!Tb co6JJIOlleHbl Tpe6oBamrn. Puc. I 5.4. TepMoaKT11narnp <)rnp-
np11Be.UeHHble HH)[(e MbI GP (fepMaHllH)

325
 PaCCTOSIHHe npsMoro Kpas UO.l(MeTOK OT JIHHHH ny'IKOB, MM
Hcy)J)l1rneHHbIX )J)IH o6yBw

MY)l(CKOH ······················································································· 35
)l(CHCKOi1 11 .UCBH'lbCH ............•...............................................•...... 30
Y)J)IHHCHHbIX 11.JJH 06ys11:

MY)l(CKO(t. ········•·······••······•················•··········•···········•················•··•· 55
)l(CHCKOH 11 .UCBH'lbel-i ......•...••.••.......••............•.•...........•..........••.•.. 50

0TneJ1eHHYIO OT 3anDKHOH KpOMKM nepxa H3HOWeHHyJO nonMeT0•1-

HyJO '-laCTb nonowBhI cpe3aIOT no J1HHHH, npoxonmuett Ha paccTOHH1 111
5 - I0 H 25 - 30 MM HH)l(e J111Hl1H nyY:KOB np11 ycrnHOBKe COOTBCT-
CTBeHHO HeyM'HHCHHhIX H Y.llJ111HeHHhIX nonMeTOK.
OcrnnwyJOcsi reJieHOY:HYJO 'IaCTh nonowBhI cnycKaJOT HO)l(OM c n1i-
uenoi1 CTOpOHhl Ha HeT.
Onn1MaJihHa5l npOY:HOCTh np11KJie11naH11H npsiMoH y:acn1 nonMCTOK
,llOCTHraeTCH np11 paneHCTBe WHpHHhl cnycKa reJieHO'-IHOH 'JaCTl1 no-
IlOWBhl H np51MOro Kpasi nonMeTOK.

PeKoMeH.llYeMas wupuua cnycKa .l(eTaJieit o6ysu, MM

My)l(CKOH ·················································································· 25- 30

:>KettCKOH. 11CBH'lbei1 11 MaJlb'-111KOBOH ...................................... 20-25
illKOJlbHOH 11 .UCTCKOH .....................•.•.•....•••....................•........ 15-20

CTocJie ynaJieHirn H3HOllleHHOH TIO,llMeTO'-IHOH '!aCTl1 nO,llOWBhl HC-

np11fO.llHYJO npoCTHJIKY 3aMeHSIJOT HOBOH, KOTOpy!O np11KpenJ15l!OT
3- 5 TeKcaM11 NQ 7 -9 HJIH np11KJie11naJOT nonmnonpeHOBhIM HJil1 no-
n11xnoponpeHOBhIM KJieeM. CTpocTHJIKa nom1rna noJIHOCThJO 3anoJIHHTb
yrny6J1eH11e, 06pa3yeMoe 3aTSl)f(HOH KpOMKOH nepxa. Kpasi KapTOHHoii
11 BOHJIOY:HOH npOCTl1J10K no BCeMy nepHMeTpy cnycKaJOT HO)l(OJ\1 110
TOJ1W11Hhl 3aTSl)f(HOH KpOMKl1 Bepxa o6yBH. CTonepXHOCTh npOCTJ1J1Kll ll
06yn11 .llOJ1)f(Ha 6bITh poBHOH, 6e3 6yrpon 11 nnan11H. Cpenttsisi 'IaCTb
npocT11JIK11 noJI)l(Ha 6bITh Ha 1- 1,5 MM BhIWe ee Kpaen. KoHUhI TeKCOB
,llOJI)f(Hbl 3ar116aTbCSI Ha CTeJihKY.
Ha nonpe)f(,lleHHhie yqacTK11 3aTSI)l(HOH KpoMKH nepxa HaKJia.llhll3a-
JOT 3anJiaThl. YY:aCTKl1 nepxa, me HapyweHo KpenneH11e 3aT51)1(HOH Kpo111-
K11, nonrnr11naJOT KJiewaMH, yKJianhrnaJOT Ha Kpafl cTeJihKl1 11 3aKpen-
JI5lJOT. Ecn11 B peMOHT11pyeMoi1 06yn11 3aTSl)f(HaH KpoMKa np11KpenneHa
K CTeJlbKe TeKCaMl1, TO 3arrnaTbl 11 3aTSl)f(HYJO KpOMKY Bepxa npHKpen-
Jl51JOT TaK)f(e TeKCaM11. Ha Kpai1 CTeJihKl1 HaHOCHT Ka3eHHOBbIH, no.TJ11-
113onpeHOBhIH HJIH nom1xnoponpeH0Bhii1 KJiei1, HaKJianhrnaJOT 3anJ1aTY
HJll1 npttKJie11BaJOT 3aTSl)f(HYJO KpOMKY Bepxa K CTeJihKe, nOTOM 3aKpen-
JISIJOT TCKcaM11 NQ 7-9. TeKc 3a611naJOT rnK, Y:T06h1 ero ocTptte 3arHY-
JIOch Ha CTeJihKY o6yBH, HaneTOH Ha MeTaJIJIHY:eCKYJO KOJIO.llKY CTOHKl!-
ynopa. Ecntt o6ynh tt3roTOBJieHa c KJieenoii 3arn)f(KOH 3aroTOBKH ncp-
xa. 3anJiaTbl H 3aTSl)f(HYJO KpOMKY npennapHTCJlhHO 3aY:HWaJOT, HaK.~C-
11BaJOT, 3aTeM nptt)f(ttMaJOT 11x PYKOH tt OKOJiaY:HBaJOT MOJIOTKOM.

326
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er noTpe6HoCTb n nocrnHOBKe py6- P11c. 15.5. Mcrnnm1<1ccK11e crniiK11-
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6eu, noJJHOCTbJO cpe3aJOT non yrnoM Ha HeT. W11pMHa cpe3a panHa
12- 15 MM. D:onycKaeTCH HaK.Jle1rnaTb py6eu 6e3 cpe3aHMH peMOHTMpy-
eMoro yqacTKa OOllOWBbl, a TOJibKO nocJJe ero BbipaBHMBaHHSI.
IlpM noJIHOH JaMeHe M3HoweHHOi1 no11owBbl CHa'1aJia YllaJISI:IOT
HH3KMe Ka6JiyKM, eCJIM OHM He COCTaBJISllOT OllHO ueJioe c no11owBOH,
wm: cpe11m1e M BblCOKMe Ka6JJyKH, eCJIM Sl3bl'10K no11owB 33X011MT Ha
BCpXHIOIO OJIOllia.llKY Ka6JiyKa. 3aTeM o6yBb HarpeBalOT B TepMOaKTH-
BaTOpe HJJM o6pa6aTbIBaJOT pacrnopMTeJieM; '1T06bt ocJia6MTb K.Jleenoti
UIOB, OCTOpO)l(HO OTlleJISllOT BCIO OOllOWBY OT HOC0'1HOH K OSITO'-IHOH
'13CTM MJIM OT cPPOHTa.TlbHOH noBepXHOCTH Ka6JiyKa, He 11onycKa5I pa3-
PblBOB M pa3pyweHMi1 Jarn)l(HOH KPOMKM nepxa o6yBH. Henp11rom-IYJO
npocTMJJKY JaMeHSIIOT HOBoi1, a nonpe)l(lleHHbie yqacTKM 3aTSI)l(HOJ1
KpOMKH Bepxa M HapyweHHOe KpenJiem1e peMOHTMPYIOT, KaK M npH
y,naneHMM M3HOWeHHOH no11MeT04HOH 4aCTH OOlIOWB.
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CTOHKe-ynope Y-P (Pocc1rn) c Ha6opoM cMeHHbtX KOJIOJlOK MJIM crni1-
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2. non6op KOJIOllOK H HalleBaHMe o6yBH Ha HHX BbIOOJIHSllOT TOJibKO
np11 3aMeHe nonowB. PaHbWe 3TH onepau1111 BhmOJIHSIJIH 11 np11 JaMeHe
lfJHoweHHOH no.nMeTOt.tHotl t.taCTH nonown. B HacTOSilliee BpeM5! nonMcr-
Klf np11K.Jle11Ba10T Ha npeccax, npe11Ha3Hat.teHHbtX llJIH o6pa6oTKH 06yn11
6eJ KOJJOllOK, T. e. c noMolliblO cneuHaJJbHbIX nJJacnm 11 anamepoB. Mo)l(-
lio npoCTO HaneBaTb o6yBb Ha KOJIOLlKY CTOHKH-ynopa H OKOJI34HB3Tb
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cKlfx pe3HHOBbIX no11MeTOK H py6uoB 11aHHYJO onepaUHIO HCK.JllO'-lalOT.
KoJIOJlKH non:611pa10T B COOTBCTCTBHH c OOJIOB03paCTHblM H33Ha'1e-
liHeM, pa3MepoM 11 ¢acoHOM peM0Hn1pyeMoi1 06yn11. Op11 tta11eBaHHH
06yn11 Ha KOJIO.IIKH He 110Jl)l(Hbl 6LITb HapyweHbl WBbl Bepxa, 11eq)Op-
MHpoBaHbl HOCKH H 3aL{HHKH.

327
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BaeT noBepXHOCTb CKJTeHBaHHH, o6ecne4HBaeT KOHTaKT KJTCH c Ha!ff)()_
Jiee npo'IHhIMH BHYTPCHHHMH cJIOHMH KO)[(H, YllaJIHCT c 3aTH)[(HOH Kpo, 1_
K11 Bepxa 3arp513HCHIUI, )[(HPYJOW11C BCWCCTBa, nJiaCTHqmKaTOPbl 11 \
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XJIOpl11lHblM noKpbITHCM, rne B3bCpOWHBaHHe 3aMCHHJOT npoT11pa1111-
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6oTaHHOH nonepXHOCTH BOJIOCHHOi1 WCTKOi1.
B3bepow11naHtte JaTH)[(HOH KpOMKH nepxa 11 CJie.ua 06yn11 Bblflo.1-
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o6ynh. ObIJib, o6pa3yJOwaHcH np11 o6pa6oTKe, oTcacbrnaeTCH neHnrnH-
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HOH cywKoi1 Ha pacCT05lHHH 0,5- I MM OT rpaHH CJiena. no.uMeTKll 11

328
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329
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nonepXHOCTH Ka6JiyKa. 06yBb c HaJIO)l(CHHbIMH nonMeTKaMH o6-
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IOT, a noTOM OKOJI3lJ:l1B3IOT MOJIOTKOM Ha CTOWKe-ynope Y-P. )laBJlC-
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TOB, peTYw11ponaH1111 11 annpeT11ponaH1111. Ype3 nonown 11 no.rrMeToK
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KpacKa11111 H BbICYWl1B3IOT.

330
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cnrn 11 c6opttb1e. Pe311HOBbie ¢opMoBaHHbie Ka6J1yK11 BbmycKaJOT B
OCHOBHOM Hl13Kl1Ml1 (BblCOTOM .no 25 MM) pa3HbIX ¢acoHOB, pa3Me-
POB, uBeTa, CTPYKTYPbl 11 p11cyttKa xo.noBoi1 noBepxttocT11. CTnoTHOCTb
pe311Hbl 0,7-1 r/cM 3 • Mettee pacnpocTpatteHhI Ka6JIYKH, Bb1py6aeMb1e
H3 pe311HOBbIX Ka6JiyqHblX nJiaCTl1H flJIOTHOCTblO 0,3-0,7 r/cM 3 l1 TOJI-
IU;HHOH OT 8 .no 24 MM, a TaK)l(e Ha6opHble pe311HOBbJe.
L(epeBSJHHbJe cpe.nH11e 11 BblCOKHe Ka6JIYKl1 Bb!TeCHeHbl nJiaCTMaC-
COBbIMH. Hx 113fOTOBJISJJOT B He3Ha'-111TeJibHbIX KOJil1'-lecTBax, npe11My-
IU;ecTBeHHO KJ111HOBH.UHbIMl1 11Jil1 noJiyKJ111HOB11.UHbIMl1.
CTJiaCTMaccoBbie Ka6J1yK11 (113 noJ111aMl1.lla, noJil13THJieHa, AEC-nJia-
CTH:Ka, noJ111npon11neHa) BbrnycKaJOT pa3ttoo6pa3HbIX ¢opM, pa3MepoB,
k0HCTPYKU11tt. CTJiaCTMaCCbl 11CnOJib3YJOT B OCHOBHOM .llJISJ npOl13BO.U-
CTBa BbICOKttx 11 cpe.ntt11x Ka6JIYKOB. H113K11e Ka6J1yK11 113 noJil13Tl1JieHa
llp11:MeHSJlOT orpaH11'-1eHHO - np11 npOl13BO.UCTBe OT.UeJibHbIX Bl1.llOB 06yB11
Ila KO)l(attoi1 nonowBe. Ka6JIYKl1 113 nJiaCTMacc. KaK 11 11epeBSJHHb1e,
06TSJrnBalOT MaTep11anaM11 sepxa o6yBl1 HJil1 OKpaWHB3lOT B pa3Hble
.tuieTa. Httorna o6TSJ)l(Ka nJiacTMaccosbIX Ka611yKoB 11M11T11pyeT KO)l(a-

l 331
HbIH Ha6opHbIH Ka6JiyK. OJiaCTMaccoBbIC Ka6JiyK11 ll3IUTOBJIHIOT Gc 3
BKJia.Ub1weti H c BK.i1a.ub1waM11 H3 .upeBeCHHbl H noJIH3nrne1-ia. B1<:1: 1
,UblW nOBbIWaeT npO'lHOCTb KpenJieHHH Ka6JiyK0!3 r!303JJHMH H npe:to1.
spawaeT HX pacKaJibrnam1e. Ka6JiyK11 Moryr l1\1CTb orneJibHbie nonoc 111
HJIH 6bITb nycTOTeJiblMl1 JJ)HI YMCHbWemrn HX MaCCbl 11 CHH)f(eHWI Pilc-
xona MaTep11aJioB; c rHe3,UaM11 JJ.JUI COBMeWeHl151 co UITblpHMll Ha6oc1<
HJIH 6e3 rne3n.
B HaCTo.Hwee Bpel\rn ,UJIH H3roTOBJICHl151 H peMoHTa 06ym1 nee •1a111c
npHMeHHIOT KOM611HHpOBaHHbie Ka6JiyKM. 3To no3BOJIHCT pacurnp1n1,
accopTHMeHT KOHCTPYKUHH, 6oJiee pam10HaJibHO 11cnoJib30BaTb l\taTc-
p11a11b1 H nOBbI<;HTb npO'lHOCTHbie CBOHCTBa Ka6nyKOB n Ka6ny4HO[()
KpenneHH51.

16.2. PeMOHT Ka611yKoB 111 Ha6oeK

PeMOHT Ka6JIYKOB 3aKJIJO'laeTcSI B 3aMeHe H ycrnHOBKe Ka6nyKon 11

Ha6oeK, a np11 peMOHTe Hl13Kl1X pe311HOBblX 11 KO)((ClHbIX Ka6JiyKOB - ll
ycTaHOBKe TaK)f(e 11 KOCSl'lKOB.
Pe3HHOBbie Ka6JiyKH. TexHonom<IeCK11i1 npouecc peMoHrn pe3MHn-
BbIX Ka6JiyKOB COCTOl1T 113 cne.uyJOW11X onepmrntl.
1. 00JJfOTOBKa n51T04HOH 4aCTl1 o6yBl1 K np11KpenJ1eHl1IO pC31HIO-
BblX Ka6nyKOB.
2. YKpenneHHe n5IT04HOti qacTH nonornBhl.
3. BKJie11naHHe nonnsiTO'IHl1KOB.
4. Op11KpenJieH11e K36JiyKa.
5. nonroTOBKa pe311HOBblX Ka6JIYKOB K np11Kpen11em110 CjJJHIKOB.
Ha6oeK H KOCWIKOB.
6. HaHeCeH11e KJie51 Ha nonHa6oe<IHYJO noBepxHoCTb Ka6JiyKa, 11,1-
6ottKH, cPJil1KOB H KOCSl'lKOB, cywKa KJieCBblX ITJICHOK.
7. Op11KJieHBaHHe Ha60eK, cPJIHKOB H KOC514KOB.
1. 0SIT04HYJO 'laCTb BKJia)JHOH CTCJlbKl1 HJll1 nonycTeJihKH OTJJCJJH!OT
OT OCHOBHOH CTeJibKH 11 3ar116a10T K HOCKy, M5IfKl1e no.umrroYHllKrl 113
o6yBH y.ua11SIJOT.
KoHUbl rno3nei1, BhlCTYnaJOwtte Han nonepxHoCTbJO cTCJibKH H cna6o
y.uep)KHBaeMbie B Ka6nyKe, YJlaJIHJOT rB03JJCBbITacKHBaTe.TleM 11 Kyc::i'l-
KaMH.
2. Ocna6nettttoe KpenneHHe ITSITO'IHOH <Jacn1 nononrnhI yKpernrnKH
rno3nHMH. Top<Iawtte ocTpHH rno3nei1 3am6a10T Ha CTCJihKY
3. 0pH pa3pyweHHHX TISITO'lHOH 4aCTl1 CTeJlbKH B o6yBh BKJICHBaKlT
)!(eCTKHe ITOJlITHTO'lHHKH 113 KO)((H HJIH KapTOHa TOJILU11HOH 1,5- 2 }\f\f.
OpsiMott Kpaii nonnsiTO'lHHKOB c HeJIHUeBot1 CTopoHbl JIOJl)((CH 6b1Tb
cnyweH Ha HeT Ha WHpHHY 8- JO MM.
Oepen TipHKJieHBaH11eM nonnHTO'lHHKH C HCJIHlleBOH CTOpOHbl BTbC-
poWHBaJOT, a nonepXHOCTb CTeJlbKH B nHTO'IHOH '!aCTl1 O'llfllialOT oT
3arpSI3HeHHi1 WJIHcPOBaJibHblM ITOJIOTHOl\I llJll1 paLilnllJICM nh!Jlb y'1a-

332
~jJIOT. 3aTeM Ha CKJJe1rnaeMbie noBepXHOCTH HaHOCHT poBHbJH TOHKHH
.CJIOH noJIHH30npeHOBOro KJJe51, KJieeBbie nJieHKH cywaT H BKJJeHBaIOT
lno.nnHTO"IHHKH.
4. Pe3HHOBbJe Ka6JIYKH npHKpenJIHIOT CHapy)l(H Ha MaWHHax nKM-P
n OH.IK-P rB03ll.HMH, Hape3aeMhIMH H3 npoBOJIOKH co cnnpanbttotf
aaKaTKOH, HJIH Bpy•rnyIO npoBOJIO'-IHbIMH fB03JUIMH; H3HYTPH - Ha
1
J.taWHHe CTK-1-P.
qHCJIO B6HBaeMbIX fB03.D.etl: 3aBHCHT OT CTeneHH OCJia6neHH51 Kpen-
neHirn.

Tpe6ooaum1 K KpenJieumo Ka6JiyKa roo3JJ)IMH

4HCJJO fBOJ,LleH ........................................................................... 3-9
PaccT05IH11e, MM:
Me)l(Jly ueHTpaMH rno3.aei1 .................................................... 12- 15
rnoJ.aei1 OT Kpa51 Ka6nyKa ..... .. . ...... ... ....... ..... ...... ... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . 8 - I0
Ha KOTOpoe fOJJOBKa rB03.Ll51 .aom1<Ha 6bITb YTOnJJelJa
B Ka6nyK ............................................................................... I - 1,5

0cTpl15I fB03JleH JlOJT)l(HbI 6bITb 3afHYTbl Ha OCHOBHYJO CTeJTbl\.')' HJII1

>KeCTKHH TIOJlTIHTO"IHHK.
Op11 KpenneHHH Ka6nyKOB H3HYTPH o6yBH roJIOBKH fB03Jlett He
,llOJT)l(Hbl BbICTynaTb Ha)l noBepXHOCTblO CTCJJbKH H no11nHTO'-IHHKa. YKpen-
JieHHhie Ka6JTYKH JlOJJ)l(Hbl npHneraTb K TIHTO'-IHOH 'laCTH TIOJlOWBbl
TIJIOTHO, 6e3 w:eJTeH H 3330pOB.
0TOfHYTYIO '-laCTb BKJia)lHOH CTeJTbKH HJTH nonycTeJTbKH (HJJH M51f-
KHe nonnHTO'-IHHKH) npHKJTeHBalOT K OCHOBHOH CTeJJbKe noJTHH30npe-
HOBbIM HJTH Ka3eHHOBhIM KJJeeM.
5. Pe3HHOBbie Ka6nyKH nonroTaBJTHBaIOT K npHKpenneHHIO Ha6oeK
H KOCHlJ.KOB cne11y10W:HM o6pa30M. l13HOWeHHbIH yqacTOK B pe3HHO-
BbIX cpopMOBaHHbIX Ka6nYKaX cpe3a!OT HO)l(OM non np51MbIM HJIH OCT-
phIM yrnoM. Yron HaKJJoHa np11 cpe3aHHH JlOJI)l(eH cooTBeTCTBOBaTh yrny
HaKJioHa cnycKa BHyrpeHHero KpaH KOC5IlJ.Ka. Bpyll.HYIO YJlaJIHIOT H3HO-
llieHHbie Ha60HKH pe3I1HOBbIX Ha6opHbIX Ka6JiyKOB.
KoHUhI BhICTYTiaIOW:HX rno3nei1 nocne ynaneHHH 11eTaJTett cpe3aIOT
KyCalJ.KaMI1, H3BJJeKalOT KJJew:aMH H fB03)leBbJT3CKHBaTeneM HJIH o6pa-
6aThIBaIOr Ha WJJHcpOBaJibHOM Kpyre.
Ha6oi1KH 11 KOCHlJ.KH WJittcpyIOT c ttexonoBoi1 cTopoHhI. qmHKH - c
o6ettx CTOpOH. Optt KOCOM cpe3e BHyrpeHHHH KpaH KOC51lJ.KOB c HeJJH-
1.{eBOH cropOHbl IIOJJ)l(eH 6bITb cnyweH Ha HeT.
PeMoHTHpyeMhie Ka6JJYKH WJIHcpyIOT paBHOMepHo, 6e3 BhIXBaToB H
nponycKOB no noBepXHOCTH CKJJeHBaHH51 c Ha6oi1Kal\1H, cpJTHK3MH H
I<OCH"IKaMH. CTbIJJh, o6pa3oBaBWYIOCH nptt wnttcpoBaHHH, YJlaJIHIOT co
CKJieHBaeMbIX noBepXHOCTeH BOJTOCHHOH weTKOH.
6. Ha cKJJettBaeMbie noBepxHoCTH HaHOCHT TOHKHti poBHhIH cnoti
l<JieH. Bepx 06YBH H XOJlOBbJe TIOBepXHOCTH no)lOlllB, Ha6oeK H KOCHlJ.-
l<OB He JlOJl)l(Hbl 6bITh 3arp513HeHbl KJJeeM.

333
 KJieeByIO rn1eHKY cywaT np11 TeMnepaTYpe 18-20°C B TeYeH11e
15-30 Ml1H.
Ha6ot1K11, ¢JI11K11 11 KOC51'-IKH HaI<Jie11Ba10T c npenBap11TeJibHLIM
HarpeBaHHeM I<JieeBbIX rn1eHoK mm 6e3 HarpeBamrn. DJieHey noJI11x.no-
ponpeH0Boro I<JieH HarpeBaIOT np11 100- l l 0 °C B TelfeH11e 1-3 M11H
no 00BbIWeHl15! Jil1nKOCTl1 I<JieeBOro CJIOH.
7. HenocpencrneHHO nocJie pa3orpeBaH11H KJieeBoro CJIOH Ha Ka6ny-
KH HaKJia)lbIBalOT ¢m1K11, Ha6ot1Ky HJIH KOCHYOK, npH)l(HMalOT PYKoi1
neTaJih 11 OKOJiaY11BalOT MOJIOTKOM. <Dnmor, Ha60HKl1 11Jil1 KOCHlfKH lIOJl)f(-
Hbl 6bITb npo'IHO np11KJieeHbI, 6e3 pacrueJil1H 11 cnB11roB.
0TpeMOHT11pOBaHHbie Ka6JIYKl1 .llOJI)l(Hbl 6bITb on11HaKOBb!Ml1 no Q)Op-
Me, BbICOTe 11 pa3Mepy B nape. Dp11 ycrnHoBKe 06yB11 Ha ropl130HTaJIL-
HYIO nJIOCKOCTb BC5! XO.llOBaH noBepXHOCTb Ka6JiyKa nom1rna conp11Ka-
CaTbC5I c Hett.
Ko)KaHLie Ka6Jiyirn. TexHoJior11lfecK11H: npouecc peMOHTa KO)l(aHLIX
Ka6JiyKOB COCTOl1T 113 cneny10llll1X onepau11H:.
I. nonroTOBKa nHTOYHOH Y3CTl1 06YBl1.
2. YKpenJieH11e KO)l(attoro Ka6JIYKa.
3. Don:roTOBKa KO)l(aHoro K36JiyKa K np11KperrneHl1IO ¢lJI11KOB, KO-
CHlfKOB 11 Ha6oeK (nOJIYKa6JIYKOB).
4. Dp11KpenJieH11e ¢m1KOB, KOCHlfKOB 11 Ha6oeK (nOIIYKa6JIYKOB).
l. nonroTOBKY nHTOlfHOH yacTl1 o6YBl1 K YKPCnJieHHIO K0)1(3Hb!X Ka6-
JIYKOB BbinOJIHHIOT TaK )Ke, KaK 11 np11 YKpenneH1111 pe311HOBbIX Ka6ny-
KOB (CM. C. 332).
2. Onepau1110 BbinOJIHHIOT TaK )KC, KaK M llJIH pe311HOBbIX Ka6JiyKon.
fBo3nM, 33611Tb!C B Ka6JIYK 113HYTPl1, He noJI)f(Hbl noxonl1Tb no ero
XO.llOBOM noBepXHOCTl1 Ha 2 - 3 MM.
3. flp11 HC3Halfl1TeJibHOM (no l/3 nJIOIUanH) H3HOCe Ha60HKM HJHO-
WCHHYIO lfaCTb cpe3aIOT HO)l(OM no.n npHMbIM yrnoM 11 JaTeM KJIClllal\111
11 OTBepTKOH ee CphIBalOT 11Jil1 cpeJalOT c HaKJIOHOM, COOTBCTCTBylO-
lUl1M yrny cnycKa KOCHlfKa.
Tip11 3Halfl1TeJihHOM 113HOCe Ha60HK1111 nonHa6oeYHblX ¢JIHKOB 3Ti1
JJ:CTaJ111 ynaJIHIOT OTBepTKOH M KJielll,3Ml1. fB03.LJ:l1, OCTaBWl1CC5! nocJie HX
cpbma, ynarrnIOT KJieruaM11 11 rnoJneBbITacKHBaTeJieM MJIM cpbma10T KY-
calfKaM11 11 OKOJ1alf11Ba10T MOJIOTKOM.
flocJie y.naneH11H 11JHoweHHbIX no.nHa6oelfHhIX ¢n11KoB Ka6nyKM Ha-
palll11Ba10T KO)l(aHhIMl1 ueJiblM 11Jil1 COCTaBHblMl1 (He 6onee <ICM HJ TpCX
YacTeH) ¢n11KaMl1 .no nepBOHa<iaJibHOH BhICOTbl (11CKJllO<Ia5! TOJIIU11HY
Ha6otiK11). l.JacT11 ¢Jil1KOB coe.n11HHIOT BCThIK. CTbIKH He .llOJI)f(HhI pac-
noJiaraThC51 on11H Han npymM. <Dm1K, HenocpencrneHHO np111Iera10ru11fi
K Ha6oi1Ke, noJI)l(CH 6b!Tb UCJiblM (He COCTaBHbIM).
4. HoBhie ¢JI11KH npHKpennHIOT K Ka611yey rBOJ.ll5!MM, Hape3aeMbIMH 1n
npOBOJIOKl1 co cn11paJibHOH H3K3TKOH, npOBOJIO<!HblMl1 rBOJnHMH Hnil
.rrepeBHHHblMH wn11JibKaM11. Bb1corn peMOHTl1pyeMhIX Ka6nyKoB noJI)K-·
Ha 6bITh on11HaK0Boi1 B o6eux noJiynapax; xo.nonaH noBepxHOCTb Ka6-
JiyKa noJI)f(H3 UCJil1KOM conp11KaCaTbC5! c rop1130HTaJibHOH nJIOCKOCTblO·

334
 nepe.n KpCCTJICHHCM CTOBCpXHOCTH .llCTaJICH B3bCpOU1HBaIOT HJIH
gJ.JIHcPOBaJibHbIM KpyrOM, HJIH lllJIHcPOBaJibHblM CTOJIOTHOM, HJIH Bpyq-
JIYIO paWCTHJICM. nJio!llanb B3bCpOWHBaeMbIX nosepXHOCTCH JaBHCHT OT
nJIO!lla.UH npHKpenJI5ICMblX .llCTaJICH.
Kocw1KH Bb1py6a10T HJ •1enpaKa KO)!( KpynHoro poraToro cKoTa tt
l(OHCKHX xaJOB, HenopHCTOM 11 KO)l(eno.no6HOM pe3HHbl HJIH BbIKpaH-
5(llOT H3 nOJIHypeTaHOBOM ¢opMoBaHHOM JieHTbl.
Hexo.nosy10 nosepxHOCTb KOC5I'IKa B3bepowusa10T WJitt¢osaJibHbIM
J(pyroM HJIH CTOJIOTHOM HJIH pawnHJieM BPY'J.HYJO. L(JI51 noJiyqeHH51 KO-
coro cpe3a BHYTPCHHHM Kpai1 KOC51'1Ka c HCJIHUCBOM CTOpOHbl cnycKa-
JOT Ha HeT. CnymeHHbIM Kpat1 .llOJI)l(CH COOTBCTCTBOBaTb yrny HaKJIOHa
cpe3a Ha6oi1KH.
Ha no.ntta6oeqHbIM cPJIHK w Koc51qoK HaHOC5IT TOHKHM CJIOM noJIH-
x.rroponpeHosoro HJIH nom1ypernH0Boro KJie51. KJietf cywaT npH TeMne-
pazype 18-20 °C B TeqeHHe 10-15 MHH.
KocHqKH ttaKJia.UhIBaIOT Ha Ka6JiyK, oKoJiaqttsmoT MOJIOTKOM H nptt-
KpenJI5IIOT no BHCWHCMY KpaIO BpyqHyIO npOBOJIOqHbIMH rB03.ll5IMH c
nJIOCKOl1 fOJIOBKOM HJIH Ha MaWHHC fB03.ll5IMH, Hape3aCMbIMH H3 npo-
BOJIOKH co cnHpaJibHOM HaKaTKOH. PaccTOHHHe rn03.net1: OT Kpa51 Ka6ny-
Ka .UOJI)l(HO 6bITb T3KHM )l(e, KaK H Ha HCH3HOWCHHOH qacTH Ha6oHKH,
paccTOHHHe Me)l(.lly ueHTpaMH rn03.net1: - 8- I0 MM. f oJIOBKH rnoJJJ,eH
He .llOJI)J(Hbl BblC"I}'naTb Han nosepxHOCTblO KOC5JqKOB. <l>opMa KOC5fqKoB
" no.nHa6oeqHblX ¢m1KOB .UOJI)l(Ha COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ¢opMe Ka6JIYKa.
Ha60HKH Bbipy6aIOT H3 qenpaKa TIO.UOWBCHHOH KO)l(H H KOHCKHX
xa30B, pe3HHOBOH HenopHCTOt'!, KO)l(eno.no6Hot'! H noJittypeTaHOBOM
TIJiaCTHH HJIH pe3MHOBbIX H TIOJIHypeTaHOBbIX .neTaJieH. floJIYKa6JIYKH B
BM.UC pe3HHOBbIX ¢opMOBaHHbIX .neTaJICH nocrynmoT Ha ¢a6pHey rorn-
BhIMH.
Ha B3bepoweHHhie rronepxHocTM rro.nHa6oeqttoro ¢JI11Ka H tta6oti:-
KH (HJIH ITOJIYKa6JIYKa) H3HOC5IT TOHKHH pOBHbIH CJIOH TIOJIMM30npe-
HOBOro KJIC51. KJieeBOH CJIOH BbICYWHBaIOT npH TeMneparype 18-20 °C
ii TeqeHtte l 0- 15 MMH.
Ha6ot1Ktt (HJIH rroJiyKa6JIYKH) HaKJianbrnaIOT Ha Ka6JIYK 6e3 c.nstt-
ros 11 nepeKOCOB, OKOJiaq11saIOT MOJIOTKOM H rrpttKpenJIHIOT nposo-
JIOqHhlMH rB03.U5IMH c TIJIOCKOH fOJIOBKOH HJIH )l(C rB03.U5IMH, Hape3aH-
HblMH H3 npOBOJIOKH co cnttpaJibHOH HaKaTKOM. f oJIOBKH rB03.UeH He
.llOJI)l(HbI BbIC"I}'naTh Han nosepXHOCTHMH Ha6oeK.

Tpe60Ba11HH K Kpern1eumo ua6oeK u noJiyKa6JIYKOB rno3).I.HMH K KOlKaHbIM

K36JIYK3M
PaccTOHHHC, MM:
Me)!(Ily uettTpaMtt rnOJ11ei1 Ha tta6oi1Kax:
KO)i<aHblX . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .• . . . . .. . .. . . . ... ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ..•........ 5- 7
pe311HOBb!X 11 n01mypernHOBblX ........................................ 8- 10
rno311ei1 OT KpaH:
Ha60ttKl1 • . .•. ... . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .•. . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7- 8
<ppoHTaJlbHOH flOBepXHOCTtt Ka6JiyKa •. . .. . .•..•.. •. •.. . . .. . . ... . . . . 3- 5

335
 Ka6JiyKH c npHKpenJieHHbIMH Ha6oi1KaMH (HJIH noJiyKa6JiyKa~11 1 i
)l0JI)l(Hbl 6b!Tb O)lHHaKOBblMH B nape 06ys11 no cpopMe 11 pa3Mepa\J.
Dp11 ycTaHOBKe 06ys11 Ha rop1130HTaJihHY10 nnocKOCTh xonosa51 nouepx-
HOCTh Ka6JiyKa JlOJI)l(Ha conp11KacaTbC5! c nocne1mei1 noJIHOCThIO.
IlJJacTMaccosble H .LJ,epessmnble Ka6JiyKH. PeMoHT JaKJIIOYaeTcH B ·ia-
MeHe H3HOWeHHbIX Ha6oeK H COCTOHT H3 CJleJlYlOWHX onepau11i1.
1. 00.UfOTOBKa nHTO'JHOH 'JaCTH o6yBH K yKpenJieHHIO Ka6JiyKa.
2. YKpennett11e Ka6nyKa.
3. Ynanett11e H3HoweHHhlX tta6oeK.
4. CTo.uroTOBKa Ka6JiyKa K npHKpenJieHHIO Ha6oi1KH.
5. 3aMeHa o6nDKKH Ka6JTYJ<a, KPOKYJT51 H nontta6oelfttoro cpJTHKa
6. DpHKpenJTeHHe Ha6oi1KH.
I. CTHTOYHYIO YaCTb o6yBH roTOBHT K YJ<penJTeHHIO Ka6JTyKoB TaK .>Kc,
KaK H npH peMOHTe pe3HHOBblX H KO)l(aHbIX Ka6JTyKOB.
2. Ka6nyKH yKpenJTHIOT cJTeJlyIOWHM o6pa30M. DJTacnrnccoBbte 11
nepeB51HHble Ka6JTyKH npMKpenmIIOT H3HYTPM o6yBM Ha MaWMHe Ha-
BHHTOBaHHblMH fB031l51MH HJTM BpyYHYfO npOBOJTO'JHbIMH fB031l51MII.
llHCJIO B6ttBaeMblX rB031leH 3- 7 B 3aBHCHMOCT11 OT pa3Mepa Ka6JiyKa II
CTeneH11 OCJTa6JieHH51 ero KpenJTeHH51.
PaccTOHHHe rno3nei17-I0 MM OT rpaH11 cTeJTbKH. f oJIOBKH rno3r1eii
He )lOJT)!(Hb] Bb!CryCTaTb Han nosepXHOCTblO CTeJibKH HJIH )l(eCTKOro nor:i-
rnrTO'JHHKa.
Ka6ny1<11 .UOJI)l(Hbt 6bJTb npoYHO npHKpenJieHht K n51TOYHOH Yacrn
06ys11 6e3 3a3opoB, nepeKOCOB H C.UB11fOB.
0TOrHYTYIO TI51T04HYIO lf3CTb BKJiaD:HOH CTeJlbK11 mm nonycTeJibKll
np11KpenJ15llOT K OCHOBHOH CTeJlbKe TIOJIHXJIOponpeHOBbIM HJIM Ka3Cl1-
HOBbIM KJieeM.
3. CTapbte Ha6oi11<11 H HX Kpen11TeJI11 Y.UaJIHJOT BPY'IHY!O ornepTKOii
11 KJiewaMH. Dp11 •rncTHYHOM 113Hoce tta6oeK c YD:JIHHeHHhIM cTep)l(HCM
Ha yrnHeHHbIX nnacTMaccoBbIX Ka6nyKax 6e3 BTYJIOK cTep)l(eHh yn<t1n-
10T BMecTe c Ha6oi1KOH.
Dp11 nonHOM M3Hoce Ha6oeK c YD:JIHHeHHhIM cTep)l(HeM Ha yroHeH-
Hhrx nnacTMaCCOBbIX Ka6J1YI<ax 6e3 BTYJIKH B03HHKa!OT 3aTpyn:HeHH51 np11
y.n.aneH11H CTep)l(H51 H3-3a HeB03MO)l(HOCTl1 3axBaTa ero KOHUa. qT06bl
Y.ll.aJIHTh cTep)l(eHb, HH)l(H!OIO qacTb Ka6JTYJ<a cpe3aIOT Ha I - 1,5 M\1
¢pe3oi1 11n11 BPY4HYIO HO)l(OM, a 3aTeM CTep)l(eHb y.UaJIH!OT KJiewaMIL
JJ;m o6ner'!emrn ynanett115! cTep)l(H51 ero MO)l(HO ttarpeTb.
DpH y.n.aneH11H c nnacTMaccoBbIX Ka6JIYJ<OB 113HOWeHHhIX tta6ocK.
np11KpenJieHHbIX K .uepeB51HHOH npo6Ke, TIOCJie.ll,HIO!O BblCBepJI111JalOT,
3aMeH5llOT HOBOH HJIM He 3aMeH51JOT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoco6a noCJIC-
.ll.YfOWero KpenJTeHHSI Ha60HK11.
4. CTepe.n. npHKpenJieH11eM Ha60HK11 Ka6J1yKH JlOJI)KHbl 6b!Tb COOT-
BeTCTBYIOWHM o6pa30M no.uroTOBJleHbI.
5. L(ecpopMHpOBaHHY!O (CM51TYfO, CMopweHHYIO) HH)l(H!OIO <l(ICTb
o6rn)l(K11 OT.UeJIH!OT OT Ka6JJYJ<a, pacnpaBJI51!0T 11 HaMa3bIB3IOT noril!-
XJIOponpeHOI3bIM KJieeM. Knetf HaHOC51T TaK)l(e Ha HH)l(H!O!O 'JaCTb 1<a6-

336
JlyKa. KrieeBOH cJJoH cywaT np11 TeMneparype 18- 20 °C B Te'lem1e 5 -
10 MHH, a 3aTeM o6HDKKY np11KJ1eHBaIOT K Ka6JJYKY H np11rna)l<HBalOT
roKMa'IOM, HarpeTbIM no TeMneparypbl 50-60 °C, K Ka6JJyKy. 06HDK-
l(a .uom1rna 6b!Tb 6e3 MOpLUHH H CKJIMOK npttKJJeeHa K Ka6JJYKY, 3a-
t<:PblB3Tb BCIO ero noBepxHOCTb H 3aXOLIHTb Ha no11Ha6oe'IHYIO noBepx-
ffOCTb Ha 2- 3 MM. JI m1eBaH cTopoHa o6TmKKH He 11om1rna 6bITb 3arpm-
HeHa KJieeM.
Op11 H3Hoce Hm1rnei1 'laCTH o6rn)l(Ktt Ka6JJyKa nocJJeLIHIOIO MO)l(HO
HapaCTHTb aHaJJOrH'IHblM no UBery H ¢aKrype MaTepHaJJOM.
0TKJiel1BW11HC51 KPOJ<YJlb nOLIOWBbl H cPPOHTaJJbHYIO noBepXHOCTb
Ka6JJyKa B3bepOWHBalOT pawnHJieM HJIH WJIHQlOBaJJbHblM OOJIOTHOM 11
HaMa3brBalOT TOHKHM CJJOeM KJie51. KrieeBOH CJIOH cywaT npH TeMnepa-
zype 18-20°C B Te'leHHe 10-15 MHH, a 3aTeM KpOKYJibHYIO 'l3CTb
TIO)lOWBbl npHKJiettBalOT K Ka6JJyKy, np11)1(HMa51 ee cneUHaJJbHblM np11-
cnoco6J1eHHeM HJJH PYKOH.
Op11 'lacTwrnoM H3ttoce KpOJ<YJI51 nonoIIIBbI Ha Hee ttaKJJeHBaIOT
KYCOK KO)l(H HJJH KO)l(eno.n:o6ttoi1 pe3HHbr. KycoK KO)l(H cnycKaIOT no
BepxHeMy Kpa!O c HeJJMUeBOH CTOpOHbl Ha HeT Ha Illl1P11HY 4-5 MM;
H3HOIIIeHHbIH yYaCTOK KPOJ<YJI51 no)lOIIIB cpe3a!OT c JIHUeBOH CTOPOHbl
TaK)l(e Ha W11pttHy 4-5 MM, B3bepOWHBalOT pawn11J1eM HJIH WJJHcPO-
BaJlhHhlM nOJJOTHOM H H3Ma3blB3IOT TOHKHM CJJOeM KJJe51. KJieeBbie nJJeH-
KH CYIIIaT npH TeMneparype 18- 20 °C B Te'leHtte I 0- 15 MHH, a 3aTeM
ttapow:eHHYIO KPOJ<YJJhHYIO 'lacTh nonornBhI npttKJieHBaIOT K Ka6JIYKY,
np1-01<11Ma5! ee cneuttaJJhHbIM np11cnoco6J1eH11eM HJJH PYKOH.
Optt H3Hoce no.n:Ha6oe'IHoro QlJJHKa 11 no11Ha6oe'IHoi1 'laCTH .n:epe-
B51HHhIX H nJJaCTMaCCOBhIX Ka6JJyKOB OT,lleJl5IIOT KPOJ<Yllb no)lOWBhl OT
Ka6JiyKa, OTrn6aIOT KpOJ<Yllh K HOCO'IHOH •rnCTH 06ys11 11 speMeHHO
npHKpenJJ5IIOT O.llHHM rnmneM K reJJeHO'IHOH 'laCTH no)lOWBbL 06T51)1(-
Ky OTLieJJ5IIOT OT no11Ha6oe'IHOH 'laCTH Ka6JJYKa H ornopa'IHB3IOT Ha
5-6 MM K H3HOWeHHOMY nonHa6oe'IHOMY QlJIHKY HJIH H3HOWeHHOH
'IaCTH Ka6JJyKa.
I13HoweHHYJO 'laCTb (He 6oJJee 8- 10 MM) Ka6JJYKa cpe3aIOT H BhI-
paBHHBaIOT spy'IHYJO HO)l(OM 11JIH WJIHcPOBaJJhHbIM KpyroM. K nonro-
TOBneHHoMy Ka6nYJ<Y rB03.ll51Ml1 rrpHKpernrnIOT KO)l(3Hble QlJIHKH no ero
nepsoHa'laJJbHOH BblCOThl (6e3 tta6ot!Ktt). 0cTpH51 rB03.ITei1 ,llOJI)l(Hbl 3a-
XO)lHTb B Ka6JJyK He Mettee 'leM Ha 6 MM.
Op11KperrJieHHb1e QlJIHKH o6pe3aIOT TaK, 'IT06b1 Topeu cJI~Hn
IlpO)lOJl)l(eHHeM 60KOBOH rrosepXHOCTH Ka6JJyKa, a 3aTeM ITOBepXHOCTh
cpe3a rrpHKpenJJeHHoro Ka6JIYKa o6pa6aThIBaIOT pawmmeM HJJH lllJIH-
<l>oBaJJhHOH WJ<YpKOH.
6. EcJIH Ha60HJ<Y npttKpenJI5llOT K no.n:Ha6oe'IHOH 'laCTH Ka6JIYKa, ee
Y.UaJI51JOT KJJemaMH HJJH J<YCa'IKaMH BMecTe c rB03.Il51MH. Op11 y.naJJeHH11
Ha6oi1Ktt H ee Kpen11TeJietl o6rn)l(Ka Ka6JJyKOB He .ITOJJ)l(Ha 6hITb no-
Bpe)l(.IleHa.
Op11 peMOHTe yroHeHHhIX rrJJaCTMaccoBhlX Ka6JJYKOB c BHyrpeHHH-
M11 BTyJJKaMH npm.1eH5IIOT Ha6oi1KH MeTaJJJlH'leCKHe c OTBepCTtteM .ITJl51

337
KpenHTeJHI, nJiaCTMaCCOBble H no;rnypeTaHOBbie co CTep)l(HeM-YCHJilj_
TeJTeM HJTH c ornepCTHeM )])ISi 3TOro CTep)l(HSI. ,U.nsi YTOHeHHbIX nJTaq_
MaCCOBbIX Ka6JTyKOB 6e3 BTYJTOK HCOOJ1b3YIOT nJTaCTMaCCOBble tta6oi1-
KH 6e3 OTBepcTHSI JIJISI KpenHTeJTsi. K nepeBSIHHhIM H nnacTMaccom,J\f
Ka6JTyKaM nJiaCTMaCCOBble, pe3HHOBbie, noJTHypeTaHOBbie H KO)Ka-
Hble Ha6oHKH 6e3 OTBepCTHSI KpenSIT HenocpencTBeHHO K nontta6o-
el.fHOH YaCTH.
Ha nycToTeJTbie Ka6nyKw CTaBSIT pe3HHOBbie H nonttypernHOBbfe
Ha6oi1KH 6e3 ornepCTHSI JlJlSI HX KpenJTeHHSI.
MernJTJTHYecKwe H nnacTMaccoBbie tta6oi1Kw c OTBepcTHeM npenna-
pHTeJibHO ttaca)!<wBaIOT Ha KpyrJihIH, wecTH- HJIH lfeTb1pexrpaHttb111
cneUHaJibHblH fB03)1b. ,UHaMeTp OTBepCTHSI JlJlSI rB03JlSI B Ha6oi1Ke Jl0.1-
)f(eH 6bITb Ha 0,2-0,3 MM MeHbWe ceYeHHSI KpenHTeJISI, a OTBepcn1e
JlJlSI YTanJIHBamrn roJIOBKH rB03JlSI o6pa6ornHo JeHKoBaHHeM. MeTaT]-
JIHYeCKHe H nJiaCTMaCCOBble Ha6oHKH c KpenwTeJieM-rB03)1eM 3afoma-
IOT B Ka611yK MOJIOTKOM. Pa3Mep nonepeYHOro ceYeHHSI fB03)leH JlOJl-
)l(eH npeBbIWaTb BHYTpeHHHH nttaMeTp BTYJIKH Ha 0, 1- 0,2 MM. JJ:m1
noBbIWeHHSI npoYHOCTH KpenJieHHSI MeTaJIJIHl.feCKOH 11 nJiaCTMaCCOBOii
tta6oeK )lonycKaeTCSI pacnJIIOLUHBaHwe KpemneJISI MOJIOTKOM HJIH yc-
TaHOBKa nepeBSIHHOH npo6KH BO BTYJIKY Ka611yKa.
CTJiaCTMaCCOBhie Ha60HKH CO CTep)l(HeM-YCHJIHTeJieM npwfornaIOT K
YTOHeHHbIM Ka611yKaM MOJTOTKOM. ,UJTHHa CTep)l(HSl-YCHJTHTeJTSI Jl0Jl)l\-
Ha COCTaBJTS!Tb He Mettee 2/3 BbICOTbl Ka6JTyKa, )lHaMeTp nonepeYHO-
ro ceYeHHSI JlOJT)l(eH npeBbllliaTb )IHaMeTP OTBepCTHSI B Ka6JTyKe Ha
0,2-0,3 MM.
K nnacTMacconbIM YTOHeHHhIM Ka6JTYKaM co BTYJTKOH nnacTMac-
COBbie Ha6oi1.KH 6e3 CTep)l(HSI H pa33eHKOBaHHOro OTBepCTHSI, a TaK)f(C
pe3HHOBbie, nonwypeTaHOBbie H KO)l(aHbie Ha6oi1KH npHKpeTIJTSllOT J1Jllf
OJIHHM ~1eTb1pexrpattHhIM rnOJJieM NQ 20 H JIBYMSI UHJTHHJIPHYecK11M11
rnoJJISIMH NQ IO, HJTH TPeMsi UHJTHHJIPHYecKHMH rnoJJISIMH NQ 20. CTpen-
BapwTeJThHO BO BTYJTKY HJTH OTBepCTHC nnaCTMaCCOBOro Ka6JTyKa 3a611-
Ba!OT nepeBSIHHYIO npo6KY. f B03)1H B6HBaIOT B )lepeBSIHHYIO npo6K\'
MOJTOTKOM c HaKJIOHOM K BepTHKaJibHOH OCH, npOXOJlSII.UeH Yepe3 ueHTP
TISITOYHOH YaCTH. ,U.nsi 06JTefl.feHHSI B6HBaHHSI fB03)leH npe)IBapHTCJlbHO
Ha Ha6oi1Ke WHJTOM HaKaJibIBa!OT OTBepCTHSI.
f B03JIH 3afomaIOT HaKJIOHHo BHYTPh Ka6ny1<a. f oJToBKH rB03Jiet'1 He
Jl0Jl)l(Hbl BbICTyTiaTb Han noBepXHOCTb!O Ha60HKH.

Tpe6oeaHHH K KpenneHHIO na6oeK rB03,ll,JIMH K nnacTMaccoebIM

H ,ll,epeBHHHblM Ka6JiyKaM

HoMep rB03JlH "111cJio rnoJndi

Ka6JiyK:
BbICOK11i1 11 cpe)lHl1i1 yrOHCHHbIC ....... 18- 20 5-7
BbICOK11H 11 cpeJlHl1H HCYfOHCHHblC ..... 12-14 5-7
H113Kl1H .....••.........•..........•..............•.... 10- 12 7-9
338
 PaccT051Htte, MM:
fB03Jiei1 OT Kpa51 Ha6oi1KH ······················································ 5- 7
Me)l(Jly ueHTpal\rn rno3nett . . .................................................... 6- 8
KpaHHHX fB03Jiei1 OT cPPOHTaJlbHOH noBepXHOCTH ·············•···· 3-5
Cnoco6 npttKpen11emrn: Ha6oeK K nycTOTeJlhIM Ka6.Jiy1<aM 3aBMCMT
'~TO.JillU1HbI MX cTeHoK. Ee.JIM TOJllllMHa cTeHOK nycToTe.JibIX Ka611)'KOB
0-12 MM (MllM Ha HM)l(Heit noBepXHOCTM Ka6.JI)'KOB 11MeIOTC51 BbICTY-
I - npHJlMBbl), TO co CTOpOHbl DOJlHa6oelJHOH nonepXHOCTM Bbl-
~BepmrnaIOT 5- 7 ornepcnftl .wrn cpe.rrnero Ka611)'Ka M 3 - 5 ornepcnfit
,llJUI BbICOKoro Ka611yKa. D.11aMeTp ornepcnrtl 2- 3 MM. B ornepcTM51 3a-
61rna10T nepeB51HHbie npo6KH, KOTOphie .l!O.Jl)l(Hhl D.JIOTHO 3ano.JIH5ITh
oTBepcnrn 11 He BbICT)'naTb Han XO.l!OBOH noBepxHOCTbIO Ka6.JiyKoB. Ha-
6ottKM HaKJieHBaIOT Ha nonHa6oelJHYJ0 nonepxHOCTb Ka611YKOB nom1-
XJIOponpeHOBhIM KJieeM, a 3aTeM npHKpen.JI5IIOT rB03.ll51MH, 3a6JrnaeMbl-
MM B nepeB51HHbie npo6KM.
Ll..JI51 yBe11w1eHM5I npOl.!HOCTl1 np11KJie11namrn Ha6oeK K TOHKOCTeH-
HOMY rnrncTMaccoBoMy nycToTe.JioMy Ka6.JIYKY peKOMeH.LiyeTc51 3ano.JI-
H$1Th noJlOCTb Ka6JT)'Ka BKJia.LihIWeM 113 Ka6JTyl.!HOH H.Jil1 cpllMl.!HOH no-
pHCTOH pe3HHbl. Ll..JIH npOl.!HOfO nep)l(aHH51 BKJia.LihIWa B Ka6J1YKe ero
.l(HaMeTp .LIO.JI)l(eH 6bITb Ha 2- 3 MM 60JTbWe nonepel.!HOfO ceYeHHH no-
JIOCTH Ka6nyKa. Ll..JIH o6JTeflleHl1H ycTaHOBKH BKJia.LibIWa B Ka6J1YK H o6ec-
nelJeHl151 ero DJlOTHOro npM.JieraHM51 K CTeHKaM noJlOCTM Ha BKJia.Libillle
.ne.JiaIOT 0.llHH-.LIBa npO.llOJlhHhIX TpeYTOJlbHhIX Bhipe3a.

16.3. 3aMeHa Ka611yKOB

IlpH peMOHTe B03MO)l(Ha DOJlHaH 3aMeHa Ka6Jl)'KOB 11106oi1 KOHCT-

PYKUMH 11 113 11106oro MaTepttana. Ilo )l(eJlaHHIO 3aKa3YHKa cpopMa Ka6-
Jl)'Ka MO)l(eT 6bITb 113MeHeHa, eCJlM pa3Mep HOBOro Ka611)'Ka COBna.LiaeT
c npe)l(Hl1M, a HOBa51 cpopMa rapMOHMpyeT c BHeWHMM BM.llOM 06yn11.
Pe3HHOBbie Ka6nyirn. TexH011ornqecK11i1 npouecc 3aMeHhI pe3HHO-
BbIX Ka611yKOB COCTOMT 113 c11eny10umx onepauMH.
l. Y.L1aneH11e M3HoweHHoro pe3MHOBoro Ka611)'Ka.
2. IlO.llfOTOBKa o6yBM 11 Ka611yKa K Kpen11eHMIO.
3. Kpern1eH11e Ka611)'Ka.
1. l13HOWeHHbIH pe311HOBbIH Ka6J1YK Y.llaJ15IIOT Ha MalllMHe MJIM Bpyq-
RyJo ornepTKOH M KJieIUaMH. fB03.llM, OCTaBWMeC51 B nHTOl.!HOH qacTM
nonowBhI, ynan51IOT KJieIUaMM M rB03.LieBhITacKMBaTe.JieM.
Ilp11 ynaneHHM Ka6Jl)'Ka He .l!O.Jl)l(Hbl 6bITb noBpe)l(,lleHbl Il51TOl.!Ha51
'IaCTb IlO.LIOWBbl M Bepx o6yBM.
BKJia.rrnyio cTellhKY MJlH no11ycTellhKY B nHTO'-IHOH '-laCTM o6yntt OT-
.o;e11H10T OT OCHOBHOH CTeJlhKH M 3ar116a10T K HOCK)', MHfKHe DO.llD51-
1'0'-!HMKH Y.llaJ151IOT. KoHUhI rno3nei1, BhICTynaIOIUMe Ha.LI BepxHeil:
nonepXHOCThlO CTeJlbKl1' BbIHMMaIOT rB03.LieBbITaCKHBaTeJleM, K)'Ca'-1-
I<aMM H.JIH KJieIUaM11.

339
 TipH fB03)leBOM Kpennemn1 Ka6JiyKa 11 noBpe)f()leHH5!X n5!TO'!Hoii
t.iaCTH CTeJibKH B o6)'Bb BKJiel1BaJOT )l(eCTKHM no)ln5!TO'-IHHK 113 KO)!(l-j
HJIH KapTOHa TOJIIUHHOM 1,5-2 MM. )KecTKHM no.nn5!TO'-IHHK no ¢op\1e
H pa3Mepy )lOJDKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb n5!TO'-IHOH '-!aCTH CTeJibKH. 0p51\!0ii
Kpai1 no)ln5!TO'-IHHKa c HeJI11uenoi1 CTOpOHbl cnycKalOT Ha HeT Ha 1111!-
PHHY 8-10 MM.
TiepeJJ: np11KJieJmaH11eM noJJ:n5!TO'-IHHK c HemmeBoi1 CTOPOHhI llFllJ-
¢y10T, a noBepXHOCTb CTeJibKH B MeCTe HaJIO)l(eHH5! no)ln5!TO'-IHl1Ka 0'll1-
maIOT OT 3arp5!3HeHHM w;rncponaJibHbIM noJIOTHOM HJil1 pawnHJieM. TILLlL
YJlaJI5!lOT, CKJieHBaeMbie nonepXHOCTH noKpbIBalOT TOHKHM CJIOeM no-
JIHH30npeHOBOro KJie5! H nocJie cywKH BKJieHBalOT no)ln5!TO'-IHHK11.
2. BepxH10m nnmuancy pe3HHonoro Ka6nyKa 11 mITO'-IHYIO •iacTL
no)lOllIBbl o6pa6aTbIBaJOT lllJIHcpOBaJibHblM nOJIOTHOM HJIH KpyroM. 0T-
WJIHcpoBaHHa5! nonepXHOCTb )lOJDKHa 6bITb pOBHOM, 6e3 BblXBaTOB 11
nponycKOB. TibIJ!b, o6pa30Banwy10c51 npH lllJ!HcponaH11H, yJlaJIHIOT no-
JIOCHHOM meTKOH.
TipH KJieeBOM Kpennemrn Ka6JiyKa Heo6XOilHMOCTb OT)leJieHl15! BKJia.:I-
HOM CTeJihKH HJI11 nonycTeJibKl1, a TaK)l(e ynanemrn M5!rKoro no.nmi-
TO'-IHHKa OTna)laeT.
Tip11 KJieeBOM Kpern1eHHl1 Ka6nyKOB Ha CKJie11naeMhie noBcpxHOCTll
HaHOC5!T TOHKHH CJIOH noJIHXJIOponpeHOBOro KJie5! 6e3 nponyCKOll,
crycTKOB H noTeKoB. Bepx 06yn11 11 xo)loBaH nonepxHOCTb no)loWBbI ue
)l0JI)l(Hbl 6bITb 3arp5!3HeHbl KJICCM. K.rieeBOH CJIOH cywaT np11 TeMncpa-
TYPe 18-20 °C B Te'-1eH11e 15-30 MHH. TipH HcnOJib30BaHHl1 pecpncK-
TOpHOM cyw11JIKl1 npeM5! cywKH cocmBmreT 2-4 MHH. Ka6JiyKH MO>K-
HO np11KJie11naTb KaK c npe.unapwTeJibHbIM HarpenaHHeM KJieeBbIX n.r1e-
HOK, TaK 11 6e3 11x HarpenaHH5!. HarpcnaIOT nneHKH np11 TeMnep<nype
100- 110 °C B Te'leHHe 1- 3 Ml1H JJ:O noBhIWeHH5! mrnKocT11. Heno-
cpe)lcrneHHO nocne pa3orpenaHHH KJieeBbIX nneHoK Ka6JIYK HaKJiani,1-
na10T Ha nHTO'-IHyJO qacTb 06yB11, np11)1(11Ma10T pyKoi1 11 TIUaTeJILHO
OKOJia'-!1ma10T MOJIOTKOM HJIH CTaB5!T B npccc. Opo)lOJI)l(HTeJibHOCTb npec-
conaHHH 1- 3 MHH, nanneHHe 0,3-0,35 MTia. Ka6JIYKH )lOJDKHbI 6LITb
npHKJieeHbl npO'IHO, 6e3 pacmeJIHH 11 C)lBHfOB.
L(onycKaeTC5! )lOnOJIHHTeJibHO KpCn11Tb npHKJieeHHbie Ka6JIYKH KOH-
TPOJibHblM11 rB03)l5!MH: no 0.[lHOMy c Ka)f()lOtt CTOpOHbl cppOHTa Ka6Jl)-
Ka H 0.[ll1H C3a)ll1.
Tiptt rB03)leBOM KpenJICHHH Ka6JJYK npe)lBapHTeJJbHO npHKJieJrnmor
nOJIHH30npeHOBbIM KJieeM. K.rietl: HaHOC5!T Ha n5!TOt.iHYIO '-!aCTb nonoWBbl
11 BepXHlOlO nnomanKY Ka6nyKa TOHKHM pOBHblM CJIOeM 6e3 nponycKOB.
crycTKOB 11 noTeKon. CywaT KJiei1 nptt TeMnepaTYpe 18- 20 °C B Te•1e-
H11e 10-15 MHH. Ka6JIYKH .UOJI)l(HbI 6bITb npttKJieeHbI 6e3 cnn11roB.
nepeKocon 11 pacmen11H.
3. Ka6JIYKH KpenHT cHap~H 06yn11 Ha MaWttHax rno3)l5!MH, HapeJa-
eMbIMH 113 npOBOJIOKH co cnHpaJibHOM HaKaTKOH, HJIH Bpyt.iHYIO npo-
BOJIO'-!HbIMH rB03.[l5!Ml1 c nJIOCKOM roJIOBKOM; H3HYTPH 06yn11 - I-l<l
MaurnHe HJIH Bpyt.iHyJO rB03.ll5!MH c KOHH'leCKOH roJIOBKOH.

340
 Tpe6oea11m1 K KpeUJJe11u10 reo3,IUIMH peJHHOBblX Ka6J1)'KOB npu JaMe11e

411CJIO rB03Jlel1 11.IUI 06ys11:

MY)((CKOH . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .••. .. . . .. . ... . . . I 0- 12
)((CHCKOH, 11em14bett, MaJlb'-111KOBOH .......................•.........•.. 9-10
WKOJlbHOH 11 llCTCKOH ............................................•.........•.•.. 7-8
PaccTOHH11e, MM:
Me)((Jly UCHTpaM11 rB031ICH ...............................••.........•..••....• 12- 15
rB03JlCH OT rpaHl1 CTCJlbKl1 ·•······••················•••••····•······•··•···•• 6-8
rB031ICH OT rpaHl1 Ka6nyKa ..........................................•........ 8-10

f oJIOBKl1 rnoJ.neti: nptt KpenJiemrn cHapY%11 .nomKHbI yronaTb B Ka6-

nyr<e Ha I - 1,5 MM, a npl1 HaJil1'1Hl1 rneJ.ua - yn11paThCH B ero OCHO-
Bamre. 0cTpl1H fB03neti: .llJil1HOH 2- 3 MM .UOJI)l(Hbl 6bITh 3afHyrbl Ha
noBepXHOCTb OCHOBHOM CTeJibKl1 06ym1 11Jil1 )KeCTKOro TIO.UTIHTO'-IH11Ka.
IlpH KpeTIJieHHH Ka6JIYKOB H3HyrpH o6yBH fOJIOBKH rnm.ueti: He .UOJI)K-
Hbl BbICrynaTb Ha.u TIOBepXHOCThJO CTeJibKH HJIH TIO.UTIHT04HHKa, a OCT-
pHH rnm.ueti: - He .UOXO.UHTh .uo XO.UOBOH TIOBepXHOCTH Ka6JiyKa Ha
2-3 MM.
CTpmareeHHhre 111111 np11Kpen11eHHh1e rB03.llHMH Ka6JiyKH nomKHhI
DJIOTHO npHJieraTh K TIO.llOWBe; npH TIOCTaHOBKe o6ynH Ha ropH30H-
TIUibHYJO TIJIOCKOCTb XO.llOBaH noBepXHOCTh Ka611yKa .llOJl)KHa TIOJIHO-
CThJO conpHKaCaTbCH c Hett.
CToCJie npHKJieHBaHHH Ka6JIYKOB OTOrHyryJO TIHTO'-IHYIO '-laCTb BKJia.u-
HOM CTeJibKH HJIH TIOJIYCTeJibKH npHKJICl1BaJOT K OCHOBHOH CTeJihKe
IlOJIHH30npeHOBbIM HJIH Ka3eJ1HOBbIM KJICCM HJil1 BKJICifBaJOT MHrKHe
no.unHTO'-IHHKH. CTpH H3Hoce BKJia.llHhIX cTeJieK, nonycTeJieK 11 nonnH-
TO'-IHHKOB 11X 3aMeHHJOT.
Ko:iKaHbte Ka6JiyKH. TexHOJIOrn'-!eCKHH npouecc JaMeHhI KO)KaHhlX
Ka6JiyKOB COCTOHT 113 CJIC.UYJOLUHX onepauHti:.
I. Y.naneH11e H3HOWeHHhIX Ka6JiyKoB.
2. flo.nroTOBKa 06YBH 11 Ka6JiyKOB K TipHKJTCJ1BaHl1IO.
3. Op11KpenJieH11e KO)KaHoro Ka6JIYKa.
I. Y.naneHHe H3HoweHHoro KO)KaHoro Ka6JIYKa BbITIOJIHHCTCH co-
fJiacHo TCXHOJIOfl14CCKHM HOpMaTHBaM onepaUHH 3aMCHhl pe3HHOBhIX
Ka6JIYKOB, CM. onepauHJO I Ha c. 339.
2. OonroTOBKa o6yBH H KO)KaHbIX Ka611yKOB K npHKJTCHBaHHIO OTJIH-
'IaeTCH OT aHaJIOfH4HOH onepauHH .llJIH pC311HOBhIX Ka6JIYKOB JIHWb TCM'
'ITO npH 3aMeHe KO)KaHhIX Ka6JiyKOB HCKJIIO'-laeTCH WJIHcpOBaHHC Bepx-
lfeti: TIJIOJ.Ua)lKH Ka6JIYKOB H TIHTO'-IHOH 4aCTH TIO.llOWB. B OCTaJibHOM Tex-
lfOJIOrH'-!CCKHe HOpMaTHBbI Te )KC.
Ha6optthre KO)KaHbie Ka6JiyKH (6e3 Ha6oeK HJIH c tta6oti:KaMH),
Co6paHHbIC B CTICUHaJIH3HpOBaHHOM uexe pa3py6a o6ynHbIX MaTepH-
a.JIOB H o6pa60TKH .llCTaJICH, .llOJI)KHbI no cpopMe H pa3MepaM COOTBCT-
CTBoBaTb 3aMCHHCMhIM Ka6JIYKaM.
3. Cnoco6hr npHKpeTIJieHHH KO)KaHbIX Ka6JIYKOB TaKHe )KC, KaK H pe3H-
lfoBhIX, CM. onepaUHJO Ha c.340. fl pH nocrynJieHHH KO)l(aHbIX Ka6JiyKOB
341
6e3 Ha6oeK nonycKaeTCH Ka6J1yK11 Kpen11Tb BPY'-IHYJO cHapy)lrn rnoJ1u1~ 111
c nJJOCKOH roJJOBKOH. T pe6oBaHl15! K BbinOJ1HeH11JO onepau1111 CM. Ha c. 34 J
rB03J1H, 3a611TbJe B Ka6JJyK 113HyTp11, He )10mKHbl )10XOJ111Tb JIO \().
)10BOH noBepXHOCTl1 Ka6JJyKa Ha 2-3 MM; OCTp115! fB03)1eti, 3a61n1,1\
CHapy)l(l1, )10Jl)l(Hbl 6bITb Ha 2-3 MM 3afHyTbl Ha noBepXHOCTb CTe.lLK11
11Jll1 BHyTpb Hee.
Dp11 OTCyTCTBl111 ueHTpaJJ113oBaHHOro 06ecne'-leH11H roTOBbIM11 Ha-
6opHbIMl1 KO)l(aHbIMl1 Ka6J1yKaM11 nocJienH11e Ha611pa10T HenocpencrneH-
HO Ha peMOHT11pyeMOH o6yBIL 11JI51 ::noro o6yBh HaneBaJOT Ha KOJlO.'lK\'
nHTOl.fHYJO '-!aCTb nO)lOWBbl np11 Heo6XOJ111MOCTl1 y1<penJI5IJOT nepeBH!~~
Hh1M11 wnHJJhKaMH 11 HaKJJanhrnaJOT no nep11MeTpy KpaHeu ump1rnoii
14-16 MM 113 yBJJa)l(HeHHOH 11 npomrneHHOH cTeJiel.fHOH KO)l(H. Kpa-
Heu np11KpenJ15!JOT nepeB5IHHblMl1 Wnl1JibKaMl1 B 0)111H p5IJ1 Ha paccTo-
5IHl111 6-8 MM OT Kpa51 nonowBhJ. PaccTOHH11e Me)l(Jly wn11J1bKaM11 I 0-
14 MM. 3aTeM KpaHeu o6pe3aJOT no KOHTYPY n51TOYHOH 'IaCTl1 nonorn-
BhI, ocrnBJI515I np11nycK 1,5- 2 MM, a ero KOHUhI cnycKaJOT. llaJJee no-
CJJenoBaTeJJhHO HaKJJa)1bJBaJOT <l>JI11Kl1, YBJia)l(HeHHbJe 11 npOB5IJleHHble,
ynJIOTHeHHbie MOJIOTKOM 11 npoMa3aHHbJe Ka3el1HOBblM KJJeeM. 3aTC\f
CKpenJJHJOT 11X nepeB5IHHbIMl1 wn11JibKaM11. n:onycKaeTC5I 11cnOJ1b30BaTb
<l>JJ11Kl1 113 )1Byx-Tpex '-!aCTeH, KpOMe nonHa6oel.fHOro <t>J111Ka, KOTOph1ii
nomKeH 6bITh ueJibIM. Ha6pm-IHhIH Ka6JiyK np11KpenJ15IJOT npoBono 1 r-
HhIM11 fB03)15IMl1 CHapy)l(H. fB03)111 )10Jl)l(Hbl pacnoJiaraTbC5! Ha paccrn-
5IHl111 5- 7 MM OT rpaHl1 CTeJibKl1, npoHTl1 Yepe3 o6BOJ1KY, 3aT5I)l(HblC
KpOMKl1 Bepxa 11 3a)1Hl1Ka 11 3afHyTbC51 Ha 2-3 MM Ha noBepXHOCTb
11Jil1 BHyTpb CTeJlbKl1. CTp11KpenJieHHbIH Ka6JJyK OCa)l(l1BaJOT Cl1JlbHbIMll
ynapaM11 MOJIOTKa, o6pe3aJOT ero 60KOBYJO noBepXHOCTb, cpe3aJOT HC-
POBHOCTl1 nonHa6oe'-!HOfO <t>n11Ka no nony'-leHl151 pOBHOH noBepXHO-
CTl1, HaKJla)1bJBaJOT 11 np11KpenJI5!JOT Ha60HKY, o6pe3aJOT <l>POHTaJJbHYIO
noBepXHOCTb Ka6JJyKa no nyroo6pa3HOH Jll1Hl111. nocne Bb1cyw11uaHllSI
06yB11 Ka6nyK ynJIOTH51JOT, OKOJia"111Ba5! MOJIOTKOM.
Ka6nyK11 .UOJI)l(Hhl nJJOTHO, 6e3 wenetl np11J1eraTh K nHTOYHOH Yacrn
06yB11. Dp11 nocrnHOBKe o6yBM Ha rop113oHTaJJhHYJO nJJoCKOCTh Ka6JJ) K
BCett XO.UOBOH noBepXHOCThJO .Ll,OJJ)l(eH conpMKacaTbC51 c nocnentteii.
0TOfHYTYJO n51TO'-IHYJO '-!aCTb BKJla)1HblX CTeJieK 11 noJJycTeJJeK WHI
M51fKl1e nonn51TO'-IHHKl1 np11KpenJI5IJOT K OCHOBHOH CTeJibKe nOJJl11130-
npeHOBblM 11JIH KaJeHHOBbIM KJJeeM.
IlJJaCTMaccoBble u ,IJ.epeBBHHbte cpe,IJ.Hue u Bb1c01rne Ka6JJyirn. TexHo-
nor11YecK11H npouecc 3aMeHhI nnacTMaccoBhIX 11 nepeB51HHhIX cpe11tt11\
M Bb!COKMX Ka6JJyKOB HOBblMl1 nJiaCTMaCCOBblMl1 o6rnHyTblMH Ka6JJ) -
KaMl1 COCTOl1T 113 CJJenyJOlUl1X onepau11i1.
l. Y11aJJeH11e Ka6nyKa 11 0TpeJaH11e KpoKyJJ51 nonowB.
2. CT0116op 11 nO)lfOTOBKa Ka6JiyKa.
3. CTO.UfOTOBKa Ka6JiyKa, o6T5I)l(Kl1 11 ero o6rnrnBaH11e.
4. CTp11Kpern1eH11e Ka6nyKa.
5. CTp11KJJe11BaH11e np11crnBK11 K KPOKYJIJO nonowBhI 11 1<p0Kym1 c
npHCTaBKOH K <l>POHTaJJbHOH noBepXHOCTl1 Ka6JiyKa.

342
J· 6. OpHKpen11eHHe Ha6oi1:KH.
~. 1. 051TOYHYIO YaCTh BKJlaJlHhIX CTeJleK HJlH no11ycTeJleK OTJleJ15llOT H
.,rru6aIOT K HOCOYHOH YaCTH o6yBH.
· KpoKyJlh nonourn ome115!10T OT ¢poHTa.TihHOH nonepxHocrn Ka611y-
ftoB H cpe3alOT no nepe11Hett rpaHH BepXHeti nJl0 lllallKH Ka6JlyKa. f e11e-
0

1f<>qH)'IO YaCTh nonoWBhJ cnycKalOT c JlHUeBOH CTOpOHhJ Ha HeT Ha

ffMPHHY 8- IO MM.
. Cpe3aHHe KPOKYJ151 nonown He o6513aTeJlhHo B c11eey1om11x c11y1-ia5!x:
,· a) npH era xopowei1 coxpaHHOCTH H COOTBeTCTBHH pa3MepoB H
t<>PMhl paJMcpaM H ¢opMe BHOBh np11Kpcn115!eMhJX nonown;
' 6) npH npHMeHeHHH Heo6rnHYThIX n11aCTMaCCOBhIX Ka6J1YKOB; B
~oc11e11HeM c11yqae KpOKYJlh nOJlOWBhI npHKpenJ15llOT JlBYM51-TpeM51 TeK-
.:aMH K n51rnqHoi1 qacrn cTeJlhKH (noc11e ynaneHH51 Ka611yKoB), a Kpa51
f'OK)'Jl}{ nOJlOWBhl cpe3alOT Ha HeT no cPPOHT)' Ka611yKa.
' 3aMeH51eMblM Ka611yK OTJleJlSIIOT OT o6yBH Ha CTaHKe HJlH BpyqHyIO.
~c1111 Ka611yKH npHKpen11eHhI wypynaMH, noc11e11H11e npe11nap11TeJlb-
~ y11an5!10T c nOMOLUblO OTBepTKH. fB03JlH, OCTaBWHeC51 B n51TOYHOM
~CTH, BhIHHMaIOT rn0311eBhITaCKHBaTe11eM HJlH KYCal.fKaMH 6e3 noBpe:>K-
iteHH51 CTeJlbKH. Optt orne11eHHH Ka611yKa H KPOKYmI nonownhr He JlOJl)l(-
Ha 6bITb nonpe)l(JleHa Jarn:>KHa51 KpOMKa nepxa o6yntt.
2. Ka611yKH no11611pa10T no BhICOTe H paJMepaM peMoHTHpyeMm1
ooyntt, a no ¢opMe - B coorneTCTBHH c Tpe6onaHH51MH KJ1HeHTOB.
3. Ec11H Ha ·60KOBOH H ¢poHTa.TibHoi1 nonepXHOCT51X, nepxttett H
HH:>KHetl nJloLUanKax Ka611yKa HMelOTC51 HepOBHOCTH, HX UIJlHcPYIOT 6e3
BhrxnaTon H nponycKon. Bee HepoBHOCTH, JayceHuhr H BhmpeccoBKH,
ocrnnw11ec51 noc11e JlHTh51 n11acTMaccoBhIX Ka611yKOB, YllM51IOT.
OpH HCCOBnaneHHH pa3MepoB BepxHei1: n11oma11KH Ka611yKa H n51-
T0l.J:HOM qacrn: o6ynH nepXHIOIO rpaHb Ka611yKa o6pa6aTbIBalOT WJlHcPO-
'BaJibHblM KpyroM HJlH noJlOTHOM, HJlH parnnHJleM H llIJlHcPOBa.TlbHblM
no110THOM. Ka6nyK noc11e llIJ1H¢onaHH51 Ol.fHLUaIOT OT nhIJlH no11oc5!HOi1
tneTKOM. fpaHh Bepxttei1 n11oma11KH Ka611yKa Jl0Jl)l(Ha 6hITh l.J:CTKO Bhlpa-
:>KeHa, rnanKoi1. 6e3 BhIXBaTOB H 3ayceHuen.
OpH npHMeHeHHH Heo6T5IHYThIX oKparneHHhIX n11acTMaccoBbIX Ka6-
Jiyr<on WJlHcPOBaHHe HX nonepXHOCTH HCKJ110l.faeTC51.
Ec11H tteo6xo11HM0 JaMeHHTh Ka611YK c o6rn:>KKOi1, TO Ka611yKH 06-
THrnna10T, co6mo11a51 c11e11y10mHe Tpe6onaHH51.
06T51:>KKa J10Jl)l(Ha COOTBCTCTBOBaTb ¢acoHy H pa3Mepy Ka611yKa,
MaTepm1.ny H uneTy nepxa o6yBH. To11LUHHa o6rn:>KKH paBHa 0,5-1 MM.
IlpH HeB03MO:>KHOCTH no116opa o6rn:>KKH COOTBeTCTBYJOLUero unern J10-
pycKaeTC51 npHMeHeHHe o6rn:>KKH KOHTP3CTHOfO UBCTa HJlH 6011ee CBeT-
Jiotl (no cpaBHeHHIO c UBeTOM Bepxa peMOHTHpyeMOM o6ynH) c noc11e-
JzylOllIHM oKpawHBaHHeM ee non uneT Bepxa HJlH no cornaconaHHIO c
3aKa3YHKOM B 11pyroi1 uBeT. BepxHHM Kpai1 o6rn:>KKJ1 cnycKaIOT Ha
lUHpHHY 6-8 MM; TOJlLUHHa CnYLUeHHOro Kpa51 0,4-0,5 MM.
06rn:>KKY H3 HeJlOCTaTOYHO M51fKOM KO:>KH YBJ1a:>KH5llOT, norpy:>Ka51
ee Ha 1- 3 MHH B BOJlY TeMnepazypott 18- 20 °C. 06rn:>KKY H3 Be1110pa

343
YBJia)KWllOT c 6axrnpMHHOH CTOPOHbl KMCTO'lKOH, CMO'IeHHOH 130,'lOiJ
YBJia)l<HeHHhie o6nDKKM npoBHJIMBalOT B Te'lem1e I0-15 MMH.
Ha 60K0By10 11 ¢poHT3JlbHYIO noBepxHOCTM, KpaH BepxHeii 1110 _
wanKM Ka6JiyKa 11 BCIO noBepXHOCTb o6nDKKl1 c Hem1ueBOH CTOPOHt,1
I-IaHOCHT TOHK11H POBHblH CJIOH KJieH, 6e3 cryCTKOB, noTeKOll 11 npo_
nycKOB. CTp11 06rnrnnaH1111 nJiacTMaccoBbIX Ka6JiyKoB np11MeHH10T 110 _
JIMXJIOponpeI-IOBbIH KJieH, .uepeBHHHblX Ka6;1YKOB - nommJonpeHo-
Bb!H. KTieeBbie nJieHKl1 cywaT np11 TeMneparype 18-20 °C B Te'1e11 11 e
10-15 Ml11-I.
Ka6JiyK11 nomKHbl 6bITb o6nIHYThl 6e3 Mopm11H u cKJianoK. Kpas1
o6TH)l(Kl11l0Jl)l(Hbl 3aX01ll1Tb Ha JIHn11c Ka6JiyKa He MeHee 'le~1 Ha 5 1\11\f
Ha cppOHT3JlbHYIO noBepXHOCTb - no CTbIKa B Hl1)1(HeH 'laCTJ1 11 II~
Mettee YeM Ha 5 MM B BepxHeH 'HICTl1, Ha Ha6oeYHYIO nonepXHOCTD -
Ha 1-2 MM. llJTH JlyYWero np11JieraHl1H K Ka6JTyKy Ha KpaHX 06T5l;+;K11
neJialOT2-3 Hanpe3a c Ka)l(JlOH CTOpOHbl cppOHT3JlbHOH noBepXHOCTJJ
Hanpe3bI He .llOJI)l(HbI .uoxon11Tb .uo rpaHett Ka6nyKa. ,Ll,JIH ycTpaHeH1rn
MOPWl1H o6THHYTbie Ka6JiyKl1 nporna)l(l1BalOT 3JieKTpOTOKMa'-!OM IL11!
TOKMa'-IOM, HarpeTblM ,llO TeMneparypbl 50-60 °C.
c KpaeB o6rn)l(eK, 3arHYTbIX Ha BepXHIOIO nJiomanKy 11 cppOHTcL%-
HYIO nonepXHOCTb Ka6JiyKOB, HO)l(OM CHl1Ma!OT mfUeBOH CJIOH.
llonycKaeTCH np11MeHeH11e Heo6THHyTbIX, OKpaweHHblX nonepx-
HOCTHO 11Jll1 B Macce nJiaCTMaCCOllbIX Ka6JTyKOB 11Jil1 HeOKpaweHHbIX
nJiaCTMaCCOBblX Ka6JiyKOB, KOTOpbie OKpaw11BalOT nocne np11Kpen11e-
Hl15! K o6yBH.
CTp11 pa3pywemn1 n5ITO'-IHOH 'laCTM cTeJihKl1 B o6yBh BKJie111ia101
)l(eCTKHH nonnHTO'-IHl1K 113 K0)1(11 HJIM KapTOHa TOJIW.HHOH 1,5- 2 1\1\1.
CTo.arnITO'-IH11K .llOJT)l(eH coorneTcrnoBaTh no cpopMe 11 pa3MepaM rnrro•1-
HOH YaCTH CTeJibKl1. CTepe,llH11t"1 Kpati no,llnHT04Hl1Ka cnycKalOT C Hecll1-
ueBOH CTOpOHbl Ha HeT Ha w11p11Hy 6- 8 MM.
4. Ka6JIYKI1 np11KpenJIH10T 113HYTPl1 06yn11 5- 7 HaBHHTOBaHHhI\11!
rB03.ll5IMH. f B03.llH pacnonaraIOT Ha paccTOHH1111 7 - IO MM OT rpaHll
CTeJibKl1. f oJIOBKl1 fB03,lleH He .llOJI)l(Hbl llbICTynaTb Hall noBepXHOCTL>!O
cTeJibKl111JI11 )l(eCTKoro nonnHTOYH11Ka. Ka6JiyK Heo6xo.u11Mo npm.. pen-
JIHTb 6e3 3a30pOB, nepeKOCOB 11 CllBHroB .
.[(onycKalOTCH npenBapineJibHoe np11KJienBaH11e Ka6nyKa K rnITolf-
HOti: 'IaCTl1 06yB11 nOJil1XJIOponpeHOBbIM KJieeM 11 npe.aBap11TeJlbHaH yc-
TaHOBKa Ka6nyKa Ha nocanot.1Hb1tl rB031lb c HaHeceHHeM Ha ero Bep\-
HIOIO nJIOW<lllKY HHTpoueJIJTIOJI03HOro KJieH.
CTp11 nonoMKe HJIH .uecpopMau1111 MeT3JlJIH'lecKoro reneHKa nepell
np11KpenJieHHeM Ka6JiyKa (HOBOfO l1JIH CHHTOro c peMOHTHpye\IOil
06yB11) Y.ll3JJHIOT rn03.llH, cKpenJI5IIOI.UHe reJieHoK co cTeJihKOH, H3BJJC-
KaJOT CJlOMaHHblH l1Jll11le¢opM11poBaHHblH reJieHOK, BCTaBJIHJOT H np11-
KpenJIHJOT .nnyMH TeKcaMH HOBhrt"I. HoBhrti reJieHOK no cpacotty 11 paJ-
MepaM ,llOJT)l(eH COOTBeTCTBOllaTb cpacoHy H pa3MepaM peMOHTHpyel\tOii
o6yBH. 3anttHJ':[ KOHeu reJTeHKa ,llOJT)l(eH llOXO.UHTb ,llO cepe,lll1Hbl uepx-
HeH nJIOW<lllKH Ka6JIYKa.

344
 5. TaK KaK KpoMe Ka6nyKa 6bIJT y,uaneH H KpOKYJih (HJIH npHCTaBKa
J(pOKYJTH), ero He06XO.!lHMO BOCCTaHOBHTb.
TonWHHY KpoKyJTH, Bbipy6neHHoro H3 KO)l(H .!lJIH HH3a 06yn11 11n11
J{O)J(eno.uo6HOH pe3HHbl, He06XO.!lHMO Bb!pOBHHTb .!lO l ,5- l ,8 MM, cny-
cTHTb c HeJIHUeBOH CTOPOHbl Ha HeT Ha WHpHHY 8- l 0 MM Ha Y'faCTKe
coe.!lHHeHHH c reJTeHOlJHOH lJaCTbJO no.noWBbl. <l>opMa H pa3Mepbl Kpo-
IC)'Jlfl .!lOJl)l(Hbl COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ¢opMe H pa3MepaM cppOHTaJibHOH no-
BepXHOCTH Ka6JTyKa c npHnycKOM 2- 2,5 MM c Ka)l()lOH 60KOBOH CTO-
poHbl.
Ha cnyweHHhIH Kpatt: no.uowBhI, KpoKyJib 11 cppOHTaJihHYJO noBepx-
HOCTh Ka6ny1<a HaHOCHT TOHKHH pOBHb!H CJIOH noJIHXJIOponpeHOBOro
f(Jlef!, cyrnaT ero. KrieeBbie nneHKH Ha .neTanf!x HH3a pa3orpeBaJOT B
repMoaKnmaTope. KpoKyJib cKJJeHBaJOT c reneHOlJHOH 1.JaCTbJO no.uow-
Bhl, a 3aTeM COCTaBHYJO reJTeHOlJHO-KpOKyJTbHYJO lJaCTb nO)lOWBbl npH-
I<JTeHBaJOT K 3aT51)1(H0ll KpOMKe Bepxa H cppOHTaJibHOM noBepXHOCTH
Ka6JiyKa, JaKpenJIHH ee cneuHaJibHhIM np11cnoco6JieHHeM HJIH npH-
)KHMaH PYKOH. AHanorH'IHhIM o6pa3oM npttKJieHBaJOT KpOKyJihHYJO 1.JaCTh
IlO.!lOWBbl.
Htt)l(HHti Kpati KpOKyJTf! no.uowBhI HJIH ee npHCTaBKH MO)l(HO Ja-
rHYTh Ha no.nHa6oe1.myJO nonepXHOCTb Ka6JIYKa. l13JTHWKH HaKJieeHHO-
ro KpOKyJT51 cpe3aJOT BpOBeHb c 60KOBblMH rpaHHMH (KpOKyJIHMH) Ka6-
JIYKa Ha cneu11aJibHOH MaWHHe HJIH BpYlJHYJO c nocJie.nYJOwett: 3alJHCT-
KOH wKypKoH:. Cpe3 KpOKyJif! no.noWBbI .!lOJI)l(eH 6hITh poBHhIM, 6e3
3ayceHueB. CTepeXO.!l OT reJTeHOlJHOH lJaCTH K KpOKyJIJO nO.!lOWBbl )lOJI-
)KeH 6b!Tb nJiaBHb!M.
6. 3aBepwaJOWYJO onepauHJO - npttKpenJieHHe Ha6oeK - Bhmon-
Hf!JOT cornacHO TeXHOJIOrnlJeCKHM HOpMaTHBaM onepauHH «DpHKpen-
JieHHe Ha60HKH» (CM. c. 337).

rnaea 17
PECTABPAU~fl KO>KAHO~ 06YB~

17.1. 8"1,qbl pa60T

Pecmaepau,ufl. (OT JTaT. restauratio - BOCCTaHOBJJeHHe) - BOCCTaHOB-

JleHHe lJero-JIH6o B nepBOHalJaJibHOM HJIH 6JTH3KOM K nepBOHalJaJibHO-
My BH.!ly.
06ynh B npouecce 3Kcnnyarnu1111, no.nBepraHCb KoMnJieKcy ¢11311-
I<o-x11MH1.JecKHX, MexaHHlJeCKHX H 6HOJIOfHlJeCKHX B03.!leHCTBHH, a TaK-
)J(e o6bilJHhIX 3arpH3HeHHH TepHeT BHeWHHti BH.!l. Oco6eHHO .uecpopMH-
pyeTcH HOCOlJHO-flYlJKOBaH lJaCTb Bepxa: Ha Heti: o6pa3yJOTCH rny60KHe
CI<JTa.uKH H BMHTl1Hbl. KpoMe Toro, Ha noBepxHOCTH o6yBH H3 KO)!(
XpoMoBoro .uy6JTeH11H c eCTeCTBeHHOM JT11ueBoi1: noBepxHOCTbJO noHB-
Jif!JOTCH ceTKa Tpew11H 11 3HalJHTeJTbHbie noTepTOCTH. 06ynb c BepxoM

345
113 Bemopa 11 3aMWl11IOBOJlbHO 6bICTpo Tep51eT BHeWH11H BHil B CI35l]lf c
TeM, 'ITO BOpCOBaHHa51 ITOBepXHOCTb 11MeeT ITOBbIWeHHYIO cnoco6Hoc11,
ancop611poBaTb KaK BHeWHl1e 3arpH3HHIOIUl1e Bewecrna (ITblJlb, fPH3J,
11 np.), TaK 11 nnary, rroT, BhI1IeJJHeMbIH cTonott. TaKOH ycKopeHHblii
rrpouecc Bttewttero H BHyTpettHero B03.UettcrnttH Ha o6yBh c Bepxo~ 1
113 3aMWH 11 BeJJIOpa npttBO.UHT K 6bICTpOMY ee crnpeHttlO. Ha Bepxe
o6ystt IT051BJ15llOTCH 3arpH3HeHHH, )l(HpHbie ITHTHa 11 OCb1ITaH11e Kpac11-
TeJJH. B pe3yJJhTaTe cpopMa o6yBH 113MeHHeTcH, a caMa o6yBh rrptto6pc-
TaeT ttenp11rnH1IHbIH BHelllHHH Bl11I, lJTO OTpl1UaTeJJbHO BJJHHeT Ha ee
ITOTpe6ttTeJJbCKHe CBOHCTBa.
B 6oJJhllll1HCTBe CJJYlfaeB pecrnBpttpy10T cpaBHl1TeJJbHO noporocToH-
lllYJO o6yBh. OirHttM tt3 tta116onee HHTepecHbIX HanpaBJJetttttl: pecrnBpa-
UHH cano)l(eK HBJJHeTCH o6HOBJJeHtte c HCITOJlb30BaHHeM CTapb!X rone-
HHlU, B HattMeHbWetl: CTerreHH no,nBepralOIUHXCH 113Hocy.

17.1.1. 06HosneHHe o6yBH

06HoeJ1eHue 3aKJJ10lfaeTc5! B 3aMeHe Bcett neTaJJl1 Bepxa 11ntt ee •rnc-
TH, a TaIOKe 3aMeHe 11JJH H3MeHeHHH KOHCTpYKUHH H113a o6yBl1. no
Tpy11oeMKOCTH HCITOJJHeHHH H xapaKTepy pa6oT 06HOBJiett11e OTHOCllT-
CH K KpynHOMY peMOHTY 06YBH.
TaK11M o6pa30M, 06HOBJiett11e KO)l(aHoi1 o6YBH BhIITOJIHHIOT:
npH H3HOCe OCHOBHblX neTanei1 Bepxa 11 no.nowB BMeCTe c Ka611y-
KaM11;
npH 3aMeHe ycrnpeBwero cpacotta HOCOlfHOM l{aCTH MO,UeJibHOM 06ym1
6onee COBpeMeHHbIM co CMeHOH Ka6nyKOB, MeTona KpenJJeHJ.151 Hl13a,
cpe)lHHX 11 Bb!COKHX Ka6JJyKOB KJ111HOBH)lHbIMH;
npH ITOCTaHOBKe YTOJlllleHHOH ITO)lOWBbl HJJH nnanpopMbl 06ym1
KJieeBoro MeTona KpenneHHH 11 np.
06HOBJJeHtte KO)l(aHOH 06YBH npenycMaTpHBaeT cneny10w11e Bl1)lbl
pa6oT: np11naH11e o6YBH coBpeMettHoro cHIIy:na c coxpaHeHHeM Mone-
JJH nepxa; H3MeHemre CHJJY3Ta 11 Monen11 Bepxa; 11cnoJJb30BaHtte rone-
Hl1lll cano)l(eK, 6bIBWHX B ynoTpe6JJeH1111; H3MeHeHtte MeTona Kpenne-
HHH Hl13a.
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L(.rrH 3TOro nepe.ueJJbIBalOT HOCOlfHO-ITYlfKOBYIO lfaCTb Ha COBpeMeHHbJii
cpacoH KOJ101IKH 6e3 HapyweH11H reJJeHOlfHO-ITHTOlfHOro y3Jia, 3aMew1-
IOT ycrnpenwtte Ka6JJYKl1 Ka6JJyKaMH HOBOM cpOpMbl, coxpaHHH npe)K-
HIOJO Bb!COTY. L(.rrH 06HOBJieHl1H o6yBH HCITOJ1b3YIOT cpaCOHbl KOJJO,UOK II
Ka6JJyKOB, OTBeY:a10w11e COBpeMeHHbIM Tpe6oBaHHHM MO.Ubl.
lfaMenenue cuJiy:na u MO)l.eJIH sepxa. CTp11 3TOM Bttne peMOHTa 06-
HOBJJHIOT KOHCTPYKUHIO 3aroTOBKl1 Bepxa c HCITOJlb30BaHHCM peJJbe<}.l-
HblX wttypoBoK, cpttrypHbIX peMttetl:, a~pHbIX HaKIIanHhIX .uernneii.
3aKpenJJeHHbIX Ha ITO,UbeMe, nJJeTeHbTX XOMYTHKOB pa3Hb!X pacuBeTOK
11 KOM6HHaUHH, H3bllfKOB BCeB03MO)l(HbIX KOHcp11rypaum'1, o6pylfeii.
neKopaTHBHblX BbIITYKJJbIX WBOB, KIIanaHOB c pe311HKOH l1 6e3 HCC.

346
 enJieTaIOlllHXCSI peMHeti: H .upyrnx .uernJieti:. Bee 3TO BbirJISI.UHT ol!eHb
eKTHO. npH H3MeHeHHH MO.UeJJH peKOMeH.llyeTCSI ,llJISI .llOnOJJHHTeJib-
.UeTaJieH npHMeHSITb MaTepHaJibl MO.UHblX ¢aKzyp: 3aMwy, BeJIIOp,
~yK, JiaK c pa3HbIMH BHliaMH OT.UeJIOK H THCHeHHH, 6JieCT5JlllHe H
~aTOBble K0)1(11 xpoMOBOfO .uy6JieHl1SI, cnHJIOK, ¢aKTYPHbie H rna.UKHe
~KCTHJihHbie MaTepHaJihI. Oco6eHHO 3¢cpeKTHO MO)l(eT BhirJIMeTb o6yBh
;iptt BbI6ope OpHr~HaJlbHbIX CO'IeTaHHH MaTepHaJIOB KaK no ¢aKTYpe,
pK H no UBeTOBOH raMMe: 3aMWH c JiaKOM, BeJIIOpa c BeJIIOpOM Ha
&i3HaHO'-IHYIO CTOpoHy HJil1 KO)((aMH xpOMOBOro .uy6JieHl1SI c ecTeCTBeH-
ffOH JittueBoti noBepxHOCTbIO, rnarrKHX KO)(( c THCHeHbIMH. Mo.ueJIH Bepxa
o6y1rn nepe.ueJibIBaIOT He TOJibKO .llJISI np11.uaHHSI eH' COBpeMeHHOro 811.Ua,
~o H .llJISI MaCKHpOBKH TaKHX .uecpeKTOB, KaK pa3pbIBbl sepxttero KaHTa,
pa3pb1Bbl H TPCllll1Hbl JI11UeBoro CJIOSI Bepxa 3aroTOBKl1 H .upyr11x, 803-
,JIHKaIOlllHX B npouecce HOCKH. 06bI'-IHO 113MeHSIIOT KOHCTpYKUHIO MO-
~eJIH )l(eHCKOH MO.UeJJbHOH H noBce.utteBHOH o6yBtt KaK Ha BblCOKOM,
,q'aK H Ha cpe.uHeM Ka6JiyKe.
McnOJib30Bauue roJieHHUJ, cano1KeK, 6LIBIUHX B ynoTpe6JieHHH. nptt
pecTaBpaUHl1 canO)l(eK Ka)((llaSI MO)leJib )IOJDI<Ha COOTBeTCTBOBaTb COB-
peMeHHOH MOlJ,e. 06HOBJieH11e canO)l(CK 3aKJIIO'-laeTCSI B 3aMeHe H3HO-
meHHOH HOCO'-IHO-nyqKOBOH l!aCTl1 Bepxa c noMOUlblO .uonOJIHHTeJib-
HbIX HaKJJallHbIX .ueTaJietl: HJil1 COI030K cneuHaJibHbIX KoH¢11rypau11H:,
3aKpbIBaIOUlHX MeCTO coe.u11HeHHH c roJieH11ruaM11 11 B TO )((e BpeMH
BHOCHUll1X B MO)leJib 3JieMeHTbJ HOBl13Hbl. 3TO MOryT 6b!Tb peMeWK11
T-o6pa3Hoi1 ¢opMb1; qepecno.ubeMHbie peMHH, np11KpenJieHHb1e KOJib-
uaM11 K COI03Ke; HaKJJa.UHble flJJeTeHbie )leTaJIH H3 KO)l(tt; H3bl4KH C
6axpOMOH, peryJittpyeMbie qepecno.ubeMHblMH peMeWKaM11; COI03KH c
3aBbIWeHHOH roJIOBKOH; KJJanaHbl 11 ¢11rypHbie H3bl'IKl1, npttKpenJieH-
Hbie B MeCTax coe.uttHemrn COI03KH c roJJeHHUiaMH; peMeWKl1 c npSI)((-
KaMH, 3aKpenJJeHHbIMl1 Ha no.ubeMe.
M1Meueuue MeTo.ua KpenJieuusr uu1a. TaKotl: B11.U pa6oT c ycnexoM
IlpHMeHHIOT KaK ,UJIH 3aKpbIBaHHH noBpe)((lleHHH Bepxa 06ys11 y rpaHH
CTeJibKl1, TaK H ,UJIH npH.UaHHSI el1 COBpeMeHHOro CHJIY3Ta. 0.UH11M 113
pewaIOUll1X ¢aKTOpOB, onpe.rreJIHIOUlHX npe11MyllleCTBa TaKOro peMOH-
Ta, SIBJISieTCSI nptt,LlaHtte OTpeMOHT11pOBaHHOH o6yBH nOBbIWeHHblX
BJiaro3allll1THbIX 11 TenJIOBblX CBOHCTB, '-ITO oco6eHHO Ba)l(HO ,UJIH oceH-
He-311MHeti o6yBH.

17 .1.2. 06naropa>KHB3HHe H BOCCTaHOBJleHHe cpopMbl o6yeH

06J1azopa:>1CU6QHUe BHewHero Btt.rra HOWeHOH 06yBH COCTOHT H3 CJie-

AYIOlllHX BH.LlOB pa60T: soccTaHoBJieH11e ¢opMbI 06yB11, '-IHCTKa o6yBH
c BepxoM H3 3aMWH H BeJIIOpa, annpeTHpOBaHHe o6ystt c BepXOM H3
3aMwtt H BeJIIOpa, 0Kpaw1rnaHHe tt nepeKpaw11BaHtte 06ys11 c BepxoM
li3 3aMWH H BeJIIOpa, TOH11pOBaHtte, nepeKpawttBaHtte o6yBH c KO)l(a-
HbIM BepxoM HHTp03MaJISIMH, JiaK11poBaHHe o6yBH c BepXOM H3 KO)((
XpoMoBoro .uy6JieHHH.

347
 BoccTauoBJieune <J>opMbI o6ysn. B CBSl3H c coKpameHHeM H .!la*c
HCKJIIOl.JeHHeM pSl.Ua pa6oT no peMOHTY HH3a o6yBH CTaHOBHTCSI 3KTy_
aJlbHblM BOCCTaHOBJieHHe ¢opMbJ HOWeHOH o6yBH, KOTopoe B YClo-
BHSIX B03pOCWHX 3CTeTHl.JeCKHX Tpe6oBaHHH noTpe6HTeJieH npHo6pc_
TaeT nepnoHal.JaJihHOe 3Ha<.JeHHe. BoccTaHOBJieHHe ¢opMbI B03MOJKHo
.llJIH )l(eHCKOH H M~CKOH o6yBH ncex Ce30HOB H JII06oro Ha3Hal.JeH11$1 c
HCnOJib30BaHHeM HOBblX MaTepHaJIOB H npenapaTOB, cneUl1aJlbH(,1x
MexaHH3MOB H npHcnoco6JieHHH. 0.uHaKO HCTIOJ!h3YIOT ero HCKJII0•111-
TeJibHO .llJISI o6ynH c nepXOM H3 KO)!( xpOMOBOfO .uy6Jiemrn c eCTCCT-
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JiaKOBOM KO)l(H) BJia)l(HO-TenJIOBOH o6pa60TKOH.
qHCTKa o6ysu c sepxoM HJ JaMUIH H semopa. 3arpsI3HeHHSI c nepxa
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qecKOH meTKOH H XHMH'-IeCKHM - Y.UaJISllOT TISITHa H BOCCTaHaBJIHBalOT
nope. 11Hor.ua TIOCJie l.JHCTKH Ha o6pa6oTaHHhlX yqaCTKaX nOSIBJISllOTCH
CBeTJibie TIHTHa, 'ITO npHBO.UHT K Heo6XO.UHMOCTH OKpawHBaHHSI 06ym1.
AnnpeTnposauue o6ysu c sepxoM HJ JaMUIH u semopa. CoJieBbie nm -
Ha Ha Bepxe o6ynH TIOSIBJISllOTCSI B OCHOBHOM non .uewcrnHeM BJiarn.
3alUHTa o6ynH OT BJiam .UOJl)l(Ha npe.UOTBpamaTb TIOSIBJieHHe 3THX Tpy,1-
HOY.UaJIHeMbIX TI.sITeH. fH.upo¢o6H3aUHSI KO)l(H SIBJ151eTCSI O.UHHM H3 Ba)K-
HeHWHX cnoco6on npo¢HJiaKTH'-lecKoH: o6pa6oTKH o6ynH. CneuttanL-
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3¢¢eKT. TaKHe npenapaTbI npttMeHSllOT He TOJihKO .llJISI o6pa6oTKH HO-
noH: o6yBH, HO H nocJie l.JHCTKH HJIH OKpaCKH Bepxa H3 3aMWH H nemo-
pa. OocJie o6pa60TKH npenapaTOM Ha nOBepXHOCTH o6yBH 06pa3yeTC5l
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CTaHOBHTCSI 6oJiee HaCbllUeHHhIM, HCl.Je3alOT 6eJieCbie TISITHa, yMeHb-
waeTCSI MapKOCTb.
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mopa. OpH 3HaLJHTeJihHOM H3Hoce nepx o6ynH nepe.u OKpaumnaH11e~1
Ol.JHlllalOT. 06ynb, He HMe10rnaS1 S!pKO Bb!pa)l(eHHh!X COJieBblX nOTeKOB ll
CaJlhHblX nSITeH, MO)l(HO He l.JHCTHTh . .ll,JISI llOCTH)l(eHHSI H~HOH HHTeH-
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ToHHposauue. T OHHponatttte MO)l(eT 6bITh HcnoJib3oBaHo npH peMoHTt'
)l(eHCKOH H M~CKOH o6ynH ncex uneTOB c nepxoM H3 JII06hIX KO)!(:
xpoMonoro .uy6JieHHSI, neJIIOpa, cnHJIKa, JaMwH, wenpo. ToHttpona-
HHe - O.UHH H3 HaH60Jiee HHTepeCHhIX MeTO.UOB .ueKopHpOBaHHSI o6y-
BH. ToHHPYIOT He TOJJhKO nepx o6ynH (cTpOLJKH, nepQ:>opHponaHHbiil
opHaMeHT, nep¢opaUHIO), HO H no.uowBhI. CylUHOCTh TOHHponaHIHI
COCTOHT B TOM, l.JTO Ha Bepx 06yn11 no KOHTypy, onpe.ueJISleMOMY KOH-
¢Hrypauttew .ueTaJiew HJIH pHCYHKOM, nHCTOJieTOM-pacnhlJIHTeJieM Ha-
HOCSIT TOHKHH CJIOH KOHTpaCTHOH KpaCKH. TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha nepx~
o6ynH o6pa3y!OTCSI pa3JIHl.JHble y3opb! HJIH npSIMble JIHHHH.

348
J IIepeKpaiuuBattue 06y1m c KOlKattblM BepxoM HHTpo3Ma.ru1Mu. BOJ-
;,.o)KHOCTl1 oepeKpaw11BaH1rn HeorpaHwleHHhI He TOJihKO np11 BOCCTa-
110BJieHHl1 oep130HalJaJihHOfO 1311,Ua peMOHTHpyeMOH 06yB11, HO 11 np11
ee o6HoBJiemrn c ooMOLUhIO HoBoro usern 11 orreHKa. Bee 1311.UhI )l(eH-
cKOH 11 MY)l(CKOH 06ys11 c BepxoM 113 KO)I( xpoMOBoro .uy6JieHl1SI c
ecTeCTBeHHOH mmeBOH nonepXHOCThIO MO)l(HO nepeKpaw11BaTh Hl1Tpo-
gMaJIHMl1, 06ecneIJ11BaIOLUl1Ml1 BhICOKOe KaIJeCTBO noKphITHSI 3a ClJeT
xopoweti: a.ure31111 K0)1(11. H11Tp03MaJil1 MO)l(HO CMeWHBaTh HeorpaH11-
qeHHO 11 OOJiyIJaTh pa3Hhie OTTeHKl1. OJiaro.uapsr OTpa60TaHHOH TeXHO-
JJOfl111, MaTepttaJiaM M o6opy.uosaHMIO MaCTep MO)l(eT 6hICTpo oo.uo-
6paTh Heo6XO.Ul1MhIH rrneT ,UJISI oepeKpaw11BaHMSI o6yBM.
JlaKHpOBanue 06YBH c BepXOM HJ KOlK xpoMOBOfO .n,y6.rteHHJI. llnsr
coxpaHeHMSI Ha ,UJil1TeJihHOe BpeMSI 3CTeTH'leCKOro BH,Ua o6ystt COJ.Ua-
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6oT. YJiyqwett11e 11 06Jiaropa)l(ttBaH11e 06yn11 c sepxoM 113 KO)I( xpoMo-
BOro .uy6JieHl1SI c ecTecrneHHOH JIMUeBOH OOBepxHOCThIO MO)l(eT 6bITh
BhinOJIHeHO c nOMOWhIO JiaKOBOH nJieHKl1 . .IJ..rrn OT,UeJIKl1 Ha KO~ MO)l(-
HO HaHOCl1Th HeCKOJihKO CJIOeB TIOJIMypeTaHOBOro JiaKa. 06ysh c Bep-
XOM 113 KO)I( xpOMOBOfO .uy6JieHl1SI MO)l(HO JiaK11poBaTh B TOM CJiyIJae,
ec.rrn tt3HOC 00BepxttocT11 He opeBhirnaeT 60 %. 3aMrny, BeJIIOp, HY6YK
H IOQHh He JiaKMpYJOT.

17.2. TexH011ornfl 06Hoe11eHHfl o6yeH

06HOBJieH11e 06yB11 pa3.uem1eTcsr Ha Tpl1 rpynnhI onepau11ti:: oo.uro-
TOBKa K Q>opMOBaHMIO Bepxa 06yB11; Q>opMOBaHtte; npttKpeoJieH11e HM3a
o6ystt. flpouecc 3asepwaeTcsr OT.UeJIOIJHhIM11 ooepauttsrM11Hl13a11 nep-
xa 06ys11. CocrnB tt oocJie.uoBaTeJihHOCTh no.nroToBttTeJihHhIX onepau11w
3aBMCSIT OT Toro, np0113BOJUlT Jil1 pecrnnpaUMIO 11 o6HOBJieHtte 06ys11 c
3aMeHOH MJil1 6e3 3aMeHhI .neTaJieti: Bepxa, c 3aMeHOH HOCOlJHO-OYIJKO-
BOti: qacTl1 11Jil1 HOCOIJHO-OYIJKOBOH M OSITOIJHOl1 qacTeti: sepxa 06yn11.
flopsr.uoK npoBe.neH11sr onepau11l1 Q>opMonatt11sr sepxa 06yn11, op11Kpeo-
JieH11sr Hl13a 11 OT.UeJIKM OTpeMOHTMpOBaHHOH MJil1 06HOBJieHHOH o6ystt
oope.ueJISieTCH BM.UOM BhITIOJIHSieMhIX pa6oT, MeTO.UOM KpeoJieHl1SI HM3a,
BhICOTOH Ka6JIYKOB, MaTep11anaM11 00.UOWB 11 Ka6JiyKOB M T. 0.
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I. CHsrT11e pa3MepoB CTOnhI M roJieH11.
2. flo.n6op, no.uroHKa 11 'll1CTKa KOJIO.UOK.
3. Pa360pKa o6ystt.
4. YnaneHtte M3HorneHHhIX qacTeti: 11JIH 11eTanei1 sepxa 11 no.uKJia.uK11,
coycKaHtte Kpaen .neTaneti: Bepxa no Jil1H11HM oTpe3a.
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6. HaKJie11saH11e 11 np11cTpa'l11Batt11e .ueTaneti sepxa 11 oo.nKJia.lIKl1.
7. flonroToBKa, np11KpenJieHtte 11 o6pe3aH11e cTeJieK 11JI11 noJiycTeJieK.

349
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nonpa3n. 3.2. Op11 CHHTHH pa3MepoB Heo6xon11Mo Y'-IHTbIBaTh neq>0pl\1a
UH11 B CTpoeH1111 CTOTI KJIHeHTOB: TIJIOCKOCTOTil1e, OTKJIOHeHHe 6on b-
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0M030JTeJIOCTL H M030JTH, xapaKTep11CTHKa KOTOpbIX np11neneHa B rn 3.
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pbI CTOTibl H fOJieHl1.
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nepxHOCTb KOJTOlIOK, KpOMe CJTena, no Mepe 3arp513HeHH51 npOTHpaJOT ryG-
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np11 TeMnepaTYpe 18- 20 °C, a 3aTeM '-111CT51T nparuaIOU.(eHC51 TeKCTl1JJb-
HOH rueTKOH HJTW cyxoti Tp51TIKOH. 0'-!11llleHHbie KOJTOJJJ<H noKpbIBalOT TOH-
KHM CJTOeM BOCKOBOH 3MYJTbCHH, KOTOpblM cywaT B Te'-leHHe 10-15 Miii!
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3. Oneparn1IO BhinOJIH51IOT BPY'-!HYJO Ha pa6o'-!eM CTOJTe c BbIT5l)f(Hb1~1
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ny'-IKOBOH H TI51TO'-IHOH qacTe:H nepxa, Y.llaJI51JOT Ka6JiyKl1, TIO,llOWI>bl,
npOCTHJIKH, reJTeHKl1 (B o6yBH paHTOBOro 11 paHTOKJieenoro MeTOJlOB
KpenJiemrn TaK)f(e paHT H TIOlIJTO)f(cy). flo BCeMy nepHMeTpy OTlieJIH!OT
3aTH)l(HYIO KPOMKY nepxa OT CTeJTbKH, H3BJTeKaIOT TI01IHOCOK, 3MHHK II
CTeJTbKY. flocJTe 3aMeHbI neTaJieH 3afOTOBKY Bepxa TIOBTOPHO 3arnnrna-
IOT (nepernrnna10T).
flptt H3HOCe TOJlbKO nepenHetl: '-!aCTH Bepxa o6yBH 11 coxpaHHOCTl1
)J(eCTKHX 3a1IH11KOB H CTeJTeK Y.llaJI5IJOT Ka6JiyKH, TIOJJ.OlllBbl, npocn11-
KH, reJTeHKH, OTJJ.eJI51IOT OT CTeJTbKH 3aT51)f(HyIO KpOMKY HOCO'-IHO-TI)'lf-
KOBOH '-!aCTl1 HJTH HOCO'-IHO-ny'-IKOBOM 11 reJieHO'-IHOH '-laCTetl:, Y1laJIHIOT
TI01IHOCK11. Oepe)lHIOIO '-laCTb 3afOTOBKH Bepxa TIOCJTe 3aMeHbl H3HO-
UleHHOH CHOBa 3aT51rHBaJOT (no11ynepernrnBaIOT).
flptt o6HOBJTeHHH cj:>aCOHa o6yBH TIYTeM pacw11peHl15! HOCO'-IHOit
'-laCTH Bepxa, CTeJibKH, TIOJl.OWBbl H 3aMeHbl Ka6JTyKOB ycrnpeBWHX <!Ja-
COHOB MO)f(HO orpaHH'-111TbC51 y.naJieHHeM Ka6JTyKOB, TIOJJ.OWB, fl01IHOC-
KOB, npOCTHJIOK, reJieHKOB H OT)leJieHHeM 3aT51)1(HOM KpOMKH Bepxa 01
CTeJTbKH Jll1Ulb B HOCO'-IHOH HJTH HOCO'-IHO-nyqKOBOH '-1acn1. EcJTH cjJa-
COH HOCO'-IHOH '-!aCTH 06HOBJIHIOT 6e3 yBeJIH'-leHHH 3aroTOBKH nepxa II
CTeJTbKH, TO 113 o6yBH JJ.OCTaTO'-IHO YJJ.aJIHTb TI01lOWBbl, Ka6JiyKH, no11-
HOCKH, npOCTl1JIKH, reJTeHKH H OT)leJIHTb OT CTeJTbKH 3aTH)l(HYJO KPO~l­
Ky nepxa JTHWb HOCO'-IHOH '-!aCTH.
flpH 3aMeHe TOJlbKO H3HOUleHHbIX TIOJJ.OWB 11 Ka6JTyKOB, H3MeHe-
HHH MeTona KpenJieHH51 HH3a, TIOCTaHOBKe YTOJIWeHHbIX nJTaTQJOP''
HJIH nonourn, 3aMeHe o6bIKHOBeHHOro Ka6JTyKa KJIHHOBH)lHbIM w11r
npyroi1 QiopMLI 113 06yn11 YJJ.aJIHIOT nonowBLI, Ka6JTyK11, npocTHJTKl'-
reneHKH, He Hapywa51 KpenJTeHH51 3aTH)l(HOH KpOMKH no BCeMy ne-
PHMeTpy.

350
 Ecmt He Tpe6yeTCH 3aMeHbI rrnTO'fHOH 'facnr Bepxa, )f(CCTKI1X 3an-
KOB H Ka6nyKOB, MO)((HO orpaHI1'-Il1TbC5l OTpe3aHI1eM ITO.llOWBbl ITO
mm, npoXOJJ,5lfllei1 HI1)f(e Jil1H1111 ITY'-IKOB Ha 30-40 MM, c rrocJie.lly-
llll1M HaKJ1e11BaH11eM Y.llJl11HeHHhIX nonMeToK.
Ecn11 peMoHT He CB513aH c Heo6xon11MOCThIO rrp11cTpa41rnaH115I Ha-
f)l<HhIX 11Jll1 BHyrpeHHI1X neTaJieH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa, o6yBh MO)((HO pa3-
11paTb no 11Jll1 ITOCJie ee HaneBaHl15l Ha KOJIO.llKl1.
,ll.n51 o6ner'-!eHHH ynaJieH115I rronown 06yB11 KJieeBoro MeTona Kperrne-
HH 11 rrpenornparn:eHHSI pa3pyweHHSI 3aT5J)l<HOH KPOMKl1 Bepxa peKOMeH-
eTC51 pa3orpeTh nonowBhI B TepMoaKT11Barnpe np11 TeMrreparype I00-
10 11JII1 130- 140 °C COOTBeTCTBeHHO B TelfeH11e 5- 8 11Jll1 3- 5 Ml1H
o ocna6Jiett115l KJieeBoro coen11tteH11H. ITp11 ynaJieH1111 KO)((aHhIX rro-
lllB peKOMettnyeTC51 TaK)((e CMa'-111BaTb 11X XO.ll,OBYIO ITOBepxHOCTh pac-
op11TeJieM, COCT05IIU11M 113 paBHhIX qacTeit 3Tl1Jiauernrn 11 6eH311Ha.
ITp11 pa36opKe 06yB11 HeJih3H noBpe)((.ll,aTh 3arn)((HYIO KpOMKY sepxa
npe.nenaM11 ITO.llJle)l(ameit Y.llaJiett1110 qacT11. ITocne pa36opK11 113 3a-
!ffi~Hoi1 KpOMKM 3aroTOBKM nepxa 11 cTeJihKM Y.llaJI5IIOT ocrnTKM rno3-
~e11 H HMTOlfHbIX CTe)l(KOB.
4-6. 3TM orrepau1111 BblITOJIH51IOT cornaCHO TeXHOJIOfM"lfeCKMM HOp-
ManrnaM (cM. nonpa3.ll. 14.4).
7. flpM ITOJIHOit nepern)((Ke 3aroTOBOK Bepxa Y.llaJieHHYIO CTeJibKY
3aMeH51IOT HOBOH; rrpH OT.lleJieHH.11 3aT5I)l(HOH KPOMKl1 Jil1lllb B HOC0'-1-
HOH 11Jll1 HOCOlfHO-ITYlfKOBOH qacTl1 3aMeH51IOT TOJihKO nepe.ll,HIOIO qacTb
CTeJihKl1, ycrnttaBJI11BaSI HOBYIO nonycTeJibKy.
CTeJihKY HaKJia.UbIBaIOT n11uenoi1 cTopoHott Ha cnen KOJTO.UK1111 rrp11-
IqJennsi:10T TpeM51-'IeThiphM51 rB03.ll5IMl1 NQ 18-20 c rrnocKott ronoB-
KOM:: 0.llHMM 11Jll1 .llByMH B HOCO'fHO-ITYlfKOBOH lfaCTM, no 0.llHOMY B
reJieHOlfHOH 11 IT5IT0l.[HOH lf3CT5IX. fOJIOBKM rB03.Uei1 Ha 3- 5 MM .ll,OJI)l(-
Hhl BblCTyrraTb Han rrosepxHOCThlO CTeJibKl1, CTeJibKa .llOJT)((Ha ITJIOTHO
np11JieraTh K cneny KOJIO.llKl1.
ITp11 pecrnnpau1111 11n11 06H0Bnett1111 06YB11 c Mexosoi1 nonKJia.llKOH
H BKJiaJlHhIMM CTeJibKaMM 113 ttarypaJibHOro 11 11CKYCCTBeHHOfO Mexa
npaKT11KyeTC5l (rorn npenornpamemrn: yMeHhWeHl151 BHYTPeHttero o6beMa
06yB11 rrpH BKJieHBaHMl1 CTeJieK) npenBap11TeJibHO CKJiel1Th OCHOBHYIO
H BKJia.UHYIO CTeJibKH.
Kpa51 cTeJieK, BhICTyna10m11e. 3a rpaHh cnena KOJIOJlKH, cpe3aIOT
TaK, l.[T06bi OHM 6hIJIM rrpO.ll,OJI)((eHMeM ee 60KOBOH noBepxHOCTM. 3a-
TeM Kpa51 CTeJibKl1 cnycKaIOT ITO BCeMy rrep11MeTpy, KpOMe ITHTOlfHOH
'IacT11, Ha w11p11Hy 1- 1,5 MM. Tonm11tta cnYIUeHttoro Kpa51 .UOJI)((Ha
6bITb 1- 1,2 MM.
ITocne pa36opK11 11 np11cTpaq11Batt11si: Hap~HhIX 11 BHyrpeHHl1X ne-
TaJieii Bepxa o6yBh Ha.lleBaIOT Ha KOJIO.UKY 11 3aKpenJIHIOT .UBYM51 Ka6-
.JJyq1-10-Ha6oe•1HblMl1 rB03.ll51MH NQ 18-20, KOTOpb1e B611BaJOT B cepe-
.ZUmy reJieHOlfHOH lfaCTH CTeJibKM 11 IT5IT0l.[HYIO lfaCTh 3aroTOBKH TaK,
'IT06bi KOH Uhl rB03JJ,eH BblCTYflaJIM Ha 3- 5 MM. ITepe.ll,HIOIO qacTh Bepxa
06YB11 OTm6aIOT Ha rpe6eHb KOJIO.UKM.

351
 np11 06HOBJieHHH, conpOBO)l(llaJOlliHMCSI noJiynepeTSl)f(KOH BCp\;i
cpe3aJOT HOCOYHYJO HJIH HOCOYHo-ny'lKOBYIO lfaCTb OCHOBHOH CTe111,1q;
1v3_
non yrnoM. HocoYHYIO YaCTh cpe3a10T Ha wttpttHy, 011peneJIS1eMy10
MepaMH Tpe6yeMOfO yBeJIHYeHHSI HOCO'lHOH 'laCTH o6yBH. nptt Cpc,q_
HHH HOCO'lHo-nyYKOBOH YaCTH CTeJibKH JIHHHSI pe3a llOJl)!(Ha npo\o-
llHTb Ha paCCTOSIHHH 30-40 MM OT JlHHHH nytfKOB. nepellHHJ1 KJXllJ
CTeJlbKH Ha o6yBH cnycKaIOT Ha HeT Ha WHpHHY 15- 20 MM. n pm1oj1
cpe3 noJiycTeJihKH crrycKaIOT TaK)l(e Ha w11p1rny 15-20 MM. Cnyiuo 1•
Hhie KpaS! OCHOBHOH CTeJibKH H llOJIYCTeJibKH llBYKpaTHO HaMa3b!Bal{)1
JTOJIHXJIOporrpeHOBbIM KJieeM c rrpoMe)f(YTOYHOH H OKOHYaTeJibHOH cyu1-
KOH KJieenoro CJIOSI B Tet1eH11e 10- 15 MHH nptt TeMneparype 18- 20 ·C.
nepe.u npHKJieHBaHHCM KJICCBb!e nJieHKH pa3orpeBaIOT. noJiyCTCJlbK\'
HaKJiettBaIOT Ha OCHOBHYJO CTCJibKY 6e3 CllBHroB H rrepeKOCOB TaK, YT061:1
HX crry111eHHhle KpaS! COBrra.ua.JUI., a 3aTeM OKOJiaYHBalOT MOJIOTKmt.
npttKJieeHHYJO K OCHOBHOH CTeJibKC nOJIYCTCJlhKY rrpHKpenJISIIOT K KO-
JIO.UKe: HOCOYHYIO noJiycTeJibKY - OllHHM Ka6JiyYHO-Ha6oe'lHbIM rB03-
llCM N:? 18-20, 3a611naeMbIM Ha paccTOSIHHH 20-30 MM oT ee nepcn-
Hero KpaS!, HOCOYHo-nyYKOBYIO noJiyCTeJibKY - OllHHM HJIH JIBYM51
TaKHMH )f(e rB031lSIMH KpoMe Toro, cepe.u11Hy reJieHOYHOH 'laCTtt oc-
HOBHoi1 CTeJibKH npHKpeJTJISIIOT K KOJIO,UKe. roJIOBKH rB03.Uei1 llOJl)!(lfbl
Ha 3-5 MM BbICTYCTaTb Han nonepXHOCTblO noJiyCTeJibKH H OCHOBHOiI
CTeJibKH. L(aJibHeHillYJO o6pa6oTKY npHKJieeHHbIX noJiycTeJieK BblllO.'! -
HSIIOT TaK )f(C, KaK H HOBh!X CTeJieK, T. e. o6pe3aIOT H3JIHWKH no nep11-
MCTPY H cnycKaIOT 11x KpaS!.
<l>opMOBaHHe 3afOTOBKH Bepxa ofiyBH. nptt cj)OpMOBaHHH 3afOTOBKll
nepxa o6ynH BhlllOJIHSIIOT cJien,y10wHe onepamm.
l. YsJia)f(HeHHe sepxa o6ynH.
2. 8KJie1rnaHHe 3a.LIHHKOB.
3. 06rn)f(Ka H 3arn)f(Ka.
l. YnJia)f(HSIIOT 6axrnpMHHYIO H J1Hueny10 rrosepxHOCTH KO)f(aHbI\
.ueTaJiei1 Bepxa KHCTblO HJIH ry6KOH, yMepeHHO CMOYeHHOH XOJIO.UHOII
HJIH cJierKa nonorpeToti Bonoti.
2. 3a.UHHKH npoMa3bIBalOT c o6ettx CTOPOH pOBHbIM TOHKHM CJIOC~1
Ka3eHHOBOro KJICSI H BKJieHBaIOT Me)f(,Uy BepXOM H no.uKJia.UKOH l1Jlll B
crreUHa.JlbHblH KapMaH. 3arrHHKH pacnoJiaraIOT B 3aroTOBKax rraphl CHM:\ICT-
PHYHO no OTHOWeHHIO K 3anHeMy wsy: HX BepXHHH Kpai1 Ha l 0- 12 \l \I
He llOJI)f(eH .UOXO.UHTb no nepxHero KpaS! rycj)eJib 11 noJiy6oTHHOK; HHJK-
HHH Kpai1 3aIIHHKOB cano)f(eK tt 6oTHHOK .uoJl)f(eH 6bITh Ha I - 3 MM BhILUC
HH)f(Hero KpaS! 3aroTOBOK. 3aroTOBKa Bepxa. JTO.UKJiaIIKa H KapMaHbl .uonJK-
Hhl 6hITh xopolllo pacnpaBJieHhI H npo'lHO coe.u11HeHhI c Ja.UHHKa:--111.
3. 06TSl)f(H0-3arn)f(Hhle orrepau1m BbinOJIHS!lOT B OCHOBHOM no TeXHO-
JIOrttH H3roTOBJieHHSI o6ynH pyqHoro rrp0113BOllCTl3a (CM. no.upa31l. 10.3).
3aTSIHYTaSI 3aroTOBKa peMOHTHpyeMOH 11 o6HOBJIHeMOH o6ynH JIOJI)KIJa
nJIOTHO o6JieraTb KOJIO.UKY. 6e3 CKJia.UOK H MOPWHH no rpaHH CTeJibKll.
HO c He6oJibWHMH paBHOMepHo yJ10)f(eHHhIM11 cKJianKaMtt no 3arn)h-
Hoi1 KpOMKe, cttMMeTpttYHo pacnonaraThCSI Ha KOJIO.UKe. CoI03Kl1 11 11oc-

352
JGI noJDKHbI 6b!Th omrnaKOBhIMH no pa3MepaM 11 pacnoJio)l(emno B 06e11x
noJiynapax. W11p11Ha 3anJ)l(HOM KpOMKH Bepxa 14- 16 MM.
IlpHKpem1enue HH33 o6ysu. IlpH npHKpenJICHlH1 HH3a Bb!TIOJIHHIOT
cneny10ru11e onepauirn:.
I. Iloca.uKa Ka6JiyKa.
2. OKoJialfHBaH11e HOCOlfHOM 11 mITOlfHOM lfacTei1 o6yBH.
3. CywKa 06ym1.
4. YnaneHHe rno3nei1, Ka6.nyKOB H o6pe3aH11e H3JIHWKOB JanI)l(HOM
KPOMKH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa.
5. Co6crneHHO np11KpenJieH11e .ueTanei1 HH3a.
I. Heo6xon11MOCTh nocanKH Ka6JiyKa MH cpopMoBaHHSI nHTO'IHoro
I'J{e3)l,a B03HHKaeT TOrna, Korna nonowBy npHKJieHBaIOT HJIH npHKpen-
JISllOT K cppOHTaJibHOM nosepXHOCTH cpenHero HJIH BbICOKOfO Ka6JIYKa.
fB03nH, speMCHHO 3aKpenJIHIOlUHe 3anJ)l(HYJO KpOMKY TIHTO'IHOM qac-
Tlf JaroTOBKH Bepxa npH KJieeBoi1 3arn)l(Ke, ynanHJOT. 3aTSJ)l(HYJO KpoM-
KY TIHTOlfHOM lfaCTH OKOJia'IHBalOT MOJIOTKOM ,UJIH np11naHHH ei1 poB-
HOM noBepxHOCTH; cKJianKH Ha rroBepxHOCTH JaTH)l(HOM KpOMKH cpe-
3alOT. IlonroTOBJieHHblM Ka6JiyK Tpe6yeMOM cpopMbl H BbICOTbl ycrnHaB-
mrnalOT Ha TIHTO'IHYJO lfaCTb o6yBH. Iloca.uO'IHbIM rno3nb noJI)l(eH npH-
:>I<:aTh Ka6JiyK K TIHTO'IHOM lfaCTH o6ysH 6e3 pacrueJIHH H 3a30p0B H Ha
15- 20 MM yrny6HTbCH B np06KY KOJIOnKH.
2. HocOlfHYIO H TIHTO'IHYJO 'IaCTH Bepxa o6yBH, a TaIOKe CKJia,UKH Ha
3aTH)l(HOM KpOMKe OKOJialfHBalOT MOJIOTKOM H pa3rna:)KHBalOT TOKMa-
'IOM, HarpeTbIM no TeMrreparyph1 90-100 °C.
<DopMa cne.ua 3anIHYTOfO Bepxa o6ysH noJI)l(Ha COOTBeTCTBOBaTh
«t>opMe CJiena KOJionKH. fpaHH HOCO'IHOM H TIHTO'IHOM qacTeM o6yBH
llOJI)l(Hbl 6h1Tb 'IeTKO Bbipa)l(eHhI; noBepxHOCTH HOCOlJHOM H TISITO'IHOM
'IacTeM .UOJl)l(Hbl 6b!Tb poBHblMH, 6e3 6yrpoB H BTia,UHH.
3. 3anIHYTYIO o6yBh cywaT B TelJeHHe 2,5-6 lJ B cywHJIKaX npH
TeMneparype 45-50 °C HJIH OT 8-12 no 24 'I B ecTecrneHHbIX YCJIOBH-
HX nptt TeMneparype 18-20°C.
4. fB03.UH, speMeHHO npHKpenJIHIOWtte Jarn)l(HYIO KPOMKY, a TaIOKe
IlOCa,UOlJHblW fB03.Ub H Ka6JIYK ynaJIHIOT, He HapyrnaSI KJieeBoro Kpen-
JICHHH 3aTH)l(HOM KpOMKH co CTeJibKOH. l13JIHllIKH 3aTH)l(H0tt KpOMKH
(umpHHa ee noJI)l(Ha 6hITb 14- 16 MM) cpe3alOT no BCeMy nepttMeTpy.
5. TexHOJIOrHlfeCKHtt npouecc rrpHKpenJieHttH neTaJiett Htt3a, BKJIIO-
'IaSI nonroTOBHTeJibHbie H OTneJIO'IHbie onepaUHH, npH pecTaBpaUHH H
06HOBJieHHH o6yBH B OCHOBHOM cosnanaeT c TeXHOJIOfHlJeCKHM npo-
neccoM ee H3fOTOBJieHHH.
Onepauttn npHKpenneHHH neTanei1 HH3a H nonroTOBttTellhHhie K
HHM Bb!TIOJIHHIOT cornaCHO HOpMaTHBaM, npHBeneHHbIM B rronpa3n.
15.2- 15.4; omeJIO'IHbie orrepaumi CM. nonpa3.u. 12.1.
IlpH pecrnspaum1 H o6HOBJieHHH KO)l(aHOW o6yBH KJieesoro MeTO-
n.a KpenneHHH onepaum1 B TIOJlHOM o6beMe Bb!TIOJIHHIOT TOJlbKO no-
cne nepeTmKKH Bcei1 3aroTOBKH Bepxa. Ecmi: 6huia BhITIOJIHeHa JIHlllh
nonynepeTH)l(Ka HOCO'IHO-TIYlfKOBOH HJIH HOCO'IHO-TIYlfKOBOH H re-

12 :1ene11e11a 353
JleHOlJHOH qacTeti 3aroTOBOK Bepxa, TO COCTaB TeXHOJ10fl1'IeCKl1X onc-
pau11i1 113MeH5!eTC5! B 3aBl1Cl1MOCTl1 OT Toro, 3aMeH5!IOT 11J111 He 3dl\tc-
H5llOT Ka6JlyKl1.

17.3. TexHonornH 0611aropa>KHBaHHH BHewHero BHAa

l1 BOCCTaHOBileHHH ct>opMbl o6yBH

06Jlaropa)f<HBaHHe KQ)!<aHOH 06yB11 COCTOl1T 113 'IeTb!pex rpyoo onc-

pau11H: BOCCTaHOBJ1eH11e cpopMbI; OKpaw11BaH11e; aonpeT11poBaH11e; JJa-
Kl1pOBaH11e.
BoccTanowienue <J>opMbl 06y1m. <l>opMa Bepxa MO)f(eT 6hITh BOCcTa-
HOBJleHa np11 BhinOJ1HeH1111 cne.uyioumx ooepau11ti.
I. YBJia)f(HeHHe coI030K.
2. Pacopam1eH11e Bepxa 06YB11.
3. Pa3rna)f(11BaH11e (YTIO)f(Ka) Bepxa 06YB11.
4. CywKa, CH5!T11e 06YB11 c KOJlO.UOK, BCTaBKa KapTOHHhIX BKJJa.LlhIWeii.
I. YBJia)f(HeH11e coI030K uenecoo6pa3HO coBMeCTl1Tb c y.uaneHHeM
3arp5!3Hett11ti c Bepxa 06yB11. ITp11 YBJla)l(HeH1111 Bepxa 06yB11 113 KO:>K
xpoMOBOro .uy6JieHl15! O.UHOBpeMeHHO 11COOJ!b3YJOT pacrnop MH CMbl-
BaHl15! 3arp5!3HeH11H. Pacrnop roTOB5!T 113 o.uHoi1 qacT11 npeoapaTa OC 11
.nByx qacTei1 BO.Ubl (opeoapaT OC- I np11MeHH10T M5! uBeTHoti 06y1m,
OC-2 - M5! 4epttoi1).
ITpeoapaT OC OTHOCHTCH K He110HoreHHbIM ITAB. Ott openCTaBJI5!er
co6oti BOCK006pa3HYIO TBep.uyio Macey OT CBeTJlO-)f(eJlTOfO no CBeTJJo-
KOp114HeBoro uBern. Bee cMalI11Baiow11e BemecTBa .uemn tta HeuoH02eH-
Hb1e, OHUOHO- 11 KamuoHoaKmuenble. He11ottoreHHb1e rpynohI .ueticrnyJOr
B Hel10H113HpOBaHHOH cpopMe. AHl10HOaKTl1BHble co.nep)f(aT B MOJieKy,1e
OOllHpHble aH110HHbie rpynn11pOBKH, CB5!3aHHbie c HeOOJ15!pHOH yrne-
BO.UOPO.llHOH uenbIO. B KaT110HoaKTHBHbIX Bemecrnax .ueticrny10m11M Ha-
lJaJIOM 5!BJ1HeTC5! KaTHOH.
ITocne CMbIBaHH5! 3arpHJHeH11i1 cne.uyeT ooBTOpHo YBJla)f(Hl1Tb Bep.x
06yB11 cBe)f(l1M pacrnopoM opeoaparn OC 11n11 Bonow, 3aTeM ooMe-
CTl1Tb o6yBb B coeu11aJibHbIH yBJla)f(Hl1TeJlbHblH WKacp 11JIM non BJJa)f(-
HYIO TKaHb Ha 30- 60 MHH M5! opoJle)f(KH.
2. PacnpaBJieHHe Bepxa 3aKJJIOlJaeTC5! B oo.u6ope pa3.UBl1)f(HbIX HJlll
Hepa3.UBH)f(Hb!X KOJlO.UOK, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHX 00JlOB03pacTHOMY Ha3HC1-
lJeH11IO 11 pa3Mepy 06yB11. He .nonycKaIOTC51 11JMeHeH115l nooepelIHbl\
pa3MepoB 06yB11, a TaK)f(e pa3pyweHl15! WBOB, pa3pbIBbI Bepxa 11 ooJI-
KJJa.LlKH, .uecpopMaUHH oo.uHocKoB 11 )f(ecTK11X 3a.UH11KOB. CKJJa.UKH Ha
o6YBH .UOJI)f(HbI 6b1Tb xopowo pacnpaBJJeHbJ. ,LI,J15! pacnpaBKH roJ1em1w
caoo)f(eK 11 oonycaoo)f(eK B o6yBh BCTaBJI5!IOT .uepeB5!HHbie opaBttna.
3. ITocne opoJie)f(Kl1 o6yBh pa3rna)f(HBa10T 3JieKTPOYTIO)f(KOM, 3ner:-
TpOTOKMa'-IOM HJ111 TOKMalJOM, HarpeTblM .uo TeMneparypbl 85-95 "C.
CKJJanK11 pa3rna)l<11BaJOT B oooepelJHOM 11 npo.uoJibHOM ttanpaBJieH11-
5!X, He Hapywa5! noKpb!Tl1e JI11UeBOH noBepXHOCTH.

354
' 4. CywKa 11 CHHT11e 06ym1 c KOJIO.IJ,OK HBmnoTcH 3aKJIJO'IHTeJibHhIM11
pnepau11HM11 BOCCTaHOBJieH115! ee cpopMbJ. CywaT o6yBh nocne soccrn-
110BJieH115! ee cpopMbI Ha cTeJIJia)l(aX np11 TeMnepazype .18- 20 °C s Te-
qemre 8- 12 4 1rn11 B cyw11nKax np11 TeMnepazype 40-45 °C 13 Te'-!eH11e
2-4 4. 3aTeM, He n0Bpe)l()J,a5! 11 He .IJ,ecpopM11pyH Bepx o6yBl1, ee OCTO-
pO)l<HO CHl1MalOT c KOJIO.IJ,Kl1. llJrn coxpaHeHl151 BOCCTaHOBJieHHOH cpop-
.Jdbl Bepxa B o6yBb BCTaBJIHJOT KapTOHHbie BKJia)lblllil1.
OKparnuBauue Bepxa. OcHOBHbie TexHonorn'-!ecK11e onepaum-1 np11
oKpaw11samm Bepxa 06ys11 113 KO)f( c eCTecrneHHOH n11ue13oi1 nosepx-
JIOCTbIO CJie.UYJOIUHe.
1. Y.uaneH11e crnporo noKphITl151.
2. HaKJie11BaH11e 3aIUl1THOH 6yMa)[(HOH neHTbI.
3. 00JlKpaWl1BaHHe Bepxa 06yBl1.
4. f pyHTOBaH11e Bepxa.
5. 3a4l1CTKa 11 3a.IJ,eJIKa .uecpeKTOB.
6. OKpaw11BaH11e Bepxa.
1. Crnpoe n0Kpb1T11e y.uanHIOT aueToHoM l1JIH cMecbJO aueToHa, 3Tl1JI-
auernrn 11 3THJIOBOro cnHpTa B COOTHOWeHHl1 50: 25: 25, CMeCblO 3Tl1JI-
auernTa 11 3Tttnosoro cn11prn B cooTHoweHHH 50 : 50 11 .llp. DoKpbITHe
CMbJBaJOT B BbJTH)[(HOM WKacpy, HaHOCH pacrnop Ha Bepx 06ys11 TaMno-
HOM in XJion•mTo6yMa)l(HOH TKaH11. Ha6yxwyJO 11 pa3MHPieHHYJO nocne
npoT11paHl15! TaMnOHOM nneHKY CHHMalOT XJIOn4aTo6yMa)l(HOH TKaHblO,
He OCTaBJIHH BQPCl1HOK Ha o6pa60TaHHOH noBepXHOCTH.
B MaJIOHoweHOH 06ys11 c MeCTHhIM ochmaH11eM l1Jil1 c He3Ha4H-
TeJihHOH noTepTOCTblO noKpblTl151 OKpaCKY BOCCTaHaBJil1BaJOT TOJibKO
Ha nospe)l()J,eHHOM Y4aCTKe. B 3TOM CJIY4ae n0Kpb1T11e CMhmaJOT TaK)[(e
TOJihKO Ha nospe)l()J,eHHOM Y4aCTKe sepxa 06ys11.
ll.onycKaeTcH HenonHoe y.uaneH11e crnporo noKpbITl1H, 4To6b1 nocne
o6pa6oTK11 6hJJia Bl1JlHa MepeH KO)l(l1, a o6pa6oTaHHaH nosepxttocTb
JlOJI)!(Ha HMeTb paBHOMepHylO OKpaCKY.
Op11 CMbIBaHHH noKpbITl1H .ueTan11 Bepxa 06ys11, a TaK)!(e Kpenne-
HIDI .ueTaneii Bepxa 11 HH3a He .UOJI)f(HbI 6hITb nospe)l()J,eHbI. 06yBb nocne
CMbIBaHl151 noKpbITl151 no.ucyw11BaJOT np11 TeMnepazype 18- 20 °C 13 Te-
':leH11e 5- 10 Ml1H.
2. Op11 0Kpaw11BaH1111 06ys11 pacnb1JI11TeneM .lllIH npe.uornpameH11H
nona.uaH11H KpacK11 Ha HeoKpaw11saeMb1e y4acTK11 11 .IJ,eTan11 (ype3
no.uowB, 6oKOBaH nosepxHOCTb Ka6nyKa, a TaK)[(e MeTanJI114eCKHe 11
IlJiaCTMaCCOBbJe yKpaweH1151) HaKJie11BaJOT 6yMa)l(HYIO JieHry. JI11nKyJO
6YMa)l(HYJO JieHTY W11pl1HOH 10 MM HaKJie11sa10T aKKYpaTHO, He 3a-
fp513HHH sepx. noKOBYIO nosepxHOCTb Ka6nyKa 06KJie11BaJOT neHTOH B
2-3 pHna B 3aB11c11MocT11 OT ero BhICOTbI. Op11 0Kpaw11saH1111 06ys11 c
OTKpbITbIM paHTOM 06KJie11BaJOT ero BepXHJOJO IlOJIKY.
3. B 6onee TeMHbIH useT no cpastteH11JO c nepsoHa4aJihHhtM o6yBb
nocne y.uaneHl1H noKpbITl1H 11 cywK11 no.uKpaw11Ba10T 3%-HbIM aueTo-
HopacTsop11MhIM Kpac11TeJieM, COCTOHIU11M 113 aueTOHa H 3Tl1JIUeJIJI0-
30JibBa, 11Jll1 BO.UHbIM paCTBOpOM Kl1CJIOTHOro KpaCHTeJI51 .llJ151 wepCTl1.

355
)lm1 :noro nopowoK Kpac11Tem1 pacrnopHIOT B K11m1weti sane. B 111:r-
BOM c11yYae o6YBb noncyw11Ba10T B BbIT5DKHOM UJKa<l>Y npM Tel\mepa1\-
pe 18-20 °C B TC'leHMe 15-20 M11H, BO BTOPOJl.1 - OT 2 llO 24 'I .I()
no11Horo yna11eH11H BOIIhJ.
4. 3rn onepau1rn npe11wecrnyeT 0Kpaw11naH1110.

CocTaB AJUI rpy11Tosa11m1 K01Ka11oro Bepxa, Mac. 'I.

50%-HbIH pacrnop rm1<PnU1enoi1 CMOJJbI Ng 90 n KCltJlOJJe ............. IO

AueTott ............................................................................................ 45
3ntJJaueTaT ..................................................................................... 22,5
96%-HblH 3THJIOBblH fl111POJll13HblH cmtpT ..................................... 22,5

Bepx npoT11pa10T TpHnHYHbIM TaMflOHOM, CMOYCHHbll\I COCTaB0!\1 Jll/i

rpyHTOBaHl151, 3aTeM o6yBb cywaT B BblT51.)f(HOM llJK<lcPY np11 TCl\111epa-
TYPe 18- 20 °C B TeYeH11e 30 MHH. Ko)f(aHbitt Bepx 06yn11 no11)f(eH 61>111.
c11erKa 1111flKl1M. Op11 OTCYTCTBl11111HCTKOCTH rpyHTOBaHllC CTOBTOpmo 1.
5. Ha nporpyHTOBaHHOM Bepxe 06yB11 xopowo Jal\teTHbI Me11K11c )lL'-
¢eKTb1: uapan11Hbl, TpelUHHbJ, 6e31111Y11HbI H noTepToCTH. YT061>1 3·111
.ue¢eKTbI He 6bIJJl1 BH,UHbl B OKpaweHHOif 06yB11, HX 3aYJ1IlJ(llOT lllnl1-
¢oBaJJbHblM no110THOM N2 8- I 0 111111 neM3oi1, JaTeM 0•111wa10T or
flbl1111, pa3fJJa)f(HBaJOT 311eKTpOTOKMaYOM 111111 TOKMaYOM, HarpeTbl\t
.no TeMneparypbI 80-90 °C, H HaMa3blBalOT TOHKHM CJJOel\1 HHTpoue.1-
11!01103HOro KJJeH c noMOlllhJO HO)l(a-rynHKa. 3anemrnHbJe y•iacTKH scp-
xa nOBTOPHO o6pa6aTb!BaJOT Tp51011YHblM TaMnOHOM, CMO'IeHHblM co-
CTaBOM JLTUI rpyHTOBC:lHl151, nocJJe qero o6yBb BbICYWHBaJOT B BbIUDK-
HOM WKa¢y np11 TeMnepaType 18-20°C B TeYem1e 10-15 l\111H.
OoCJJe ycTpattemrn ne¢eKTOB noBepxHoCTb o6pa6oTaHHbIX y•rnc r-
KOB 1I011)f(Ha 6b!Tb pOBHOH 11 rJJaIIKOH, 6e3 3aMeTHblX nepeXOllOB K HC-
o6pa60TaHHblM yYaCTKaM.
6. Bepx 06ym1 0Kpaw1rna10T BPYYHYJO 11JJH pacnbIJ1ett11eM 113 nyJ1bBC-
p113aTopa.
OKpaCK)' HaY11HalOT OT nHTOYHOH YaCTH K HOCOYHOH c OllHOH CTO-
pOHbl, JaTeM nonepeK coJ03Kl1, noc11e Yero n0Bopa•11rna10T o6yBh 11p~ -
roi1 CTOPOHOH 11 OKpaw11BaJOT ee OT HOCOYHOH •IaCTl1 K m!TO'IHOH. Ll.1H
no11yYeHH5! pOBHOro TOHKOro CJI051 HanpaB.TJeHHe CTpy11 KpacKH llOJl)l(-
HO 6bITb nepneHlll1KYJJHpHbIM 0Kpaw1rnaeMofi n0Bepxttocn1. B npornH-
HOM c11y•iae n0Kpb1T11e noJJyYHTCH HepoBHhIM, c JaTeKaMH. KpacKY Ha-
HOCHT llBYM51-TpeM51 l1 6011ee C11051.Ml1 c npoMe)l(yTOYHbll\1 15-20-Mif-
HYTHblM noncyw11BaHHeM Ka)f(lloro c11051 np11 TeMnepawpe 18- 20 C.
BpeMH OKOHYaTe11bHOi1 cywK11 1,5- 2 Y np11 Toi1 )l(e TeMnepaType.
BpyYHYJO o6ynh OKpawttBaJOT B Bh!TH)f(HOM WKa¢y K11crnM11 c w1r-
Kl1M B01IOCOM (Kpyr11b1M11 N2 12-14, ¢1111eHYaTbIMl1 N2 14- 16). Ec.TJll
noc11e OKOH'IaTe11hHOH cywKl1 nepx 06YBl1 11MCeT He3HaY11Te1lbHYIO mm.
KOCTb, ero noKpbIBalOT TOHKHM CJJOeM HHTpOUeJJJJJOJI03HOro JJaKa c JJ()-

c11eny10mei1 cywKoi1 B TeYett11e I ,5- 2 Y np11 TeMnepaType 18 - 20 C

06yBh nom1rna 6hITb oKpaweHa panttoMeptto, 6e3 noTeKOB 11 JarpHJ-
HeHHH KpaCKOH BHYTpeHHCH noBepXHOCTH, ype3a 11 XOllOBOH nonep,-

356
aocTtt no.nown, 6oKoBotl tt Ha6oe'-:IHOH nonepxHocTei1 Ka6JJyKOB. Me-
pe.SI OKpaweHHOM KO)l(tt .ITOJJ)l(Ha 6b!Tb '-:leTKO Bbipa)!(eHa.
JhmKyIO JieHry, HaKJJeeHHYIO Ha ype3 no.nowBbI tt 60K0By10 noBepx-
HOCTb Ka611yKa, no OKOH'IaHttH oKpawttBaHtt.SI y.nan.SIIOT. Ec1111 ype3 no-
JIOWB l1 60KOBa.SI noBepXHOCTb Ka6JJyKOB He 6bIJJl1 3auunueHbl JJttnKOH
neHTOH, HX OKpawttBalOT KHCTblO B KOptt'-:IHeBbIH HJTJ.1 qepHbIH UBeT.
KpacKY, nonanwyio Ha ype3 no.nows tt 60K0By10 nonepxHOCTb Ka611y-
KOB, y.nanmoT TaMnOHOM, CMO'-:leHHbIM B aueTOHe HJJJ.1 CMeCtt 3TttJJaue-
TaTa J.1 3Tl1JIOBOro cnttpTa.
AnnpeTupoBauue. Optt OTCYTCTBtttt Ha sepxe o6yntt n.SITeH tt pa3HO-
oTTeHolJHOCTtt ee annpeTttpyIOT.
Oepe.n annpeTttpoBaHtteM o6yBb tt3 ne1110pa 11 3aMWH O'-:lttWaIOT OT
ITblJIH l1 rp.SI3J.1 npOBOJJO'IHOH l1 BOJIOC.SIHOH weTKaMtt, He YilaJI.Sl.SI 11 He
nonpe)l(,Lla.SI Bopc. BepxHHH Kpatl o6ystt .LlJI.SI npe.noxpaHeHtt.SI OT nona-
,naHtt.SI KpaCKH Ha no.uKJJa.IIKY o6wttBalOT TKaHblO HJJJ.1 noJitt3TttJieHO-
BOH nneHKOH.
06yBh, npe.IIBapttTeJibHO OlJttW:eHHYJO OT nhIJIH BOJIOC.SIHOH weT-
KOH, annpeTttpyioT BO.UOOTTaJIKttBaIOWttM npenapaToM.
Oo,ll,roTOBJTeHHYJO o6yBh 'IttCrnT B BhTT.SI)!(HOM wKacj>y TaMnoHOM,
CMO'-:leHHhIM B yatfT-cnttpttTe. OpoTepTh1e yatfT-cm1p11ToM 3acaneHHhie
M n.SITHttCTbie yqacTKH nepxa o6yBtt 6e3 cywKH o6pa6aTbIBaIOT wnmpo-
BaJibHbIM no110THOM N~ 8, a 3aTeM cywaT nptt TeMneparype 18- 20 °C
B Te'-:leHtte 2 '-:1 •. CttJJhHO 3arp.SI3HeHHhie yqacTKH '-:lttcrnT noBTOpHo.
Cne.nyeT noMHHTh, '-:ITO B pe3yJibTaTe o6pa6oTKH yatfT-cnttpHTOM
HeKOTOphie yqacTKH Bepxa OCBeTJIHIOTCH B pe3yJibTaTe '-:laCTH'-:IHOro pac-
TBOpeHH.SI KpacttTeJI.SI. )lJJH Bb!paBmrnaHttH OKpaCKJ.1 nocJie 'IHCTKH yaHT-
cnttpHTOM 11 3aKpawttBaHttH CBeTJiblX n.SITeH o6yBb TeMHbIX UBeTOB OK-
paWHBalOT B TOT )!(e UBeT, a o6yBh CBeTJJblX TOHOB nepeKpawttBalOT B
6011ee TeMHblM UBeT.
06yBHhie weJIJia'-:IHbie, noJIHBl1HttJI6YTHPaJihHbie l1 nOJJl1Bl1HJ.1Jiaue-
TaTHble annpeTyphI npe.ncrnBJJHIOT co6m1 )l(J.1.ITKOCT11, 0611a.ua10w:11e
cnoco6HOCTblO nptt HaHeceHHH Ha KO)l(aHbIH Bepx o6pa30Bb!BaTb Ha
Hett 611ecrnw:11e nJieHKtt.
Annperypy HaHOC.SIT cnerKa CMO'-:leHHOH paCTttTeJibHOH ry6KOH J.1Jll1
TaMnOHOM nJJaBHblMH .IIBH)l(eHH.SIMH TOHKJ.1M paBHOMepHbIM CJIOeM.
AnnpeTttponaHHYIO o6ynh B Te'!eHtte 10-15 MttH cywaT no.II BbIT.SI)!(-
HblM ycTpotrcrnoM nptt TeMneparype 18- 20 °C. Ec1111 nocne annpeTtt-
poBaHtt.SI 611ecK He.IIOCTaTO'-:leH, annperypy Hattoc.SIT BTOptt'-:IHO. Btt.n
annperyphi Bbi6ttpalOT B 3aBHCHMOCTl1 OT UBeTa Bepxa o6yBtt.
JlaKnpoBauue. TexH011or11qecKttt1 npouecc JiaKttponaHttH 06ys11 co-
CTOttT H3 c11e.IIyiow:11x onepauttti..
l. CMhIBaHtte crnporo noKphITttH.
2. Pa3rna)l(ttBaHtte 11 w1111cj>oBaHtte .IIec}>eKTOB.
3. f pyttTOBaHtte Bepxa o6yntt.
4. 3a.ueJIKa .IIec!>eKTOB.
5. JlaKttponaHtte nec!>eKTOB.
357
 l. CTapoe noKpbITHe CMbIBaIOT TaMnOHOM, CMO'IeHHbIM B aueT011c
nocJie lJero o6yBb BbICYWl1BaIOT B Te1.Jem1e 15- 20 Ml1H np11 KOMHaT~
HOH TeMnepaType.
2. CToTepTbie MeCTa 11 6e3Jil1'111Hbl JaWJimpOBbIBaIOT. a 3aTeM npo-
fJla)f<MBaIOT ropH'111M pOJIHKOM 11JIH TOKMalJOM '1epe3 cjnoponJiaCTony10
nJieHKy. florne 3Toro o6ysb mureBaIOT Ha KOJI011K11.
3. Bepx 06ys11 rpyHryIOT n01111ypeTaHOBbIM KJJeel\L fpyHT paBHOMcp-
HO, 6e3 nponycKOB HaHOCHT Ha Beeb Bepx 06yB11 TOHK11M CJIOeM MHr-
KOH Kl1CTbIO H cywaT He Mettee I 11 He 6oJiee 24 '1.
4. 3aneJIKa 11e¢eKTOB - rny60Kl1X TpeumH 11 CCaLil1H, He HClJe3a10-
m11x nocJie WJI11¢osaH11H 11 pa3fJla)f(l1BaHl1H TYObIM HO)f(OM B HeCKOJlL-
KO np11eMOB, - "np0113BO.Ul1TCH 25%-HblM pacrnopoM DOJIH3cjmpypCTa-
Ha. Pacrnop HaHOCHT Ha nospe)f(JleHHbie yqacTKl1 c npoMe)f(YTO'IHoii
cyWKOH B cywl1JibHOM WKacj)y B noTOKe Tennoro B0311yxa 110 10 l\111H.
CTepeXOll OT JalleJiaHHOro yqaCTKa K JiaK11pOBaHHOH DOBepXHOCTH llOJl-
)f(eH 6bITb He3aMeTHbIM.
5. JlaK11poBaHHe Bepxa ocywecTBJIHeTCH n11rMeHTl1POBaHHbIM, OKpa-
weHHblM 11 6ecuseTHbIM 6%-HhIM pacTBopoM nomn¢11pypernHa. nocnc-
nosaTeJibHO HaHOCHT 2 - 3 nepBbIX CJIOH n11rMeHT11poBaHHbIX 11 6- I0
nocJieD.yIOU111X CJIOCB OKpaweHHOro HJIH 6ecuBeTHOro paCTBOpa. JlaK11pyH
o6ynb B TCMHbIM UBeT, ee DOKpbIBaIOT OKpaweHHbIM paCTBOpOM. a 13
CBeTJibIH UBCT - 6eCUBCTHbIM. Bo BCCX cnyqaHX nOCJIC11Hl1H CJIOH HaHo-
CHT 6ecuseTHbIM pacrnopoM. Ka)f(Jloe n0Kpb1T11e cywaT s cneu11anbtto\1
WKacj)y B DOTOKC Tennoro BOJD.yxa OT 3 D.O I0 Ml1H. nocJieLI.Hl1H CJIOii -
20 Ml1H. florne OKOHlJaTeJibHOH cywKH o6ysb CH11MaIOT c KOJIO.ll.OK.

r11asa 18
PEMOHT PE3111HOB0'1 111 BA.n51H0'1 OEYBll1

18.1. K11acc111cf>111KaL11t1R pe3111Hosoilt 111 sanRHoiil 06ys111

K.riaccmlmKau.u.a pe1uuosoit o6ysu. PeJHHOBaH o6yBh npenttaJttatia-

eTcH .ll.JIH 3aU1HThI Hor OT BOD.hi, K11CJIOT, weJIOlJeH, BbICOKOro 3JICKT-
p111.JeCKOro HanpH)f(eHHH 1111p. 3a He60JihW11M HCKJIIOlJeHHeM pe31mo-
BaH o6yBb 11MCeT MHOfOCJIOHHYIO KOHCTPYKUHIO. BHYTPeHHl1e 11 npOMC-
)f(YTOlJHble neTMl1 C031laIOT KapKaC o6yBH 11 3aU111UlaIOT HOrM OT XOJIO-
na. Hap~Hhie 11eTan11 06ecnelJ11BaIOT BOLI.OHenpott11uaeMocTb 11 onpe-
neJIHIOT BHeWHl1H BHD. 06ys11.
Pe311HOBYIO o6yBb KJ1acc11¢11u11pYJOT no cJie1IYJOU111M npl13HaKal\t:
cnoco6y 11JroToBJiett11H - KJJeesoi1, ropHlJaH synKaH11Jau11H, ¢opl\10-
Batt11e, Jil1Tbe non naBJICHHeM, 110HHOe OTJIO)f(eHl1e, )f(eJianrn11poBaHllC:
Ha3HalJeHl1IO - 6bITOBaH, cnopnrnHa51, TeXHHlJeCKaH;
OOJIOB03pacTHOMY - M~CKa.H, MaJlblJl1KOBa51, )f(eHCKa.H, neBl1lJb51.
neTCKa.H;

358
 cnoco6y HCnOJih30BaHHH - Ha11enattHe Ha 'IYJIOK: My)l(CKaH (N2 39-
46), )l(eHCKaH (NQ 34-41 ), MaJib4HKOBaH (N2 35-39), neBH4bH
(N2 31-33), neTcKaH (N2 20-30); tta11enatt11e tta o6ynb: My)l(cKaH
(N2 7-17), )l(eHCKaH (N2 00-10), MaJib4HKOBaH (NQ 0-61/2), neBH-
qbH (N2 7-16), neTcKaH (NQ 00-6);
BHllY - faJIOWH, 60Thl, 60THKH, Tyqurn, cano:>KKH, canor11;
MaTepHaJIY nepxa - pe3HHa, pe3HHa H TeKCTHJih;
unery - 4epttb1i1:, 6eJibii1:, uneTttoti;
COPTY - I, II.
K.riaccutiJnKau,uJ1 Ba.JIJIHOH o6ysn. BaJIHHYJO o6yBh uJroTOBJIHIOT HJ
cMeCH wepcrnHhIX BOJIOKOH nyTeM HX MexaHH4eCKOM H XHMH4eCKOti
o6pa6oTKH. illepcrnHhie BOJIOKHa noKphIThI poroBHllHhIMH 4ewyi1KaMH.
Cno6ontthie KOHUhI 4ewyeK cocenttHX BOJIOKOH npH orrepa1111Hx BaJIKH
cuenJIHIOTCH npyr c npyroM, o6pa3yH npo4HYIO CTPYKTYPY noifJioKa.
BMHHaH o6yBh OTJIH4aeTCH BhICOKHMH TenJioJaW:HTHhIMH cnoiicTBaMH.
B JaBHCHMOCTH OT ycJIOBHH 3KCTrnyaTaUHH, HCITOJib3yeMoro CbipbH,
crroco6a mrornnJiettHH 11 npyrnx <PaKTopon BaJIHHYIO o6yBh (canorn)
KJiaCCHcPHUHPYIOT no CJieny10W:HM npH3HaKaM:
tta3tta4ett1110 - rpa)l(JlattcKaH, apl\1ei1:cKaH, cneuHMhttaH;
BH.llY Cbipb5! - rpy6owepCTHhIH o6bIKHOBeHHblM H noJiyrpy6owep-
CTHhlfI noi1:JIOK, <PeTp;
OT}leJIKe - OKpawettHaH, ttarypaJibHOfO UBeTa 6e3 OT)leJIKH, 0411-
w:ettHaH OT Bo.pea, c ecTeCTBeHHbIM BOpCOM, c Ha4eCoM;
BHJlY - yTH)l(eJieHHaH, cpenHHH H TOHKaH 6e3 ITO.IIOWBbl HJIH c pe-
3HHOBOH CT01IOWBOM;
ITOJIOB03paCTHOMY - MY)l(CKaH (N2 25-26), )l(eHCKaH (N2 23-27),
neTCKaH WKOJibHaH (N2 20-23), )leTcKaH 1IOWKOJibHa51 (N2 13-19);
copTy - I H II.
I'py6owepcmHaR ymRJICeJ/eHHQR o6y6b 6bmaeT MY%CKaH H )l(eHCKaH;
cpenHHH - MY)l(CKaH, )l(ettcKaH H neTcKaH WKOJibHaH, TOHKaH - MY%-
CKaH, )l(eHCKaH, neTCKaH )lOWKOJihHaH H WKOJihHaH.
YmRJ1CeJ1eHHOR BOJIRHOR o6yBb - tta1160Jiee pacrrpoCTpatteHHhIM BH1l
BaJieHOK, o6JianaeT caMbIMH BblCOKHMH TenJI03allIHTHbIMH CBOHCTBa-
MH. CTpentta3tta4etta lIJIH ncnoJibJOBaHHH B CHJihHbie Mopo3hI, n ycJio-
BHHX orpaHH4eHHOfO .IIBH)l(eHHH rroTpe61neJIH.
CpeOHRR 6QJIRHQR o6y6b HMeeT MeHbUJYIO TOJlllIHHY CTeHOK H COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO Metthnme TenJI0Ja11IHTHh1e cnoiicTna, tJeM yTH)l(eJiettttaH. CTpen-
Ra3tta4etta lIJIH HOWeHHH B nepHOll yMepeHHbIX XOJI01IOB B Ka4eCTBe
pa6o4ei1: o6ynH B ycJIOBHHX nonBH)l(HOM neHTeJibHOCTH ITOTpe6HTeJIH.
ToHKOR BQJIRHaR o6yBb - o6Jier4ettttaH, rrpentta3tta4etta MH 3KC-
DJiyarn111111 c pe3HHOBbIMH faJIOWaMH rrpH tte60JibWHX MOp03aX.
06yBb noJ1y2py6owepcmHaR Bh1rrycKaeTCH MH ncex 4eTbipex nono-
B03pacTttbIX rpynn, no TOJillIHHe CTeHOK ycrynaeT TOHKOM rpy6owep-
CTHOi1 o6yBH, HCCTOJib3yeTCH npH tte60JibWHX MOp03aX c faJIOUiaMH.
06yBb rjJempoBaR - eme 6oJiee o6Jier4ettttaH no cpantteHHIO c noJiy-
rpy6owepcTttoi1:, B COCTaB CMeCH o6maTeJibHO BX01IHT K03HH nyx.

359
 18.2. PeMOHT pe3HHosolA o6ysH

18.2.1. MeTOA ropsi'felll eynKaHH3a'-'HH e npecc-cpopMax

IIo.nroTOBKa o6ysu. flp11 no.nroTOBKe o6yBH K peMOHTY ee npOMb1-
BaIOT, oy:mua10T OT rp513H H npocywttBaIOT. Crnpbie 3arniaTb1, np111<.nc
eHHbIC XOJIOJ(Hb!M cnoco6oM, OTKJieHBaIOT, HarpeBa51 COOTBeTCTBYID-
IUHe yy:acTKH B npecc-cpopMax HJIH BCIO o6yBb B cneuHaJibHblX YCTa-
HOBKaX npH TeMneparype 70- 75 °C.
PeMOHTHpyeMbie MecTa B3oepowHBaIOT, np11Y:eM np11 peMoHTe Bep\;i
o6yBH Kpa5l H3HoweHHbIX MecT B3oepowttBaIOT Ha wnpHHY IO- 15 1\1\1
H OY:HIUaIOT OT nbIJIH M51fKOH BOJIOC5IHOH meTKOH.
JlpH peMOHTe mna o6yBH JIHWHIOIO TOJIIUHHY pe3HHbl Ha HeH3HO-
weHHbIX yy:aCTKaX cpe3aIOT, Ha CHJlbHO H3HOWeHHbie MeCTa HaKJieHBa-
IOT KYCOY:KH CblpOH pe3HHbl H no.ri:paBmmaIOT HX HO)f(OM, a CKB03HblC
)lblpbl H pa3pb!Bbl 3aKJieHBaIOT co CTOpOHbl no.ri:KJiaJ(KH OTXOJ(3M!I
npope3HHeHHOH 6atl:KH HJIH BOpCOBOH TKaHbIO c HaJIO)f(eHHbIM Ha Hee
TOHKHM CJIOeM Cb!pOH pe3HHbl.
TaK)f(e peMOHTHPYJOT no.uKJiaJJ:KY nptt CKB03HOM pa3pbrne Bepxa
06YBH.
Ha HH)f(HIOIO rpaHb peMOHTHpyeMoro yy:acTKa HaKJieHBaIOT o.ri:Ha Ha
.ri:pyryio D:BC TOHKHe o6BOD:KH - noJIOCKH H3 CblpOH pe3HHbl TOJIIUHHOii
0,8- l MM, nepBa51 wnpttttotl: 5 MM, BTOpa51 8- IO MM. Kpa51 o6BonoK
J(OJl)f(Hbl 3aXOJJ:HTb Ha nonowBy H Bepx peMOHTHpyeMOH o6ymL
3aTeM Ha peMOHTHpyeMblH yy:aCTOK HaKJia)lblBaIOT 3anJiary H3 Cb!-
poM pe3HHbI TaK, Y:T06b1 ee Kpa5l He noxonnm1 no KpaeB B3oepoweH-
HbIX MeCT npHMepHO Ha 5-8 MM H WHpHHa Kpa51 3anJiaTbl, 3an16a-
eMoro Ha nonowBy, cocrnBJI51Jia He Mettee 5 MM.
BLIKJia.u,Ka .u,eTa.aeii 01 cb1poii pe1uub1 ua o6ysb. flpe.ri:BapttTeJibHO
Bee B3oepoweHHbie noBepXHOCTH 06YBH H npHKJICHBaeMbie .ri:eTaJIH 113
Cbipoti: pe3HHbI (6e3 B3oepow1maHH5I) npoMa3bIBaIOT nomnnonpeHo-
BbIM KJieeM. JlpH 3TOM .ri:eTaJIH mna (no.ri:MeTKH H Ha60HKH) Hal\1aJbf-
BaIOT KJieeM c OJ(HOH CTOpOHbl, a TOHKHe .ri:eTaJIH Bepxa - c .ri:nyx
CTOpOH. 0.ri:HoBpeMeHHO TeM )f(e KJieeM HaMa3bIBaIOT OTCTalOIUHe MeCTa
no.ri:KJiaD:KH.
ToJIIUHHa Cb1poti: pe3HHbI D:JI51 no.ri:MeTOK 2- 2,5 MM, D:JI51 Ha6oeK
3-3,5, J(Jl51 33TIJiaT 0,75- J MM.
06YBb H HaMa3aHHbie KJieeM .ri:eTaJIH cywaT npH KOMHaTHOH Tel\me-
parype B TeY:eHHe I0-15 MHH )10 TIOJIHOfO BblCbIXaHH51 KJieeBbIX nJie-
HOK, IlOCJie Y::ero .ri:eTaJIH HaKJiaJ(b!BaIOT Ha o6yBb H nJIOTHO npH)f(Hl\ta-
lOT PYKOH.
JlpH HaJIO)f(eHHH IlOJ(MeTKH 113 Cb!pOH pe3HHbl CJienyeT npocJieJ(HTb.
Y::T06b! HH)f(e JIHHHH np51MOfO cpe3a no.ri:MeTKH Ha o6yBH OCTaBaJI3Cb
B3oepoweHHa51 noJiocKa w11p11Hoti: IO- 15 MM. HaJio)l(eHHbie no.ri:MeT-
KH 11 Ha60HKH o6pe3aIOT no nepHMeTpy IlOJ(MCTOY:HOH Y:aCTH 06ym1.
Ha60HKH - no cpopMe Ha6oeY::HOH Y:aCTH Ka6JiyKa.

360
 PeMOHT 3a,JJ.HHKa ra.Jiorn npu ero CKB03HOM pa3pbrne. Op11 CKB03HOM
pa3pb!Be 3a)lHHKa faJIOW no npHMOH JIHHHl1 pa3'be)ll1HeHHbie CTOpOHbl
3a.D.Hl1Ka CWHBalOT BCTblK c 3aXBaTOM CTOpOH Ha 4 - 5 MM OT CThIKa. Ha
UIOB C l13HaHOYHOH CTOpOHhl HaKJia)lh!BalOT TIOJIOCKY ChlpOH pe3l1Hhl
Illl1PHHOH 15- 20 MM' 3aTeM Ha JIHUeBYfO CTOpOHY 3all,HHKa - 3anJiaT}'
c 3arn6KOH ee Ha l13HaHOYttylO CTOpoHy faJIOWl1 Ha 15- 20 MM 11 BKJie-
:HBalOT HOBYfO TIO.llKJia.D.KY 3all,HHKa. Opl1 CMeHe TIO.JlKJia.D.Kl1 3a.D.Hl1Ka
o6YBl1 Ha cpe.n:HeM l1 Hl13KOM Ka6nyKaX ee Bb!KpaHBaJOT c TaKl1M pac-
qeTOM, YT06hl OHa 6bIJia Bh!We BepxHero KpaH 3a)lHHKa Ha 10-15 MM.
OocJie 3anpeCCOBh1BaHl1H l1 BYJIKaHl13aUHH BhICTYfla!OlUHH Kpatt TIO)l-
J(Jl a.D.Kl1 o6pe3aJOT.
PeMOHT Ka6JiyKa. Ha pel\10Hn1 pyeMbitt yqacToK Ka6JiyKa HaKJie-
MBaJOT TOHKYIO TIOJIOCKY ChlpOH pe3HHhl WHpHHOH 15- 16 MM TaK,
qT06hI OHa 3aKpbIBaJia YaCTb 60KOBOH noBepXHOCTH Ka6JIYKa l1 YaCTh
tta6oi1KM.
Ha nonocKY HaKJia.D.hIBaJOT 3annary H3 Chipotl: pe3MHbI. EoKOBYJO
noBepXHOCTh faJIOWH BOKpyT 3anJiaThl B3bepowl1Ba!OT Ha WHPHHY 8-
10 MM. Kpati 3annaThI, 3arnyTbIH Ha nontta6oeYHYJO noBepxHoCTb Ka6-
JIYKa, .llOJI)l(eH 6hITb WHpl1HOH 10- 15 MM.
3anpeccosLrnauue o6ysu B npecc-cl>opMy. B JaBHCHMOCTH oT peMoH-
THpyeMoro yqaCTKa 06YBH no)lfotpa!OT pa3'beMHYJO HJIH ueJibHOJIHTYfO
npecc-cpopMy. WnpHHY pa3oeMa npecc-cpopMhI perynHpYfOT, BCTaBJIHH
B Hee He60JihWOe YHCJIO nJiaCTl1HOK. 3aTeM npecc-cpopMy TIJIOTHO crn-
fHBaJOT. Ee BHyTpeHHJOJO noBepxHOCTh cMa3hIBaJOT 3%-HhIM pacrno-
poM MhIJia, pa3orpeBaJOT H CTaBHT B Hee peMOHTHpyeMyio 06YBh.'
Opl1 HCTIOJih30BaHl1l1 pa3'beMHOH npecc-¢opMhI B 06YBh HaChmaJOT
necoK, Ha KOTOphIH YKJia.D.hIBaJOT MeTaJIJIHYeCKHH BKJia.D.hiw. OpH 11c-
noJih30BaHHH ueJihHOJil1TOH npecc-¢opMhl B 06YBh BCTaBJI.SllOT o6pe3H-
HeHHhlH BKJia.D.hiw. ,llaJiee npecc-cpopMy c o6yBbJO ycrnHaBJIHBaJOT B
npecc. BpeMH BYJIKaHtt3aUHH 3anJiaT 4-5 MHH, nonMeTOK l1 tta6oeK
8-10 MHH npH TeMnepaType 140-145 °C.
OcrnBwnecH Ha o6YBH BhrnpeccoBKH pe3ttHhI tt 3ayceHuh1 Y.llaJIH-
IOT, OTpeMOHTHPOBaHHY!O 06YBh noKph!BaJOT JiaKOM.

18.2.2. MeTo,q ropH'tei.11 eynKaHH3a~1.u1 e KOTnax

Pe3HHOBYJO o6Yfih MO)l(HO peMOHTHpoBaTb MeTO.llOM BYJIKaHH3aUHH

npHKJieHBaeMbIX neTaJietl: B cneUHaJihHbIX KOTJiax. MeTo.u MO)l(HO HC-
ITOJih30BaTb nptt CMeHe TIO)lMeTOK H Ha6oeK (He 11,JIH npHKJieHBaHHH
JannaT) pe3HHOBbIX canor.
Optt 3TOM o6YBh c HaJIO)((eHHhIMH neTaJIHMM H3 Ch1potl: pe3HHhI ycrn-
HaBJIHBaIOT Ha peweTKY BYJIKaHH3aUHOHHOfO KOTJia.
BpeMH BYJIKaHtt3aUHH 15- 20 MHH npH .uaBJieHHH 3-3,5 Mila. Pe-
JHHOBbie canortt nocJie B3bepowHBaHHH peMOHTHpyeMhIX YaCTett Ha-
,lJ,eBaJOT Ha cneumUibHbie aJIIOMHHHeBhie KOJIO.UKH, faJIOWH peMOHTH-
PYIOT 6e3 KOJIO.D.OK.

361
 OocJie BYJIKamnamrn canorn CHHMalOT C KOJIO.llOK H HanpaBJHIIOT
Ha OTJleJJKy. n pH BYJIKaHH3aUI1H B KOTJJe .uernJIH coxpamIJOT TY ¢>op1\IV
KaKaH 6hIJia HM npimaHa Ha npe.llhI.llYWHX onepaum1.x, no3TOMY n1) 1;
HaKJie1rnaHHH .uernnetl He06XO.llHMO TO'-IHO npHroH51Th HX K o6yBH.
)11rn KaJIH6pOB3HH51 CblpOH pe3HHOBOH CMeCH Ha npe.unpm1.nrnx.
33H51ThIX peMOHTOM pe3HHonoi1 o6yBH MeTO.llOM rop514etf BYJIKaHH3a-
UHH. He06X011HMO HMeTh JIHCTOBaJihHhie BaJihUhI, i:l npH BYJIKamua-
UHH B Kornax - He60JihllIHe BaJihUhl )J.JUJ pmpJieHH51 IlO)lOllIB, IlOJlMe-
TOK, Ha6oeK 113 ChlpOM pe3HHOBOM CMeCH.

18.2.3. Xo110.qHb1ill MeTO.q

Depen peMOHTOM xoJIOJlHhIM MeTO.llOM pe3HHOBYJO 06Y13h O'-IHWalOT

OT rp51311 H nhIJIH H npocywHBalOT. DpH noBTOpHOM peMOHTe H3Ho-
weHHhie IlO)lMeTKH, Ha60HKH H 33IlJI3Thl YJlaJI5llOT. nonepxHOCTh pe-
MOHTHpyeMOH 'laCTH o6yBH pOBHO cpe3aIOT, a CHJihHO H3HOWeHHble
MeCTa BhipaBHHBalOT, HaKJieHBa51 o6pe3KJ1 pe3HHhl HJIH OTXO)lhl BOpCHC-
TOH TK3HH.
nonroTOBJieHHhIM HH3 o6yBH B3'hepOllIHB3IOT BPY'lHYJO pawn11Jie:\1
HJIH KpynH03epHHCTOH llIJIHQJOBaJihHOM llIKYPKOH, HJIH Ha OT)leJIO'l-
HhlX M3WHHax MexaHH'-IeCKHM pawnHJieM, HJIH llIJIHQJOBaJihHOM WKyp-
KOH, nocne '-Iero o6pa60TaHHhle MeCTa O'-IHIJ.lalOT OT IlhIJIH meTKOii,
npoMbIBalOT 6eH3HHOM 11 BhICyrnHB310T.
DO)lMeTKH 11 Ha60HKH HJIH py6Uhl If KOC51'-IKH BhlKpaHBalOT H3 pe-
311Hhl TOJIIUHHOH 2- 2,5 MM. DonMeTKH Bh!Kpa11Ba10T TaKOM .llJIHHhI,
'lT06hI OHM 3aKphIBaJIH reJieHO'-IHYIO '-IaCTh 06YBH Ha paCCT051HHH 20-
25 MM OT JU1HHH nyqKoB. BhIKpoeHHhie nernJIH BJ'hepow11na10T Bpyq-
HYIO HJIH Ha Maw11He 11 O'-IHWalOT or nhIJIH. EcJIH neTaJIH BbIKpoeHbI 113
pa3)lBOeHHOi1 pe3HHhl, HX MO)l(HO He B3'bepOlliHBaTh.
00JlfOTOBJieHHbie MeCTa 11 )leTaJIH HH3a 06Y13H HaMa3bIBalOT pOBHbIM
TOHKHM CJIOeM noJIHH30npeHOBOro KJie51, npH'-IeM oco6o TlllaTeJibHO
HaMa3bIBalOT HX Kpa51. KJietl H3HOC51T )lBa pa3a, nocJie Ka)l(lIOH HaMa3Kll
nneHKH cywaT npH TeMnepazype 16- 20 °C B Te'-!eH11e 15- 25 MHH.
Bh1CyllieHHb1e nocne BTopoH: HaMaJKH neTaJIH HaKJianhrnaJoT Ha o6yBb.
nJIOTHO nptt)l(HMalOT pyKoi1 11 oKoJia'-IttBaIOT MOJIOTKOM.
nocJie np11KJiettnaHH5I JleTaJIH 06pe3a10T no rpaHH 06Y1311, a Ha6oi1-
KH o6pe3alOT ewe H no mrn1111 ¢>poHrn Ka6JiyKa non yrnoM.
feJieHO'-IHYJO '-IaCTh IlO)lMeTKH cnycKalOT Ha HeT Ha lliHPHHY 5- 7 M:\1
OT Kpa51. TaK)l(e cnycKaIOT py6uh1 11 KOC51'-IKH. Ype3 11 cnymeHHhie MeCTa
no11MeTOK, Ha6oeK, py6UOB H KOC5l'lKOB llJJIHQJYIOT BPY'lHYJO HJIH Ha
BaJIHKax KOM6HHHpOBaHHOM OT)leJIO'-IHOH MallJHHhl.
)1JI51 peMOHTa Bepxa peJHHOBOH o6yBH 3anJiaThl H HOCKH Bh!Kpa-
HBalOT 113 pe3HHhl TOJIIUHHOH I - 1,5 MM, a 3MHHKH H JanJiaThl Ha
Ja.LlHHKH - TOJIWHHOH 1,5-2 MM. 3anJiaThl BhlKpattBalOT c np11nycKOJ\I
6-8 MM, a JanJiaThl, npHKpenJI51eMble Ha paCCT051HHH 6JIH)l(e 10 l\ll\I
OT rpaHH HH3a HJIH OT KaHTa 06Y13H, KaK 11 ueJible 3MHHKH 11 HOCKH, -

362
c npHnycKOM 10-12 MM, 'lT06bI HX MO)l(HO 6blJIO 3arttyrb 3a rpaHb
HH3a HJIH KaHT Bepxa.
KpaSI H3HoweHHbIX MeCT 06yB11 11 BbIKpoeHHbie neTaJIH - 3anJiaTbI,
ffOCKH, 3a.!lHHKH - B3bepOWHBaIOT pawnHJieM HJIH KpynH03epHHCTOH
uurn¢oBaJibHOi1 wKypKoi1, npwreM o6yBb B3bepowHBaIOT BOKpyr npo-
ttoweHHbIX MeCT Ha WHp1rny 6-8 MM, a TaK)l(e MeCTa nO.!lOWBbl, Ha
KOTOpbie 3am6a10T 3anJiaTbl. IlpH pacKpoe .neTaJICH 113 pa3.!lBOeHHOH
pe3HHbI HeT Heo6xo.n11MocTH HX B3bepow11BaTb. B3bepoweHHbie MCCTa
o6yBH H neTaJIH OlJHlll,aIOT lll,CTKOH OT nbIJIH.
Ilptt pa3pbrne 3a,n:HHKa no npSIMoi1 JIHHHH ero lJaCTH noCJie B3bepo-
IIIHBaHHSI H OlJHCTKH OT TibIJIH CWHBaIOT CTaJlbHOH 11rnoi1 HHTKaMH B
3-4 CJIO)l(eHHSI. llioB ,UOJI)l(eH 3aXO,UHTb Ha 4- 5 MM 3a JIHHHIO pa3pbrna.
Ilo,n:roTOBJICHHbIC MeCTa o6yBH H .UeTaJIH HaMa3bIBaIOT lIBa pa3a
pOBHbIM CJIOeM noJIHH3onpeHOBOfO KJJeSI (oco6eHHO TIUaTeJibHO no Kpa-
HM), cyuiaT nocJie Ka)l(,UOH HaMa3KH .no 06pa3onamrn cyxoti: nJieHKH,
KaK H npH npHKJJeHBaHHH .neTaJICH HJ13a.
3aTCM 3aTIJiaTbl, HOCKH H 3a,UHMKH HaKJla,UbIBaIOT Ha 06YBb, nJIOTHO
nptt)l(HMaIOT PYKOH H oKoJialJMBaIOT MOJIOTKOM. KpaSI 3anJiaT cnycKaIOT
Ha HCT H nO,UlJMlll,aIOT weypKOH.
Bepx 06YBH nocJie peMOHTa TIOKpbIBaJOT JiaKOM. non.KJJa.nKY O'll:llUa-
IOT OT rp513H H npM HC06X011HMOCTH non:KJJeMBaIOT nOJIHH30npeHOBbIM
KJJeeM.

18.3. PeMOHT sa11HHollt 06ys111

18.3.1. npHWl!fBHOH MeTO,Q

Ilo,11,roTOBKa o6ysn. Ilepen peMOHTOM YllaJISIIOT H3HoweHHbIC CTeJib-

KY, Ha6oti:ey, 3anJiaTbI, no.npe3aSI npHKpenJISI10mne HX CTpO'IKM. Ilpo-
HoweHHbie MCCTa HH3a o6yBM H fOJICHHlll 06pe3a10T HO)l(OM, B o6pa-
30BaBWHCC5! OTBepCTHSI BCTaBJISIIOT KYCKH BOHJIOKa, COOTBCTCTBYIOlll,HC
no BeJIH'lMHe, ¢opMe H TOJllllHHC KpaSIM ornepCTHH, CKpenJISIIOT HX c
HH30M 06YBH HJIH fOJieHMlllCM (npH HaJIO)l(CHHH 3anJiaT HJIH Ham!TO'l-
HHKOB) HHTKOH B 4-5 CJIO)l(eHHH WBOM 'lCpC3 Kpati:. ll.JI11Ha CTe)l(KOB
8- JO MM.
Ec1111 o6YBb CMJibHO pa3HOUietta B wttpHHY, B crnpoi1 nonowBe ne-
JiaJOT Bb!pe3 H nJIOTHO CTSlfMBaIOT ero KpaSI.
IlpHCTP3'1HB3HHe 33UJI3T H H3UHTO'IHHKOB. 3anJiaTb1 H HanSITO'lHHKH
(KO)l(aHbie lfJIH H3 TOHKOfO BOMJIOKa) npHCTpa'll1BaJOT BPYtIHYIO HJIH Ha
WBCHHOM Maw11tte. Bpyqtty10 .neTaJIH np11cTpatI11na10T o.nttoi1 cTpO'lKOH
JibHSIHoi1 HHTKOH B 4- 5 CJIO)l(eH11t1 . .lDmHa CTe)l(KOB
3-4 MM. Won .non-
>KeH npoXO.UHTb Ha paCCTOSIHHH 2- 3 MM OT KpaeB 3annaTbl HJIH HanSITO'l-
HHKa. Ha WBei1Hoi1: MaWHHe 11ern1111 np11cTpalJHBaIOT D,BYJ\1.SI cTpO'!KaM11.
Pa3MCpbI 3anJiaThI .noJDKHbI 6bITb 6onbwe pa3MepoB peMOHT11pyeMoro
yqacTKa Ha np11nycK no Kpa5!M 10-12 MM. 3anJiaTbI, pacnoJIO)l(CHHbIC

363
Ha paccToRmm IO MM 11 611m1<e K rpaHH noIIOUJBbI, np11cTpa<111naio-1 11
3arn6a10T Ja ee rpaHh Ha 8-10 MM. 3aTCM 3arnyrh1i'i Kpai1 np11MeTbIBa.
JOT K cneIIy BaJ1eHKa.
Ham!T04HHK 11om1<eH JaXO.lIHTh Ha IO- 15 MM Ha nHTOlfHYIO 'Iac-ri,
CJ1CIIa o6yBH, K KOTOPOMY npHl'v!CTbIBalOT JanDKHYIO KpO:\!KY Han5ITOt1.
HHKa. CT pH 3TOM Ham!T04HHK .lIOJ1)1(CH 6bITb Bbl We Ha 5- 7 M~I KOIHyp;1
3aIIHCM 'laCTl1 HaIIeTOH Ha o6yBh ranown.
Ko)l(aHbIC 3anJiaTbl, Ham!T04HHKH H COOTBCTCTBYIOWMC :\1CCTd 00\
BH CMa3bIBaIOT noJ1HH30npeHOBb!M KJlCCM. KneeBbie n11eHKH cyu1'ir.
JaTeM IIeTanH HaKJ1a.libIBaIOT Ha o6yBh 11 np11CTpa 1 1HBalOT, KaK yKa3aHo
BbllUC.
Ha.n.esauue o6ysu Ha KOJIO.LJ.JCY. 06ysh Ha.nenaioT Ha no.no6paHHy10
no cpopMe 11 pa3Mepy KOJ10JlKY 11 np11611BaIOT .UBYM51 rB03.il51MH B 3a.UHll-
KC H nonoeMe.
80MJI04Hble nonoWBbl H Ha6otlKH BblKpaHBdlOT HJ HOBOro noi11101-: I
11n11 HJ crnpotl BanRHOH 06yn11. Ha6oi1KH np11KpenJIH10T K nonownc
JlBYMH npOBOJI04HblMH rB031lHMJ1. CTO.UOWBbl H Ha6oitKH np11CTpa'1Hna-
lOT Ha npOWHBHOH MaWHHe JlbHHHblMH Hl1TKaMl1, Ha lllBCHHOi1 ~la­
WHHC TH)l(CJioro nma HHTKOH NQ 00 HJIH BPY'IHYIO npon11TaHHoi1 na-
poM 11paTBOH B 7 CJIO)l(CHHi.f. ,Llmrna CTC)l(KOB 8- JO MM. CTOlIOIJJBy
npHWHBalOT no BCeMy nepHMeTpy Ha paCCTOHHMH 20-25 MM OT Kp<rn
H no cepCJlHHC nonoWBbl H Ha6ot!K~1 (cpe.nHHH WOB) OT HOC04H011
.llO TIHT04HOH 1-IaCTH.
BpY4HYIO cTp04KY npoKJlaIIhIBaIOT c noMOlllbIO w1111a, weTHHKll 11
lU~1Jla-Kp!O'!Ka (CM. pHC. 15.1).
CTO.llOWBbl C Ha60HKaMH HaKJ1a.llbIBalOT Ha HH3 o6yBH H BpeMCHl'lll
npHKpenJIHIOT TPCMH npOBOJIO'!HblMH fB03)lHMH B HOC04HOi1, reJieHO'l-
HOH 11 nHT04HOtt '!aCTHX.
IIpumHB3HHe 00,!J.OIDB c Ha6oUK3MH. nonowsa MO)l(CT COCTORTb 11 l
lIByx CJIOCB, npH'!CM CJIOH, npHJ1CfalOlUHH K Hore, MO)l(CT 6b!Tb co6pa11a
H3 2-3 KyCKOB, HO TaK, 1H06bI MCCTa CTbIKOB HaXOlU1JIHCh B WITO'l-
HOH H reJICHO'!HOH '!aCTHX (Ho HC R ny'IKOBOH '-IaCTH).

ToJIUJ.HHa no.n.omu H 11a6oeK, MM

Cpe.utt11x 11 ynDKeJJeHHblX K 06yn11:
MY)l(CKOH, )l(CHCKOH ............................................................. I 0- 12
.nercKoi1 .. ...... ....... .......... ......... .. ....... ... ... . . ... . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . . 9- I 0
TottK11x K 06yn11:
MY)l(CKOH, )l(CHCKOH ·······••···············•···································· 7- 8
M3.JIO.UCTCKOH, .UCTCKOH .....•.....•.......................•.•.................. 5- 6
CTpH pCMOHTC MaJ10H3HOWCHHhIX BaJ1eHOK np111mmaTb nOLIOil1Bhl II
Ha6oi1KH UCJICC006pa3HO HC 4Cpe3 Kpati, a HaCKB03b - M3HYfPH o6yBII
6e3 HaLICBaHHR ee Ha KOJIOJlKH.
0T.LJ.eJIKa BaJieHoK. CTp1111111ry10 no11owny c Ha6oi!Koi1 0Ko11a,rnna101
MOJIOTKOM, o6pe3a!OT no nepHMCTpy, y.na.nHIOT rBOJLIH BpCMCHHOf(1
KpenJICHH51, o6yBb CHHMalOT c KOJIOlIOK H 06pe3a10T KOHilbl HHTOK.

364
 18.3.2. KneeeoH MeTO.Q

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noJIH5JIOT TaK )l(e, KaK 11 np11 peMOHTe BaJieHOK np11WHBHhlM MeTO.!l,OM.
L(aJibHeHWl1C onepau1111 npoH3BO.!l.5JT CJIC.UYIOW11M o6pa30M.
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fih1Jll1 BOJIOC5JHOH llICTKOH.
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H cywaT )10 nOJIHOro BhICbJXaHl151 KJieeBOH nJieHKH.
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JiaTeKCHhIM noJIHXJIOponpeHOBhlM KJieeM, OOCJie lfero BaJieHKl1 11 no-
)lOWBY cywaT B BhIT5J)l(HOM llIKa¢y np11Meptto B TelfeH11e 45 MHH )IO
noJIHOro BhICbIXaHl151 KJieeBOH nJieHKl1. 3aTeM 05JTOlfHYIO lfaCTh no.uo-
WBhl c XO,llOBOH CTOpOHhl 11 Ha6oH:cy BTOpW!HO HaMa3bIBaIOT KJieeM H
6e3 cywKH HaKJia.ubma10T Ha6oH:cy Ha 05JTOlfHYIO lfaCTh no.uowBhl. BTo-
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no.uowBy c Ha6oi1:Koi1 cpa3y )l(e HaKJia.uhrnaIOT Ha o6yBh, KOTopy10 yc-
TaHaBJI11BaIOT. B m.upaBJil1lfeCKHH HJIH nHeBMaTHlfeCKl1H npecc He Me-
ttee lfeM Ha l lf.
CTocJie Bbirpy3KH H3 npecca BaJieHKl1 .!l,OOOJIHHTeJibHO cywaT B Te-
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Koi1: o6pe3aIOT, o6yBb CHHMaIOT c KOJIO.UKH.
JlaTeKCHblH OOJIHXJIOponpeHOBbIH KJieH: MO)l(eT 6hITb 3aMeHeH HHT-
poueJIJIIOJI03HhIM, HO Heo6XO,lll1MO HMeTb B BH.llY, lfTO HHTpoueJIJIIO-
JI03HhIH KJieH: orneonaceH H Bpe.ueH ,llJ151 3,ll0p0Bh51 pa60TaIOWHX H c
Hl1M MO)l(HO pa60TaTb TOJibKO npM HaJil1lf1111 BCHTHJI5JUHH H cpe.ucrn
.llJ151 ryweHH51 no)l(apa.
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np11eMa: CHa'!aJia Ha60HKY HaKJieHBaIOT Ha no.uowBy, 3aTeM fiO)lOWBY
c HaKJieeHHOH Ha60HKOH npHKJieHBaIOT K CJie.uy BaJI5JHOH o6yBH. L(m1
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JICM, WJI11¢0BaJibHOH JieHTOH, OlfHll.(alOT OT TiblJil1 )l(eCTKOH weTKOH.
TynttlfKOM HJIH JionaTKoH: Ha no.uowny 11 Ha6oH:Ky HaHOC5JT poBHhIH
CJIOH nepXJIOPBHHHJIOBOro KJie51 H cywaT ero npH KOMHaTHOH TeMne-
paType B BblT5J)l(HOM WKa¢y B Te'ICHHe 40- 50 MHH.
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nosepXHOCTH 6hICTpO CKJia,llbIBaIOT .upyr c .upyroM 11 ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT B
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Ha 30-40 Ml1H. CH5ITYIO c npecca o6ysh BbI,llep)l(HBaIOT npH KOMHaT-
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COOTBeTCTBl111 c ¢acoHOM 06yB11 H CHl1MaIOT KOJIO,llKH.

365
 18.3.3. MeTO.Q rops:i~eill ey11KaH1-t3al..{11n1 e npecc-cpopMax

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narreHOK CblpblMM (HeByJ1KaHM30BaHHblMM) pe3MHOBblMM CMecw..111
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M BYJ1KaHM3YIOT B npouecce npeccoBaHttH.
TaKOH peMOHT BbinOJlHHIOT cJle.UyIOlUMM cnoco6oM: BaJlCHOK Ha..1c-
BaJOT Ha KOJTO.UKY, ero c11e.u B3bepOWHBaJOT, 3axsaTb1Ba5l TaK)l(e M Bep\
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cTeJlhKY MO)f(HO BJTO)l(MTb BHYTPh.
CT pH pCMOHTe Bepxa BaJleHOK llaHHbIM CnOC060M KO)l(aHbie HanHTO'l-
HMKM M 3anJTaTbl c 3arn)l(KOH Ha CJTell o6yBM Hano HaKJlMbIBaTb He 113
npO)l(HpoBaHHblX KO)!(. 3aT5l)f(Ha5l KpOMKa .UOJl)f(Ha 3aX01lMTb Ha CJlell Ba-
JTeHKa He MeHee 'leM Ha 16 MM . 3arn)l(HYJO KpOMKY KO)l(aHblX 3anJTaT II
HanHTO'lHHKOB .no npMWMBaHHH B3bepoWMB<lJOT c JTMUeBOH CTOpOHbL
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CJle.n BaJleHKa M B3bepoweHHYJO 'laCTb Bepxa (Ha paCCTOHHHH 5-8 MJ\I
BbIWe rpaHM CJTe.ua) HaHOCHT JlOnaT04KOH pe3MHOBYJO Ma3b, COCTO}l-
lllyIO M3 40 % CblpOH Ka6JTY4HOH pe3MHbl M 60 % 6eH3HHa.
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JTeHoK JanpeccoBbIBaIOT. BpeM5l BYJ1KaHtt3aUMH 6- 8 MHH np11 TeMne-
parype npecc-cpopM 160- 170 °C CT OCJle 3TOro CHMMa!OT C npecc-cpopM bl
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npoqmJiaKTH'-leCKOH HJIH oprnneD,tt'-leCKOH 06y1m D,JISI npoqmJiaKTHKH
H KoppeKUHH 3a6oJieBaHHH, a nptt D,ecpeKTaX HH)l(HHX KOHe'-IHOCTeH -
npoTe3HpOBaHHe.
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pyrom11e.
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TIOSIBJieHHH naTOJIOfH'-leCKHX OTKJIOHeHHH CTOTibl.
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OpTonenttLJecKaSI o6yBh cJiy)l(HT cneD.yroLUttM uensiM:
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HJIH 60JibHOH OTKa3bIBaeTCSI OT onepau1111;
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yBeJIH'-leHtte TIJIOLUaD,H onopbl;
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MaCKHpOBatttte KOCMeTH'-ICCKHX D,ecpeKTOB " Jip.
B opToneD,tt'-leCKYIO o6ysb BKJiaD,bIBaIOT cTeJihKH pa3HhIX KOHCTPYK-
UHH 11 Jipyrne npttcnoco6JieHHSI 113 BOHJIOKa, npo6KH, JiaTeKca, pe3H-
HhI 11 Jipyrnx MaTepttaJIOB npH tte60Jihllil1X D,ecpopMaUHHX CTOTI.

367
 B OTJIHlme OT nonce.rmeBHoil: opTone.uw1ecKasi o6yBh .uom1rna COOT-
BeTcTBoBaTb He TOJibKO 3KCnJiyaTaUHOHHblM, TeXHOJIOfl14eCKHM, HO 11
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B acHMMeTp11YHoi1 3aroTOBKe nepxa 6oTHHKa 11n11 nony60T11HKa 6epeu
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o6yBH HHorna HCnOJJb3YIOT CJJaBSIHCKYIO KOHCTPYKU11IO 3aroTOBKl1 nep-
xa, 3aHMCTBOBaHHYIO 113 TeaTpaJibHOH o6yBH (p11c. 19.1, 6).
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cpenHeM (30-49 MM) Ka6nyKax, npo¢11JiaKTHYeccy10 nonycKaeTcH
BbIITYCKaTb Ha Bb!COKOM (50-59 MM) Ka6nyKe.
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KOHeYHOCTH OT 30 MM l1 6onee.

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368
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.[l;rn oprnnen11tJecKoH: 06y1m xapaKTepHo HaJIH'IHe neTaJieH: oco6oi1:

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MaH)l(eTKa.
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opTonen11tJecKoH: o6ymr, yc11JI11Ba10IUaH ee KpenJieH11e Ha CTone. illHy-
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peHHeMy. B roToBoH: o6ynH nonoJIHHTeJibHaH wttyposKa pacnoJiaraeTCH
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369
 6
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PHc. 19.4. Opmnenw1ecKaH o6yBh Puc. 19.5. Mam1ceTKa c peJHHOHoi1

c BHyrpeHHHM 6oKOBhIM peM- THroit
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370
 1

Pttc. 19.6. Oprnne.11114ecKm1 o6yBh c P11c. 19.7. )l(ecrK11e JaJIHHK c YMHHeH-

MaH.>KeTKoi-1 I tt pe3HHOBOH rnroi-1 2 HhIM KphlJIOM /, yKopo4eHHhii1 non-
HOCOK 2, cepnOBl1)1HhlH noJIHOCOK 3

CneuuaJibHbie *ecnrne JJ.eTaJIH. K HHM OTHOCHTCH 3a,rJ,HHK, noJJ.HO-

coK, COI03Ka, noJiyCOI03Ka, 60lJOK, H3hl'IOK, KJianaH, 6epUhI, nepx-
HHH qmrypHaH CTeJihKa. 3n1 .uernmi: .uonoJIHHTeJibHO <t;>HKCHPYIOT o6ynh
M nOBhIUialOT ee cpopMOYCTOMlJHBOCTh.
)f(ecmKUll 300HllK (pHC. 19. 7) - npoMe:>KyTOlJHaH HJIH Hap)')KHaH
,nernJih sepxa opTone.u11qecKoi1 06yn11, pacnoJio)l(eHHaH B rrnTOlJHo-re-
JieHOlJHoi1 •taCT.H.
)/(ecmKUU llOOHOCOK (CM. pHC. 19.7) - npoMe:>KyTO'IHaH ,llCTaJih nepxa
OpTone,llH'leCKOM 06yn11, pacnOJTO)l(eHHaH B HOCOlJHOM '!aCTH. 0TJIH'la-
eTCH OT o6hilJHoro no.uttocKa cpopMoti, Y'IHThIBaIOrneH: HaJIH'IHe 6oJie3-
HeHHhIX yqacTKOB cTonhI HJIH OTCyYCTBHe naJihUeB. CTpHMeHHIOT y,llJIM-
HeHHhre, yKopo'leHHhie H cepnOBHJJ.Hhie )l(CCTKHe no.uttocKH.
)/(ecmKOfl COI03KO (pHC. 19.8) - npOMC)l(yYO'!HaH )lCTaJib Bepxa op-
Tone)J.HlJCCKOH o6yBH, pacnOJIQ)KCHH35I B HOCO'IHO-nyYKOBOH '13CTH.
3aKphmaeT ThlJibHYIO nonepxHOCTb nJIIOCHbI, a ee KpblllbJI. nepeXO)lHT
Ha reJICHO'IHYIO '13CTb o6yBH. CTo cpopMe CXO,llH3 C COI03KOH 06hI'IHOH
o6yBH.
)/(ecmKOfl 110JIYCOI03KO (CM. PHC. 19.8) B OTJIHlJHC OT )l(CCTKOH COI03KH
HMCCT 0,llHO KpbIJIO - H3P)')KHOe HJIH BHYTPCHHCC.
)/(ecmKllll 60lfOK (pHC. 19. 9) - npOMC)l()'TOlfHaR )1CTaJib Bepxa op-
Tone.uw-1eCKOH o6yBH, pacnoJIO)l(CHHaH B fCJICHO'IHOH '13CTH, MMCCT
cpopMy Kphrna )l(CCTKOH COI03KH. Ero ycrnHaBJIHBaIOT KaK c Hap)')KHOH
HJIH BHyYpCHHCH, TaK H C )J.Byx CTOpOH.
)/(ecmKllU f/3bllfOK (pHC. l 9. I 0) - npOMC)l()'TO'IH3H ,llCTaJib oprnrre-
,lJ}llJCCKOro 60THHKa HJIH noJiy60THHKa, pacnoJIO)f(CHH35I ITO,ll rrepe.u-
HC11 43CTblO 6epuen (no)l UIHYPOBKOtt) H HMCIOll13H cpopMy H3hI4K3.
)/(ecmKuii KJIOllOll (CM. pMC. 19.10) - C.UHH3JI. JlCTaJib, npe,UCTaBJIH-
IOll135I co6ol'1 )l(CCTKHH H3hI'fOK c )l(CCTKHM no)J.HOCKOM.
)/(ecmKUll 6epeu, nOBbIUiaeT npO'IHOCTb 60KOBOH 43CTH H lJaCTo HC-
noJih3YCTC5I B OpTOnC)lH4CCKO}\ o6ynH. CTo cpopMC 6epeu MO)f(CT 6b!Th

371
 3

P11c. l 9.8. )KecTKMe coio3Ka 111 nony- P11c. 19.9. )KecTKHe no.nHocoK J, 60-
COI03Ka 2 'IOK 2, 3a,UHl1K J

O.UHOCTOpOHHHM H3P}')KHhIM mm BHyrpeHHHM, .llBYCTOpOHHHM Kpyro-

BblM H 33,UHHM.
OaHocmopoHHuii ;HCecmKuil 6epel{ (p11c. 19. I l) - ,lleTaJih, pacrroJio-
)!(eHHaSI B mnotrno-reJieHO'IHOH qacTH opTone.u:wqecKoro 6onrnKa,

I
~
/

P11c. 19. l 0. )KecrK11e H3bI'IOK 1 11 P11c. l 9.11. 8HYTpeHHl1H o.nHocrnpoH-

KJianaH 2 H11i1 )l(eCTK11tt 6epeu

372
P11c. 19.12. BttyTpeHHHi1 .UBycrnpoHHHM / 111<pyro-
BOi1 2 )l(CCTKHe 6epUbl (Bblpe3 noKa3aH nyHKrnpoM)

HMeeT BbICTyn Ha 60KOBOH nonepxHOCTl1 BbIWe

JIOJlbDKeK, orpaHWIHBalOlUMH TIOJlBIDKHOCTb non-
1
wpaHHOfO cycrnsa.
J(eycmopoHHUtl JtCecmKuu 6epeu, (pttc. 19.12) -
BHYTPeHHSISI mm npoMe)l()'To1-rnaSI neTaJib, pac-
IIOJIO)l(ett HaSI B TISITO'lHO-reJieHO'IHOM '-laCTl1
opTone,[lH'leCKOfO 60T11HKa . .lJ,eTaJib HMeeT BblC-
TYITbl Ha 6oKOBbIX rrosepxttocrnx 6epuen Bbiille
JlOJlbDKeK, orpaHH'lMBalOlUHe TIOJ{BM)l(HOCTb non-
wpaHHOfO cycrnsa.
Kpy20eou JtCecmKuii 6epeu, (cM. pttc. 19.12) -
neTaJib opTorreJ{H'leCKOH 06ys11, OXB3TblB310lU3SI
33,[{HIOIO, 60KOBYIO 11 TbIJibHYIO noBepXHOCTH CTO-
Tibl 11 roneHM BbIWe JIOJ{bl)l(eK, orpaHH'll1B3IOlU3SI
TIO.UBH)l(HOCTb B roJieHOCTOTIHOM cycrnne.
3aaHuii JtCecmKuii 6epeu, (p11c. 19.13) - rrpo-
Me~o'lttaSI neTaJib Bepxa, pacnoJio)l(etttta5l B rrSI-
TO'lHO-reneHo'IHOH 'l3CTl1 opToneJ{H'leCKOfO 6o-
Tl1HK3. Eepeu 11MeeT BbICTyn B.UOJib 3anttero WBa
33fOTOBK11 Bepxa, He )10XOJ{Sllll,11H )10 Bepxttero
KaHTa Ha 5-10 MM.
<!>u2ypHaJ1 cmeflhKa (p11c. 19.14) - BHYTpeHHSISI neTaJib Htt3a opTo-
nen11'lecKoi1 06ys11, HMeIOlU3SI BbICTYTI B o6JTaCTl1 npe.unJTIOCHbl c ou-
HOti 11Jll1 c 06e11x CTOpOH.

P11c. 19.13. BHYTPCHH11ii Ja.um1i1 )f(eCT- P11c. 19.14. <DmypttaR cTeJibKa

KHii 6epeu

373
 Pwc. 19.15. Ka611yK oco6oii
cpopMhI:
a - BH.11 co CTOpOHbl no.no1un1.,,
6- BH.11 C33illl

a 6

IToMHMO yKaJaHHhIX .lleTanei1: B opTone.llw1ecKoi1: o6yBH 11cnoJibJy-

IOT Ka6JIYK H ITO.llOlllBY oco6oti ¢opMbl, HCKYCCTBeHHhle HOCOK H CTOm.
lloiJowea oco6oii rftopMbt pacnoJio)l(eHa no.ll Bcetf no.llornseHHo.11
noBepxHOCTblO CTOITbl, HMeeT 0.IlHO- mrn .UBYCTOpOHHee YllIHpeHHC.
y yrnHpeHHOH ITO.llOllIBbl MO)l(eT 6bITb BbIHOC, T.e. onopHaH nosepx-
HOCTb ITO.UOllIBbl CMern.etta Hap~y HJIH BHYTPb OTHOCMTeJibHO OCHOll-
HOH CTeJibKH.
Ka6J1yK oco6oii rftopMbl (pHC. 19 .15) OTJIWrneTCH OT Ka611YKa o6bl'I-
HOH ¢opMbI Hec11MMeTp11I.JHhIM CMern.ett11eM cppottTaJihHOH: noBepxtto-
CTM B cTopoHy re11eHot.JHoi1: I.JacT11 no.uornBhI. Ha6oet.JttaH noBepxHOCTI.
Ka6JIYKa oco6oi1: ¢opMbI MO)l(eT 6bITb CMern.eHa Hap~y 11JIH BHYTPI.
OTHOCl1TeJibHO OCHOBHOH cTeJibKH 11JIH ITO.llOllIBbI.
HcKyccmeeHHbtii HOCOK YLlJIHHHeT o6ysh, 11MeeT KOcMeT11I.JecKoe Ha·
3Hal.JettHe. l1CKYCCTBeHHbIH HOCOK MO)l(eT COCTaBJIHTb 0.llHO ue11oe c
npo6Kol! (p11c. 19.16.)
J(eoiiHOU CfleiJ (p11c. 19.17) - BHYTPeHHSrn .lleTaJib Bepxa B BH.lle HC-
KYCCTBeHHOH CTOITbI, coe.[JJ1HeHHOH co llJ.11KOJIOTKOH, HMe10rn.ei1 sepx-
HIOIO TIJIOllI.a.llKY LlJIH onopbl HHBaJIH,Ua.
Cneu,HaJibHble MeTaJIJIH'lecKHe .n.eTaJIH. K HHM OTHOCHTCH opTonem1-
I.JecK11H: re11eHoK, llIHHa, nOJIYKOJihUO, n11acT11HKa, n11aHrneTKa. Me-
TaJIJIHI.JeCKHe neTaJIH yMeHblliaIOT rH6KOCTb OpTonenw1eCKOH o6ysH.
OpmoneiJuitecKuii ceJ/eHOK (p11c. 19.18) - npoMe)l(YTOI.JHaH .lleTaJih Hma.
pacnoJIO)l(eHHa5l Me)l(Jly OCHOBHOH CTeJibKOH 11 TIO.UOWBOH, no ¢op'.\!C
coorneTCTBYJOlliaH TI5ITOl.JHO-reJieHOl.JHOH Y:aCTH opTone.llHY:eCKOH 06ym1.
Wu Hy (CM. p11c. 19.18) np11Kpenm110T K oprnne.llttY:ecKoMy reneHKY
11 pacno11araIOT B.llOJib 6oKOBOH nonepXHOCTl1 roJieHH. flo KOHCTpyK-
U11H WHHbI 6bIBaIOT 6ecwapHHpHbie 11 c roJieHOCTOITHbIM wapHHpOM, a
no pacnOJIO)l(eHl1IO - 0.llHO- H .llBY-
CTOPOHHHe.
lloflyKOJ/bll,O (CM. p11c. 19. l 8) co-
C.lll1H5leT Bepxtt11e Y:aCTH Wl1H op-
TOnen11Y:eCKOH 06ys11.
flJIOCmUHKO (pHC. 19.19) -
npoMe~oY:ttaH .lleTaJib HHJa, no
cpopMe COOTBeTCTBYIOll{a5l c11eny
HJil1 HOCOl.JHO-ITYY:KOBO-reneHOY:-
HOH y:acTH opTonem1Y:ecKoi1: o6y-
BH. f1JiaCTHHKy pacnOJiafaIOT Me)!(-
Pwc. 19.16. K11HHOBl1.11Ha5! npo6Ka c HC- .llY OCHOBHOH CTeJibKOH H ITO.llOW-
KYCCTBeHHhlM HOCKOM BOH.

374
 3

P11c. 19.18. CneumVIbHbie MeT3JlJ111"1e-

P11c. 19.17. ,Usoi1ttoi1 cne.u:
cKMe .ueTanW
1 - KononKa nepessrnHaH 1m11 r11nco-
1 - oPTonenw1ecK11tt reneHoK; 2 - m11-
saH; 2 - lU11KOJlOTKa; 3 - 11cKyCcT1leH-
Hbl; 3 - nonyKOJlbUO
HaH CTOna

P11c. 19.19. MeTilJIJ1114ecKl1e nnacrHHKl1:

1 - y3KaH; 2 - un1p01<aH
375
 ... LJ ,. 0,36 cot

~-""----'~~=85===JI 50

P11c. 19.20. nJJaHWeTKa P11c. 19.21. OpToneJJ,w1ecK11e no11y-

CTeJ1bK11 c BbIKJ13.llK3Ml1 nponoJibHbl\
CBO!lOB:
a- BI-ty"rpeHHero H 11apj')KHOro; 6- BH}T-
peHHero

Mem{Jj/j/UlfeCKafl nflaHwemKa (p11c. 19.20) 11MeeT noKpbITHe 113 ynapo-

npo'-rnoro IIOJTl1CTHpOJTa, ee yCTaHaBJIHBalOT B cneUHaJTbHbie KapMaHbl
3aroTOBKH Bepxa opTorrenw1ecKoi1 06ys11.
Me}l{CTeJJC'lHblC CJIOH. K HMM OTHOCRT BbIKJTanKY CB01l0B, KOCOK,
o6paTHhii1 KocoK, npo6Ky, npottaTop 11 cyrr11HaTop. Me)!(CTeJTe'-IHhIC
cno11 - 3TO BHYTpetttt11e neTaJTH nepxa opTone,n11'-lecKoi1 06ys11 M51
nepepacnpeneneHMR Harpy3KM no Il01lOWBeHHOi1 rrosepXHOCTl1 CTOIIbL
OHM pacnonaraIOTCR Me)!(,Uy qmrypttoM. 11 octtosttoM. cTeJTbKOH:.
BbtKJIQOKQ C60006 (pHc. 19.21) MMeeT Ml1HMMaJTbHyIO TOJTW11HY II
Heo6XO.UHMa ,UJTR Bb!paBHl1BaH11H peJTbe¢a IIHTO'-IHO-reJTeHO'-IHOH '-1acn1
cne.ua opTonenM'-lecKoi1 KOJTO.UKM. Cn~11T MR no.unep)!(att11H npo.uonh-
HbIX CBOilOB CTOIIbl.
KocoK (p11c. 19.22) pacnoJTo)!(eH B IIRTO'-IHO-renetto'-IHOH '-laCTM, HMeeT
onpe11eneHHyIO TOJTWHHY B IIRTO'-IHOH '-!aCTl1, KOTOpaR CX01111T Ha HeT B
nyqKosoH: 4acT11. KocoK ttMeeT s1111 KJTMHa 11 cn~HT MH KOMrrettcaum1
yKopo'-leHHR Hor11. KocK11 6brna10T 0TsecHbIM11 11n11 cKowettHbIMl1 B TY
HJJH 11HyIO CTOpOHY (Hap~HylO, BHYTpeHHIOIO, Brrepen 11Jll1 Ha3an).
06pamHblU KOCOK pacnoJTO)!(eH non scei1 IT01lOWBeHHOH rrosepXHO-
CTbIO CTOIIbl. To11w11tta IIY'-IKOBo-reneHo'-IHOH '-laCTl1KOCKa60JTbWe TOJT-
W11HbI IIRTO'-IHOi1.

I 2 3

P11c. 19.22. KocoK:

1- CKOllJCHHblH Bnepen; 2- OTBeCHblii; 3- CKOLUCHl!blH ll33a,J.

376
 P11c. 19.23. CTpo6Ka 2c KOCKOM 1 P11c. 19.24. KoM611H11posaHH<l5I KJJHHO-
BH11Ha5I npo6Ka:
1- KOJIO,'!Ka; 2- 3JlaCTll'lHblH c11ol'l; J-
)l(eCTKl1H CJIOH (Kopa npo6KOllOro .uy6a)

Ilpo6Ka (p11c. 19.23) pacnoJJo)l(etta non sceti no.uowneHHOH nonepx-

HOCTb!O CTOnbI. Tomu11tta ny'-IKOBOH H rn!TO'-IHOH '-laCTeH npo6KM O.U11-
HaKOBa.
Ki/UH06UaHafl npo6Ka - .ueTaJJh, TOJ1lll11Ha rnITO'-IHOH 'faCTl1 KOTOpOH
6oJJbllle TOJllllHHhl HOCO'fHO-nyqKOBOH (p11c. 19.24).
Tonllll1Ha Me)l(CTeJJe'-lttoro cnoH no ttapy)l(HOMY 11 BHYTPeHHeMy
KpaHM MO)l(eT 6hITb pa3Jlff'-IHOH. 3To rosop11T 0 HaJJ11'fMl1 npoHaTopa
11n11 cyn11HaTopa.
IlpoHmnop - BKJJaa1>rnaeMaH B o6ynh .ueTaJJh, KOTopaH np11no.rrtt11-
MaeT Hapy)l(HblH Kpaif CTOnhI.
CynuHamop - BKJJaJlhIBaeMaH B o6ynh .ueTanh, KOTopaH np11no11HM-
MaeT BHYTpeHHl1H KpatJ CTOnbI.
Pa3JJH'-laJOT npottaTop 11JJH cyn11HaTop MH ncero cne.ua, nepe.rrttero
11J111 3aJ]Hero OTJ{eJJa Me)l(CTeJJC'-IHOro CJJOH.
06yaHble opTone.uH'leCKHe H3,UeJIHH. K HMM OTHOCHTCH 113.LICJJHH, no-
MelllaeMbie B o6yBb 11 npe;rna3Ha'feHHble MH JJHU, HMe!OIUHX BpmK-
.UCHHbIC HJ111 aMnYTaUHOHHbie .ue¢ieKTbI 11.Jil1 .ue¢iopMaU1111 CTOnbI.
BKJ1aaHafl myrjJeJibKO (pHC. 19.25) OXBaTbIBaeT KyJlbTIO CTOnbr M Hl1)1(-
HIOIO TpCTh fOJJCHH. KoHCTPYKU1151 pa3pa60TaHa MH nocnoJJHeHl1H OT-
CYTCTBYIOllll1X nepe.uttero 11 cpe.uttero OT.UCJJOB CTOnhI.
BKJ1aaHou canoJ1coK (p11c. 19.26) oxsaTurnaeT KyJJhTIO crnnhr, HJ1)1(HJOJO
11 cpe.utt1010 TpeTM ronett11. KottcT-
PYKUHH pa3pa6orntta MH BOCnOJJ-
HCHl1H OTCYTCTBY!Ollll1X nepe.utte-
ro 11 cpe.uttero OT.UCJJOB CTOnhI.
BKJiaaHoe npucnoco6JJeHue (p11c.
19.27) B BM.UC CTeJJbKl1C11CKyCCT-
BCHHbIM HOCKOM, KOTOpoe BOC-
noJJHHeT OTCYTCTBYIOlllHH nepe.u-
Hl11'1 OT.UCJI CTOilbI. P11c. 19.25. BKJJanHaH iycpeJibKa
377
 6

4 3
6

Pttc. 19.26. 06yBHbie oprnnentt'IecKHe 113ne1111si:

a - BJ(JlaJlHOH canm1mK; 6 - BKJIMHOH 6aUJMa'IOK; 6 - nony<j>a6pt1KaT BKJlaLlHOro
6aUJMa'!Ka; I - HCKYCCTBeHHblH HOCOK; 2 - J(JIHH; 3 - Me)KCTene'IHbltt cnoi1; 4
)KCCTKHH J(JlanaH

Pttc. 19.27. BKJianHoe np11cnoco6neHt1l'

B o6yBb npH necpeKTaX nepeLIHCro OT
ne11a cTonbI

P11c. 19.28. Pa3rp~a10IUHC np11cnoco611eH11si:

a - Ha roJJOBKY nepaoil. nmocHeBOH KOCTH; 6- no.u HaTOflTbllli; e - non, flRTKy; c -
Ha M030Jlb

378
 --- , .........

a
c:I(G==>-6
6 -- 6 c

P11c. 19.29. Kopp11rnpy10LU11e np11cnoco611emrn:

a- opTone11w1ecKa11 cTeJlbKa OC-36)1(; I - opTone.uw1ecK11i1 ea.rr11K 3ei1ua; 2 -
Me;i..CTCJIC'!Hblfr CJIOii; 6- BbIKJl3.UKa CllO.ilOll; 6, i! - OPTOflC,l!l1'lCCKl1e BaJ!l1Kl1

Pm2pyJ1ca10w.ue (p11c. 19.28) 11 Koppucupy10uwe (pttc. 19.29) npucno-

co6J1eHUH npe1rna3Hat.IeHbI wrn: pa3rpy3Kl1 M030Jiett, yCTpaHeHl151 )le-
¢opMamrn 11 L(l1CTI0311U1111 flaJJbUeB CTOflbI, yMeHbllieHl151 )laBJJeHJ15J
06y1m Ha OT)leJibHbJe yYaCTK11 CTOTibl.
B 3am1c11Mocr11 or pacnoJJo)KeHl151 Ha crone HJIH B )leTaJJ51X np11-
cnoco6JieH11e MO)KeT 6hITb pa3rpy)KafOllIJ1M 11n11 Koppttrnpy10w,11M, 11n11
O)lHOBpeMeHHO 11 KOpp11rnpyIOW,l1M, 11 pa3rp~afOW,11M.
Opmoneou'fecKuii eKJ/OOblUJ npe,llHa3Hat.IeH M51 no)l)lep)KaHH51 npo-
)lOJJbHhIX CBOllOB CTOTibl.
Opmoneou'fecKUU 60J/UK TIO)l)lep)l(l1BaeT rronepet.IHblH CEO.LI. CTOITbl Ha
ypoBHe n11aqm3oB - cpenu11x YaCTett nmoctteBbIX Kocreit
Opmoneou'fecKaH noJ1yc111eJ1bKO no ¢opMe 11 pa3MepaM coornercrny-
er rn!TO<JHO-reJieHO<JHOH t.IaCTH oprone.Ll,H'-!eCKOH CTeJibKH (CM. p11c. 19.21).
Opmoneou'fecKaH cmeflbKO rrpenHa3Hat.IeHa M5I KoppeKu1111 .ue¢op-
Mau1111 11 pa3rpy3Kl1 6oJie3HeHHbIX yYaCTKOB Ha 110.Ll,OllIBeHHOH noBepx-
HOCHl CTOTibl (CM. p11c. 19.29, a).

19.3. OpTone,a,111~ecK111e ycTporl1cTBa

KaqJeapoif rexHonorn11 inaeJI11i1 113 KO)l(l1 (THK) MfY.ll,T seaerrn

npoeKr11poBaH11e 11 113roroBJieH11e KOpp11rnpyroIU11x np11cnoco6JieH11i1 11
06ys11 D.JHI CTOIT c necj:>opMaUl151Ml1 11 rraTOJIOrl1'-!ecKMMl1 OTKJIOHeHl151M11,
B TOM '111CJie D.JHI 60JTbHblX B5JJJbJM napaJJH'-IOM 11 caxapHblM 1ma6eTOM.
BHJJbIH napai111'l HBm1ercH cne11crs11eM nopa)l(eH115l cn11Httoro M03ra
11 HepBHbJX OKOH'-!am1J'.1 KOHe'IHOCTl1 113-3a rnnorpoqm11 MblllIU. 3To
np11B01IllT K OTI311CaHl1fO CTOTibl 11 Bl1XJJ51HHIO ee B cycrnBaX.
Ka¢e11pofi THK MfY.llT c11creMarn311poBaHhI oprnnea11t.IecK11e
npucnoco6neH11H (Ta6JJ. 19.1) 11 c0311aH HOBhIH opTe3 - pea611n11rnu11-
oHHoe ycrpottcrno M5l 6oJTbHbIX B51JTbIM napaJJH'IOM.
Opme3 Ha11eBaIOT Ha onopHo-11mffaTeJTbHhitt annapaT M51 ero ¢11K-
cau1111, pa3rpy3Kl1 11 BOCCTaHOBJieHl151 HapYllJeHHblX QJYHKUl1H.
npH pa3pa6oTKe KOHCTPYKUl1H oprone1111t.IeCKHX annapaTOB 11 cne-
U11a.JlbHOH o6ysw, KaK npamrno. neJiaJOT aKueHT Ha npenynpe)l(.IIeHHe
OTKJIOHCHHli ¢yHKUHH CTOllbl, B '-13CTHOCTl1 ee OTBHC3Hl151, yc1rneH11e

379
 Ta61rnua 19.
Oprone.1U1'lecKHe annapaTL1, ncnonblyeML1e npu BJIJIOM napanu'le
HJIH napele HHlKHHX KOHe'IHOCTeH

HaJHa'!eHtte y3Jla CxeMa y3Jla

floeblUJeHue aHmponoMop</J-
Hocmu xoiJb6bl nymeM pe2y11u-
poeaHuR J1Cecm1eocmu HOCO'l-
HOU 'lacmu y311a 6 caium-
ma!lbHOU u </JpoHmG!lbHOU
n!IOCICOCmRX
foJieHOCTOfiHbIH y3eJI HMe-
eT )l(eCTK)'IO CTeJibK)' J, K KO-
TOpOH np11coe,D,11HeH naKeT
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W11p0Ko np11MeH5lIOT raK11e Marep11aJibI, KaK noJI11XJiopB11H11J1
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386
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387
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388
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390
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391
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11 B opTonen11l.feCKOH o6yBH.
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(pHC. 20.6).

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ceYeHl111 0,36Jl,, '-ITO cosna.naeT c nOJIO)l(etttteM TapaHHO-JiaJJ,beBHlIHO-
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394
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395
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396
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397
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1151IOWYIO. YCJJO)!(H51!0lliYIO KOHCTpyKU11!0 06ys11.
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MeH5llOT '!awe BCero B 60Tl1HK3X, pe)l(e B canorax.
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np11nO}lH5IT Ha l 0- 18 MM.

398
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399
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400
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401
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402
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npoHaTopoM H BHYTpeHHHM )l(eCTKHM 6epueM.
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HbIX MbIWU MO)l(eT B03HHKHYTb nJ)l(eJiaH nJIOCKOBaJihrycHaH ne<t>opMa-
UHH CTOnbI. TaK11M 6oJibHhIM c11enyeT neJiaTb 60T11HKH c BhIKJianKoH
npO)lOJlbHb!X CBO.llOB, 6e3 npoHaTopa, c )l(eCTKl1M Hap~Hb!M 6epueM.
nocJie Jie'-leHHH BpO)l()leHHOi1 KOCOJiaTIOCTl1 y )leTeH KpOMe Tp3.llHUH-
OHHOH KOHCTpYKLU1H o6yBH c BHyTpeHHHMH )l(eCTKHMH neTaJIHMl1 H3 K0)1(11
MO)l(HO 11CnOJib30B3Tb ycoBepWeHCTBOBaHHYIO KOHCTpyKUl1IO. noc11en-
HHH n03BOJIHeT B O)lHOH H TOH )l(e nape opTonenH'-leCKOH 06YBl1 113MeHHTb
cPOPMY 11106oi1 )l(eCTKOH neTaJil1 H, c11enoBaTeJibHO, peryJmpOB3Tb )l(e-
CTKOCTb scei1 JaroTOBKH Bepxa np11 opTone11w-1ecKOM Jie'l:eHH11.
OpTonemiqecKHe peKoMeHnaUHH HeJie'l:eHOH 3KB11Ho-sapycHoi1
neQ)OpM3UHl1 onpeneJIHIOTCH TSJ)l(eCTblO KJIHHl1'1:eCKHX npOHBJieHHH. np11
nerKHX cTeneHHX ne¢opMau1111 c11enyeT np11.uep)l(HBaTbCH TOH )l(e TaK-
Tl1KH, KaK H npH ee HenOJIHOH KoppeKUl111. ,Ueq)OpMaUHH TH)l(eJIOH CTe-
neHH xapaKTepH3yeTCH HaJil1'1:HeM cPHKCHpoBaHHOro 3KB11Hyca, Bblpa-
)l(eHHOH cynHHau1111 H np11BeneH11H cTonhI. nOJihWHHCTBY TaKHX 6011b-
HhIX o6ysh ue11ecoo6pa3HO HJroTOBJIHTh He no nonorttaHHOH yHH-
cPHU11posaHHoi1 KOJIO)lKe, a no HH.lIHBl111YaJibHOMY mncOBOMY c11ency.
B npouecce npo11Jsoncrna 06ys11 cnenoK ycrnttaBJIHBaIOT no napaMeT-
paM, nOJIY'IeHHbIM np11 CHHTHH HeraT11Ba B Ha116onee BbirO.lIHOM cPYHK-
UHOHaJibHOM TIOJIO)l(emrn KOHe'l:HOCTl1. EOTl1HKH H3fOTOBJIHIOT Ha KJ111-
HOBH.llHOH npo6Ke co 3Ha'-lHTeJib-
Hbll\f Bb!HOCOM ee Hap~y, 'l:TO no-
MOraeT BbipOBHHTb nJIOU{a)lb ono-
pbl 11 pa3rpy311Tb 6011eJHeHHbie Ha-
TOTITbIWl1. ,UJIH o6JierYeHHH xonh-
6hl Ha HH)l(Heti nosepXHOCTH Me)l(-
CTeJie'-lHOro CJIOH BbITIOJIHHIOT HC-
KYCCTBeHHhII1 nepeKaT (pHC. 21.6).
Ero ¢opMa onpenemreTcH cTene-
HhIO npHseneHHH nepenHero 0T-
11e11a cTonhI, a .no11o)l(eH11e onop-
Hoi1 nJIOU{a)lKH 3aBl1Cl1T OT CTene-
HH 3KB11Hyca 11 COCTOHHl1H BbIWe-
Jie)l(aU{HX cerMeHTOB KOHe'-lHOCTH.
npH npHBeneHHH no 10° H33Ha-
'1:3IOT HCKYCCTBeHHblM nepeKaT UH-
P11c. 21.6. <l>opMb! 11 no11o)l(ett11e onop-
Jll1HllPH'-leCKOH cPOPMbl. npHBene- Hb!X n11omauoK HCJ<YCCTBeHHOro nepe-
HHe 6011ee 10° HBJIHeTCH noKa3a- Karn:
HHeM K BbinOJIHeHHIO nepeKaTa c
a- 6 - KOHH'leCKtte; z-e - UHJIHH,ilptt-
KOHl1'-leCKOH onopHOH nnouran- '!eCKHe; I - npe.nnY'JKOBoe; 2 - nY'JKO-
KOH. eoe; 3 - JanY'JKOBoe

403
 nyqKOBOe nOJIO)l(eHI-le nepeKa-
Ta (p11c. 21.6, 2), Kor.ua JI11HID1 nytJ-
KOB .uen11T ero onopHYJO noBepx-
HOCTb Ha paBHbie '-IaCTl1, peKOMeH-
0,60)7 .UYIOT np11 3KBl1Hyce .uo 2,5 CM
( 130°). np11 Bblpa)l(eHHOM 3KBl1Hy-
ce (6onee 2,5 cM) onopHaSI rn10-
llla.uKa c.uB11raeTcsi: nnepe.u OT n11-
H1111 nyqKOB (p11c. 21.6, J).
np11 aHKl1JI03e KOJieHHOfO cycra-
Ba onopHYJO nJIOllla.LI.KY nepeKarn
a 6 pacnonara10T K3a.LI.11 (p11c. 21.6, J),
a np11 cna60CTl1 MbllllU, 33MbIKa-
P11c. 21.7. KoHCTJ>YJ<UMR opTOne,ll.tt4e-
IOllll1X KOJieHHbIM cycTaB, Knepe-
CKoi1 KOJIO.llKM (a) 11 cxeMa nocTpoe-
1111 OT Jil1Hl111 O)"-IKOB.
HMR peJibecpa cJie.lla (6) np11 BpO)((-
OpTone.u11'1ecKy10 o6yBb MS!
,ll.eHHOH KOCOJianocTM y ,ll.eTeti
B3pOCJiblX 11 lllKOJibHl1KOB 113f0-
TOBJISllOT no 6epUOBblM KOJIO.UKaM
(c Tpy6KOH) Ha napaJil1Tl1lJeCKYIO crnny.
.U.1u1 .ueTeft: HCeJibHoro 11 IIOlllKOJibHoro B03pacrn pa3pa6ornHbI cne-
u11anbHb1e KOJIO.UKH c OTBe,UeHHOH HOCOlJHOH qacTblO 11nyx pa3HOB11.U-
HOCTeft:: 6e3 Tpy6Kl1 11 c Tpy6Koft:.
Kono.uKa 6e3 Tpy6m 11MeeT oTBe.ueHHYJO Ha 5° ocb cne.ua 11 np11no11-
HHTOCTb mITOlJHOH lJaCTl1 5 MM. Kono.uKa c Tpy6Koti: 11MeeT OTBe11eHHYIO
Ha 5° OCb cne11a, q:rnrypHbie BbI6opK11 no11 BbIKJia.LI.KY BHYTpeHHero 11
Hap~oro CBO.UOB co cneu11anbHOH nJIOllla.LI.KOM no Hap~HOMY KpalO.
Ha'laJIO l1 KOHeu BbI6opoK pacnoJIO)!(eHbl COOTBeTCTBeHHO B Ce4eHl1HX
0,2)( 11 0,6)( (p11c. 21.7, a, 6). Bb16opKa no.u BbIKJia.LI.KY BHYTPeHHero
npo,UOJibHOro CBO.Ua .uyroo6pa3HaH c Beplll11HOM B ce'leHl111 0,36,a, 'ITO
cooTBeTcrnyeT noJio)!(eH1110 rnpaHHo-na.ubeBtt.uHoro cycrnBa. Ha Hap~­
HOM Kpae KOJIO.UKH cpopM11PYJOT cneu11aJibHYJO nJIOllla.LI.KY' KOTOpaSI
Ha411HaeTCH B ce'leHl111 0,33,a 11 3aKaH'll1BaeTCH B ceqeHl111 0,44,a, 'ITO
COOTBeTCTByeT noJIO)KeHl110 nHTOlJHO-ey6oBM,UHOro 11 ey60BM,UHO-nJIIO-
CHeBoro cycTaBOB.
06ysb c H3MCIDICMOH lKecTKOCTblO 33roTOBKH eepxa (p11c. 21.8). 06YBb
11MeeT )KeCTKYJO 3a,U11HKY' nepeXO.UHlllYJO B '1epecno11beMHblH peMeHb.
fop1130HTaJibHbie 11 BepTl1KaJibHbie CTpOlJKH Ha 6epuax o6pa3YJOT Kap-
MaHbI MH cp11Kc11pYJOllll1X ynpyr11x 3JieMeHTOB. B 3TOM Ka4ecrne 11c-
nonh3YJOT KOpceTHbie nnaHllleTKl1.
06ysb c OTBO,l.l,JllIUIM 803,lJ;CHCTBHCM Ha nepe.z:i;nHil OTJlCJI CTOUbl (p11c.
21.9). 06YBh 11MeeT Hap~HYJO :lKeCTKYJO .ueTaJib nepxa 11 cneu11anhHb1e
MHrKHe .ueTaJil1 B BM,Ue KOpp11rnpyiolUero 11 cpl1KCl1PYJ0lllero npl1TH)!(-
HblX peMHeH:.
)KecTKaH .ueTaJih c naTepanbHOH crnpoHbI nosTopHeT cpopMy 6epua
06YBl1, a c MeLI:11aJibHOH CTOpOHbl npe,UCTaBJIHeT co6oH: BblCOKl1H )!(eCT-
KHM 3a,UHl1K c npo.uneHHbIM .uo no.uHocKa KpbIJIOM. Kopp11mpy10llll1H

404
 2

P11c. 21.8. 06yBh c 113MeHS1eMoi1 )f(CCT- P11c. 21.9. OpTonenw1ecKaS1 o6yBh c

KOCTblO 3aroTOBKl1 Bepxa: OTBOilSllUl1M B03IlCHCTBHCM Ha nepen-
I - JaJlHHKa: 2- KapMaHbt; 3- miaH- Hl1H OTilCJI CTOObl:
rneTKH; 4 - tJepecnonbeMHbttt np11nDK- I- 2- cjl11K-
Hap}')l<Hasi JKecTKasi tieT<l.Jlb;
HOtt pe-.ieHb c11py10m11ii npHTSllKHOH peM~Hb; 3 - KOp-
p11rnpy!OlllHH npHTSllKHOH peMeHb; 4 -
ornepCTHH; 5- aMOPTH3al{HOHHblH BKJ!a-
llbtlll; 6- 3aCTeJKKa BeJibKpO

npHHDKHOM peMeHb Kpemn K JanDKHOH KpOMKe c JiaTepaJibHOH CTO-

pOHbl B o6JiaCTH Ilyi.IKOB, a cpHKCHPYJOlllHH - K 3anDKHOH KPOMKe c
MenHaJibHOti: CTOpOHhl B o6JiaCTH MaKCHMaJihHOM umpHHbl n.HTOtIHOH
'-13CTH CTeJihKH. 06a npHnDKHhIX peMHH npoxonHT BHYfPH 06y1m H Bhl-
xonHT Ha ee sepx Yepe3 meJieBttnHbie ornepcTHH Ha JiaTepaJihHOi1: cTo-
poHe. 0pHT51)1(Hbie peMHH Ha Bepxe o6yBH KpenHTCH c noMOlllhlO 3a-
CTe)l(KH BeJihKPO c MenHaJibHOH CTOpOHhl. nonourna o6yBH noJl)l(Ha 6bITb
KJIHHOBHnHOH H HMeTh aMOPTH3aUHOHHbIH BKJianhilli.
OpH HJfOTOBJieHHH o6yBH MH CTOn c T51)1(eJIOH CTeneHhlO 3KBHHO-
BapycHOH necpopMaUHH ueJiecoo6pa3HO noJiyi.IHTh rnncoBhii1: CJienoK.
,ll.rrH H3fOTOBJieHHH CJienKa:
ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT 6oJihHOro Ha MepHbie nocKH, Ha KOTOphie yJio)l(eH
rHnCOBhIH HeraTHB;
OTMe'-lalOT Ha HeraTHBe TO'-IKH noJIO)l(eHHH CTOnhI;
nepeHOCHT pa3MeTOtIHble JIMHHH H TO'-IKH c HeraTHBa Ha n03HTHB.
Oepen HaJIO)l(eHHeM rnnCOBhIX 6HHTOB 60JihHOM BCTaeT Ha MepHbie
nocKH H KJIHHhH, COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHe MenHUHHCKOMy Ha3Ha'-leHHIO H c
yi.ieToM BhICOTbI Ka6JIYKa non 6oJihHYIO H 3noposy10 Horn. OpH 3TOM
60JihHOH nOJI)l(eH paBHOMepHO pacnpeneJIHTh Harpy3K)' Ha o6e KOHe'-1-
HOCTH H npHHHTb onpeneJieHHYJO noJy. CToJIO)l(eHHe T)'JIOBHllla sepTH-
KaJihHOe, lliHPHHa Me~y CTOnaMH npHBhl'-IHaH, yno6HaH MH 60JihHO-
ro. KoJieHHbie cycrnBhI noJI)l(HbI HaxonHThCH B paJorHyroM cpenHeM
noJIO)l(eHHH, eCJIH 3TOMY He 6yneT npenHTCTBOBaTh KOHTpaKzypa (or-
paHHtieHHaH nonBH)l(HOCTh) KOJieHHOro H Ta306enpeHHOro cycTaBOB
HJIH npyrne necpopMaUHH. OpaBHJihHOCTh ycrnHOBKH KJIHHheB no BhI-

405
 a 6
P11c. 21.10. IT poBepKa npaB11J1bHOCT11 op11eHrnu1rn rnncoBott KOJIO.IIKH B n11oc-
Kocrnx:
a - carnTTaJJbHOM; 6- ¢p0HTaJlbHOM

coTe nposepsnoT no nepe,nHesepxHHM ocrnM no,nB3.UOWHbIX KOCTett. Opa

¢lHKCHpOB3HHOM nepeKoce Ta3a, BbIBHxe 6e,upa H ,upyrnx BbIH~eH­
HbIX nOJlO)l(eHmIX 6enpa I1 roJieHtt BbICOTY ycTaHaBmIBaIOT TOJlbKO no
OlllYIUeHHIO 6onbHOro. YcTOH'lttBOCTb Tena ouemrnmoT nYTeM nepeHo-
ca Harpy3KH Ha 60JlbHYIO KOHe'IHOCTb.
Oocne nOJJ,fOTOBKH npMCTYflaIOT K H3fOTOBJleHHIO HeraTHBa I1 ero
pa3MeTKe. Pa3MeTO'IHbie JlHHtttt c HeraTHBa Ha no3HTHB nepeHocsiT cne-
.IIYIOIUHM o6pa30M.
0epe,II TeM K3K CHS!Tb HeraTttB CO CJienKa, Ha pa3MeTO'IHblX JlHHMSIX
aenaIOT nSITb HaKoJloB. On11H HaKOJl HaHOCSIT B KOHTPOllbHOH TO'IKe
H = 135 MM (pttc. 21. l 0) H no ,UBa H3KOJ1a Ha K3)1(Jl0H J1HHl111 - y
H3'1Ma 11 KOHua. HaKOJlbl ,UOJI)!(Hbl 6b!Tb 'leTKO Bl1JlHbl Ha TI0311Tl1Be.
l.JT06b1 HaKOJlbI coxpaHHJlMCb, Ha cJienKe B npouecce nocnenyioIUei-i
o6pa6oTK11 B HHX s611sa10T rB03.llM Ng 20-25. WnsinK11 rnmneti JlOJl)l(-
Hbl 6b!Tb BH)lHbl Ha nosepXHOCTM cnenKa.
Koma no3HTMB nonHOCTblO o6pa6oTaH 11 npocyweH, JlHHettKOH no
optteHTHpaM BOCCT3H3BJ1MB3IOT o6e sepnIKMbHbie Jll1HHl1 H KOHT-
POJlbHyIO TO'IJ<Y H qepHttJlbHbIM KapaHnallloM.
Oocne cywKH n03HTMBa np11CTYflalOT K 113fOTOBJleHMIO Me)l(CTeJle'l-
HOfO cnosi. Me)KcTe11e'IHbIH cnoti c op11eHTttposaHHbIM nono)l(eH11eM
rnnCOBOH KOJlO.llKH o6pa6aTblB3lOT TaK, 4T06bI pa3MeTO'IHble J1HHl111
cnenKa 6bIJIH pacnOJIO)l(eHbI BepnrKMbHO 11 BbI)lep)l(aHa BblCOTa H.
OpasttJlbHOCTb op11eHrnu1111 cnenKa nposepsi10T c yqeToM BbICOTbI Ka6-
JlyKa Ha nposepO'IHOH nJlHTe KOHTPOJlbHbIM yrOJibHHKOM 11 H3MepttTe-
JleM (pttc. 21.11). Pa3MeT04Hbie JlHHHM Ha cnenKe .llOJl)l(HbI 6bITb napan-
neJibHbI sepTHKMbHOH CTopoHe yronbHl1Ka. Optt 11JroTosneH1111 Me)l(-
cTeJle4HOro CJIOSI c opHeHTHPOBaHHbIM nOJIO)KeHHeM cnenKa HeT He-

406
o6X01U1MOCTH npoBepmb ero Bb!COTY c Hapy)l(HOro H BHyrpeHHero Kpaen
B rnITOYHOM H nY'-!KOBOM OTL(eJiax npo6KH. )locTaTOlfHO BbIL(ep)l(aTb TOJib-
KO Bb!C01)' B KOHTpOJibHOM TOlfKe H.
PacnoJIO)l(eHtte pa3MeTOlfHhIX JIHHHM no yroJibHHKY uenecoo6pa3HO
npoBep5ITb H Ha rnncoBOM Heranrne, TaK KaK npH CH51THH co CTOnbI
B03MO)l(Ha ero necf:>opMaUHH. HeraTHB cTaB5IT Ha Te %e MepHbre noruelf-
KH H KJIHHb5I, Ha KOTOpbie 6bIJI YCTaHOBJieH 60JibHOM. Ilptt Heo6xon11-
MOCTH noJIO)l(eHHe HeraTHBa KoppeKTHPYJOT.
IlpH o6pa60TKe 60KOBOM noBepxHOCTH Me)l(CTeJielfHOro CJI05I nena-
lOT BbIHOC npo6KH B n5ITOYHOM lfaCTH H3PY%Y H nocTeneHHO CB0115IT
Ha HeT TOJIIUMHY CJIOH B ITY4KOBOM MJIM HOCO'lHOM 'l8CTl1 B cooTBeT-
CTBHH c Me11HUHHCKHM Ha3Ha'leHHeM (CM. pttc. 21.10, 6). )lJI51 ::noro
no11owBy ycrnHaBJIHBaIOT Ha npoBepolfHYJO nnttry. OcHoBaHtte H3Me-
pttTeJI5I no11BOLl5IT K HH)l(Heti rpaHH Me)l(CTeJielfHOro CJl05I (Ha ypOBHe
cepem1Hbl n5ITO'lHOM 'laCTH), a yKa3aTeJib ropH30HTaJibHOM peti:KH Bbl-
LlBHraJOT K BepxHe:H rpaHH npo6Ktt. Bhrnoc onpenen5IIOT no WKaJie ro-
ptt30HTaJihHOti peti:KH. no BHYTpeHHeti 60KOBOl1: noBepxHOCTH npo6Ka
LlOJl)l(Ha 6hITb CKOWeHa B CTOpOHY ee BbIHOCa.
3anHIOIO noBepXHOCTb n5ITO'lHOM 'laCTH rrpo6KH neJiaIOT OTBeCHOM
HJIH CJierKa CKOWeHHOM Bnepen, lfT06bI YJIYlf WHTb BHeWHHM BH11 o6y-
BH. HH)l(HJOIO noBepXHOCTb Me)l(CTeJielfHOro CJI05I B nY1-1KOBOM OTL(eJie
o6pa6aTbIB3IOT TaK, YT06bI OOJIY4HTb cpopMy H pacnOJIO)l(eHtte onop-
HOH nJIOIUMKH HCKYCCTBeHHoro rrepeKaTa B COOTBeTCTBHH c Ha3Halfe-
HHeM BpaYa. )lJIHHa KOHHlfeCKHX nnoruanoK LlOJI)l(Ha 6bITb 15- 20 MM
no Hap~HOMY Kpa!O H 25-30 MM no BHyrpeHHeMy. D.;rttHa UHJIHH.UPl1-
lfeCKHX nnoruanoK no BHYTpeHHeMy H Hap~HOMY Kpa51M Me)l(CTeJielf-
HOro CJI05I paBHa 25- 30 MM.
Bb1corn npttITOLlH5ITOCTH HOCOlfHOtt lfaCTH npo6KH 15-20 MM. Oc-
TaJihHbie onepau1111 H3fOTOBJieHH5I opToneL(HlfeCKOM o6yBH COOTBeT-
CTBylOT THITOBOH TexHonorntt, H3JIO)l(ettHo:H B pa311ene IL

a 6

P11c. 21.11. npoBepKa Me)l(CTeJielfHOfO CJIOH:

a- BblCOTbI; 6- paJMep BblHOCa

407
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CflO>KHAfl OPTOnE,Qlt14ECKAfl OEiYBb

22.1. Oco6eHHOCTH H3roTosneHHS1

CnewrnJTbHbie opTonenw1ecK11e nenurn BbIKpa11BaiOT no 6yMmKHbIM

wa6JTOHaM HJlH np51MO no KOJlOllKaM BpyqHyIO.
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wecrneHHO HJTH npHMOJTHHeHHO-nOCTYnaTeJTbHO no CHCTeMe (pHC. 22.1),
mrn npOH3BOJlbHO.
L(eTaJTH acHMMeTpW-IHOH opTonenw1ecKOH o6yBH Heo6XOllHMO Bbl-
KpaHBaTb o.u11HaK0Boro UBeTa, p11cyHKa Mepe11 H n.110THOCTH. B ocHOB-
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408
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)l(eCTKHe .neTaJJH Bbipe3aJOT H3 KO)!( .rvrn HH3a o6ysH.
KpoMe pacKpm1 .nenmeH: mna no JieKaJJaM BblnOJIHHJOT wa6JIOHbl
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CTBHH c HOpMaTHBaMH H ll3HHblMH 33Ka3a.
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soi1 06yB11 HenocpencTBeHHO K CTone) He wm1cpyJOT.
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409
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CTeJTbKY )10 npHKJTeHBaHHH Me)l(CTeJie4HOfO CJIOH. c 3TOM ueJTblO 3aT.fl)l(-
HYIO KpOMKY npHKpenJIHIOT K ¢11rypHOM CTeJibKe o6MeT04HblM WBOM.
3aTeM npHKJTeHBalOT no.rrornaHHbIH Me)l(CTeJielJHblM CJIOH, KOTOpb!H
MO)l(eT 6bITb oKJTeeH TeKCTHJibHbIM MaTep11aJioM. Ha c11en Me)l(cTeJielJ-
Horo CJIOH np11KpenJIHIOT OCHOBHYIO CTeJibKY, o6pe3aIOT ee, noc11e t.Jero
3aTHrHBaIOT 3afOTOBKY Bepxa.
EcJIH B KOHCTPYKUHIO 06YBH BXO)lHT HCKYCCTBeHHbIH HOCOK, 3aro-
TOBKY Bepxa ¢opMyIOT HJIH Ha KOJIO)lKe, nonoJIHeHHOH HCKyccrneH-
HblM HOCKOM, HJTH Ha KOJIO)lKe, COOTBeTCTBYIOilleii no )lJIHHe KOJIO)lKe
Brnpm1: no11ynapb1.
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HOCOK H3 3JTaCTH4HOfO MaTepMaJia BCTaBJIHIOT B fOTOBYIO o6yBb nocJTe
H3BJielJeHHH KOJIO)lKH.
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no11ycOI03KY, 6040K) ¢opMyIOT nocJie 3aT.fl)l(KH nHTOlJHOM lJaCTH. 06pa-
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JlY nO)lKJla,lIKOH H BepXOM o6YBH, ¢opMYJOT aHaJIOIWIHO 3a)lHHKy H coe.u.H-
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cTeJibKy, K KOTOpoii npHKpenJIHIOT Me)l(CTeJie4HbIH CJIOH (pHC. 22. 2).
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410
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n p11 3aKa3e CJIO)l{HOH opTone.Utt'!e-
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Kl1, npMJIO)KCHbl KOJ10.UK11 11 Heo6-
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np11Mepo'!HbIMH peMHHMH. Op11 np11MepKe 011ttoi1 noJiynaphI upyra5I
CTOna OCTaeTC51 B o6bI'IHOM 60Tl1HKe.
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Ba!OT o6pe3KH KO.IKJ1 11J1H cpe3aJOT '!aCTb Me)l{CTeJie'!HOro CJIOSI;

411
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Ha CJien Me)l(CTeJieqHoro CJIOSI;
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7) nepecTaBJISilOT HJIH nepem6a10T WHHhr.
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llonepe'IHbte KopomKue KYJlbmU - 1-IaCTM'IHO coxpaHeHbI KOCTl1 npeII-
nJIIOCHbI.
CTpoIIOJihHhre KYJThTH xapaKTep113YJOTCSI yce'leHtteM BttyrpeHHett ttJIM
Hap~HOH onopHOH 'laCTM CTOflbI.
Ha p11c. 22.3 )l(ttpHhIMH JIMHHSIMl1 noKa3aHhJ ypoBHM aMnyrnu1111,
Ha3BaHHbJe 11MeHaMH yqeHbIX, BnepBbJe l1X ycTaHOBl1BWl1Ml1.
YeM KOpoqe KYJibTSI CTOCThI, TeM '!aLUe Ha Hetf B03H11KaIOT 3KBHHYC-
Ha51 11JIH 3KB11HO-BapycttaSI .neq)OpMaum1, py6UbI Ha onopHOH nosepx-
HOCTH, TpOlf>H'leCKMe Sl3BbI. flOpOKH l1 6oJie3Hl1 KYJihTM CTOflhl CHtt)l(a-

413
 fapam1m Wapn JlHccppaHK 1, )l(o6ep
Xeii 2

Eotta-l1erep Jla6op11 Wonap fO)lyttOB

P11c. 22.3. YpoBHl1 aMnyrau1111 crnn

JOT onopocnoco6HocTb KOHelJHOCTH HJJH neJJaJOT ee HeB03MO:>KHOH. CJJe-

noBaTeJJbHO, KYJJbTH cTon MO:>KHO no.npa3neJJHTb Ha onopocnoco6ttb1e,
YaCTl1lJHO onopocnoco6Hbie 11 Heonopocnoco6ttbie.
)lrrirna 11 onopocnoco6HOCTb !<)'JibTH CTOObl o6ycJJOBJIHBaIOT Ha3Ha-
lJeHtte oprnnenttYecKHX I-nneJJtttt (rn6n. 22. l ).
0pTonenHYeCKa51 o6yBb npH K)'JlbT51X CTOn KOMneHCHpyeT necpeKT
ycelJeHHOH lJaCTH CTOObl, nono:>KeHtte K)'JlbTH, HOpMaJJH3yeT nepeKaT.
06YBb cJJenyeT tta3HalJaTb npH onopocnoco6Hoi1 K)'JJbTe c HecpHKCH-
poBattHbIM 3KBHHYCOM H coxpaHeHHH nOJIHOfO o6beMa IlBH:>KeHHH B
roneHocTonttoM cycrnBe HJil1 era orpaHHYeHHH B npenenax 10- 15°.
Ha IlJIHHHbie K)'JibTH cTon MO:>KHO H3fOTOBHTb He TOJlbKO 6oTHHKH.
HO 11 nony60T11HKH Hntt rycpnH. EonbHhIM c KopoTKHMH 11 cpe.nH11l\rn
KYJJbT51MH CTOn cnenyeT HCOOJlh30BaTh TOJlbKO 60Tl1HKH.
BKnanHbie 6awMaYKH 11 cano:>KKH (CM. pttc. 19.26) peKoMeHIIYIOT Ha
onopocnoco6ttb1e KOpOTKtte 11 cpenHHe KYJihTH cTon, Koma Tpe6yeTc51
pa3rpy3Ka 6oJie3HeHHblX yyacTKOB no.nowBeHHOH noBepxHOCTl1, a TdK-
:>Ke nptt orpaHl1lJeHHH 00.llBH:>KHOCTH B roneHOCTOOHOM cycrnBe B npe-
.nenax 5-10°. He cne.nyeT Ha3HaYaTh BKJJanHhie 6awMa'IKH, ecnH o6be-

414
 Ta6JJ 11 ua 22.l
BH.LI. opTone,ll,H'lecKHX H3,!1,CJIHH, na3Ha'laeM&Ix npH KYJibTJIX CTon

Ky11brn CTOnbI 8 l1Jl inn em1 i1

0onepC4HaSI:
KopoTKasi onopocnoco6Hasi 8KJ1aJIHb1e 6awMa'-!Kl1 11 ca-
nO)l(K11
KOpOTKaSI '-!aCTl1'-IHO 11Jll1 Heonopocno- DpoTeJbI 11 annapaTbI
C06HaSI
cpenwrn onopocnoco6HaH 8KJ1aJIHb1e 6awMa'IKl1 11 TY-
cPCJibKl1
.ll.JJl1HHasi onopocnoco6HaH 8KJ1aJIHb1e np11cnoco6J1eH11H
n POJIOJJ bHaH onopocnoco6HaH 8KJ1aJIHb1e TYcPCJJbKl1 11 np11-
cnoco6JieH11si

Mb! KYJ'IhTH Ha 20 MM 60JibWe o6'heMOB coxpaHeHHOH CTOilbl, TaK KaK

OpTone.uwrecKoe H31leJIHe MO)l(eT He COOTBeTCTBOBaTb o6ynH, KOTOpOH
Il0Jlh3yeTCH 60JibHOH.
8KJiaLIHbie zy¢eJihKH (CM. pHC. 19.25) H BKJlaLIHble npHcnoco6JieHHH
c HCKYCCTBeHHbIM HOCKOM H3fOTOBJIHIOT Ha onopocnoco6Hble cpe11-
HHe H lIJIHHHbie KYJibTH CTOn, eCJIH coxpaHeH noJIHhlM 06'beM .UBH)l(e-
HHH B roneHOCTOnHOM cycrnBe.
nOJihHhIM c tteonopocnoco6HhIMH KYJihrnMH cTon opTone.uwrecKaH
o6yBh H BKJI3.llHhie 06yntth1e opTone.uwrecKHe HJ.Uenm1 He peKoMeH.uy-
IOTCH. EcJIH Jie'!em1e XHpyprn'IeCKHM HJIH KOHCepBaTHBHbIM nYTeM no
TOH HJIH l1HOH npH'IHHe HeB03MO)l(HO, cne.uyeT 11Cil0Jlh30BaTb npoTe3hl
HJll1 annapaTbl. 3TO 6y.ueT cnoco6CTBOBaTb CHH)l(eHHIO Harpy3KH Ha
no.uonrneHHYIO nonepXHOCTb KYJihTH CTOnhI npH Bbipa)l(eHHOM 6oJie3-
HeHHOCTH, rn)l(eJihIX ¢11Kc11poBaHHhIX .ue¢opMaUHHX, TPO¢wrecKHX
HapyweHHHX.
OPTone.uH'lecKHe H3,ll,eJIWI. Ilepepacnpe.ueneHHe .uaBJieHHH Ha no.uow-
BeHHYIO noBepxHOCTb KYJihTH CTOilb! B03MO)l(H0 B pe3yJihTaTe nepepac-
npe.neJieHHH Harpy3KH Ha no.ucBO.UHOe npocTpaHCTBO H nepe.nHHH OT-
.neJI CTHTKH. 3To ocymecTBJIHIOT nocpe.ncTBOM yrny6JieHHH B CTeJihKe
lIJIH IlHTKH, BbIKJl3.llKH BHYTpeHHero 11 Hap~Horo npO.UOJibHblX CBO-
.uon, y.umrneHHOH no nepe.nttero oT.nena nHTKH 11 IlY'!KOB. BhIKJia.nKa
CI30.UOB .nom1ma H3'IHH3TbCSI Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,2,l( H 3aKaH'Il1BaTbCSI c
BHYTpeHHeH CTOpOHbl Ha paCCTOSIHl1H 0,68,l( H c Hapy)l(HOH - 0,57,l(.
8hICOTa Me)l(CTeJie'IHOfO CJIOH B ce•1eHHH 0,3,l( CTSITKH c 06e11x CTOpOH
COCTaBJISleT 13 MM, Ha nepWHHe BHYTpeHHero npo.nOJibHOfO CBO.Ua (B
Ce'IeHl1H 0,36,l() - 16 MM, Ha JIHHHH cepe.UHHbl IlY'!KOB c BHYTPeHHeM
CTOpOHbl - 6 MM, c Hap~HOH - 9 MM. Llnsi o6ner'!eHHSI nepeKaTa,
no.nroHKM 11 np11¢opMOBhIBaHHH cTeJibKH 06yn11 K KYJihTe uenecoo6pa3-

415
HO BepXHIOIO 'laCTb Me)l(CTeJie'lHOro CJI051 H3fOTOBJI51Tb 113 3JI3CTl1'lHOro
MaTep11a.na.
flpollJleH11e BbIKJia1lKH CBOllOB K ny'-!KaM cnoco6crnyeT TOMy, 'ITO
nepe11H1111 OTlleJI KYJibTH np11no11HHMaeTC5! OTHOCHTeJibHO nJIOCKOCTH
onopbl, CJieJIOBaTeJibHO, yMeHbWalOTC51 3KBHHYC 11 neperpy3Ka nepe.u-
Hero oTneJia KYJibTH. flp11'-!eM np11nOJI.H5!TOCTb nepe.uHero oTneJia KYJib-
T11 TeM 6oJibrne, 'leM 6JIH)l(e K sepw11HaM csona yce'-!eHa cTona, TaK
K3K MaKCHMaJibHYJO BbICOTY CTeJibKl1 onpeneJI5llOT Ha Bepw11HaX npo-
110JlbHbIX CBOll.OB.
}J,JI51 Jiyqwew qmKcau1111 n51TKl1 BCIO o6ysb He06XOJI.11MO 113roTOBJI51Th
c )l(eCTK11M11 Janm'!KaMH. flocJie ar.myrnu1111 cTonhI Ha yponHe nmocHe-
BbIX KOCTeH HJIH nJIIOCHeKJIHHOBH11HbIX cycTaBOB 1IJ151 ynep)l(aHH51 KYJib-
Tl1 B KOppHrnpoBaHHOM nOJIO)l(eHHH B OpTone)lH'leCKYJO o6yBb 60Jib-
HhIM ycTaHaBm-rnaIOT 60KOBbie noll)lep)l(KH ()l(eCTKl1e 60'-!KH) BbICOTOi1
3-4 MM c 06e11x crnpoH. )J,JI51 qmKcau1111 KYJihTH cnepe1111 11cnoJihJyeT-
c51 )l(eCTKl1H nepenmn':f KJianaH w11p11Hoi1 80 MM. flp11 napyce KYJibTl1
CTOnhI Me)l(CTeJie'-!HhIH CJIOH 11 Ka6JiyK Heo6X011HMO CMeCTHTh K Hap~­
HOH crnpoHe o6ysH.
OnopHyIO nJioUianKY HceyccrneHHoro nepeKarn WHpHHOH 25- 30 MM
pacnoJiaraIOT npH ycrnHOBKe Ka6JIYKa 3anaHHOH BhICOThl Ha KOJIOJI.KY c
o6pa60TaHHhlM Me)l(CTeJie'-!HblM CJIOeM TaK, 'lT06bI nepe1lH5151 rpaHHUa
onopHOH nJIOUI31lKH HaXOilHJiaCb Ha JIHHHH nyqKOB KOJ1011Kl1. )lJI51 no-
BbIIUeHH51 aMOpTH33UHOHHhIX CBOHCTB H npenynpe)l(Jlemrn ne¢opMa-
UHH HOCO'lHOH '!aCTH opTonellH'leCKOH o6yBH npHMeH5llOT MCTaJIJil1-
'-!eCKYJO ruiacrntty, Kornpy10 non6HpaIOT no pa3Mepy o6ysn (rn6n. 22.2).
flJiaCTHHa H3'lHHaeTC51 OT HOCKa H npO.ll0JI)l(aeTC51 no cepe11HHbl
Il51TKH. lllHpHHa nnaCTl1Hhl nomt<Ha 6b!Tb MeHbWe Wl1PHHhl CTCJlbKl1 Ha
3-4 MM B nepenHeM ornene H Ha 8- 10 MM B Il51TO'lHO-reJieHO'lHOH
qacT11. MeTa.nJIH'leCKYIO rnrncTHHY BCTaBJI51IOT Me)l(Jly BKJianHotl 11 oc-
HOBHOH CTeJibKaMH.
)lJIH y11ep)l(aHH5! KYJibTH cTonhI B n51TO'-!HOM noJio)l(eH1111 11 npe11y-
npe)l(lleHH5! 11e¢opMau1111 reneHO'lHOH 'laCTH o6yBH 113fOTOBJl51IOT Ka6-
JI)'K nma KJIHHOBH.IlHOro \13 nopHCTOM pe3HHhl. <l>pOHTa.JibHYlO noBepx-
HOCTb Ka6nyKa npollJleBalOT 110 3anHei1 rpaHHUbl onopHOM nJIOUia.IlKH
HCKYCCTBeHHOro nepeKaTa. }J,JI51 yJiyqrneHHH BHCWHero Bl1.Il3 Ka6JiyK B
reJieHO'lHOM 'laCTH 3ay)l(11Ba10T Ha 10- 15 MM c 06e11x cTopoH.

Ta61111ua 22.2
f10,1J,6op MeTaJIJIH'leCKHX nJiaCTHH no pa3Mepy o6yBH

Wn<flp nnacmHbI .llJJHH3 nJJaCTHHbl, MM PaJMep 06y1m

1165-00 168 215-245

1165-01 190 250- 260
1165-02 210 265-290

416
 Op11 113roTOBJieH1111 oprnnenwrecKofi o6yim MH 6oJibHbIX nocJie
aMnyrnumi B npeneJiax ruiecHe¢anaHrosoro OTneJia KononKtt non611-
pa10T 11 nonroHHIOT no MepKaM. TaKaH KOJIOilKa OTJiwraeTcH OT cTaH-
napTHOtt peJibe¢oM CJiena 11 yMeHbWeHHblMH pa3MepaMl1 nyqKOBO-HO-
COlfHOH lfacT11 Ha TOJIW:11HY )l(eCTKHX nernJieti:. KoM611H11ponaHHbIH Me)l(-
cTeJielfHbitt CJIOH B OpTonen11lfeCKOI'1 06ys11 npennOlfTl1TeJibHee Bbl-
noJIHHTb c sepXH11M CJIOeM 113 3JiaCTM'rnoro MaTep11aJia, KOTOpbIH CKJie-
11naIOT c wopHo-ceneJibHOH 10¢Tbl0. 3JiaCTl1lfHbIH CJIOH Half11HaeTCH
OT cepen11Hbl reJieHKa 11 npOil,OJI)l(aeTCH Ha 15- 20 MM 3a KOHeU KYJib-
TH CTOnbI. MaKC11MaJibHaH TOJillll1Ha 3JiaCTHlfHOfO CJIOH 5- 7 MM noJI)l(-
Ha 6bITb non, KOHUOM KYJibTl1. 3aTeM non611paIOT nJiaCT npo6KH He-
06xon11MbIX pa3MepoB, no.rrroHHIOT ero 11 KpenHT K CJieny KOJIOnK11,
o6rnHYTOMY wopHo-ceneJibHOH 10¢Tbl0 11 npOKJia.LlKOH 113 3JiaCTl1lfHO-
ro MaTep11aJia.
OT HalfaJia onopHOH nJiolllarrK11 nepeKaTa K HOCKY Kp11B113HY HO-
COlfHOH lfaCTl1 HH)l(HeH nosepXHOCTl1 npo6Kl1 noCTeneHHO yseJil1lfl1Ba-
IOT MH non,neMa HOCKa Ha I 0- 18 MM.
l.J:To6bI noJiynapa BbffJIH,UeJia 3CTeT11lfHO, )l(eCTKl1H nepe11H11H KJia-
naH lll11p11HOH 80 MM 113fOTOBJIHIOT B BMlle OllHOH neTaJil1 c nonHOCKOM
11 BKJiel1BaIOT ee Me)l(,lly no11KJia.LlKOH 11 nepXOM 06ys11.
BKJia,i:i;HLJe 6aIUMa'IKH u canolKKH. 8KJiarrHoi1 6awMalfOK 11n11 cano-
)l(OK M3fOTOI3JIHIOT no MHllMBHnyaJibHOH mnCOBOH KOJIOllKe (CM. p11c.
19.26, a, 6) . .LJ..1u1. yneJIM'IeHMH nJiow:an11 onopbl KYJibTl1 CTOnbI Ha CJie-
11e mnCOBOH KOJI01IKl1 neJiaIOT BbI6opey non BbIKJia,UKY npO,UOJibHbIX
cnonos OT nepen.Hero OTileJia nHTKH 1lO KOHUa KYJibTl1. B COOTBeTCTBl111
c OTMeTKaMl1 Hapalll11BaIOT CJienOK B 06Jiacn1 6oJie3HeHHblX yqacTKOB "
nHTKM Ha 3-5 MM, nepenHIOIO lfaCTb CJienKa YM11HHIOT Ha I0-15 MM .
.1J.e¢eKT ycelfeHHOH lfaCTl1 CTOnbI KOMneHc11pyIOT 11CKYCCTBeHHblM HOC-
KOM. K nepe.rrHeMy 0T11eny Me)l(CTeJielfHOro CJIOH BKJia.nHoro 6awMalfKa
np11KJie11sa10T nJiaCTHHY 113 3JiaCTl1lfHOro MaTep11aJia. Ifa Hee ¢opM11-
PYIOT 11CKYCCTBeHHblH HOCOK, COOTBeTCTBYIOW:MH HOCOlfHOH lfaCTl1 CTaH-
napTHOH 06ys11 . .Um1 06JierlfeH11H nepeKaTa np11 xonb6e B o6JiaCTM MC-
KYCCTBeHHOfO HOCKa, COOTBeTCTBYIOW:eH IDIIOCHe¢aJiaHroBOMY CO'UleHe-
HMIO, Bbipe3aIOT KJil1H OCHOBaH11eM BBepx (w11p11Ha OCHOBaHMH 30 MM),
KOTOpbIH JanOJIHHIOT nop11CTOH pe3MHOH (CM. p11c. 19.26, e).
C 3TOH )Ke ueJibIO, a TaK)l(e MH o6JierlfeHHH nonroHKM 11 np11¢op-
MOBbIBaeMOCT11 Me)l(CTeJielfHOfO CJIOH K KYJihTe CTOnbI ero sepXHIOIO
lfaCTb, KaK H B opTonenHlfeCKOH o6yBM, 113f0TOBJIHIOT 113 3JiaCTl1lfHOro
MaTep11aJia. ToJIW:11Ha Me)l(CTeJielfHoro CJIOH OT cepen11HbI noncson-
Hoti: lf3CTl1 noJI)l(Ha yseJIMlfl1BaTbCH OT 0 no 5- 8 MM non KOHUOM KYJibTH .
.11.JIH YMeHbWeHl1H Harpy3Kl1 Ha nepenHHH OTnen KYJibTH CTODbl np11
nepeKaTe ycrnHaBJI11na10T )l(eCTKHti nepenHHH KJianaH lll11p11Hoti 80 MM
H MHHOH 200- 250 MM. KnanaH ¢opMYIOT 113 lfenpaKa K0)1(11 MH Hl13a
o6yBH, apM11pOBaHHOro nOJil13THJieHa HJIM )l(eCTKOH pe3MHbl Ha mn-
COBOH KononKe. KpoMe Toro, np11 tteo6xon11MocT11 ycraHaBJIMBaIOT
)l(eCTKHI1 331IHMK HJIM )l(eCTKMe 6epUbl.

14 fleJieHeua 417
 BKJla.nttol1 6awMa40K QJHKCHPYIOT Ha KYJihTe cTonbI nepe1rnel1 Hn 11
6oKOBOH wHypoBKOH. B orne11hHbIX CJIY4aHx (HanpHMep, 6011hHbIM c
ne~JeKTaMH KHCTH) 6awMa40K KpenHT JieHTOH neJibKpO.
BKJlallHOH canm1<0K HcnoJihJYIOT noc11e aMnyrnuHH CTOnb1 no Wo-
napy HJIH aMnyrnUHH roJieHH no J1. n. nuporoBy C He60JJbWHM YKO-
po4em1eM KOHe4HOCTH.
CanmKOK COCTOHT HJ BbICOKOH KO)l(aHOH 33fOTOBKH Bepxa, )l(eCT-
KOro KpyroBoro 6epua H HCKYCCTBeHHOfO HOCKa.
BKJI3,!1,Hble TYcl>MbKH. BKJlarrHbie TY¢e11b1<11 (cM. pHc. 19.25) HJrornn-
JIHIOT c llJIHHHOH )l(eCTKOH COIOJKOH HJIH BbICOKHMH )l(eCTKHMH 604Ka-
MH, KOTOpbie xopqwo QJHKCHPYIOT HJne11He Ha KYJibTe H npOTHBOCT051T
ne¢opMaUHH Bepxa o6YBH.
BKJ13,11,noe npucnoco6Jieuue npu 11e<f>eKTax nepe11uero OTlleJia cTonb1
(CM. pHC. 19.27). npHCTIOC06JieHHe COCTOHT HJ WHpOKOH YKOp04eHHOii
MeTaJIJltttieCKOH nJiaCTHHbl c yKpenJieHHbIMH Ha Hett HCKYCCTBeHHbll\1
HOCKOM H CM5Ir4a!OLUHM CJIOeM BbIKJlallKH CB0113 non KYJibTIO, He 11oxo-
11muei1110 ee KOHUa. nonepXHOCTH, COTipHKaCalOWHeCH C KYJibTeH CTO-
Tibl, H MeTaJIJIH'IeCKYIO nJiaCTHHY OKJleHBalOT TI011KJ13.U04HOH KO)l(eH.
CMHflfalOLUHH CJIOH H HCKYCCTBeHHbllf HOCOK H3fOTOBJIJllOT c Y4e-
TOM llJIHHbl H o6beMa KYJibTH CTOTibl, 6011eJHeHHblX Y43CTKOB ee nono-
WBeHHOH noBepXHOCTH, paJMepa H ¢acotta 06YBH 60JibHOfO.
,UJIH 113roTOBJiemrn BKJlarrttoro npHcnoco611ettHH HeT tteo6xonttMo-
cTH CHHMaTb c11enoK HJIH TIOllfOHHTb nepeBHHHYIO KOJIOI(Ky. 04ep4HBa-
IOT KYJibTIO, OTMe'IalOT Ha KOHTYpe 6011eJHeHHbie Y4aCTKH, CHHMalOT
o6beMhI ee nepenttei1 4aCTH 11 npHMoro BJbeMa. AttaJIOrH4Hbie paJMe-
pbI CHl1MalOT Ha 3110POBOH CTone. no paJMepy 06YBH, KOTOpOH TIOJibJY-
eTCH 6oJihttotl, no116Hpa10T MeTaJIJIH4eCKYIO n11aCTHHy. Otta UOJI)l(Ha 6hITb
y)l(e CTeJibKH CTaHllapTHOH 06ym1 Ha 2- 3 MM no BCeMy nepHMeTpy H
yKopo'IeHHOH, T. e. Ha'IHHaTbCH OT HOC04HOH 43CTH 06YBH H llOXOllHTb
no cepe1111ttb1 KYJihTH. B nepentteM 0T11e11e, Ha MeCTe OTCyTCTBYJOLUei1
'IaCTH CTOTibl, KpennT HCKYCCTBeHHbIH HOCOK HJ 3JiaCTl14HOro MaTepH-
ana c Y4eTOM npHnycKa K llJll1He KYJibTl1 He Mettee 4-5 MM.
BKJ13,11,Hoe npucnoco6JieHHe c noJIHOKOHTilKTHblMH 3JieMeHTaMH (pHc.
22.4). npHCTIOC06JieHHe npenttaJHa"!eHO llJIH 60JibHbIX C llJll1HHbIMH,
cpenHHMH H npOI(OJlbHbIMH KYJibTHMH CTOTI, HMelOLUHMl1 6011eJHeH-
Hbie py6Ubl H KOCTHbie o6pa30Bamrn Ha TIOllOillBeHHOH nonepXHOCTH.
npttcnoco6JieHHe BbITIOJIHHIOT HJ neHOTIOJIH3THJieHa nn3-P, 4TO o6ec-
ne'IHB3CT ero npu¢opMOBbIBaHHe K KYJibTe CTOTibl 60JibHOfO.

P11C. 22.4. BKJJanHoe np11cnoco6neH11e

c nonHOKOHTaKTHblMH 3neMeHTa~rn

418
 OpTone.m1YecKoe H311e1111e H3rDTOBJUIIOT 6e3 CH5ITH51 cnenKa. 0Ho
COCTOHT H3 HCKYCCTBeHHOro HOCKa, yKopo'leHHOH MeTaJinH'leCKOH
nnacTHHbl H nonHOKOHTaKTHbIX 3JieMeHTOB. 1-13 nHCTa neHOnOJIH3THJie-
Ha TOnlllHHOH 20 MM Bblpe3alOT 3arOTOBKy cTenbKH no BKJlaLIHOH CTenbKe
o6ystt, KOTopott noJih3yeTc5J 6onhHOtl. Hoco'lHYJO 'laCTh CTeJihKH pa3-
.nsausaJOT nononaM 11 noMelllaJOT s TepMocrnT Ha 20-25 MHH np11
TeMneparype 140- 150 °C. CTocne 3TOro cynhTIO crnnhI 6onbHoro ycrn-
HaBnttsaJOT Ha pa3orpeTYJO 3aroTOBKy CTenhKl1 H MonenttpyIOT onop-
HYIO nosepxHOCTh c noMOlllhlO Macchr Tena. CTptt 3TOM ¢opMyJOT H
BHYTPeHHIOIO lfaCTb HCKYCCTBeHHOro HOCKa no TbIJlbHOH nosepXHOCTH
CTOflbI, nnoTHO npmKl1Ma51 sepXHHH CJIOH 3aroTOBKH K KynbTe. Q)l(ora
K0)1(11 6onbHOro He npOl1CXOLIHT, TaK KaK MaTep11an o6nanaeT 6onh-
WOH TennoeMKOCThlO 11 HH3KOH TennonpoBO.UHOCThlO. KoHTaKTHoe M0-
11enuposaHtte 3JieMeHTOB BKJlaLIHOro npttcnoco6neHH51 npono11)1(aeTc5!
110 nonHoro OCThIBaHH51 3aroTOBKl1 B Te'leH11e l ,5- 2 MHH. 113 3nac-
TH'lHOro MaTepttana Bbipe3alOT HCKyCCTBeHHhIH HOCOK H npHK11e11saJOT
ero K nepe11Hett yacT11 H311eJI115!. CTenhKy nonroH5IIOT 11 wnu¢y10T Ha
non11pOBaJibHOM CTaHKe (KpOMe nOJIHOKOHTaKTHbIX nosepXHOCTett).
K Hm1rnei1 'laCTH 11311en1151 Kpen5IT MeTaJIJIH'leccy10 nnacTHHy.
B HeKOTOph1x cnY'la5Ix Heo6xo.n11Mo nonoJIHHTeJihHO pa3rpy3HTh Y'la-
CTKH KyJibTH CTOnhI 3a C'leT yrny6neHHH B Me)l(CTeJie'lHOM CJIOe. ,Ll,n51
3TOro Ha COOTBeTCTB)'JOlllHe Y'laCTKl1 CTOnhI HaKJleHBaJOT JIH'lHHKH. 3a-
TeM pa3orperyl0 3aroTOBKy CTenbKH MOLienHpYJOT MaCCOH Tena 6onb-
HOro. f oTOBOe npttcnoco6neHHe BKJlaLihIBaJOT B CTaHJiapTHYJO o6yBh.

22.3. 06yBb AJUI OTBlr1CalOL1-'lr1X CTOn

06ecne'leHHe opTonenH'leCKOH 06YBbJO 6onhHblX c OTBHCalOllleH

CTOnotl onpene115IeTC5J CTeneHbJO aKTHBHOH no11BH)l(HOCTH B roneHO-
CTOnHOM cycrnse 11 HaJ111'll1eM 60KOBhIX OTKJlOHeHl1H CTOnhI.
Ecn11 ThIJlhHoe cr116am1e B roneHOCTonHoM cycrnse coxpaHeHo 11
HeT 60KOBhIX OTKJlOHeHHH CTOnhI, Ha3Ha'laJOT crnttnapTHYJO HJIH OpTO-
ne1111'leCKyK> 06YBb (ry¢n11 HJ111 nony60T11HKH) B CO'leTaHHH c MaH-
)l(eTKOH 11 pe3HHOBhIM11 rnraMH. CrnttnapTHYJO o6YBh MO)l(HO 11cnoJih-
30BaTh 11 c OpTonentt'leCKHMH 113.UemrnMH, B KOHCTpYKUHJO KOTOpbIX
BXO.U.HT nepeKpelllHBalOlllHeC51 pe3HHOBhie mm l1 cPHKCHPYIOlllHe ynpy-
me nnattweTKH.
Ecn11 0Tsttcatt11e He¢11Kcttposattttoe H ttMeJOTC51 tte3tta'lHTenhHhie
6oKOBbie OTKJlOHeHH51 CTOnhI, peKOMeHJiylOT OpTone,UHlfeCKHe 60THH-
KH B CO'leTaHl111 c MaH)l(eTKOH H pe3HHOBblMH rnraM11 HnH o6yBh c
.usoi1ttotl wHypoBKOH. Cne.uyeT Y'lHThIBaTh, 'ITO 3KBHttyc (¢11Kc11-
posattttoe OTBHCaH11e) CTOnhI, pe3K351 cr116aTenbHa5! KOHTpaKTypa
nanbues, nOBbIWeHHa51 KO)l(Ha51 'lYBCTBHTenhHOCTb B HH)l(Hei1 TpeTH
roneHH, TPOcPHlfeCKl1e H3MeHeHl151 Ha roJieHH 11 CTone, OTeK11, sap11-
K03HOe pacwttpeHHe seH 5IBJ15IJOTC51 npOTHBOnOKa3aHHeM K Ha3Halfe-

419
HHJO MamKeTKH c pe3HHOBbIMH rnraMH. Co'!ernm1e onn1caiurn cTonbt
c YKOpO'leH11eM KOHC'IHOCTI1 110 7 CM 51BJl51CTC51 noKa3amteM K Ha3H3-
'leHHIO noJJy6onrnoK c BbICOKHM Y3KHM 3aJJ.HHKOM 11 J\HHDKeToi1, cjrnK-
CHpyJOWHX roJJeHOCTOnHbIH cyCTaB.
8b1pa)!(eHHbie 60KOBblC OTKJJOHeHHH OTBHC3!0WCit CTOnbI Tpe6y101
HOWeHHH opTonenw1eCKMX 6oTHHOK c 01lHOCTOpOHH11Ml1 )!(CCTKHMll
6epuaM11 11 BbIHocoM Ka6JJyKa. Me)!(cTeJJeYHbii1 cJJoi1 n TaKMX 6onrnKax
llOJJ)!(eH 6hITh nonoJJHeH npoHaTopoM l1JJ11 cym!HaTopoM.
Op11 cj:i11Kc11poBaHHOM 0Tn11caH1111 11J111 1136bITO'IHoi1 nonn11)!(HOCTI1
B roJJeHOCTODHOM cycrnne (pa360JJTaHHOCTl1 CTODbl) CJJenyeT peKO-
MeHllOBaTb 60Tl1H,Kl1 c llBYCTOpOHHl1Ml1 HJJH KpyroBblMH )!(CCTKHJ\111
6epuaM11. Kpyronotl )!(eCTKtttt 6epeu HapHny c 6oJJee HaJle)!(HOi1 qmK-
cau11etl c0311aeT ynop Ha nepe11H11i1 oT11eJJ, Heo6xo1111J1.tbIH 1lJJH ocyme-
CTBJJeHtt51 nepeKarn.
Ecmt )l(eCTKHe 6epUbI He cjJHKC11py10T pa360JJTaHHYJO CTony, opTo-
ne1111YecKyJO o6yBb ycHJJl1Bd!OT 11BYCTOpOHHei1 J\leTaJTJJl1'1CCKOi1 Wl1HOii
c wapH11poM Ha ypoBHe roJJeHoCTonHoro cycrnna, orpaHw11ma10uu11\1
no.nowBeHHOe crn6att11e.
TioJiy6oTHHKH c BblCOKHM Y3KHM :tKeCTKHM 3a.ll,HHKOM u Mau:tKeTKOif.
Oco6eHHOCThJO KOHCTPYKUHH HBJJHeTC51 06J1eram1e BhtCOKHM Y3KHl\1
3aD.HHKOM npo6KH, o6mlCTH nHTKH, 3XHJIJIOB3 cyXO)!(HJ11151, KOTOpblli
JaKaHY11naeTcH Han JJOllhDKKaMtt MaH)!(eTKoi1 (puc. 22.5). Mc)!(CTeJJeY-
HhIH CJIOH MO)!(eT 6hITb B Bl1.11C KOCKa 11Jll1 KJll1HOBJlllHOii npo6KH. Ta
KOH noJJy6oTHHOK H3roTOBJJ51JOT Ha 6epUOBOH HJJH nmconoi1 KOJJOllKC.
MepKy CHHMaJOT B COOTBCTCTBHH c MC1l11Ul1HCKllM Hll3H3'1CHHCM II
nonOJJHHJOT Ko1nypaMH CTOflbl 11 HH)l(Hei-i Tpen1 ro11e1-111. Pa3MCP MaH-
)l(CTKH onpeneJJHJOT no o6xmny Han JJOD.bDKKaM11. Op11 yKopO'ICHHH cTo-
n bl Ha I- 4 c~1 Bbicorn Jan11 HK11
no JanHeMy wny panHa BhlCOTe 3a-
D.11HKH CTaHnapn-1oro no11y60T11H-
Ka, a np11 YKOpO'lCHHll Ha 5- 7 CM
Bb!COTY 331111HKH 13 nHTO'IHO-reJJe-
HO'lHOi1 'l3CTl1 yne1111'111BllJOT Ha
8- I 0 MM OT cjmrypHoii CTCJ!hKH.
Bb1c0Ta Y3Koro )!(CCTKoro 3MHII-
Ka OT qmrypHOM CTCJ!bKll no Bepx-
Hero KpaH no11y60THHKa pantta
150- 155 l\IM. 06waH BblCOTa 113H -
Ho ii neTaJJl1 cKJJallbll3aeTrn 113 :noi 1
BblCOThl II BhlCOTbl npo6KH no,1
nHTKOM. >KeCTKHl1 3a1lHHK Bb1Kpa-
HB3JOT 113 nonownc1rnoro l.fenpa-
Ka TOJIWHHO~i 3, I -3,5 MM. W11-
p11Ha KpbL'lbCB l\lllH)!(CTKll COCTaB-
P11c. 22.5_ no,1y60THHOK c Ub!COKHM yJ- JJHeT 35-40 l\11\1. n.:iH npcnoxpa-
KHM )l(eCTKllM 33.LlHHKOM H MaH)l(CTKOii HCHl1H rOJICHH OT noTepTOCTe~i I-Ia

420
 -t-~"--+--3
l'-ilDS~V

P1-1c. 22.6. Monem1 oprnnenw1ecKoi':1 06yn1-1 c MaH)l(eTKoii 1-1 pe31-1Honol1 rnroi1:

a - 6onrnKtt; 6 - nony6onrnKn; B - caw1a'leTb1

BttyrpettHIOIO CTopotty MaH)l(eTKH roTOBOH o6yBH HaKJieHBalOT CJIOM

ry6'IaTOH pe311Hbl HJIH neHOnOJIHypernHa.
06ysb c MaIDKeTKOH H pe3HHOBOH TSITOH. 0CHOBY KOHCTpYKUHl1, npe-
mITCTBYIOllleH OTBl1CaHMIO CTOnhI, COCTaBJIHeT MaH)l(eTKa c pe3HHOBOH
rnrol1 H KO)l(aHa51 nJiaCTHHKa c o6ysHhlMH KPIO'IKaM11, KOTOpylO np11-
CTpalfl1BaJOT K MHfKOMY 513bl'IKY CTatt)lapTHOro 60Tl1HKa, no11y60Tl1HKa
HJJH caH)laJieThL B opTone)lH'leCKOH 06ys11 Kpl0'1Kl1 ycrnHaB1111BaJOT Ha
YJlJIMHeHHhIJ1 MJIM qmrypHhitt H3hI'IOK.
PeKoMeHJlyJOTCH TPH Mone1111 TaKoA opToneJJM'lecKoA 06ys11:
6oTMHKH c HacTpO'IHhIMM 6epuaM11, yJlJI11tteHHhIM H3hI'IKOM Ha Ko-
)l(aHoi1 nO)lKJla)lKe 11 JlBYMH PHJlaMH Kp!O'IKOB Ha HeM (p11c. 22.6, a);
no11y60T11HKM c ttacTpO'IHhIMM 6epuaM11, YJlJil1HeHHhIM cj:mrypHhIM
H3hI'IKOM tta KO)l(aHoH nonKJJanKe H OJlH11M 111111 JlBYMH pHJlaM11 KPJO'l-
KOB Ha HeM (pHc. 22.6, 6);
CaH)laneThI c 'lepecnO)lbeMHbIM peMHeM, npoXOJlHWHM 110Bepx 513hl'l-
Ka (p11c. 22.6, e).
BMJlhr qmrypHhrx H3hilfKOB noKa3aHhr Ha p11c. 22. 7.
Matt)l(eTKa c pe3MHOBOH rnroil
COCTOMT 113 co6crneHHO MaH)l(eTKH,
KO)l(aHOH neTJIM, pe3HHOBOH rnrn,
KO)l(attoro peMernKa, MeTaJI11111c1e-
CKOH nern11 11 o6yBHhIX KpJOlfKOB.
Matt)l(eTKY BhIKpaMBaJOT 113 0 Q
wopHo-ce11e11bHOH JOqn11, nonKJ1au-
KY -· 1-13 KO)l(l1, a npoMe)l(YTOlfHhIM
cJioti - 113 nettonomryperntta. 0 Q
PeMernoK 113 KO)l(H xpoMoBoro
11y6JieH115l )lJIH B3pOCJlbIX )leJJalOT
,.'.IJIHHOH 180- 220 MM, JlJIH neTeil
- J50 It Wl1p11HOH 15 MM 0 po- Puc. 22.7. <l>11rypH1>1e H3bl'IKM

421
CJTOHKa H3 neHonoJTHypernHa B o6JTaCTH aXHJTJTOBa cyxmKHJTHSI H JTOJlbl-
)!(eK JlOJT)!(Ha 6bITb Tomue nepenHett '-laCTH MaH)!(eTKH. MaKCHMaJTbHa51
TOJTlllHHa c11osr npoKJTanKH 7- 10 MM. MeTaJTJTH'-leCKHe nernH (ywKu)
H3roTOBJTSllOT H3 npOBOJTOKH )lHaMeTpOM 1,5 MM. 06lUyJO JlJTHHY 3JTac-
TH'-IHOH mm npHcnoco6JTeHHSI (pe3HHOBaSI TSira, coe)lHHHTeJTbHble
KO)l(aHbte peMeWKH H MeTaJTJTH'-leCKHe neTJTH) onpen:eJTSIIOT BO Bpef\,151
npHMepKH. 0Ha D:OJT)l(Ha 6b!Tb TaKOH, '-IT06bI npH MaKCHMaJTbHOM cm-
6aHHH CTOnbI rnra 6bIJTa B CB06on:HOM COCTOSIHHH.
OpTonerorqecKaH ooyuL c )J.Boifuou muypoBKoif. ITpen:crnB11sreT co-
6oi1 6oTHHKH, K 3a)lHeMy BHYTpeHHeMy WBY KOTOpbIX np11cTpO'-IeHa
KO)l(aHasr MaH)!(eTKa c '-leTbtpbMSI napaMH 6110'-IKOB. MaH)l(eTKa Haxo-
D:HTCSI BHYTPH 6ontHKa H ee BepxHHH Kpati: He BbicrynaeT BbIWe 6ep-
ueB. B KOHCTPYKUHH npen:ycMOTpeH YTOJTlUeHHbIH SI3bI'-IOK, K KOTopoMy
npHCTpO'-leHa KO)l(aHasr nJTaCTHHKa c 4- 5 6JTO'-IKaMH, pacnoJTaraJOlUH-
MHCH B camTiaJTbHOH nJTOCKOCTH. fTpH Han:eBaHHH o6yBH MaH)l(eTKy
3awHypOBb1BaJOT TaK, '-IT06bI 6JTO'-IKH Sl3bl'-1Ka OKa3aJTHCb Me)l(ll:y p5In:a-
MH 6JTO'-IKOB MaH)l(eTKH. llIHypOBKY 3aKpb!Ba!OT CBepxy BTOpb!M MHr-
KHM H3bt'-IKOM, noc11e '-lero 6oTHHKH WHYPYJOT. f1011o)l(eH11e CTOnbI B
o6yBH 3aBHCHT OT nJTOTHOCTH WHypoBaHHH.
nOTHHKH c KpyroBbIM )l(eCTKHM 6epueM - TpanHUHOHHbIH Bttn: o6ysH
JlJTSI OTBHCaJOllleH CTOnbI. DOTHHKH H3fOTOBJTSllOT no 6epUOBOH HJTH mn-
COBOH KOJTOn:Ke . .IKeCTKHH 6epeu ycrnHaBJTHBaJOT HJTH Me)l(ll:y non:KJTan-
KOH " BepxoM o6yBH - BHYTPH3aroTOBO'-IHbIH (pttc. 22.8, a), HJTH rnK,
'-IT06bl OH Henocpen:CTBeHHO np1111eraJT K CTOne 60JTbHOro, - BHe3aro-
TOBO'-IHbIH (pHC. 22.8, 6).
OoyuHble OpTone,ZJ,H'leCKHe HJ,ZJ,eJIHH. fTpH OTBHCaJOlUeH CTOne MO)l(-
HO HCnOJTb30BaTb n:Ba Bttn:a OpTonen:wieCKHX H3n:eJTHH, noMelUaeMbIX B
CTaHn:apTHYIO o6yBb. 06a H3D:eJTHSI MO)l(HO H3fOTOBJTSITb Ha non:6op c
HH)lHBHD:YaJTH3aUHeH B MOMeHT HX BbUla'-IH.

a 6

P11c. 22.8. 60T11HK11 c KpyroBbIM )f(eCTKHM 6epueM:

a - BHyrp1naroTOBO'IHblM; 6 - BHCJaroTOBO'IHblM; I - TIOllKJlaJJ.Ka; 2 - )l(CCTKaH
llCTaJib; 3- ~rnTepttaJI BCpxa

422
 7

2 I

Pttc. 22.9 Oprnncaw1ecKoe 113aen11e P11c. 22.10. Oprnnea11yecKoe l13LleJil1e B

n 1mne 6awl\rnYKa LIJI.fl onmca10Ulci1 BltilC CTCJibKH llJl.fl OTBHCalOUlCM CTOnbI:
CTOnbl'. I- CTeJlbKa; 2- Kap~taH; J- BblKJIMKa
I - 6oKonoi1 KapMaH; 2 - \1era.~m1•1e­ llHyTpeHHero nponOJlbHOro CHOLia; 4 -
cKan !Ul3CTHHKa; 3- pe3HHOH3H BCTaBKa; KapMa11; 5 - nJldllWeTKa; 6 - 6oKOBble
4- ~macn1•1Hble rnrn; 5 - urnypoBKa CTOtt"-11; 7 - Ma!DKeTKa; 8 - rnrn

nepsmr KOHCTPYKLU1H oprnnen11lfeCKOro l13)leJTl151 (p11c. 22.9) npen-

CTaBJT.fleT co6m1 6awMalfOK c OTKpblTOH D5ITOlfHOH lf3CTblO, BbinOJT-
HeHHbIH 113 ny6n11poBaHHOl1 o6yBHOM TK3Hl1 IU111 K0)!(11 nm1 Bepxa o6y-
Bl1. naWM3lfOK HMeeT 60KOBbie K3pM3Hbl JIJIH pa3MellleHl151 (no TIOK333-
Hl1511\1) MeTaJTJll1'-leCKl1X nJTaCTl1HOK, yKpenJTHJOlUHX 6oKOBbie CTOpOHbl.
Ha Janttetl noBepxHOCTH 113llCJTH51 ttaxonHTC51 3JTaCTHlfHaH BCTaBKa H3
6attna)!(HOi1 pe3HHbI, no3BOJUJIOWaR pery1rnpoBaTb o6oeM 06yn11. )J.n51
ynpyroro y.rrep)!(3Hl151 CTOnhI B HOpMaJibHOM nOJIO)!(eHl1l1 npe.rryCMOTpe-
Hbl .ITBe B3al1MHOnepeKpew11BaJ01lll1eC5! 3JiaCTl1lfHhIC mm, KOTOpbie no-
3BOJT5IIOT KOppl1rl1pOB3Tb 60KOBble OTKJTOHCHl151 CTOTibl. vb.rren11e Kpe-
TI51T Ha Hore llIHYPOBKOi1.
llpyroe 11Jnen11e (p11c. 22.10) npencrnsnHeT co6oi1 oprnnen11lfeCKYIO
CTeJTbKY c KapMaHOM JIJIH ycTaHOBKH MOllYJTH BbIKTTa.ITKH npOllOJTbHbIX
CBO.ITOB. CTeJTbKa coemrnetta c Matt)!(eTKOH 6oKoBLIMH cToi1KaM11. 60-
KOBbie CTOifKH l11\1e!OT P511l KapMaHOB IDI51 p33MCIUeHJ151 KOpceTHbIX nnaH-
weTOK. flmJO)!(eHHe CTOTibl B l13IIeJTl1l1 peryn11py10T HClT51)!(CHHeM T51f, a
qmKCHpy!OT lllHYPOBKOH HJTH 3aCTe)!(KOi1 BeJTbKpo.

22.4. 06yeb ,Qnfl nonblX CTon

Op11 nonoi1 CTone Ha3tta•1ett11e 06yn11 3an11c11T OT cTeneH11 ¢11Kc11-

ponaHHOCTH IIecpopMau1111. Op11 HeqrnKc11posaHHoi1 nonoii CTone ro-
JTOBKa nepBoi1 TIJTIOCHCBOii KOCTl1 np11 Ha.rraBJTl1B3Hl1l1 c no.uowBeHHOH

423
CTOpOHbl BbIBOnl1TCSI no ypOBHSI OCTaJibHbIX, a BblCOTa cuona HeCKOJib-
KO yMeHbwaeTCSI. Dp11 qmKc11poBaHHoti nonoti CTone BbICOTa cBona He
MeHSieTCSI, fOJIOBKa nepBOH nmocHeBOH KOCTl1 He BbIBOnl1TCSI, T. e. KOp-
peKUl1SI HeB03MO)f(Ha.
Dp11 HeQ:>11Kc11poBaHHOH neQ:>opMau1111 Tpe6yioTcsi BKJianHbie opTO-
nenw1ecK11e CTeJibKl1. Me)f(CTeJie'lHbIH cnoti cTeJieK BbinOJIHSIIOT 6e3
BbIKJiaD.Kl1 CBonoB, c cymrnaTopoM nepenHero 11 npoHaTopoM 3a.D,Hero
OTneJIOB, 'ITO npOTl1BOnetiCTByeT ¢11Kc11poBaHl1!0 11 nporpecc11pona-
Hl1JO ne¢opMau1111. Bb1cory 3T11x 3JieMeHTOB cneJzyeT onpenensiTb c no-
MOlllbJO MepHblX KJil1HbeB, KOTOpbie B noJIO)l(eHl111 60JibHOfO CTOSI non-
KJia.D,bIBaJOT non BHYTPeHH11ti Kpati nepenHero 11 Hap~HbIH Kpati Jan-
Hero OTneJIOB CTOnbl.
CTpH Q:>HKCHpoBaHHOH neQ:>opMau11116e3 6oKOBbIX OTKJIOHeH11ti MO)f(-
HO 11cnOJib30BaTb OpTonen11'leCKYJO CTeJibKY, BbinOJIHeHHYIO no opTO-
nen11'leCKOH KononKe Ha CTony c nonoti neQ:>opMau11eH. CTeJibKY BKJia-
nhrnaIOT B CTaHnapTHYIO o6ysb 60JibWOH noJIHOTbl, HMe!OlUYIO nocrn-
TO'lHO BbICOKl1H 3anHl1K .
.llnsi CTOnbI c ¢11KCl1pOBaHHOH neQ:>opMau11eti, conpOBO)f(D,a!OllleH-
CSI np11neneH11eM HJIH BapyCHOH ycTaHOBKOH nepenHero OTnena CTO-
nbI, a TaK)f(e MOJIOTK006pa3HbIMl1 naJibUaMl1 Tpe6yeTCSI OpTonen11'le-
CKaS1 o6yBb. CTpenno'lTl1TeJibHbIMl1 Bl1.llaM11 06ys11 SIBJISIJOTCSI TyQ:>n11 c
'lepecnonbeMHbIM peMHeM 11Jil1 Ha WHypKax, nony60Tl1HKl1 11 60Tl1H-
KH • .llnsi BbipaBHl1BaHHSI onopHOH noBepXHOCTl1 B Me)f(CTeJie'lHOM CJIOe
o6yBl1 noJI)f(eH 6bITb npoHaTop nepenHero OTnena, BbICOTY KOToporo
onpeneJISIJOT 11Hn11BI1D.YaribHO c noMOlllblO MepHbIX KJil1HbeB. B JaB11c11-
MOCT11 OT pa3Mepa onymeHl1SI fOJIOBKl1 nepBOH nJIJOCHeBOH KOCTl1 Bbl-
COTa npoHaTopa MO)f(eT nocT11raTb 1,5 MM. Ecn1111MeeTCS1 ¢11KcttpoBaH-
HbIH napyc nsiTK11, npoHaTop nSITO'lHOro OTnena He np11MeHSllOT.
CTOJiaSI CTOna 'laCTO CO'leTaeTCSI C npymMH neQ:>opMaU11SIMl1, 06pa3ySI
pa3H006pa3Hble naTOJIOrH'leCKl1e 113MeHeHl1SI: nOJIOBapyCHbie, nOJIO-
BaJlbfYCHbie, 3KB11HO-nOJibie, 3KBl1HO-nOJIOBapycHbie HJil1 nononSITO'l-
Hbie CTonbI. B 3T11x CJIY'lasix n11n opTonen11'lecKoro 113nen11si D.JISI 6oJib-
Horo onpenensieTCSI ocHOBHOH neQ:>opMauHeH. CTp11 11JroTOBJieH11H 06y-
B11 Heo6xon11Mo BKJIIO'll1Tb KOpp11mpy10m11e 3JieMeHTbl OCHOBHOH H
conYTCTBYJOllll1X etl: neQ:>opMau11i1. TaK, np11 Ha116onee 'lacTO BCTpe'la-
IOllletl:csi BapyCHOH ycTaHOBKe CTOnbI np11MeHSllOT BHYTpeHHl1H )f(eCT-
Kl1H 6epeu, BbIHOC Me)f(CTeJie'lHOro cnosi 11 Ka6JIYKa Hap~. CTp11 co-
'leTaH1111 nOJIOH neQ:>opMau1111 c OTBl1CaHl1eM 11Jll1 3KBl1HYCOM CTOnbI
YCTaHaBJil1BalOT nByCTOpOHH11e )f(eCTK11e 6epubl. nocJie onepaTl1BHOro
Jie'leHl1SI D,JISI noJIOH CTOnbI 113fOTOBJISllOT opTonen11'leCKl1e 60Tl1HKH c
BHYTPeHH11M11 )f(eCTKl1Ml1 6epuaM11, a TaK)f(e Me)f(cTene'lHbIM cnoeM 6e3
BbIKJianK11 cBonon c cyn11HaTopoM nepenHero 11 npoHaTopoM JanHero
OTneJIOB.
,llJISI 113fOTOBJieHHSI o6ystt 11 BKJia.D,HblX OpTonen11'leCKl1X CTeJieK Ha
B3pOCJIYJO CTOny c noJIOH neQ:>opMau11eti np11MeHSllOT OpTOnen11'leCKl1e
KOJIOnKH, OTJIH'laJOIUl1eCSI OT CTaHD,apTHOH cneu11aJibHblM peJibeQ:lOM CJie-

424
.ua (pttc. 22.11 ). B KOJIO.UKe H3MeHe-
HO pacnono)l(em1e nyl!KOB, TaK KaK
nptt nonofl: CTone BHyrpeHHHH ny-
l!OK Hatt6onee 'laCTo pacnonaraeT-
cH Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,71jJ(no [QCT
3927-88 Ha ypOBHe 0,73jJ), Ha-
p~HblH - Ha paCCTOHHHH 0,66JJ
(no [OCT 3927-88 Ha ypoBHe
0,62JI). TaKHM o6pa3oM, Hap~hIH
nyqoK nepeMewaeTCH K Hocey, a
BHYTPeHHHH, HanpoTHB, K nHTKe.
Oco6eHHOCThJO peJibe¢a cne.ua
KOJIOnKH HBJlHeTCH BbI60pKa non
ynnoweHHYJO BblKJlMKY nponOJlb-
HbIX CBonoB, KOTOpaH Ha'lHHaeT-
CH OT paccTOHHHH 0,2D H nponon- 0,59,a
)l(aeTCH no 0,64JI c BHyTpeHHett 0,64,a
CTOpOHbl H 0,59JI C Hapy)l(HOH. 0,66,a
Hatt6onhrny10 BhICOTY BbI6opKH B 0,71,a
nHTO'lHOH 'laCTH, paBHYJO l 0 MM,
nena10T Ha paccTOHHHH 0,26jJ. Hatt-
6onhrnaH BblCOTa BbI60pKH non Bbl- P11c. 22.11. CxeMa nocTpoeHHH cne.na
KJlMKY BHYTPeHHero nponoJibHO- KOJIO,nKH .nJJH noJJOM CTOnbI
ro CBona paBHa 18 MM L[JIH M~ -
CKHX H 16 MM L[JIH )l(eHCKHX KOJIO-
noK (HcxonHoro pa3Mepa). IlHTO'lHYJO 'laCTb cne.ua KOJIO.UKH .aeJiaJOT
OKpyrnotl, BbICOTa BbinYKJlOH 'laCTH OTHOCHTeJlbHO rpaHH KOJIO.UKH
paBHa 5 MM.
TaKofl: peJibe¢ cTeJlbKH oprnne.att'lecKotl o6YBH oKa3brnaeT pe.upec-
cttpyiowee (BhrnpHMJlHJOWee) BoJ.uetlcrntte, cnoco6crnyeT nepepacnpe-
.ueneHHJO Harpy3KH no no.uornBeHHOH noBepXHOCTH CTOnbI. c 6oJie3-
HeHHbIX roJIOBOK nJlJOCHeBbIX KOCTetl Harpy3Ka l!aCTH'lHO nepeHOCHTCH
Ha nepe.UHHH OT)leJI nHTO'lHOH KOCTH.
Kono.uKH no.a6ttpa10T H no.aroHHJOT no o6beMaM H MHHe cTonhI,
YKa3aHHhIM B 3aKa3e. Ilpn 6oJie3HeHHhIX HaTonThirnax .aena10T Ha6HBKH
no cne.ay KOJIO.UKH COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeCTaM, KOTOpble Heo6XO.UHMO pa3-
rpy3HTb. Ecnn Tpe6yeTCH no.am1Tb HOCO'IHYJO qacTh o6YBH npn MOJIOT-
Koo6pa3HhIX nanhuax, tta6HBKH BbinOJIHHJOT B HOCO'IHOH 'laCTH KO-
JIO.UKH . .ll.nH KOppeKUHH tte¢HKCHpoBaHHOro BapycHoro nOJlO)l(eHHH
nHTO'lHOro OT,UeJia CTOnbI Heo6XO.UHM npoHaTop nHTKH . .ll.JIH 3TOro Ha-
6HBKH pacnonaraJOT no BHyrpeHHeMy Kpa10 nHTO'lHOH 'laCTH KOJIO.UKH.
Ilpn TH)l(eJlbIX cTenem1x .ue¢opMaUHH, Kor.ua HeB03MO)l(HO no.uorHaTb
QlOPMY KOJlO.UKH K ¢opMe CTOnhI, oprnne.utt'leCKYJO 06YBb H3fOTOBJIH-
JOT no cneney . .ll.JIH 3aroTOBKH Bepxa o6yBH HCnOJ1b3YJOT KO~ xpOMO-
BOro .uy6neHHH, npH MOJIOTK006pa3HbIX nanbuax - rneBpo, 3JlaCTH'l-
Hbie KO)l(H.

425
 BKJJ3JIHYIO cTeJihKY 11JroTOBJI5!10T H3 wopHo-ceneJihHOH toqn11. Me)l(-
cTeJle'IHbIH CJlOH npennolJTHTeJlhHO BhinOJ1H51Tb KOM61rn11ponaHHbIM:
mDKHHH CJIOH - 113 KOpbI npo6KOBOro ny6a, BepXHl1H CJIOH - 113
3JiaCTHlJHOro MaTepttana, lJTO yMeHbwaeT 60J1C3HeHHOCTb HaTODTbIWCiL
ll115i 0611erlJCHl1H nepeKaTa l.Jepe3 nepenHHH OTJJ,CJI CTOnbI cpopMHPYIOT
OnOpHylO nJIOlll3JIK)' 11CKYCCTBeHHOfO nepeKaTa. 0epellH5151 ee rpaHHUa
coBnanaeT c JIHH11ei1 nytJKOB, a 3anH5151, napanJieJlbHaH nepnoi1, pac-
noJIO)l(eHa Ha paCCT051HHH 25- 30 MM.
Ecn11 6oJihHbie OTMe'latoT Henptt51THbie omymeHHH 3a ro110BKaMH WIIO-
cHeBhIX KOCTeti HJil1 B o6JiaCTH nepenHero OTJJ.eJia nHTOlJHOH KOCTH, TO
BhICOTY npo6KH Ha .:=JTHX ytJaCTKax nonroHHIOT 11HJJ.HBttnyanhHO. Ecn11
HMCeTCH yKopOlJCHHe CTODbl, ycrnHaBJIHBaIOT 11CKyCCTBeHHbIH HOCOK.

22.5. 06yab .qJUI mlTO"IHblX CTOn

Bb16op KOHCTPYKUHH opTonentttJecKoro 113ne1111H Ha nHTOlJHYIO cTony

3aBHCHT OT Bblpa)KCHHOCTH nape3a MbIWU-crn6aTeJ1ei1 CTODbl, CTene-
HH cpHKCHpOB3HHOCTl1 necpopMaUHH, a TaK)Ke OT ee COlJeTaHHH c 6o-
KOBblMl1 OTKJJOHeHHHMH CTODbl HJIH YKOpO•JeHHeM KOHelJHOCTH. Oc-
HOBHbie CBCJJ.eHHH no H33Hal.Jemuo opToneJJ,ttlJeCKOH 06yB11 npttBene-
Hbl B Ta6JI. 22.3.
Ta6n 11 ua 22.3
OcHOBHhie KOHCTPYKTHBHble 3JieMeHTbI u Blf,!J,bl opTone.nu'lecKoii o6yBu
Ha UJITO'IHYJO CTOny

B11.u nopa:>Kemrn Hl1:>KHeif KOHCTJJYKUl1ll 33rQTOBKH

Cncm1aJ11>Hb1e .uern.n11
KOHelJHOCHl Hepxa 06yH11

Jler1<H11 napcJ 111<po- OOTHHKH c llBYCTOpOH- KocoK 11JJH KJJHHOBHD,-

HO)f(HOtt t>lbIWUbl H
Mbiwu-crn6arenei1
CTOCTbl H OaJJbUeB
(HeQJHKCHpOBaHHall
nllTO'!Hall crona)
HHMH )f(CCTKI1Ml1 6cpua- Hall npo61<a c yrny6-
1\111 HJIH C Tb!JlbHblMH JJeHHOtt nllTO'IHOH lla-
MeTanJJH•!eCKHMH nna- CTblO H BbIHeCeHHOtt
CTHHKal\!H Ha3an npo61<oi1

Tll)f(eJJb!M nape3 111<po- DOTHHKH C 60K0Bb!Ml1 06paTHb!ft KOCOK c yr-

HO)f(HOM Mb!WUbl, cr11- nnacTHHKaMH, pacnono- ny6neHHOtt CTllTO'IHOil
6are11eii cronb1 11 nanb- )f(eHHb!J\HI BHYT)Jll HJll1 l!aCTblO l1 Bb!HOCOM
UCB BHe 3aroTOBKH Bepxa npo61<11 Ha3an

Co'leram1e nllTOl!HOH HaJHal!alOT 11cxonH 1n KocoK 11m1 KJJHHOBHD,-

CTOCTb! C 60KOBb!MH OT-
1rnoHeH11HMH ee orne-
JIOB
OCHOBHOH ne¢opM3UHH
HaH npo6Ka, o6paTHb!H
KOCOK C Bb!HOCOM Hapy-
)Ky. BHYT)Jb HJIH HaJan.
c cymrnaropoM 11n11
npoHaropoM, yrny6neH-
Hott nHTO'I HOH '!aCTblO

426
 npH JiefKOM nape3e HKpOHmKHOH MhllllUhl H MhllllU-Crn6aTeJieH
naJibUeB CTOnbI, KaK npaBHJIO, Ha6mo11aeTCSI HeqmKCHPOBaHHaSI nSITO'I-
HaSI cTona. B 3THX cJiyqasi:x cTone cJie.uyeT nptt11aTb B o6yBH 3KBHHycHoe
noJIO)l(eHHe, 'ITO llOCTHraeTCSI yseJIHlJ:eHHeM BhICOThl Ka6JiyKa HJIH yc-
TaHOBKOH KOCKa. BhICOTa KOCKa MO)l(eT KOJie6aTbCSI OT I 0 110 25 MM B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT B03MO)l(HOCTH naCCHBHOfO BbIBe)leHHSI CTOnbI H3 nsi:-
TOlJ:HOro noJIO)f(eHHSI B 3KBHHYCHoe. OrpaHH'IeHHe pa3rn6aHHSI cTonbI
o6ecnelJ:HBaeTCSI o6ysbIO c )l(eCTKHMH 6epuaMH HJIH TbIJihHhlMH MeTaJI-
JIHlJ:eCKHMH nJiaCTHHKaMH.
CTpH 6oJiee TSJ)l(eJibIX nopa)l(eHHSIX HKPOHO)l(HOH MhIWUbI H nape3e
11pyrnx Mb1wu-crn6aTeJieH: cTonhI H naJibUeB, a TaK)l(e nocJie onepa-
THBHoro JielJ:eHHSI nsi:TO'IHOH CTOnbI npHMeHSIIOT KOHCTPYKUHH Bepxa
o6yBH c 60KOBbIMH MeTaJIJIHlJ:eCKHMH nJiaCTHHKaMH, ycraHOBJieHHhIMH
BHYTPH HJIH BHe 3aroTOBKH Bepxa. YKa3aHHbie pa3HOBHJlHOCTH opTo-
nenH'IecKotl o6yBH 0611anaIOT ycHJieHHhIMH CBOHcTBaMH orpattw-1eHHSI
ThIJibHoro crn6aHHSI. Tsi:)l(eJiasi: cTeneHh nopa)l(eHHSI 'lame np11B01IHT K
¢opMHpOBaHHIO lJ:aCTHlJ:HO QlHKCHpOBaHHOH HJIH QlHKCHpOBaHHOH nsi:-
TO'IHOH CTOnhI. CT pH 3TOM CTona naCCHBHO BhlBO)lHTCSI JIHWh JlO cpen-
Hero nOJIO)l(eHHSI HJIH OCTaeTCSI B COCTOSIHHH pa3rH6aHHSI. LJ.n51 11cnpaB-
11eHHSI nOJIO)f(eHHSI HCnOJib3YIOT o6yBb c Me)l(CTeJielJ:HhIM cnoeM B BH)le
o6paTHOro KOCKa c nyqKOBhIM nepeKaTOM.
CTptt nocTpoeHHH Me)l(CTeJielJ:Horo cnosi: uettTp nsi:TO'IHOH qacTH yr-
Jiy6JISIIOT Ha 3.- 5 MM H BhIHocm npo6KY Ha3an Ha 5- IO MM. CTpH
60KOBblX OTKJIOHeHHSIX CTOnhI ycrnHaBJIHBaIOT cynHHaTop HJIH rrpoHa-
TOp, a TaK)l(e BbIHOCSIT npo6KY BHYTPb HJIH Hap~y.
Pa3HHUY Me)l(J].y )lJIHHOH 11e¢opMttposaHHOH H 311op0Boi1 crnn KOM-
neHCHPYJOT npo6KOBblM HOCKOM, )lJISI qero )lJIHHY 60THHKa Ha neq)Op-
MHpOBaHHYJO HOry YMeHbWaIOT Ha 5-15 MM no cpaBHeHHIO c )lJIHHOH
6ornHKa Ha 311oposy10 Hory. YKo-
po'IeHHe 11e¢opM11poBaHHOH KO-
HelJ:HOCTH 11,0 25 MM KOMneHCHpy-
IOT KOCKOM, a 6011ee 25 MM - KJIH-
HOBHllHOH npo6KOH c yqeTOM He-
o6XO)lHMOfO 3KBHHyca.
B KOHCTPYKUHH o6yBH rrpeny-
CMaTpHBaIOT cneUHaJibHbie MeTaJI-
JIHlJ:eCKHe nnaCTHHKH (pHC. 22.12).
KoJIOllKH nonroHSIIOT H H3roToB-
JISIIOT Me)l(CTeJielJ:Hbie CJIOH B COOT-
BeTCTBHH c Me)lHUHHCKHM Ha3Ha-
lJ:eHHeM H CHSITbIMH pa3MepaMH.
KpoMe Toro, CHHMaIOT KOHTYPhI
CTOnbI H roJieHH, Ha KOTOpblX no- P11c. 22.12. CxeMa pacnoJJO)l(eHl1H Me)l(-
Ka3bIBalOT pacnoJIO)l(eHHe MeTaJI- CTeJle'!HOro CJlOH 11 MeTaJJJll1'leCK11X
JIHlJ:eCKHX nnacTHHOK. B nocJie.uy- nnacT11HoK:
IOweM KOHTYPhI nnacTHHOK nepe- I - 6oKosoi1; 2 - TbJJ1bHoi1

427
HOC5!T Ha KOJlOllKY C npHKpenJleHHblM Me)l(CTeJlC'lHblM CJlOC\I. n1m '.3TO\I
CJlCllYeT Y'HfTbmaTb, YTO Bepxm1e KOHUbl nJlaCTHHOK IlOJl)KHbl 6bITb
HH)l(C KaHTa fOTOBOtt o6yrrn Ha 6-8 MM.
3aTCM H3fOTOBJ151JOT 6yMa)l(HblC MOllCJlH. npHYeM llJIH ycTaHOHKll
TblJlbHbIX nmlCTHHOK MO)l(HO 11cnOJJb30133Tb KapMaH B 33fOTOBKC Bepxa.
no nOJlY'ICHHblM MOllCJlHJ\I l13 CTaJJbHOH JlCHTbl IJH!p111-10ii 25- 30 1\1~1
l1 TOJlllU1HOi1 0,6-0,8 J\IM Bb!pC33IOT nJlaCTHHKH 11Jl1[Jl1HOii 8-10 MM.
OcTpb!C Kpa51 l1 HCpOBHOCTH nJJaCTHHOK om1mma10T. noCJJe 3TOro TblJlb-
HbIC H 6oKOBbJe nJJaCTHHKH nOllfOHHIOT (Bb!rI16aJOT B XOJJOJlHOJ\I co-
CT05!HHH) no KOJlOllKC H Me)l(CTeJlC'lHOMY CJlOIO.
liOTHHKH c TblJJbHblMH MeTaJJJJH'leCKHMH nJJaCTHHK3MH (p11c. 22.13 ).
.ll,JJH TaKOH o6yBH l1CnOJJb3YIOT KOHCTPYKUHIO 33fOTOBK11 nepxa c Ha-
CTpO'-lHbIMH 6epuar.m. 0JlaCTHHKH nol\ICWaJOT B cnemiaJJbHblC Kapr.rn-
Hbl Ha 3aroTOBKe Bepxa, pacnOJlO)l(CHHble c o6CHX CTOPOH Me)l(;w pac-
w11peHHbIM Ha 17 - 18 MM no116JJO'lHblM pel\11-lCM 11 cc nom<.1a.riKoii.
00116JlOlfHbIH peMeHb np11CTpat!f1B3IOT K TT011KJ13l1Ke llBYMH CTPO'IK3Ml1
napan11enbHO nepe11HeMy KpaJO 6epueB. Onm1 cTpOYKa pacno11m1<eHa
Ha paCCT05!Hl-1H 18-20 MM OT Hapy)l(HOro Kpa5! no116JlO'IHOfO peMH51,
BTopa5! npoXOllHT no ero I3HYTPCHHeMy Kpa!O.
lfro6b! l136e)l(aTb cnOJI33HI15! nJJaCTHHOK B HOCO'IHYIO lJaCTb 06y1311
(HH)l(C nepBOH napbl 6JlO'lKOB), rny6HHa KapMaHa ll0Jl)l(H3 6hITb orpa-
HJ1llCHa CTpOYKOH. lliTac!lep:r<y yKopaYJ1BaJOT Ha 11rnp1rny non6JlO'IHOfO
pCMH5!.
KaHT 3aroTOBKH Bepxa npoCTpa'lttBaJOT, HCKJlJOYa5J Mecrn Hau Kap-
MaHaM1-1. 3TH Y'!aCTKH npow1-1Ba10T TIOCJlC npHMCpKH 06y1m.

Puc. 22.13. Eon1HoK c ThIJJhHhil\111 Me- Puc. 22.14. 6onrnoK c 60KOBhIMl1 Me-
TaJJJJH'1ecK11M11 n}JaCTMHK3MH: T::LTJJll1'1CCKllMl1 nJI3CTl1HK3J\lll:
I - Kap\taH; 2 - JaroTonKa Bepxa; 3 - I - MCT<LWll'ICCKa51 11·1acrnHKa: 2- •1c-
non6no'1H1>111 pC\ICHh; 4 - TblJlbHaH n.1a- \OJI
CTl1HKa; 5- CTpO'lKa; 6- WTacjJepKa

428
 JiOTHHKH c 6oKOBblMH MeTaJIJIH'leCKHMH DJlaCTHHKaMH BHyrpH Jaro-
TOBKH Bepxa. flJiaCTl1HKl1 pacnoJiaraIOT Ha nepe,Lrne6oKonoi1: nonepxuo-
crn roJieH11 (p11c. 22.14).
Ha paccTOHH1111 6-8 MM OT Hm1rnero KOHUa rniacTl1HKl1 npoCBep-
mrnaIOT OTBepcT11e .u11aMeTpOM I MM. HmKH11tl Kpat'-i rnrnCTl1HKl1 .um1-
Hotl15-20 MM 3arn6a10T Ha re11etto•rny10 YacTb cTe11bKl1 Ja no.u611ot1-
HbIM peMHeM. flocne 33T5I)l(Kl1 CTHTO'IHO-reJJeHO'IHOM YaCTl1 3aroTOBK11
nepxa 11 HOCO'IHOH YaCTl1 no.uKJJa.UKl1 33T5I)l(HYIO KpOMKy B re11eHO'IHOH
'I3CT11 on1eJ15IIOT 11 MaTep11aJJ nepxa 33fOTOBKl1 c11erKa OTTHrttBaJOT OT
CT01IKJl311Kl1. 3aTeM Me)l(lly nepxoM 11 CTO.UK113llKOH 33fOTOBKH BCTaBJl5IIOT
n11acT11HKy. Htt)l(Hl1i1 Kotteu n11acTHHKH .UOJJ)l(eH pacno11araTbCH B ce-
pe.u11tte re11eHO'IHOM 'I3CTl1 Me)l(CTeJJe'IHOro CJI051 111111 HeCKOJlbKO nne-
pem1 11 np11Kpen11eH pyYHhIM TeKcoM. BepxH11tl KOHeu n11acTHHKH .UOJI-
)l(eH 6bITb M3KCHMaJJbHO np1161111)1(eH K no.u6110'IHOMY peMHIO.
floc11e npHMepKH o6yBl1 HenpOWHTbIH yYaCTOK JaroTOBKl1 npOMa-
3blB3JOT KJJeeM 11 CKJie1rna10T c KapMaHOM llJI51 n11aCT11HKl1.
JiOTHHKH c 6oKOBblMH MeTaJIJIH'leCKHMH UJlaCTHHKaMH, pacnoJtmKeH-
HblMH BHe JaroToBKH (p11c. 22.15). Bepxtt11e KOHUhI n11acnrnoK coe.rrn-
HHJOT c M51fKOH CbeMHOM MaH)l(eTKOH, Ha,UeBaeMOM Ha roJJeHh Han JIO-
.UhDKK3Ml1, a Hl1)1(Hl1e KOHUhI OTrn6alOT 11 npHKpenJJHIOT K MeTaJJJll1-
YeCKOMY re11eHKy. MeTa111111YecK11i1 re11eHOK no.uroHHIOT no cpopMe K
Hl-Dtrneti: noBepXHOCTl1 Me)l(CTeJJeYHOro CJl051 H Bpe3aJOT 33CTOllJIHUO. fl11a-
CTl1HKl1 llOJl)l(HbI pacno11araTbCH CHMMeTpHYHO.
Matt)l(eTKY w11p11Hoti: 30-40 MM H3roTOBJJ5IIOT 113 KO)l(H o.u11HaKo-
noro unern c JaroTOBKoi1 nepxa 06yn11. MaH)l(eTKY KpenHT Ha ro11ett11
JJeHTOH BeJJbKpo.
Me)l(CTeJJe'IHhIH c11otl c np11Kpen11eHHh!MH MeTaJJJI11YeCKHMH nnac-
Tl1HKaMH .UOJJ)l(eH 11erKO 113BJJe- I
KaThC51 113 o6yBH. 3aroTOBKY Bepxa
3aT51fHBalOT Ha KOJIO.UKY noc11e
OKJleHBaHHH n11aCTl1HOK CTO.UKJJa-
llO'IHOM KO)l(eH H H3,UeBaHl1H Ha
BepXHHe KOHUbl nnaCTHHOK MaH-
)l(eTKH, KOTOpbie .UOJl)l(Hhl 6bITh
JaKpenneHbl. BepxHHH Kpai1 Jaro-
TOBKl1 Bepxa npH 3arn)l(Ke .IIOJI)l(eH
pacnonaraThCH Ha 3 - 8 MM BbIWe
Kpa51 MaH)l(eTKH.
0pl1 CH5ITl1H o6ynH C KOJIO.U-
KH, a TaK)l(e nepe.u ee HaneBaHH-
eM MaH)l(eTKY H~HO CHHTb. Me-
P11c. 22.15. KpenncH11c 6oKOBOH wia-
TaJJJil1YeCKHH KapKaC, coemrneH- CTl1HKl1, pacnOJIO)f(CHHOH BHe 3arOTOB-
HhIH c Me)l(CTeJieYHbIM CJJOeM 11 Kl1 sepxa:
MaH)l(eTKOH, MO)l(HO HCCTOJih30BaTb
I - miacnrnKa; 2 - ~tamt<eTKa; 3 - \leli>.-
KaK BKnanHoe np11cnoco6nett11e B CTeJJe'IHbiii cnoil; 4 - MCTaJlJlH'ICCKl!ii rc-
CTaH.11apTHYIO o6ynb. JlCHOK

429
 22.6. 06yBb ,qmt 3KBHHyCHblX (KOHCKHX) CTOn

Bh16op KOHCTPYKIJJIH opTone.uwiecKoro H3.UeJIHSI nptt 3KBHHycttoi1

CTOne, KOTOpasr, KaK npaBHJIO, 06pa3yeTCSI BCJie)lCTBHe cnaCTWieCKO-
ro napanwrn, onpe.ueJISieTCSI Bbipa:>KeHHOCThlO " CTeneHblO cPHKCHpO-
BaHHOCTH .ue¢opMaUHH, a TaK:>Ke CO'IeTaHHeM 3KBHHyca c 60KOBhIMH
OTKJIOHeHHSIMH cTonhI HJIH YJ<Opo'IetttteM Kotte'IHOCTH (rn6JI. 22.4).
Bb1pa:>KeHHOCTh 3KBHttyca onpe.ueJISIIOT npttno.UHSITOCThlO nsrTO'IHO-
ro OT)leJia CTOilhl Ha)l nJIOCKOCThlO onophl 11 ypoBHeM cnaCTH'IHOCTH MblllIU
roJieHH. Pa3JI111.Ja10T JierKtti1 (np11no.uttsrTOCTh 0,5-3 CM), YMepetttto
Bbipa:>KeHHhIH (npHCTO)lHSITOCTh 3-5 CM) " pe3KO Bb!pa)l(eHHblH 3KBl1-
HYC (6oJiee 5 CM). Ka)l()lylO pa3HOBH.llHOCTh 3KBHHyca no cTeneHH ¢11K-
c11posaHHOCTH .ue¢opM3U11H no.upa3)leJISIIOT Ha He¢11Kc11poBaHHhIH
(naTOJIOrH.'IeCK3SI yCTaHOBKa) 11 q>HKC11pOB3HHhIH.

Ta61111 ua 22.4
KoucTpYK'fHBHL1e 3J1eMeHTL1 opTone)J.WiecKou o6yBH npu 3KBHuycuou cTone

XapaKTep 3KBlmyca LI.eTa.JI 11 :iarorn BKl1 Me)((CTe11e'lHhlH c11otl

Hecp11Kc11poBaHHb1i1:

JlefKl1H 0)1.HO- 111111 )lBycropoH- BbIKJJa.UKa npo.uonhHbIX

H11i1 :lKeCTK11i1 6epeu, CBO.UOB, yrny611eHHaH
cp11rypHblH HapY:lKHblH nHT04Ha51 4aCTb
:lKeCTKl1H 3aJ:lH11K CO
cneul1aIIbHblMl1 M51fKl1-
MH )leTaIIHMl1

yMepeHHO Bblpa- )lsycropOHHl1H :lKeCT- To :lKe

)l(eHHbIH KHH 6epeu, Hapy)l(HblH
:lKeCTKl1i1 33,llHl1K, npo-
.uneHHblH .llO ny4KOB 11
nepexo.um1rni1 B 4epec-
nO,llbeMHblH peMeHb

pe3KO Bblpa:lKeHHblH Kpyroooi1 )l(eCTKHi1 6e- »

peu, 111ern11m14ecK11e
Wl1Hbl

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nerK11i1 :>KeCTKl1e np11 60KO- KocoK

BblX OTKJIOHeHl151X
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yMepeHHO Bblpa- To )l(e KocoK, KI111Hos11.uHaH

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pe3KO Bblpa:lKeHHblH » K1111HOBl1.llH351 npo6Ka,

11CKyccrneHHblH HOCOK

430
 Me)KcTe11e•JHbIH c11oi1 B opTone1111•1ecKoi1 06ym1 LlJTH CTOnbI c He-
¢11Kc11ponaHHbIM '.JKBl1HYCOM BbinOJTl-HIIOT B Bl1)le AbIKJTa)lKl1 npo-
Jl011bHbIX cnonon c yrny611ettHoi\ rnITO'fHOl'1 ttaCTbto. Op11 tjmKc11po-
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431
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3aroTOBKH Bepxa, o6pa3yJOW:HMH KapMaHhI.
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331\HttK; 4- KapMaH

432
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433
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poHHl1X WHH noJlyKOJlhUO Heo6HJaTeJlbHO.
B waptt11ptt1>1x w11ttax. ttenonBl1)1(HO np11Kpen11eHHhIX K Hl13Y o6y-
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434
 2

Pttc. 22.19. KpeWieHtte Meram1w-1ecKHX Pttc. 22.20. MeTaJIJitt'leCKaH rnttHa c tt3-

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435
noKpOBbI, oco6eHHo Ha yponHe JIO.llbDKeK. 06a wapm:1pa .llOJI)l(HbI pac-
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llJHHe ee nJIOTHoe npHJieraHHe K 60KOBOH noBepxHOCTH roJieHH He-
o6H3aTeJibHO. B o6ynH c O.llHOCTopoHHett WHHOH H npHTH)l(HbIM peM-
HeM WHHa He .llOJI)l(Ha noBTOPHTb cPOPMY 60KOBOH nonepXHOCTH rone-
HH, a .11om1rna 6bITb npHMOH H .lJ,OCTaTo<rno )l(eCTKOH.
bOTHHKH c WHHaMH, pacnOJIO)l(eHHblMH BbIWe KOJieHHOro cycTa-
na, MOryT 6bITb nonOJIHeHbl KOJieHHbIM wapHHPOM c 3aMKOM HJTH 6e3
Hero, c11.11eHbeM HJIH MeTa.TIJIH4eCKHM BepTJIYTOM. KoHcTpyKUHH no-
.11ofa1oro pona npencrnBJIHeT co6oi1 coe.11ttHeHHb1e B o.11Ho uenoe cj)HKCH-
PYIOlllHH annapaT c oprnne.11HY:ecKol1 06ynb10.
06ynb c wapHHpHbIMH llJHHaMH MO)l(eT 6bITb nonOJIHeHa pe3HHO-
BbIMH rnraMH H npy)l(HHaMH (pHc. 22.21 ), KOTOpb!e y.11ep)l(HBalOT wap-
HHpbl B 33.llaHHOM noJIO)l(eHHH H B TO )l(e npeMH He orpaHW-IHBa!OT ero
.llBH)l(eHHe.
B HaCTOHlUee npeMH o6yBb c MeTa.TIJIHYeCKHMH WHHaMH 11cnoJib3Y-
IOT pe.11Ko H3-3a TPY.llHOCTH ee H3roTOBJieHHH, Ma.TIOH cPYHKUHOHa.Tib-
HOCTH H 3HaYHTeJibHOH MaCCbl llJHH.
 Cnl.JICOK Jlll1TEPATYPbl

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fopeRoea 11. K., ApJ1COliliUKorw EE., lffJmma P.A. Ko11CTpyupoBa1111c 11
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c. 27.
Jfcnupmt r. n., lfite;1ee B. c.Opramnawrn, nll<lllllpOB3Hlle II ynpaBJleHHe
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Kocmb/Reea B. B.. MaKc11;11oea If.A. A1-1a111n KOHCTpyK1111ti MaTJOCJlO)KHOti
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MaKcu.Moea H.B .. Koc111b1,1eea /0. B.. lfyKatuee B. C. K.iiaccmjmKawrn op-
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Muxeeea H. M. nocTKp113HCHOC pa3BHTl1e poccmkKoro pblHKa o6ymi: Pe-
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 OrI1ABI1EH"1E

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1.1. Bo3Hl1KHOBeH11e 06ys11 11 pa3s1n11e ee KOHCTpyKu11i1 ...................... 4
1.2. B11.ub106yB11 ..................................................................................... 15
1.3. TepM1rnb1 H onpe.uenett1rn npouecca npott3BO.llCTBa 06ys11 ............. 16
fnaBa 2. JiuCTp)'MeHTbl, npucnoco6ne11uJ1 u o6opy.z.oBauue .......................... I 8
2.1. PyYHOH 11HCTpYMCHT ········································································ 19
2.1.1. Pe)!(yurnii HHCTpyMeHT .......................................................... 19
2.1.2. l1HcTpyMeHT .llJISI BblTSl)!(KJ1 11 OKOJJaYttBaHHSI .llCTaJJeH
o6yBl1 ................................................................................... 23
2.1.3. 00JIHpOBO'IHblH 11HCTpyMCHT ................................................ 25
2.1.4. BcnoMOraTCJJbHblt't 1mcTpyMettT ............................................ 27
2.2. Cpe.ucrna MaJJOH MexaH113amm ....................................................... 28
2.3. 06opy.uoBaH11e .llJISI 113fOTOBJJeHl1SI 11 peMOHTa 06yB11 ····················· 36
2.3.1. 06opy.uosam1e .llJISI Bb1py6amrn 11 o6pa6oTKH .ueTaneii
Htt3a 06ys11 ........................................................................... 36
2.3.2. 06opy.uosatt11e .llJISI pacKpm1 11 o6pa60TKl1 .ueTaJJei1
Bcpxa 06yB11 ......................................................................... 38
2.3.3. 06opy.uosatt11c .llJISI c6opK11 11 peMOHTa 3arornBOK sepxa
06yBl1 ................................................................................... 42
2.3.4. 06opy.uosa1-111e .llJISI c6opK11, OT.UeJJKl1 11 peMOHTa o6ymi ..... .46
fJiaBa 3. AHaTOMHH H cl>HJHOJIOfHH HIDKHHX KOHe'IHOCTeif 'leJIOBeKa ············· 52
3.1. AHaTOMl1YCCKOe CTpOCHllC II cpyHKU1111 CTOnbl ································ 52
3.2. Pa3MCpbl cTOnbl 11 roJJeH11. Cnoco6b1 11x tt3Mepett11S1 ....................... 61
3.3. 0aTOJJOf1111 11 .uecpCKTbl CTOnbl ......................................................... 68
3.4. 0poTC311pOB3HJ1e Hl1)!(H11X KOHCYHOCTCH ......................................... 75

fJiaBa 4. KnaccmlmKaUUH o6yen H ee KOHCTPJKTHBHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa ······· 87

4.1. K.naccmfmKau11si o6ymi ...............................................•................... 87
4.2. D.ernJ111 Bepxa 11 H113a 06ys11 .................................................•••........ 95
4.3. KoHcTpyKu1111 3arornsoK sepxa 06yB11 ............................................ 99
4.4. K.naccmfmKau11si Ka6nyKoB ...................................................•........ 104

fJiaBa 5. 06yBHble KOJIOJ(KH ········································································ 107

5.1. KJJacc11cj:mKaUl1SI KOJIO.llOK ····························································· l 07
439
 5.2. KottcTpyKmu1 KOJIO.llOK 11 yc110B1rn ttx 3Kcnnyarnmrn ................... 112
5.3. OpTone.uw1ecKaH KOJIO.llKa ............................................................. 119
5.4. 0o.a6op 11 nO.UfOHKa KOJIO.llOK ....................................................... 121
fnaBa 6. OpraHnlaUnH, oxpaHa u rurneHa Tpy.aa ........................................ 124
6.1. XapaKTep11cT11Ka npe.anp11HrnH ..................................................... 124
6.2. OpraH11Jau110HHo-npaBOBh1e <PopMbI npe.unp111-111MaTe11hcrna ....... 125
6.3. OpraHH3aUl1H 11 n11a1-111p0Ba1-111e npo11JB0.ucrna ............................. 127
6.4. Op11eM 11 Bhl.lla'la 3aKa30B .............................................................. 132
6.5. Kynhzypa 06cn)')K11BaHHH 11 3JleMeHThl .uenoBoro 06we1-111H .......... 135
6.6. Oxpa1-1a Tpy.ua Ha npe.unp11HT11HX ................................................... 141
6.7. OxpaHa np11p6.uh1 ........................................................................... 145

Pa 3D.e n ll. TEXHOJIOflUI lIHJJ.lIBl1,I(YAJibHOfO

lf3fOTOBJIEHlf51 OliYBlf ..................................................................... 147
fnaBa 7. PacKpoif u paJpy6 MaTepuanoB Ha .aeTann o6ysu ......................... 147
7.1. Tpe6oBaHttH K .ueTanHM Bepxa ....................................................... 147
7.2. Tpe60BaH11H K.UeTanHM 1-111Ja ......................................................... 153
7.3. <l>aKTOph1, onpe.uenmow11e pau1101-1anb1-1oe 11cnoJ1hJOBa1-1ue
MaTep11anoB ................................................................................... 155
7.4. Pa3py6 MaTep11anoB 1-1a .ueTan11 H113a 06yB11 .................................. 159
7.5. PacKpoi1MaTep11anoB1-1a .ueTan11 Bepxa 06ym1 .............................. 165
7.6. Oco6ett1-1ocrn pyY1-1oro pacKpOH MaTep11anoB ................................ 169
7. 7. .lJ.e<PeKThI pacKpOH 11 pa3py6a MaTep11anoB .................................... 170
f JiaBa 8. 06pa60TKa .lleTaJieif o6yBH ........................................................... 171
8.1. Mexamn11posaHHaH o6pa6oTKa .uern.11ei1 H11Ja o6yBM ................... 171
8.2. 06pa6oTKa .ueTanew 1-111Ja .llJIH PY'lHOro cnoco6a 113roTOB-
11eH11H o6yBl1 ················································································· 177
8.3. 06pa60TKa .uernneif Bepxa 06yB11 .................................................. 182
8.4 . .ll.e<PeKThI o6pa6oTK11.UeTanei1Bepxa06yB11 ................................... 189
fnaBa 9. C6opKa JaroTOBOK Bepxa o6ysn .................................................... 190
9.1. Mern.uh1 coe.u11Hemrn .ueTaneif Bepxa 06yB11 .................................. 190
9.2. lliBhl, coe.UHHHIOIU11e .ueTanH 3aroTOBKl1 Bepxa 06ym1 ................. 193
9.3. Tex1-1011om'lecK11e HOpMaTl1BhI c6opK11 JaroTOBOK Bepxa
06ym1 ............................................................................................ 204
9.4 . .ll.e<PeKThI c6opK11 JaroTOBOK Bepxa 06yB11 ..................................... 207
fJiaBa 10. <I>opMOBaHne JarOTOBOK Bepxa o6yBH ......................................... 208
IO. I. Knacctt<f>11Kau1rn cnoco6oB <f>opM0BaH11H ...................................... 208
10.2. Onepautt11, npei:u11ecrny10m11e <PopMOBaH1110 ............................... 212
10.3. <DopMOBaHMe 3aroTOBOK Bepxa o6yBl1 o6TmKH0-3aTH)[(HblM
PY'IHhIM cnoco6oM ........................................................................ 214
10.4. <D11Kcau11H cpopMbI 3arornBK11 Bepxa 06yB11 1-1a KOJIO.UKe ............... 220
I0.5. D.e<PeKTbl cpopMOBaHHH 3aroTOBOK Bepxa 06ym1 ............................ 222
fnaBa 11. flpuKpenneune J:J.eTaneu unJa o6ysn ........................................... 223
I I. I. no.uroTOBKa cne.ua 06yB11 K np11Kpenne1-11110 no.uowB ................... 223
440
 11.2. MexaH11'-lecK11e MeTOnb1 KpenneHHH .............................................. 226
11.3. X11M11'-lecK11e Mern11b1 KpenneHHH .................................................. 236
11.4. KoM6um1poBaHHb1e MeTOJlbI KpenneHHH ....................................... 239
11.5. npHKperlJleHHe Ka6nyKOB H Ha60eK .............................................. 246
11.6. Ll,ccj)eKTbl npHKpenJJCHHH HH3a K Bepxy o6yBH ······························ 253
fnaBa 12. OT,11,emca o6yBH ........................................................................... 255
12.1. Cnoco6b1 OT.LieJJKH .......................................................................... 255
12.2. OTnenKa HH3a 06yn11 ...................................................................... 256
12.3. OT11enKa nepxa o6ynu .................................................................... 261
12.4. 3anepwaimuue onepauu11 .............................................................. 265
12.5. Ll,e<lJeKTbl OT.lleJIKH o6yBH ······························································· 266
12.6. CrnH11apT11Jau11H, cepT11cjmKaUHH u KOHTpOJJb Ka'lecrna
fOTOBOH o6yBH .............................................................................. 268

Pa311en Ill. TEXHOJIOflUI PEMOHTA OBYBl1 ................................. 276

fJiaBa 13. 0611\HC CBCJJ,CHHJI 0 peMOHTe .............................................•......... 276

13. I. TepMHHbl 11 onpe.n_eneHHH .............................................................. 276
13.2. B1111b1 peMOHTa ............................................................................... 277
13.3. l13HOC o6ynu ................................................................................. 278
fnaBa 14. PeMOHT ,11,eTa.Jieii Bepxa " noJJ,KJI3,11,KH 06y1m ........................•...... 282
14.1. PeMOHT ttapy)l(HbIX nernnei1 nepxa o6ynu ...................................... 282
14.2. PeMOHT no.n.KJJMKH ........................................................................ 289
14.3. 3aMetta .n.ernnei1 nepxa u no11KJ13JlKH ............................................. 290
14.4. l13MeHeHHe <lJopMbl H pa3MepOB o6yBH ......................................... 297
14.5. 3aMeHa 11 ycrnHOBKa <PYPHl1Typbl 11 yKpaweHHH ........................... 302

fnaBa 15. PeMOHT uu3a 06y1m .................................................................... 303

15.1. 811.LlbI pa6oT ................................................................................... 303
15.2. TexHonornH peMottrn no.n_own 06yn11 rno3.n_enoro 11 nepe-
BHHH0-wn11J1e'lttoro MeTO.llOB KpenJJeHHH .................................... 305
15.2.1. BoccrnttoBJ1em1e KpenneHHH nonown ................................ 305
15.2.2. 3aMeHa nonown ................................................................. 306
15.3. TcxHonornH peMOHrn nonown u paHrn 06yn11 Hl1TO'IHblX
MeTOl10B KpenJJeHl1H ······································································ 308
15.3. I. BoccrnttooneH11e Hl1TO'IHOro KpenneHlrn nonown ............. 308
15.3.2. BocCTaHonne1me KpenneHHH paHrn ................................... 312
15.3.3. 3aMeHa nonown 11 paHTa .................................................... 313
15.4. TexHonorm1 peMOHTa nonown 06yn11 KJJeeBoro MeTona
KpenJICHHH ···················································································· 323
15.4.1. BoccrnHOBJ1ett11e Kpennett11H nonown ................................ 323
15.4.2. 3aMeHa nonown ................................................................. 324
fnaBa 16. PeMOHT Ka6JIYKOB " ua6oeK .................................................•...... 331
16.1. <DaKTOpbI, BJIHHIOU{HC Ha npO'IHOCTb KpenJJCHHH Ka6JiyKOB ········· 331
16.2. PeMOHT Ka6nyKOB u Ha6oeK .......................................................... 332
16.3. 3aMeHa Ka6J1yKOB ........................................................................... 339

441
fJiaBa 17. PecTaBpat(HH KO:lKa11oii o6yBH ..................................................... 345
17. I. B11nb1 pa6oT ................................................................................... 345
17.1.1. 06HOBJlCHI1C 06ym1 ........................................................... 346
17.1.2. Ofoaropm1<1111a1rne 11 BoccrnH01rneH11c cpopMbI 06ym1 ....... 347
17.2. TcxH011ornH 0611orHCHl!H 06y1m .................................................... 349
17.3. TcxHoJ1onrn 06.1aropa)f(1111aH1rn BHeurnero Bl1IIa 11 11occrnHOB-
JleH1rn qmpMbl 06y1m .................................................................... 354

fJiaBa 18. PeMOHT peJHHOBOH " BaJIHnoii o6yBH ......................................... 358

18.1. Knacc11qmKaU1UJ pC311HOBOi'.I 11 Ba.i!HHOM 06y1111 ............................. 358
18.2. PeMOHT pe311Ho11oii 06y1m ............................................................. 360
18.2.1. Mcrnn. ropw1eii ny11KaH11JaU1111 B npecc-qJOpMax .............. 360
18.2.2. McrnII ropw1eli BYJlKaH11Jau1111 11 KOrnax ........................... 361
18.2.3. XoJlOIIHhlii l\ICTOJI ............................................................... 362
18.3. PeMOHT na1rnHoii 06y1111 ................................................................. 363
18.3.1. np1mll1BHOH MeTOll ............................................................ 363
18.3.2. KJ1cenoii MeTOII ................................................................. 365
18.3.3. MernII ropw1ci1 11yJ1KaH1nawm B npecc-cflopMax .............. 366

Pa 3ll c JJ IV. TEXHOJIOfH$1 H3fOTOBJ1EHH.H

OPTOilE,UH'-IECKOH OEYBH ............................................................... 367
fJiaBa 19. ,UeTaJIH H npHcnoco6Jie1tHH oprnne,Ll.H'ICCKOii o6yBH ................... 367
19.1. TcpMHHbt 11 onpeIIrneHHH .............................................................. 367
19.2. ,Uenu111 op ronen1111ecKoii 06ym1 .................................................... 369
19.3. Oprnnem14ecK11e ycTpolicrna ........................................................ 379
fJiaBa 20. BKJill,JJ,Hbte npHcnoco6Jie1tHH B o6yBb .ll.JIH CTon
C llJIOCKOCTOnHCM ......................................................................................... 384
20.1. Me)f(CTeJJe4HblC cno11 ..................................................................... 386
20.2. 0pTOIICIIl1'1eCKllC CTCJlbKl1 II nonycTCJlbKll np11 llJlOCKOCTOn1111 ...... 389
20.3. OpToncm14ecK11e 1nncmrn .il.!1H cTonb1 c pacnJ1acrnHHOcTb10
nepeIIHero OTIIeJia ......................................................................... 391
20.4. OprnneII11YeCK11e 1n11cmrn .LL1H .rreTeii ............................................ 393
fJiaBa 21. ManocJIO:lKHaH oprone.u,H11ecKaH o6yBb ....................................... 396
21.1. 06yBb .!L1SI YKOp0 1lCHHhlX KOHC'IHOCTeH ......................................... 396
21.2. 06yBh .llJIH c ron c KOCOJJanoCTblO ............... ················ ................... 402
fJiaBa 22. Cnm1rnaH oprnne.u,H11ecKaH o6ysb ................................................ 408
22.1. Oco6eHHOCTll 1nrornn..r1cH11S1 ......................................................... 408
22.2. 06yBh .!LlSI CTOH C KYJlbTeii ............................................................ 413
22.3. 06ynh .LLW orn11ca10w11x crnn ........................................................ 419
22.4. 06y111> .LL1n noJJblX c ron .................................................................. 423
22.5. 06yBh IIJJSI IUIT0411blX CTOn ............................................................. 426
22.6. 06yBb .!LlH 3KBllHYCHblX (KOHCKllX) crnn ...................................... 430
Cm1coK .1111TepaTyph1 ................................................................................... 437
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rapmnypa <<TaiiMC». ne•JaTb o¢ccrHall. l>yMara nm. N~ 2. Yen. ne'I. n. 28,0.
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