C GENERATI
VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016
Sponsored by MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Editorial
The potential from bagasse-based cogeneration power
projects at sugar mills in India stands at 16,404 MW
installed capacity. But as of March 31, 2016, only 291
cogeneration power projects have been commissioned,
with cumulative 6,026 MW installed capacity, with an
additional 100 projects under various stages of
implementation (around 2,000 MW).
It has been observed that whenever there is a synergy
in the Central and State policies for this sector, high
growth has been witnessed and vice versa. Thus, there
are immediate interventions required to achieve the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’s (MNRE) targets
for this sector, till 2022. These interventions relate to
key policy and regulatory issues and have been covered
in detail within this issue.
China has become the leader in applying waste heat
recovery (WHR) power generation to clinker kilns, and
WHR development in China has mirrored the explosive
growth of the Chinese cement industry, which is the
largest in the world. The Chinese government considered
this a key industry in the 2000s and issued a series of
policies and regulations to support its growth and
improve efficiency. This has resulted in tremendous
reduction in energy costs and increased efficiency, and
India could learn from their experience. MNRE is now
working towards recognizing WHR as a renewable
energy source. This newsletter thus carries a synopsis
of the Chinese experience.
In continuation with energy efficiency initiatives, the final
part of the paper on bagasse drying has been covered
this time, focusing on the properties of bagasse, its
combustion, and various drying systems in use. Also,
another article covers the benefits of using variable
frequency drives (VFDs) to save energy costs.
The Indian sugar industry is also focusing on
modernization and expansion, along with ethanol plants
with incineration-type boilers for long-term integration.
These is substantial potential in India. So MITCON
organized four Business Meets at various locations in
India to promote further projects. Some key issues were
flagged, particularly relating to environmental and
financial concerns, and will be taken up with Central
and State policymakers. Two related technical articles
N
on spent wash incineration technology have also been
covered by SITSON and Excel this time.
For cogeneration projects, water treatment cannot be
neglected; as this sector helps prevent corrosion and
improve steam quality, both of which contribute
towards improved energy efficiency and therefore higher
power production and lower costs. Triveni Engineering
& Industries’ power plant staff at Deoband have
described the importance of this sector along with their
experiences.
Capacity building continues to play an important role in
this sector today. Based on the success of this and past
programs, Cogen India will soon announce forthcoming
Business Meets and Training Programs for this year. The
past programs have proved to be instrumental in
improving performance and building efficiency of
manpower and the plants they work in.
In addition, financing initiatives by North Eastern
Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) for
industrial and infrastructure projects (including biomass
power projects) have been included this time.
We hope our readers find this issue beneficial, and we
continue to look forward to your articles, feedback and
suggestions for making this an even more informative
and useful newsletter next time.
Contents
Key Policy and Regulatory Issues: Bagasse
Cogeneration Power Projects in India
Waste Heat Recovery for the Cement Sector: The
China Experience
Design Technology for Process Efficiency and Optimum
Energy Economy in Ethanol Plants
Business Meets on Policy, Financing & Techno-
Commercial Issues for Integrated Distillery/Ethanol
Projects (with Incineration Boilers & TG Sets)
Bagasse Drying: A Review (Part III)
Water Treatment in Sugar Plants with High Pressure
Boilers
Spent Wash Incineration Boilers in Distillery and
Ethanol Plants
Regenerative Drives Save Energy in Food Processing
Applications
NEDFi: Financing Development in the North-Eastern
States of India
 Industrial Cogeneration India

2 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Key Policy and Regulatory Issues: Bagasse

Cogeneration Power Projects in India
Viewpoint article by SC Natu, Member Secretary, Cogeneration Association
of India & Sr. Vice President (Power Division), MITCON Consultancy & Engineering
Services Ltd.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, has been promoting bagasse-based
cogeneration power projects at sugar factories in India since 1995 till date, by providing fiscal and financial
incentives.

The potential from bagasse-based cogeneration power projects at sugar factories in India stands at 16,404 MW
installed capacity, from around 550 operating sugar factories, 161 factories under implementation, and expansion
of operating sugar factories. As of September 30, 2016, about 300 cogeneration power projects have been
commissioned, with cumulative 6,200 MW installed capacity. Additional 100 projects are under various stages of
implementation with cumulative 2,000 MW installed capacity. Thus, as on date, about 50% potential from this
difficult renewable energy (RE) sector has been harnessed over
Supported by
the last two decades. MNRE is considering continuation of
its policy and promotional measures till 2022, for achieving
Ministry of New and Renewable
maximum of the balance potential in an accelerated manner.
Energy (MNRE), Government of India
The Government of India policy for RE, and particularly
Block 14, CGO Complex
bagasse cogeneration projects, has always been highly
New Delhi 110003
supportive.
Tel: 011-24360707
Web: www.mnre.gov.in Bagasse-based cogeneration power projects have more than
60% PLF and 80% utilization factor, and inject the highest
Co-sponsored by
quantum of environmentally benign power at kWh levels,
ISGEC Heavy Engineering compared to any other RE source. Further, the high quality
Uttam Group and reliable power injected at decentralized locations
MAN Turbomachinery India improves grid stability; and quality power (in terms of minimal
Prumatech Services
voltage and frequency variations) is thus available to the
Editorial Board farmers. The power injected, mainly during the crushing season
Shri V K Jain, Adviser, MNRE from November to March every year, matches with the high
Mr Sanjeev Babar, Executive Director, Cogen India demand of State Electricity Distribution Corporations (SEDCLs)
Mr SC Natu, Member Secretary, Cogen India and acts as the base load. These projects reduce carbon
emissions, and provide employment and business
Editor opportunities to the rural populace. They are economically
Anita Khuller, Cogen India viable and truly win-win projects to all stakeholders, the cane
growers, SEDCLs, State Governments, and the country as a
Published by
whole.
Cogeneration Association of India
It is also observed that whenever there is a synergy in the
REGULATORY INITIATIVES

(Cogen India)
c/o MSFCSF Ltd., 1st floor, Sakhar Sankul
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005, India
Tel: +91-20-25511404; Fax: +91-20-25511467
Email: cogenindia@gmail.com
Web: www.cogenindia.org
Printed by
Innovative Designers & Printers, New Delhi
Tel: 41811221, 46604979
Email: idpdelhi@yahoo.com
Disclaimer
The views expressed in the articles within are those
of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those
of Cogen India or the newsletter sponsors.
Central and particularly State policies for bagasse-
cogeneration power projects at sugar factories, high growth
is witnessed and vice-versa, when there is no synergy. Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka saw high growth during
the 1995-2005 period and poor growth thereafter. Uttar
Pradesh (UP) and Maharashtra witnessed high growth during
the 2005-15 period, mainly due to such synergy.
But today, the following key issues remain that need
immediate intervention of MNRE to achieve the targets till
2022 for this sector, which will immensely benefit the State
DISCOMs (distribution companies) and rural India, as well as
further the cause of the Government of India mission to
become a world power in renewables by 2022:

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 3

 Industrial Cogeneration India
Streamlining Tariff Guidelines
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
issues tariff guidelines every year for biomass and
bagasse cogeneration sectors for every State in January/
February, through a very elaborate exercise and hearings.
Although these tariff orders are mandatory to the
respective States by law, each State Electricity
Regulatory Commission (SERC) again goes through public
hearings and the same process, and ends up beating
the tariff down way below, compared to CERC guidelines.
Further, the State regulatory procedures take a very long
time of 4 to 12 months after announcement of the CERC
tariff guidelines. This has hampered the growth of this
sector substantially over the past several years.
In States of Maharashtra, UP, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
and Punjab, where tariff orders are more or less in line
with CERC guidelines; prominent growth of this sector
is visible. All other SERCs in States like Tamil Nadu,
Andhra, Karnataka, Bihar and Gujarat have announced
tariffs way below the CERC tariff guidelines. This has
resulted in very poor or no growth of this sector in these
States for several years, despite huge quantum of
untapped potential.
The CERC and SERCs must make the Renewable Purchase
Obligation (RPO) guidelines mandatory and legally
enforceable every year to the utilities on kWh basis and
not MW basis as perceived and announced by them.
Also, for healthy growth of the RE sector, it is necessary
to increase the RPO guidelines every year, to match the
vision of the Ministry and Government of India to become
a world power.
It is necessary that the Ministry should immediately
intervene, with CERC and SERCs, to enable this sector
to move in an accelerated manner.
Need for Conducive State Policies
The State policies must align with the Centre, if healthy
growth is to be ensured for this sector. Many States,
unfortunately Maharashtra also this year, go back on
their supportive policies for this sector abruptly and
hamper the growth heavily.
High growth was witnessed when the State policies are
supportive (Tamil Nadu, Andhra and Karnataka from 1995
till 2005 and UP/Maharashtra from 2008 till 2014). Very
poor or no growth was witnessed in Tamil Nadu, Andhra
and Karnataka after 2005 and we can now expect similar
retarded growth in Maharashtra, unless they become
supportive again.
Most of the SEDCLs do not meet the RPO guidelines
stipulated by CERC/SERCs on kWh basis and the latter
are still unable to make them mandatory, or to increase
them to match the Nation’s vision, or make them legally
enforceable and penal, despite the legal provisions
available at their disposal.
4 OCTOBER 2016
Associations like Cogeneration Association of India and
Indian Boilers Manufacturers’ Association (IBMA) are
volleying against this situation for years together, for
bringing conducive policy and regulatory framework at
the Centre and States for ensured growth of this sector.
Very positive response has been received at the Centre,
whether MNRE, Ministry of Power, Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), or
CERC are concerned, but the response at the State/
SEDCL/SERC levels is lukewarm or negative.
The hurdle of securing quick NoCs and approvals is
another major setback at the State levels and project
promoters virtually have to run from pillar to post.
Lending By FIs
Financial institutions also do not lend to this sector
easily due to various perceived risks, thereby delaying
project implementation and/or hampering growth. As
per Manish Saxena, DGM, Business Development and
Consultancy, Punjab Renewable Energy Systems: In spite
of revised tariff for bagasse/non-bagasse cogeneration
by many SERCs, few projects are coming up in the
country on account of lack of debt finance from banks/
financial institutions for new cogeneration projects.
Banks are reluctant to lend to new projects or are willing
to lend only after personal guarantees from the directors
are obtained. Therefore, in order to facilitate debt
financing, MNRE may provide interest rate sub-vention
(interest subsidy) along with partial risk guarantees for
new projects.
Continued MNRE Support
The Ministry is requested to continue with its support
and help resolve the policy and regulatory issues at the
State levels quickly, to harness the balance potential in
this sector expeditiously in the years to come. Biomass
power or exportable power from bagasse cogeneration
projects is much more useful RE than all other forms, to
all stakeholders, particularly SEDCLs and farmers/rural
populace.
Sr. No. State Prevailing SERC
Preferential Tariff
for Bagasse Cogen
Power Projects (Rs/kWh)
1 Maharashtra 6.70
2 Karnataka 4.99
3 Andhra Pradesh 4.65
4 Tamil Nadu 3.95
5 Gujarat 5.17
6 Madhya Pradesh 6.28
7 Uttar Pradesh 5.67
8 Bihar 5.53
9 Punjab 6.17
10 Haryana 4.20
VOL. 43

With all the above odds, as well as sectorial issues like
sugar, technology and manpower capacity issues, the
achievements of 6,200 MW or 50% per cent penetration
in bagasse cogeneration over the last two decades are
absolutely commendable. The MNRE effort for sustained
support to this sector, since 1995 till date, as well as
efforts from all the stakeholders and project promoters,
needs to be acknowledged.
Issues Pertaining to Bagasse Cogeneration
Power Projects in Maharashtra
The Government of Maharashtra (GoM) issued the policy
of at least 1,000 MW bagasse cogeneration power to
be tapped (1,500 MW installed capacity), through a very
supportive General Resolution (GR) in 2008 and another
GR in 2014 to add another 1,000 MW (1,500 MW
installed capacity). No other RE power has any such cap,
and there should be no cap to any RE power in any
State.
MSEDCL, referring to these GRs, has recently started
denying in writing that they are unable to sign PPAs as
they have completed the GoM quota. The application
of a private sugar factory in Solapur district was returned
by MSEDCL very recently. MSEDCL also has informed this
in writing to Energy Department, GoM, with copies to
Sakhar Sangh and WISMA (Western India Sugar Mills
Association), the State sugar associations for
cooperative and private sugar factories, respectively.
This has created a very dismal situation for about 17
sugar factories (400 MW installed and 250 MW export
to MSEDCL), which have been given infrastructure
clearances by Maharashtra Energy Development Agency
(MEDA) as per the prevailing State policies. These
factories have installed projects with their own equity
and bank loans and are now in doldrums as they cannot
sign PPAs as per the declared MERC (Maharashtra ERC)
tariff order of April 29, 2016 or evacuate power during
the crushing season in 2016, starting in October 2016.
An investment of more than Rs 2,500 crore is at stake,
as these projects are also associated with new sugar
plants or expansion or modernization projects, along
with cogeneration plants.
There are another at least 25 to 30 sugar factories, which
have taken decisions to implement these projects before
the 2017 crushing season (another 600 MW installed
and 380 MW export) and have achieved financial closure,
completed ordering of plant and machinery, have
completed all other NoCs and are with MEDA for
infrastructure clearance, mandatory before they sign
PPAs with MSEDCL (Maharashtra SEDCL). Investment
decisions of the order of another Rs 5,000 crore are in
pandemonium.
The Maharashtra issues have been elaborated as below:
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
Export Power, not installed Capacity:
The State of Maharashtra has a total potential of about
4,000 MW installed capacity (2,500 MW exportable
surplus to MSEDCL grid after meeting the demand for
sugar factories and auxiliaries of the cogeneration power
plants) from 190 existing sugar factories and additional
60 to 70 new sanctioned sugar factories, under various
stages of implementation.
As on date, 106 sugar factories have installed
cogeneration power plants, with installed capacity of
2,000 MW (exportable surplus of 1,300 MW to MSEDCL
grid). The balance potential of 2,000 MW must be
harnessed, which will give additional 1,300 MW to the
MSEDCL grid.
As per declared GoM policies, 2,000 MW power is
supposed to be exported to the MSEDCL grid. As on
date, as per information from MEDA, the
cumulative installed capacity from 100-odd bagasse
cogeneration projects is 1,839 MW. Based on the
average requirement of power for internal consumption
for sugar factory and cogeneration plant auxiliaries, 65%
or 1,200 MW is actually exported to the MSEDCL
grid. Hence, the claim by MSEDCL that they have
completed their RPO as per the policy, is incorrect. There
is room for additional power export of 800 MW (installed
capacity of 1,230 MW).
Key Benefits of Bagasse Cogeneration Power
The sugar factories generate and export power from
cogeneration power projects from October to March
every year during the peak period of MSEDCL and act as
the base load. If this power is not available during this
period, MSEDCL buys power at an average of Rs 12 per
unit from other sources to meet the demand in this
period. Bagasse cogeneration projects have load factors
beyond 80 per cent during the season period, which
matches MSEDCL’s peak load. This power evacuated at
the tail end of the grid, improves power quality and
availability in the surrounding area, improves grid
stability, and immensely benefits the farmers as their
pump-sets are not burnt due to the poor quality power
that is usually supplied. (In fact, the BBC News Channel
did cast a documentary on this and shot Davangere
town and surroundings areas that benefitted due to the
24.8 MW cogeneration power plant at Davangere Sugar
Company Limited).
Power Demand and Supply
Although there is surplus power at present in the State,
mainly due to the monsoons and poor industrial growth,
and due to several initiatives of the Central and State
governments; aggressive industrial growth is expected
in future, and the demand will shoot up and power
shortages are evident. Thus any State policy should be
for a long-term period and not a knee-jerk reaction.
OCTOBER 2016 5
 Industrial Cogeneration India
Tariff
In case MSEDCL or the State government looks at RE
power as costly power, given the country’s vision,
policies and tariff guidelines of CERC/MERC and assured
benefits to all stakeholders, the lower tariff can always
be fought at the MERC platform with arguments and
logic in their public hearings, or we together can discuss
and agree for a bankable tariff for these projects and
go jointly to MERC.
Non-Compliance of Mandatory RPO by MSEDCL
As per the latest feedback received from MERC, MSEDCL
has not complied with the RPO for the past several years,
including for FY 2015-16, for both the solar and non-
solar category. MERC has already issued notification for
the suomoto hearing on this. In case of confirmation
of non-compliance, heavy penalties will be levied on
MSEDCL, through further reduction of the MERC-declared
general tariff for all categories of consumers every year.
This will again become a heavy burden on MSEDCL. For
meeting the non-solar RPO, export power from bagasse
cogeneration can be extremely useful given its
advantages to MSEDCL, insufficiency and difficulties of
other non-solar RE sources, as well as the very poor
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) market.
Also, to meet the Central government’s vision of India
becoming the world leader for RE by 2022, the RPO for
the non-solar category is expected to increase from 8%
last year to 10.25% in 2018-19. This as per the latest
guidelines from the Ministry of Power (No. 23/3/2016-
R&R dated July 22, 2016).
Idle Huge Investments and Lender’s Comfort
in Sugar Industry
17 projects (around 300 MW installed and 200 MW
export power to MSEDCL), which have been given the
infrastructure clearance by MEDA, based on the
declared GoM policies and MERC tariff, have invested
more than Rs 3,000 crore, through equity from sugar
factories/promoters and term loans from banks/FIs, have
implemented the projects, and are now waiting to sign
PPAs. In case of any further delay, all these projects will
become sick and NPAs (non-performing assets).
Additionally, about 30 projects (installed capacity 600
MW and exportable power of 400 MW to MSEDCL) are
under various stages of implementation, with an
additional aggregate investment of more than Rs 5,000
crore. The banks/FIs have sanctioned loans, based on
the declared GoM policies and MERC tariff order. This
investment is also at stake and the sugar industry will
lose bankers’ confidence if these projects do not come
up as scheduled and become non-bankable.
Socio-economic Impact
By not allowing these projects to grow to their potential
of 4,000 MW installed capacity in Maharashtra (2,500
MW exportable surplus to MSEDCL grid), the State is not
6 OCTOBER 2016
only losing large employment opportunities at the local
populace level and grid benefits, but also will face unrest
from the sugarcane farmers due to inability of the sugar
factories to pay the fair and remunerative price (FRP) on
time.
Conclusions
The verbal discussions with several top authorities in
MSEDCL andGoM indicate the high cost of this power,
compared to pooled cost of generation. This does not
hold any bearing with the fact that for the last 8 years,
MSEDCL and GoM have always supported this sector
and have purchased this highly beneficial power. Recently,
there is a reverse change in the approach.
In fact, if the tariff was high,the MSEDCL or GoM could
have fought for tariff reduction during the MERC public
hearing on March 29, 2016. There was no representative
of MSEDCL present in the earlier hearing held in December
2015, which is a testimony about their willingness to
buy this power at a tariff decided by MERC, as usual.
During the March 29, 2016 MERC hearing, the MSEDCL
representative talked about the high cost of all RE power,
with no specific reference to bagasse cogeneration
power. MSEDCL can always discuss with the sugar
factories and their associations and agree for a bankable
tariff.
The surplus power situation perceived currently, as
claimed by MSEDCL and GoM, also has no bearing, as
the agricultural load has reduced due to the monsoon
and industrial growth is at a very low ebb now. If the
industry grows as projected, there will be power
shortage in the State in the near future.
MSEDCL has not complied with RPO guidelines for the
last several years in kWh basis mandatory to them (8
per cent from non-solar, as per current CERC/MERC
guidelines, and this should be increased to 20 per cent
progressively, to meet the vision of the nation). MERC/
CERC can impose heavy penalties for non-compliance
by law, but are yet unable to enforce these.
Cogeneration India has been consistently pursuing
this matter with the topmost authorities since August
2016. However, the response till date has been
lukewarm.
All the stakeholders may gauge the gravity of the
situation to facilitate this additional, most beneficial
RE power to MSEDCL/State/Nation and rural farmers
in particular, and there is a need for immediate
intervention from the highest authorities at the
Centre and State of Maharashtra, to resolve this issue
immediately. In fact, it is prudent for every State to
snatch every kWh from this RE power sector, given
its benefits indicated earlier.
Author: SC Natu; Email: sunil.natu@mitconindia.com
Cell: 9822684102
VOL. 43
 Industrial Cogeneration India

Waste Heat Recovery for the Cement Sector: The

China Experience
This IIP-IFC* report analyzes the current status of Waste
Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in
developing countries and investigates the success
factors in countries where WHR has become widely
spread. It then focuses on the in-depth analysis of
WHR potential and enabling factors in eleven country
markets in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), South Asia
(India, Pakistan), Middle East (Egypt, Turkey), Latin
America (Brazil, Mexico) and East Asia (Philippines,
Thailand, Vietnam). The report maps out major WHR
equipment suppliers. In addition, it includes a brief
analysis of business and project models used
internationally to support WHR deployment.
Each issue will cover a country profile. Last time (Vol.
42), India was profiled. This time we are covering the
Chinese experience in this sector.
Overview of China’s Cement Industry
China has become the leader in applying waste heat
recovery (WHR) power generation to clinker kilns, and
WHR development in China has mirrored the explosive
growth of the Chinese cement industry, which is the
largest in the world and has changed dramatically over
the past 50 years. In 1949, at the start of the modern
People’s Republic of China, the cement industry was small,
informal and local due to poor infra-structure that made
transport difficult, particularly in remote areas. Towns and
villages would have small kilns to produce enough cement
for their own needs. Larger communities and counties
would have larger vertical-shaft kilns to produce and
distribute over a wider area. Through the 1970s, the
number of small-scale county and commune kilns
multiplied, and by 1980 there were over 4,500 such
kilns—responsible for 65 percent of national cement
production. The number of large-scale integrated cement
Chinese cement industry was well below the global
average in all technical and economic indices.
During the 2000s, the Chinese government considered
the cement industry a key industry and issued a series of
policies and regulations to promote industry growth,
improve efficiency and support rapid economic
development. Table 11 shows the enormous growth in
cement production since 2000 and the rapid industry
evolution—from inefficient vertical and wet process kilns
to state-of-the-art NSP kilns. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan
period (2006–11) called for rapid restructuring of the
cement industry, and during that period 696 NSP clinker
lines were put into operation, representing 777 million
tons per year of capacity. By 2010, China had 1,273 NSP
lines with an annual clinker capacity of 1.26 billion tons.
Over that same period, 434 million tons of outdated
vertical shaft kilns were shut down—some 55 percent of
the total shaft kiln capacity that was in place in 2006. In
2011, 171 new cement production lines were installed,
with 325 Mta clinker capacity.
Be end-2011, more than 4,000 cement enterprises in
China were producing some 2.099 billion tonnes,
accounting for 57 percent of world production. The 1,513
NSP lines in operation at the end of that year accounted
for almost 90 percent of total cement output. Table 12
shows the capacity distribution of the NSP lines by the
end of 2011. China had an estimated 1,637 NSP lines by
end-2012. The top 21 cement companies account for
just over one billion tonnes per year of clinker capacity,
representing about 58 percent of total Chinese clinker
capacity (Table 13).
WHR MARKET ANALYSIS

plants increased during the late 1970s due to market

reforms and private capital availability. By 1980, the China
National Building Materials (CNBM) was incorporated to
help develop the cement industry, advance construction
materials, and expand capacity, which led to developing
many similar firms. In 1983, China produced 108 million
tons of cement, second only to the USSR, but much of
the new integrated capacity used less-efficient wet-kiln
technology. By end-2000, China produced 595 million
tons of cement, primarily using vertical shaft and wet
rotary kilns; New Suspension Preheater (NSP) kilns
represented only 11 percent of total output, and the

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 7

 Industrial Cogeneration India
WHR Development in China’s Cement Industry
The first waste heat recovery power generation system
in the Chinese cement industry was installed in 1998 at
an Anhui Conch cement plant in Ningguo. The 4 MW
system was installed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI)
with funding support from Japan’s New Energy and
Industrial Development Organization (NEDO) on a 7,200
tpd clinker line, and recovered heat from the preheaters
and clinker cooler. Kawasaki installed several additional
systems in collaboration with Anhui Conch, but
momentum in the market picked up in the early 2000s
when several factors converged, including climate change
issues, rising energy prices and the market entry of new
16
Needs to be confirmed
8 OCTOBER 2016
Chinese vendors.*KHI formed a joint venture with Anhui
Conch (Anhui Conch/Kawasaki Engineering) which
marketed a combination of Japanese technology (waste
heat boilers) and domestic technology (steam turbines
and generators), and the engineering arms of other large
cement companies such as CNBM and Sinoma actively
marketed domestic technology. Independent Chinese
suppliers to the cement industry such as CITIC Heavy
Industries, Dalian East and Nanjing Kesen Kenen
Environment and Energy also entered the market with
domestic technologies.
As shown in Figure 14, development of waste heat power
generation in China leaped forward during the Eleventh
Five-Year Plan period in step with rapid cement industry
development. As of 2008, 263 NSP clinker production
lines were equipped with waste heat utilization power
plants (193 WHR units), with installed capacity of over
1,600 MW (China Cement Net 2009). By end-2010, over
700 production lines were equipped with approximately
650 waste heat power plants, representing 55 percent
of the dry-process kiln capacity in China. Total installed
capacity was about 4,800 MW, and the annual generating
capacity was 36.8 billion kWh, equivalent to saving more
than 9.0 million tons of standard coal (China Cement Net
2011). By end-2012, 739 waste heat power systems were
operating, with a total installed capacity of 6,575 MW
(OneStone Research 2013). The Twelfth Five-Year Plan
for the cement industry has targeted a WHR penetration
of 65 percent for dry-process NSP production lines by
2015. Installations in China peaked in 2009—new units
decreased due to a declining number of new cement
plants, a nearly fully retrofitted fleet of existing plants,
and a reduction in CDM credits. Many Chinese suppliers
are now seeking opportunities in overseas markets
(primarily Asia), and other industries.
Key Regulatory Drivers for WHR Development in
China
Regulations have been the primary driver for WHR in
China’s cement industry, including requirements that new
NSP clinker lines install waste heat recovery power
generation systems, and that grid enterprises facilitate
interconnection.
*The first domestic WHR system was a 3 MW unit installed in
1999 by Shanghai Triumph Kaineng and Nanjing Cement Design
Institute on a 2,000 tpd line at Jiangxi Wannian Cement; it
utilized 100 percent domestic equipment and at the time had
lower efficiency and reliability than the Japanese system.
VOL. 43

Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China
■ Item 31 - The government encourages industrial
enterprises to adopt efficient and energy-saving
motors, boilers, kilns, fans, pumps and other
equipment and technologies of cogeneration of
heat and power, waste heat and pressure
generating, clean coal and advanced energy
consumption monitoring and control, etc.
■ Item 78 - If a grid enterprise fails to arrange for
the incorporation of outputs of cogeneration of
heat and power and the outputs of waste heat
and pressure generating into the grid according
to this Law, or fails to follow state provisions on
grid power price, the state power supervision
department shall order it to make correction; and
if it causes economic losses to the power
generation enterprise, it shall assume the liability
of compensation.
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)
issued an order in 2010 requiring all newly constructed
(after January 2011) cement (clinker) production lines to
be equipped with low-temperature waste heat power
generation.
The Twelfth Five-Year Development Planning of Cement
Industry (2012–16 period)
■ China will continuously promote energy efficiency
technologies such as waste heat power
generation, bag filter, high-efficiency grate cooler,
vertical mill, rolling press, low-resistance and high-
efficiency preheater and calciner system, real-time
quality control system, variable-frequency speed
control, etc.; and develop and promote high-
efficiency NO x and SO 2 emission reduction
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
devices.
■ Focus on researching and developing high-
efficiency energy-saving process technology and
equipment of cement kiln furnace; cascade waste
heat utilization technology and equipment; new
energy-saving grinding technology and
equipment; low-cost comprehensive emission
reduction technology and equipment of dust and
NOx; and the separation, capture and
transformation and utilization technology of CO2.
■ The proportion of low-temperature waste heat
power generation line will be increased to 65
percent by 2015.
Business Models For WHR Deployment in the
Chinese Cement Industry
There are three current business models for WHR
Development in China:
● Design – Bid – Build (dBB) is the traditional approach
to industrial projects. The plant owner contracts an
engineering firm or WHR supplier to design the
project, solicit bids for equipment and installation,
and assume full responsibility as project integrator
for construction and management. This very linear
approach often leads to long development cycles.
Coordination among builders, engineers, and
contractors can be difficult and time-consuming, and
the pre-investment resource requirements can be high.
The adoption of this approach to waste heat recovery
projects is steadily declining.
● Engineering – procurement – Construction (epC) is a
general contracting approach often referred to as
“turnkey.” The WHR supplier, the EPC contractor,
assumes responsibility for design, engineering
services, procurement of equipment and materials,
construction, commissioning, and trial operation.
“Turnkey” means that the system is delivered to the
client ready for operations and the key feature of EPC
is that project price and schedule have a high degree
of certainty. The project is largely contractor-
managed and the cost risk and control are weighted
towards the contractor and away from the owner.
Because the EPC contractor assumes greater
responsibility, it is critical to award the contract to a
firm with the right qualifications and management
skills. Today the EPC business model is common in
waste heat power generation in the China cement
industry, accounting for more than 60 percent of
market share.
contd on pg 30
OCTOBER 2016 9
 Industrial Cogeneration India
Design Technology for Process Efficiency and
Optimum Energy Economy in Ethanol Plants
Over the last three decades, potable alcohol and
biofuel sectors have advanced enormously.
Technological progress has supported process
efficiency, energy economy as well as water
conservation and zero effluent discharge. With
reference to case studies, this article highlights
productivity gains of various molasses and grain-
based ethanol plants recently engineered and built
by Excel Engineers & Consultants and compared with
industry norms.
Introduction
Excel Engineers & Consultants, based in Pune, India, have
more than 20 years of experience in providing
technology solutions in the field of distilleries, biofuels,
zero liquid effluent discharge plants and renewable
energy. They offer services right from concept to
commissioning with modern plants custom-built to meet
individual clients’ requirements. Excel has pioneered plant
designs and implemented technologies to reduce energy
consumption and effluent generation, and increase
efficiencies.
Excel’s quest to search for cost-effective, energy efficient
and novel processes and engineering solutions resulted
in the development of the in-house “E-max” technology.
A holistic approach is of utmost importance during
conceptualization of new grain/molasses-based
distillery projects. In present conditions, many distillery
units are struggling to achieve technical and economic
efficiencies due to mismatch in the process requirements,
utilities and effluent treatment methods. Later on, de-
bottlenecking at such distillery units becomes a critical
and costly affair. Hence, a complete Heat-Mass Balance
should be taken into consideration while conceptualizing
PR0CESS EFFICIENCY
a distillery project.
Recently, Excel got the opportunity to work with many
of these distilleries in India such as Globus Spirits Ltd.,
Chandigarh Distilleries & Bottlers Ltd. (CDBL), Rana Sugars
Ltd., IFB Agro Ltd., EID Parry Ltd., NSL Krishnaveni Sugars
Ltd., Madhucon Sugars & Power Industries Ltd. and
Tikaula Distilleries. At these units, Excel carried out de-
bottlenecking to drive energy efficiency, zero effluent
discharge and ultimately, increased profitability.
10 OCTOBER 2016
Excel’s new projects are conceptualized for maximum
efficiencies at optimum utility requirements, and are
modern and progressive in terms of the technology for
heat integration.
Grain Distilleries
A typical grain distillery essentially consists of a grain
receiving and pre-cleaning station, grain storage silos,
systems for grain handling, cleaning, milling, floor
handling and storage, enzymatic liquefaction,
saccharification and fermentation, distillation,
decantation and evaporation, DWGS (distillers wet grain
solubles) mixing and handling, DDGS (distillers dry grain
solubles) drying and bagging, a cogeneration plant, and
water treatment and effluent treatment plants.
Case study: CDBL, Punjab and Globus Spirits, India
During 2012-13, Excel designed, delivered and
commissioned India’s largest 300,000-liters/day multi-
feed (grain + molasses) distillery at CDBL, Punjab and
immediately got the opportunity to modernize existing
grain distilleries of Globus Spirits Ltd. With technical
modifications in the existing traditional facility, the steam
consumption for the total grain distillery complex
[including liquefaction, ENA (Extra Neutral Alcohol)
distillation, thin slop evaporation and DDGS dryer] was
brought down from 6.5 kg/liter to 4.5 kg/liter of spirit
production. Fresh water requirement for the overall
distillery complex was also reduced by 20 to 25%. The
DDGS dryer supplied by Excel easily ensured 100%
concentrated syrup utilization and thereby high protein
content in the DDGS product. The innovation was not
limited and Excel integrated a thin-slop evaporation plant
to run on dryer vapors. As recognition from the client,
Globus Spirits selected Excel as a technology partner
for its turnkey 100,000-liters/day grain distillery at West
Bengal and 80,000-liters/day grain distillery at Bihar.
The performance benchmarks are certainly beyond the
regularly achieved parameters in distillery industry. Hence,
along with CDBL and Globus Spirits, Excel is now working
with major grain distilleries in India such as Rana Sugars,
Oasis Group, Haryana Liquors, IFB Agro, Madhucon
Sugars, Jagruti Bio, and Sentini Bio-products.
VOL. 43
 Industrial Cogeneration India

Table 1 highlights the productivity improvements at pressure primary distillation plant along with integrated
various grain distilleries following the intervention by
falling film type evaporators, combination of falling film
Excel.
and forced circulation type evaporation bodies in
Table 1. Redefined Efficiencies & Performance Benchmarks standalone evaporation, molecular sieve dehydration
in Grain Distilleries
plant based on pressure swing adsorption technology,
ethanol storage tank farm, etc. The effluent spent wash
Achieved at
Prevailing generated from distillation is concentrated upto 60%
Sr. Excel Grain
Parameters in Distillery
No.
Industry
Distillery w/w solid concentration and then incinerated in the
Projects
boiler along with coal as an auxiliary fuel. The total
1 Capacity 90-100% 100-110%
ethanol manufacturing facility is designed for achieving
2 Impure cut More than 5% Less than 2%
maximum utility economy, lowest cost of production,
3 Alcohol yield (rice) 450 liters/MT 467 liters/MT
high efficiencies, and zero liquid effluent discharge.
Fermentation
4 89% 92%
efficiency
Fermentation plant
Distillation
5 98% 99%
efficiency
The fermentation plant has a 4-fermentor system with
Approved by
6 Product ENA quality --
major bottlers
flexibility of operating in synchronized as well as fed

Total steam
batch modes. Yeast propagation is done in culture
consumption vessels. A wash settling system and sludge separation
4.35 to 4.5 kg/
7 (liquefaction + 6.0 kg/liter
liter system is also employed for removal of suspended solids
ENA distillation +
evaporation + dryer) from fermented wash. Fermentation vessels construction
Concentrated syrup ensures process hygiene and homogeneity of fermented
8 Partial 100%
utilization wash. Every fermentor tank is provided with wash
9 DDGS quality Average Excellent circulation cum transfer pumps, plate heat exchangers
DDGS protein for efficient wash temperature control, 3600 CIP (Cleaning
10 25-35% 45%
content In Place) cleaning nozzles, safety system and tapping
Fresh water for CO 2 recovery. CO 2 generated during process is
11 -- 20 to 25% less
requirement
scrubbed with water to recover alcohol traces and is
then taken to the CO2 plant for producing liquid CO2 and
Molasses Distilleries dry ice. Alcohol concentration in fermented wash is
Excel’s many clients in the molasses-based potable and Figure 1. 60,000 litres/day ethanol plant built by Excel
fuel ethanol distilleries sector include NSL Krishnaveni for NSL Krishnaveni Sugars
Sugars, Telangana and Sai Priya Sugars, Karnataka for
their 120,000-liters/day distilleries; and 60,000 liters/
day molasses distilleries at MRN Cane Sugars, Karnataka;
Tikaula Distilleries, Uttar Pradesh; Rana Sugars, Punjab;
KM Sugars, Uttar Pradesh; Om Sugars, Karnataka; and
San Carlos BioFuels, Philippines.

Case study: NSL Krishnaveni Sugars Limited,

Telangana, India

NSL Krishnaveni Sugars Limited is situated at

Ramakrishnapur, Kothakota Mandal, Mahabubnagar,
Telangana State, India. In 2015, Excel built a modern
60,000 liters/day molasses based ethanol plant on “E-
max” Technology (Figures 1 and 2). The plant was built
from concept to commissioning in a record time of 6
months and 21 days and performance parameters were
achieved during the first run. The total ethanol project
consists of molasses bulk storage tanks for storage of
in-house and procured molasses, molasses weighing
system, fed-batch mode fermentation plant, multi-

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 11

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Figure 2. Overall Mass Balance at NSL Krishnaveni Figure 3. Heat-Mass Balance for Multi-Pressure Distillation
Sugars and Integrated (First-Stage) Evaporation Plant

Molecular sieve dehydration plant

consistently maintained at 10.5% v/v and fermentation
efficiency is 91%. The absolute alcohol plant employs molecular sieve
dehydration technology. This fuel ethanol plant works
Multi-pressure distillation and integrated on pressure swing adsorption technique and employs
evaporation plant crystalline, hydrated metal alumino silicate adsorbent

Fermented wash at 9 to 11% v/v alcohol concentration material with a uniform pore diameter, which is at

is fed to the primary column, which is operated under thermally stable higher temperatures (Figure 5). Rectified

vacuum. Non-condensable gases in fermented wash are spirit of around 95% v/v strength is fed to this plant and

removed in the degasifying column, which operates on fuel ethanol with 99.9% v/v strength is obtained.

primary column partial vapors. Aldehydes are removed Actual electric power consumption
in the de-aldehyde column. Rectifying cum exhaust
column operates under pressure and is driven by Optimum electric power consumption is a prime criteria
medium pressure steam at 3.5 kg/cm 2
(g) and in the design of an ethanol plant. Even if there is more
temperature 148 C. High enthalpy contained in rectifier
0 hardware provided and more operating pumps for
column vapors is utilized to operate the primary column achieving maximum heat integration, the power
through thermo-siphon reboilers. Higher and lower fusel consumption is low in Excel-designed units compared
oil streams are fed to the fusel oil concentration column to existing molasses distilleries in India (Table 2).
to recover fusel oils. Three effect falling film type
The plant was successfully commissioned in April 2016.
evaporators are integrated on primary column vapors
Table 3 shows the actual production and operating
(Figure 3). Raw spent wash from the primary column
performance parameters achieved in the months of June,
bottom comes out at 840 C and is fed to the integrated
July and August 2016.
evaporation plant, which is operated under vacuum.
Table 3 shows that the ethanol plant has been operating
Standalone (second stage) evaporation plant
at 110% capacity during June-August 2016. Regarding
Partially concentrated spent wash is fed to a stand- energy economy, the overall steam consumption
alone second stage evaporation plant (Figure 4). This including primary distillation, fuel ethanol plant and
plant consists of three falling film type evaporators and evaporation upto 60% w/w solid concentration, is around
one forced circulation type body. One more force 2.75 kg/liter of fuel ethanol as compared to 4 to 4.5
circulation type evaporation body is provided as a kg/liter in available distillation and evaporation
standby to the last forced circulation type body. This is technologies in traditional distilleries. Final spent wash
to ensure periodic operation switchover and automatic concentration of 60% w/w is consistently achieved and
cleaning of the evaporation body; thereby extending process efficiencies are also the best in the industry.
the operation days of the evaporation plant without
Table 4 highlights productivity improvements at
any stoppage on account of cleaning. All the
molasses-based distilleries following intervention by
evaporation equipment including calendrias, tubes,
Excel. It should be quite apparent that the gains are across
tubesheets, etc. are provided in Stainless Steel 316
process, energy economy and water use.
construction for long plant life. The system is operated
under vacuum and optimum heat integration is done to
ensure low steam consumption.

12 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Figure 4. Heat-Mass Balance for Standalone (Second- Table 3. Performance Parameters at Distillery at NSL
Stage) Evaporation Plant Krishnaveni Sugars

June July August

Parameters
2016 2016 2016
Average daily production (liters
65,280 62,919 65,370
per day)
Average alcohol % in fermented
9.86 10.4 10.6
wash
Spent wash generation liter/liter
8.19 7.7 7.5
of alcohol
Steam consumption, including
primary distillation, fuel ethanol
plant and evaporation upto 60% 2.81 2.69 2.71
w/w solid concentration (kg/liter
of fuel ethanol)
Final spent wash concentration
59.58 60.36 60.12
% w/w
Power consumption (kWh) 712 698 659
Fermentation efficiency (%) 90.68 91.08 91.12
Distillation + Fuel ethanol
98.38 98.34 98.42
(MSDH) efficiency (%)
Figure 5. Heat-Mass Balance for Molecular Sieve
Dehydration Unit
Table 4. Redefined Efficiencies & Performance Benchmarks
in Molasses Distilleries

Sr. Parameters Prevailing Achieved

No. in Distillery at Excel
Industry Molasses
Distillery
Projects
1 Capacity 90-100% 100-110%
Table 2. Actual Power Consumption at NSL Krishnaveni 2 Impure cut More than Less than 5%
Sugars’ Ethanol Plant 6.5%
3 Alcohol yield @ 40% FS* 225-235 liter/ 240 liter/MT
Standby kWh
Actual MT
Operating (connected
Plant Section Consumed 4 Fermentation efficiency 89% 91%
kWh but not
kWh
operating) 5 Distillation efficiency 98% 99%
Molasses Section 22 22 18 6 Fuel ethanol purity 99.6 to 99.8% 99.9%
Fermentation 7 Total steam consumption 4.5 kg/liter 2.9 kg/liter
192 60 154
Section (RS distillation +
Distillation Dehydration + Spent
61 61 49 wash evaporation upto
Section
60% solid concentration)
Ethanol Section 44 44 35
8 Total steam consumption 5.5 kg/liter 4.0 kg/liter
Evaporation (ENA distillation + Spent
214 176 171
Section wash evaporation upto
Storage Section 4 4 3 60% solid concentration)

Cooling Tower 9 Fresh water requirement -- 20 to 25%

280 135 224 less
Section
Plant Lighting 25 0 20 *FS: Fermentable sugars

Total Power in
842 502 673
kWh Courtesy: Sanjay Desai & Sandeep Chichbankar
Excel Engineers & Consultants
Conclusion 604-605, Pride Kumar Senate, Phase-I, S.B. Road, Pune
The ethanol plants built with Excel’s “E-max” 411016 (India)
Tel: +91 20 41070100; Cell: 9561096988
Technologies have redefined the efficiencies, quality
Email: sandeep@regreenexcel.com
norms and performance benchmarks in fuel ethanol
Web: www.regreenexcel.com
potable alcohol sectors. which have supported both
significant productivity and financial gains for their clients
running grain or molasses distilleries. For actual diagrams, please contact the authors

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 13

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Business Meets on Policy, Financing & Techno-Commercial Issues

For Integrated Distillery/Ethanol Projects (with Incineration Boilers & TG Sets)

The Indian sugar industry today is at a very critical
juncture and needs investments for expansion,
modernization, cogeneration, as well as ethanol plants
with incineration type boilers/turbines and auxiliaries for
achieving Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), for their long-term
integration.
investments becoming “dead”. Though deployment of
Incineration-Type (Slop-Fired) boilers and their recent
commercialization has proved to be an effective solution
in resolving this issue.
The Power Division at MITCON Consultancy and
Engineering Services Ltd., a leading consultancy/
engineering services providing company and a Patron
Member of Cogeneration Association of India, provides
end-to-end consultancy and engineering services to
integrated ethanol and incineration boiler/TG projects,
starting from DPRs, loan syndication, environmental
services, NoCs/approvals, pre-contract engineering and
post-contract engineering and project management
services. It has been providing these services to more
than 20 sugar factories for installing distilleries/ethanol
plants with ZLD.

MITCON’s first project at Indreshwar Sugar Mills Ltd.,

SC Natu, Sr VP, Power Division, MITCON; RV Vatnal, Sugar Expert; HS
Patil, Chairman, Balaji Sugars & Chemicals Ltd., Karnataka Barshi, Dist. Solapur, Maharashtra was successfully
commissioned recently. This Integrated project includes
a distillery/ethanol plant of 60 KLPD capacity, with an
The recent Government policy has pegged 10% ethanol
incineration boiler (23.5 TPH, 40 kg/cm2, 400 deg C)
blending with fuel (with extension to 22.5% by 2022)
and TG Set (1.8 MW).
and has announced an attractive price of Rs 48.50/liter
for purchase of ethanol by oil companies for blending. To help the project promoters understand and
This provides an excellent opportunity to sugar factories implement distillery/ethanol projects at sugar factories
to implement ethanol projects in the immediate future. and/or deployment of incineration-type boilers, MITCON
Already, a number of sugar factories have taken up these had earlier organized business meets at Pune,
projects for implementation. Maharashtra (July 2015) and Belgavi, Karnataka
(September 2015). During these business meets, policy,
Out of 492 distilleries in India, 219 are connected to
financing and techno-commercial issues related to
sugar factories (45%) and the balance 273 are
implementation of such projects were discussed along
standalone, with about 100 distilleries having installed
with the presentations from technology and equipment
ethanol manufacturing facilities that can produce over
suppliers. The response was quite encouraging and
5 billion liters of rectified spirit per year, in addition to 2
highlighted some of the key issues (environmental and
billion liters of fuel ethanol. Despite the conducive policy
financial) to the Central and State policy makers.
environment today, the ethanol industry still faces
several issues regarding timely evacuation of ethanol
by the petroleum companies, payments, etc., as well as
strict pollution control norms imposed by the Central
CAPTURING POTENTIAL

and State Governments and financing by banks/financial

institutions/SDF (Sugar Development Fund).

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had prescribed

and implemented zero discharge norms from effluent
for the distillery industry with effect from January 01,
2006. CPCB had provided about three years’ time to the
distillery industry to achieve zero discharge, through any
process of distillery effluent treatment. The current
stringent pollution control policies and norms for effluent
through distilleries have made many distilleries shut down
Anil Sahane, Mojj Engineering; Sandeep Chinchbankar, Excel Engineers;
their operations, thereby making heavy losses, with the Sudarshan Kendre, Praj Industries; Srinivas Mahuli, ISGEC; MK Nadaf, Sitson

contd on pg 19

14 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Bagasse Drying: A Review (Part III)

McGaw and Pilgrim carried out an experimental study
The utilization of bagasse as a fuel in sugarcane-based
on bagasse drying to determine the drying
industry is well-known. The moisture content of fresh
characteristics of bagasse using the single layer drying
bagasse is relatively high, which lowers the total heat
technique. Their results showed that the standard drying
available and affects its combustion efficiency.
equation:
Therefore, bagasse drying has become a necessity in
order to improve its combustion efficiency and the Θ)
Moisture Ratio = a exp(-kΘ
environmental conditions, and to reduce the bagasse
was valid, with a = 1, and k a function of the system
quantities used as a fuel.
variables as follows:
In the last few decades, a comprehensive study of
k = 0.0019 exp(0.0073t) + 0.0292 exp(-0.89D) +
bagasse drying was not available in published literature.
0.00078V + 0.00057H-0.57 – 0.00088V exp(-0.89D) –
Moreover, the existing data and results suffer from a
0.314
lack of consistency. This review paper was carried out
as a necessary preliminary step for such a study. where V is the gas velocity m/s, D is the particle size
The main objective was to collect and review the (cross-section diameter) m, and H is the gas humidity
available studies in order to shed light on the points kg-water vapor/kg-dry air.
that need extra studies and those that have not been
The results also showed that the rate of drying increases
studied at all. Moreover, this review tries to identify
significantly with increasing gas inlet temperature and
the most efficient type of bagasse dryer.
gas inlet velocity and with decreasing the gas humidity.
Due to the length of this review paper, we covered it On the other hand, the strong effect of gas humidity
in several parts, the final part of which appears below and gas velocity on the drying rate demonstrate a high
(for the first two parts refer Vol 41 and Vol 42). degree of external control. The effect of reducing the
humidity of the drying gas will be to increase the
The study of Duggal et al. and other research on the
humidity driving force. The effect of increasing gas
drying process of many biological materials (such as
velocity will be to increase the relevant transfer
bagasse) have revealed the proportionality of the drying
coefficients. The drying time would only be of the order
rate and moisture content of the material being dried.
of a minute or two even for the larger particles, and of
This relation can be expressed as one of the two models:
the order of seconds for smaller particles. This explains
Moisture Ratio = exp(-kΘΘ) Exponential model the potential for the use of pneumatic dryers more
Moisture Ratio = exp(-kΘΘ)n
Page model particularly in sugar factories.
where Moisture Ratio = (w – we)/(wo – we)
In order to obtain a better use of bagasse, the dryer
w o = initial moisture content of the material, % (db) developed by Alarcon and Justiz has the possibility of
w = moisture content of the material, % (db) pneumatically classifying it into two fractions: a coarse
w e = equilibrium moisture content of the material, fraction and a fine fraction. The fine fraction is dried by
IMPROVING PROFIT MARGINS
% (db)
Θ = drying time, s
k, n = constants

Both models were further analyzed by taking into account

the dependence of rate constant on drying air
temperature (t), 0C. Arrhenius type relationships are
obtained for each model as:

k = 760.54 exp(-3167.62/t) Exponential model

k = 1474.13 exp(-3530.20/t) Page model

The results showed that the drying constant varies

exponentially with temperature and the drying rates of
bagasse can be closely predicted by Page’s model with
Fig. 7: Schematic diagram of the AZ industrial prototype
an Arrhenius type dependence of k on temperature and dryer (Combined fluid bed-pneumatic transport dryer)
a constant n of 1.14.

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 15

 Industrial Cogeneration India

using the flue gases and its moisture decreased from 50 cases. In the first case (case I), one boiler uses some of
to 30% and then sent to the boiler furnace to be used as the output of the dryer and the rest is directed to the
fuel. The coarse fraction is the surplus which is an second boiler together with the 52% bagasse (mB52). The
excellent product to be used as raw material in other proposed flow diagram in this case is shown in Fig. 9. In
industrial processes such as paper pulp production. the second case (case II), the output of the dryer is mixed
together with the 52% bagasse (mB45) and then each boiler
Stanmore and Arici studied the convective drying of
uses 50% of the dried bagasse and 50% of the wet
bagasse in boiler. They found that the drying of bagasse
bagasse (mB52). The proposed flow diagram in this case
in a boiler strongly influences the temperature
is shown in Fig. 10. Based on this study, it was found
distribution and the location of ignition in the furnace
that case II provides higher boiler capacity and a higher
due to the high initial moisture content of bagasse. Two
annual saving than case I. So, the study recommended
mathematical models of the drying process were
the implementation of case II for operation.
evaluated by experimental study of cylinders of fresh
bagasse in a stream of hot, dry air. The first model, which
was empirical, assumed an exponential fall in water
content. The second assumed that drying takes place
at the wet bulb temperature on a shrinking moist core,
with a conductive resistance to heat flow through the
dry outer shell. For commercial dryers and boilers which
handle run-of-mill bagasse, the empirical model is
recommended.

Fig. 9: A schematic diagram of case I

Bagasse Dryers

Process

There are a number of methods for drying the bagasse.

Fig. 8: A schematic diagram of the SIIC rotary drum
These methods can be classified according to the drying
dryer
medium as follows: (a) bagasse drying by using flue
gases from boilers; (b) bagasse drying by using heated
Sugar and Integrated Industries Company (SIIC) of Egypt
air; (c) bagasse drying by using solar energy; and (d)
has recently realized the importance of bagasse drying
bagasse drying by using high pressure superheated
for both energy saving and efficiency improvement of
steam.
the steam generation equipment. Starting from this point,
the company has built a bagasse dryer to be used in
one of its factories (Guirga Sugar Factory) and to serve
as a pilot plant for study and performance evaluation
before extending its usage to other factories. The dryer
is of the rotary drum type with a diameter of 4 m and a
length of 16 m as shown in Fig. 8.

The thermal design calculations of the existing bagasse

rotary dryer have been carried out under the following
conditions: (i) flue gases inlet temperature is 195 oC (it
should not exceed 200 oC to avoid the self-ignition of
fine bagasse), and (ii) fresh bagasse temperature is 25
o
C and moisture content is 52%. In this study calculations
of the maximum possible load in ton bagasse per hour
at 45% moisture content (mB45) obtained by the dryer
under the operating conditions at Guirga Factory were Fig. 10: Flow diagram of case II
carried out. These calculations were carried out for two

16 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43


The cheapest and most efficient means are to bring the
bagasse in direct contact with the flue gases from boilers
and this can be done without setting the bagasse on
fire in the dryer. Theoretically the wasted heat in stack
is more than sufficient to evaporate all the moisture from
the bagasse. The drying process requires approximately
60% of the hot gases generated in the furnace. These
60% of the gases after drying the bagasse are relatively
cooler and attain a higher degree of humidity. These are
then mixed with rest of 40% of hot gases. The resulting
mixture has an average temperature between 130–140
o
C, which is well above the low corrosion point of carbon
steel.
The advantages of using the flue gases in drying of
bagasse can be summarized as: (1) reduction of the air
pollution from values of about 10,000 mg/Nm3 of ash
to less than 300 mg/Nm3; and (2) reduction of the heat
losses in the flue gases due to decreasing the exit
temperature of gases. (The bagasse dryer allows cooling
of the gases to 90 oC, the only limit being imposed by
the necessity to avoid cooling to the dew point of 60 -
70 oC.) The types of dryers which can be used for bagasse
drying by using the flue gases are given below.
Types of Dryers
Tower Dryers
Tower dryer is the oldest type, which was built in 1910
by E. W. Kerr. It is a square tower with bagasse
descending and stack gas rising in a countercurrent
manner. The tower is equipped with deflectors to
promote better gas-solid contact. This dryer was not
used commercially.
Rotary Drum Dryers
The principle of single or multiple passage of hot gases
contact in parallel with the bagasse to be dried inside a
rotary drum type is similar to the sugar dryer. The dry
bagasse is then separated from the wet gases in a large
diameter cyclone. Rotary drum dryers have the following
advantages: (i) they can give uniform final moisture
content with non-uniform particle size and inflow; (ii) they
are more suitable for medium and large units; (iii) they
tend to discharge less dust to atmosphere; and (iv) its
specific energy consumption is less than pneumatic
dryers (it is 20 kWh/t-water evaporated). But they are
big dryers, of low efficiency, occupying large areas. Their
construction and installation are quite complex. They
need an extra conveyor to transport bagasse to the
drums and then back to the boilers.
Fluidized-Pneumatic Dryers
Fluidized-Pneumatic dryers are much more efficient than
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
rotary dryers due to the fact that they utilize drying
columns where the bagasse is raised by a stream of hot
gases and is separated from the wet gases after drying
by one or two cyclones. Their cyclones are comparatively
smaller and need less investment and operation costs.
Luiz Maranhao reports that the cost of a pneumatic
transport dryer is 47% less than that of the rotary drum
dryer. They are very safe as far as fire-hazards are
concerned. Another important advantage is that during
the drying, size classification of particles can be
achieved. Such dryers can be classified into three types
as: (a) fluidized bed dryers such as the one shown in
Fig. 11; (b) Pneumatic transport dryers such as the one
shown in Fig. 12; and (c) Combined fluid bed-pneumatic
transport dryers such as the one shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 11: Fluidized bed dryer
On the other hand, fluidized-pneumatic dryers require
uniform particle size and uniform inflow of wet bagasse
and their specific energy consumption is more than that
of the rotary dryer types. It is about 35 kWh/t-water
evaporated. Moreover, they need conveyors for wet and
dry bagasse.
The most significant results of the industrial prototype
dryer which is shown in Fig. 7 are summarized as follows:
1 6 tons/hr bagasse of 46% is dried to 28% moisture
content.
2 70% of stack gases are cooled from 300 OC to 100
O
C.
3 Boiler efficiency is increased from 72% to 82%.
4 Steam generation is increased from 2.25 to 2.59
kg-steam/kg-bagasse (50% basis).
5 Dust in flue gases is reduced from about 2000 to
300 mg/Nm3.
6 The investment cost is low and the payoff time is
about half a harvest season (fuel oil is at $175 per
ton).
OCTOBER 2016 17
 Industrial Cogeneration India
Table 7: Comparison between modified boiler and
new modern boiler
System Bagasse dryer + New modern
modified boiler boiler
Level of technology Medium High
Investment cost Low High
Operating cost Medium High
Efficiency High High
With low sugar prices and high energy costs it seems
that the pneumatic dryer-modified boiler system (ICINAZ)
shown in Fig. 7 would, in many cases, be the preferred
alternative to a higher cost new modern boiler as shown
in Table 7.
Fig. 12: Pneumatic transport dryer
Individual Dryers
Luiz Maranhao reported that Zanini and Cemasa of Brazil
have developed an individual dryer for each furnace
similar to the one shown in Fig. 13. The hot gases are
sucked before the air preheater and pulled by an auxiliary
fan until the front side of the boiler by an overhead or
underground duct. The wet bagasse falls down by
gravity from the normal conveyor passing by a feeder
that blocks the inlet of false air instead of going to the
spreaders and diverted by a bypass porthole to the
bagasse blending chamber with the hot gases.
Thus the bagasse half spread is sucked by an auxiliary
fan that raises the mixture through the dryer columns
until the cyclone where the wet gases are separated
from the dry bagasse. The wet gases go towards the
chimney through big diameter ducts with an average
temperature of 90 0C.
The dry bagasse falls down by gravity into the cyclone
and goes down by an air locker through the spreaders
and feeds the furnace. The dryer utilizes only 60% of
total flue gases to dry bagasse. The remnant 40% of
flue gases are used in the air heater to warm the burning
18 OCTOBER 2016
air. The final temperature of flue gases is about 1350C.
This dryer can be mounted in front of the boiler
individually to each furnace. It does not need any other
installation of conveyors to bring and to take back the
bagasse to the dryer.
Fig. 13: Individual dryer
Luiz Maranhao carried out experimental tests on an
industrial scale using an individual dryer developed in
1979 (such as the one shown in Fig. 13). The obtained
results can be summarized as:
1 Bagasse drying was done utilizing flue gas
temperature of 220 oC and 300 oC. The efficiency
of drying was increased by 68% using hotter gases.
2 Using flue-gas temperature 300 o C, the dried
bagasse left the dryer at 40 oC and the wet gases
at 100 oC.
3 The system can be controlled easily, because it only
requires a depression of air on the top exit of the
cyclone.
4 The total investment cost is 50 to 60% of the existing
fluidized-pneumatic dryers and the total power
consumption is roughly 55%. The efficiency is the
same as with others.
5 The individual dryer can be installed on any existing
boiler, and it is possible to dry a portion of the
bagasse, or all the bagasse of the boiler, and so an
auxiliary bagasse conveyor is unnecessary.
6 It consumes 50 to 60% of the flue gases from the
same boiler, in which it is installed. The rest 40 to
50% is used to mix with the wet gases to avoid
corrosion in the ducts and chimney.
7 If the hot gases are taken after the air preheater at
220 oC, the moisture can be decreased by 10 points.
But, if the gases are taken before the air preheater
which has a temperature of 300 oC, the moisture
will be decreased by 15 points. Luiz Maranhao
reported that the payback period for a dryer would
be 5 months, if the excess steam produced by the
dried bagasse is totally utilized.
VOL. 43

Conclusions
An extensive review of the subject of bagasse drying
has been made in this paper. The objective of this review
is to introduce the subject of bagasse drying to
newcomers and to supply a state-of-the-art review to
those who are interested in the subject. It covers the
subject of bagasse drying from different points of view
such as the necessity and advantages of bagasse drying.
Drying process basics, required data, and related topics
such as bagasse combustion have been reviewed. The
types of available bagasse dryers are also reviewed and
discussed. Results point to the following facts:
1 It is important for all sugar mills to install bagasse
dryer.
2 Bagasse drying by using flue gases is an economic
necessity for cane sugar factories to realize self-
sufficiency of fuel in addition to the achievement of
surplus bagasse to be used in by-product industry.
3 It is an environmental necessity as it reduces air
pollution.
4 Bagasse has not become a by-product of sugar
industry, it has become the main product.
Source: Training Workshop on: “Utilization of By-Products and Waste Materials in the Sugar Industry”, 2-14 May 2015, Assiut, Egypt
contd from pg 14 (Business Meets…)
In continuation to the above, MITCON organized Business
Meets during 2016 at the following locations:
Sr. Location Organized On
No.
1 Belgavi, Karnataka August 29, 2016
2 Pune, Maharashtra August 31, 2016
3 Hyderabad, September 21, 2016
Andhra Pradesh
4 Chennai, Tamil Nadu September 28, 2016
These business meets were participated in by
management and technocrats from sugar factories/
distilleries from the respective States; technology
BM Sajjan, Exec VP, MITCON, Bengaluru; Dr Swain, Professor, NSI,
Kanpur; SV Shiralkar, Director Technical, MITCON
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
5 Many types of bagasse dryers have been installed
in different countries.
6 Rotary drum dryers are seldom used now, since more
efficient and economically attractive pneumatic
dryers are preferred.
7 Future research is needed to develop an optimum
bagasse dryer on the theory and modelling of
bagasse drying process.
With low sugar prices and high energy costs it seems
that the pneumatic dryer-modified boiler system (ICINAZ)
shown in Fig. 7 would, in many cases, be the preferred
alternative to a higher cost, new modern boiler.
Author: Ali K Abdel-Rahman
Professor, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Faculty of Engg. Assiut
University, Chairperson of Energy Resources
Engineering, E-JUST
http://www.aun.edu.eg/sugar_tec_institute/
csite.php?width=&id=501539386
For details of all references, and the complete article,
please contact the author directly.
T Sakthee, KCP Ltd.; Sandeep Chinchbankar, Excel Engineers; Sunil
Kagwad, Mojj Engineering; Nilesh Jadhav, Sitson; Muthurasan Sundaram,
Thermax; K Murulikrishnan, ISGEC
providers including Mojj Engineering, Excel Industries,
Praj Industries and Universal Industries, and OEMs
including ISGEC, SITSON, SS Engineers, Thermax and MAN
Turbo Generators.
The views/opinions/experiences shared by the
participants during these business meets will definitely
help project promoters to understand and implement
such projects.
MITCON Power Division offers the required
Consultancy/Engineering and Project Management
Services for successful and timely commissioning of
these projects. Please write to us at
sunil.natu@mitconindia.com or
abhay.k@mitconindia.com for your service
requirements.
OCTOBER 2016 19
 Industrial Cogeneration India

Water Treatment in Sugar Plants with Hi Pressure

Boilers
Editor’s note: Given the readers’ requests for articles
on water treatment in cogeneration power plants, we
included various articles a few years ago. We have
been covering this issue from the point of view of an
actual cogenerator – but in two parts (the last one
was in Vol 42 and this is the final part).
Natural Osmosis
Osmatic Flow
side passes through the membrane to the concentrated
side till osmotic equilibrium is attained. Now if the
pressure is applied and increased gradually on the
concentrated side, the flow of water continues to reduce
till the applied pressure reverses the direction of flow of
water; and water from the concentrated side enters the
dilute side. This process is called RO.
The raw water free from physical impurities, but with
high total dissolved solids content, is passed through
the high-pressure multistage centrifugal pump, which
boosts the pressure of raw water.

This filtered water with the help of high-pressure pumps

is fed to the RO membrane system according to the
operation requirement. RO utilizes the unique property
of a semi-permeable membrane to allow fluid to pass
through while restricting the flow of dissolved ionic
material. With pressure applied to impure water on one
side of the membrane, pure water passes through by
leaving most of the impurity behind. The rejection of
the dissolved ionic material is a function of both
molecular weight and ionic charge.
This process is natural osmosis and is found in nature all
around us. By this process, plants and animal cells ingest RO is capable of removing 99% of the dissolved minerals,
water. 95-97% of most dissolved organics and more than 98%
of biological and colloidal matter from waste.
Every solution has a specific osmotic pressure, which is
determined by the type and concentrate of dissolved Quality of Feed Water to RO
materials in the water. This pressure is the driving force
Turbidity Less than 1 ntu
that causes flow through the semi-permeable membrane.
Oil and grease Nil
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Sludge Density
Index (SDI) Less than 4
Organics Nil
Temperature Less than 400 C
Residual chlorine Less than 0.1 ppm

Specification of RO Membranes

Type Spiral-wound

Membrane type Polyamide thin-film

composite
Max. operating temp 450 C
O&M ISSUES

Maximum operating pressure 600 psig

RO process is a membrane process in which a synthetic
Maximum pressure drop 15 psig
semi-permeable membrane is used to separate water
pH range continuous operation 2-11
from dissolved impurities. When a semi-permeable
Maximum feed Silt Density Index 4
membrane separates a dilute and concentrated solution
Free chlorine tolerance Less than 0.1 ppm
of salts due to osmosis, the water from the dilute solution

20 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43


Demineralization (Deionization)
Demineralization is the process of removing mineral salts
from the water by using the ion exchange process. This
involves two ion exchange reactions.
Initially the cations such as Calcium, Magnesium and
Sodium are removed in a Hydrogen cation exchanger,
the exchange-able ion in the resins bed being Hydrogen.
The salts are converted into their respective acids. The
acid water is then passed through an anion exchanger
where the anions such as Sulphates, Chlorides, etc., are
removed by exchange of hydroxyl ions.
Ion exchange is an equilibrium reaction, which is
reversible. In the hydrogen cation exchange resins, the
cation group shows a greater affinity for other cations
in preference to hydrogen ions. This process is reversed
when the resin bed gets exhausted of hydrogen ions
and is regenerated with a strong acid, since the hydrogen
ions are present in high concentration in the regenerant
acid (either HCl or H2SO4).
The anion exchange resins contain active amine groups
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
and the OH radical replaces the anions like SO4 and Cl2.
There are two types of anion exchange resins namely,
strongly basic and weakly basic. The strongly basic anion
exchanger will also remove weakly ionized salic acid
and carbonic acid.
The strongly basic anion exchange resin is regenerated
with Sodium Hydroxide and the weakly basic anion
exchange resin is regenerated with Sodium Carbonate.
Strongly basic anion exchange
R4N.OH + H2 SIO2→RN.HSIO2 + H2O
When the supply of exchangeable ions within the resin
is exhausted, the treated water quality deteriorates and
the resin requires regeneration.
The cation exchanges resins with mineral acid such as
hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid. The strongly basic
anion exchange resins are regenerated with sodium
hydroxide and weak basic anion resins with caustic soda
or sodium carbonates. The following equation will give
an indication of the reaction involved during the service
cycle:
R.SO3 H + NaCl→R.SO1 Na + HCl
2R.SO3 H + CaSO4→( R.SO1)1Ca + H2S04
Weakly basic anion exchange
RNH + HCl→RNH1Cl + H2O
R.Na + HCl→R.H + NaCl
R2Mg + H2SO→2R.H + MgSO
R.Cl + NaOH→R.OH + NaCl
R HCl + NaOH→R.NaCl + H2O
MB (Mixed Bed) Outlet Water Quality
Conductivity ≤1μs/cm
pH 6.5 to 7.5
SiO2 ≤0.02
In a sugar factory, usage of steam plays a very important
role. Sugarcane contains 70-75% of water. When the juice
is extracted from the mill it is taken for process to the
boiling house. In the evaporator section, juice is boiled.
Excess water is removed by evaporation, during which
the vapor is cooled and condensate is generated. Semi
Kestner, Ist Body, 2nd Body, 3rd Body and 4th Body,
and Pan condensate are generated. Only the 1st Effect
condensate can be used for the boiler (Semi Kestner)
and the rest of the condensate cannot be used due to
the organic content present in the condensate.
Due to operational issues in our plant, the 1st Effect
OCTOBER 2016 21
 Industrial Cogeneration India
condensate was contaminated by organics, which
caused problems in the High Pressure Boiler. In order to
overcome this, a Condensate Polishing Unit was installed
consisting of an Activated Carbon Filter and Mixed Bed.
Activated Carbon Filter
Activated carbon filter (ACF) is used to remove organic
matter and chlorine. As water passes through the filter,
organic particles and chemicals are trapped inside
through a process known as adsorption. This process
requires an extensive amount of surface area, and
organics in the water will eventually fill up and block
the carbon pores. Ultimately, the AC filter will need to
be replaced as its ability to dechlorinate the water
slowly declines. From the ACF outlet, water will be sent
to the MB, from where outlet water is added to
Morpholine and sent to the Demineralization (DM)
storage tank.
Determination of Conductivity
The specific conductance of water is a measure of the
ability of the water to conduct an electrical current.
Conductivity test is important as a direct measure of
the total ionizable solids in the water. The conductivity
test provides quick measurement of steam purity as well
as a simple control for boiler water solids.
The basic unit of electrical resistance is the ‘ohm’. Since
electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of resistance,
the unique term ‘mho’ (ohm spelt backwards) was chosen
as the basic unit of conductivity. A conductivity test
usually calibrates in micromhos (a micromho is a millionth
of mho) to calibrate the conductivity instrument to read
directly in parts per million (ppm) of dissolved solids.
Definition of pH
pH = - log1 0[hz ] …….. (1)
where [hz+] = concentration of hydrogen ion in the
solution
= moles of hydrogen ions per liter of solution
Equation (1) tells us that pH of a solution is equal to the
negative of log base 10 of hydrogen ion concentration.
The pH of a solution is also defined by [hz ] = 10{ph...(2)
+
Hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is equal to 10
to the power minus pH.
ph Scale
To report the hydrogen ion concentration, scientist
22 OCTOBER 2016
Sorensen devised a pH scale, which has been designated
from 0 to 14 units.
● pH value of an acidic solution is less than seven
● pH value of a basic solution is greater than seven
● pH value of a neutral solution is equal to seven
General Problems in Water Treatment Plants
A. Unskilled and negligent operation will damage the
equipment and result in poor quality of the final
product
B. Improper backwash timings and pressure/flow will
result in contamination of the filter media in MGF
(multi-grade filter)
C. In the Softner, SAC (strong acid cation), SBA (strong
base anion) and MB, the possible problems that can
occur are:
1. Resin slippage
i) Due to breakage of strainer buttons in the middle
collector or bottom collector
ii) Damage in the middle collector lateral pipes and
bottom plate
iii) Resin slippage during the backwash
2. Silica slippage due to improper regeneration
3. Inside the vessel, channel formation of resin
4. Reduction of OBR (Output between Regeneration) is
due to:
i) Not maintaining recommended concentration of
the regenerate solution while regeneration of resins
ii) Not maintaining designed timings of the
regeneration
Reduction in OBR will result in increased chemical
consumption and ultimately increase the cost of
production of DM water.
Problems in RO Plants
1. Failure of chemical metering and dosing pumps (not
lifting and dosing properly)
2. Scaling of RO membranes due to improper checking
of SDI in RO feed water; increase in SDI means pre-
treatment of raw water is to be checked.
3. ORP (Oxygen Reduction Potential) to be monitored
properly; otherwise it means either Hypo addition
is high or that the SMBS (Sodium Metabisulphite)
pump is not working properly.
VOL. 43

4. If chlorine gets into the membrane, it will damage
RO membranes permanently, which results in
improper quality of RO permeate. Damaged RO
membranes are irreparable, as their replacement
involves huge costs and forced outages.
5. Always ensure that the RO reject valve is kept open
before starting the RO. If not, it leads to damage
of RO membranes.
6. Proper interlocks for ORP; Switching on the high-
pressure pump (when it exceeds 25 kg) will save
the membranes from mal-operations and preserve
their life.
7. Ensure that the Degasser blower is switched on
before start-up of the RO/DM plant. If not, it will
affect water quality and result in lower OBR in the
MB unit.
8. Improper dosing of anti-scalant leads to scaling of
the membrane.
9. The RO plant should be operated as per the design
(i.e. Permeate flow 75% & Reject flow 25%)
Routine, Preventive & Proactive Maintenance
Methods for Water Treatment Plants
1. During normal operation in the DM Plant SAC, SBA
and MB, for every six cycles Double Regeneration is
to be done in order improve the resin quality and
life.
2. Even for a short time of shutdown of the RO Plant,
RO membranes are never to be left dry. Instead they
are to be flushed with RO permeate water on a daily
basis for at least 20 minutes.
3. For a long planned shutdown, preservation of RO
membranes is essential. If not, the life of RO
membranes deteriorates very fast and they may be
ineffective all of a sudden. Before preservation, the
RO membranes are to be cleaned with chemicals as
per the recommendations of the OEM (original
equipment manufacturer).
4. During long period of shutdowns in the DM Plant:
i) Resin de-fouling is to be carried out in the DM Plant,
after which double regeneration is to be done.
Flushing should be carried out monthly in the softner,
SAC, SBA, and MB units.
ii) Resin beds are to be kept preserved only after
thorough regeneration. Otherwise the impurities on
the surface of the resins are absorbed by the resins
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
and may choke the pores of the resin resulting in
less OBR and forced outages. This may change the
entire quantity of resins.
iii) Resins are always to be preserved in wet condition.
If they are kept under dry conditions, their quality
deteriorates badly, leading to sudden unexpected
failures.
Case Studies
Sugar plant capacity: 3500 TCD; Cogeneration plant
capacity: 22 MW; Location: Tamil Nadu; Year: 2006
In the newly commissioned cogeneration power plant,
within 2 months of its operation the total plant was
forced to shut down due to increased Silica in boiler
feed water. During step-by-step analysis it was found
that the Silica in the RO Permeate water had abnormally
increased to 10 ppm. This indicated a probable failure
of RO membranes. After further analysis of the problem
it was confirmed that the RO membranes had failed and
its permeability had increased. This was due to excess
chlorine dosing in the raw water and this was not
neutralized with SMBS. When this chlorine-rich water
passed through the RO membranes the membrane pores
got enlarged and ultimately failed to arrest the Silica
and other impurities as desired. This excess Silica in the
feed water caused hard scaling on turbine blades. Hence
the turbine was opened and cleaned with sand blasting
and the entire RO membrane set was renewed. The plant
was re-commissioned after 15 days.
Sugar plant capacity: 5000 TCD; Cogeneration plant
capacity: 30 MW; Location: Tamil Nadu; Year: 2005
There was an incidence of contamination of sugar return
condensate with juice and this contaminated water
reached the boiler drum. Due to this, the pH of boiler
drum water drastically came down and the cogeneration
plant was shut down. The Feed water tank and De-
aerator were drained and cleaned with DM water till the
total sugar traces were removed. After this, the total
boiler water circuit including drum and panels, were
water washed till the total sugar traces were removed.
The plant was restarted after 14 hours.
Author:
K Jaishankar
Dy. Manager (Lab), Cogeneration Power Plant
Triveni Engineering & Industries Limited
Deoband, Saharanpur (Distt), Uttar Pradesh 247554
Tel: 01336-222185; Fax: 01336-222220
Email: ravichand@ho.trivenigroup.com
OCTOBER 2016 23
 Industrial Cogeneration India

Spent Wash Incineration Boilers in Distillery/

Ethanol Plants
Concentrated spent wash to
Spent wash powder
Spent wash incineration has now become a basic 55%
requirement in all distillery units to achieve Zero Liquid i. Carbon – 20.38% i. Carbon – 44.28%
Discharge (ZLD). Since spent wash incineration ii. Hydrogen – 1.97% ii. Hydrogen – 2.98%
technology is under the development stage, feedback
iii. Nitrogen – 1.45% iii. Nitrogen – 1.94%
from various pilot plants becomes important to
achieve a completely foolproof system in operations. iv. Sulphur – 0.56% iv. Sulphur – 0.75%
This article will give the basic requirements of spent v. Moisture – 45% v. Moisture – 7.01%
wash incineration boilers used for distillery units, and vi. Ash – 17.11% vi. Ash – 22.52%
will focus on the boiler design, a case study, and how
vii. Oxygen – 13.53% vii. Oxygen – 18.7%
to reduce capital cost investment.
viii. Chlorine-NA viii. Chlorine – 1.82%
Basic Requirement of Spent Wash Boiler Design ix. GCV – 1,750 kCal/kg ix. GCV – 2,856 kCal/kg

Raw spent wash characteristics include: GCV: Gross Calorific Value

gets evaporated and becomes vapour, which is part of

i. High moisture content
the flue gas generated. Carbon, hydrogen and sulphur
ii. High Alkali content
burn in the furnace, which releases heat and contributes
iii. High Chlorine content
to steam generation.
These characteristics can affect boiler design in several
Spent wash is mixed in support fuel such as bagasse or
ways. High moisture content in spent wash increases
coal in a rotary mixture cum drier. Drying reduces the
the quantity of support fuel requirement and leads to
total moisture content in bagasse and the spent wash
difficulties in steam mass balance in distillery plants. It
mixture. Both mixed and dried fuel are spread in the
can result in high vapour in flue gas, which may cause
furnace for burning.
condensation in the tell-end of heat transfer equipment
in the boiler. High moisture content can also lead to Spent wash can be dried by using hot air or steam. Hot
high quantity of flue gas generation, thus increasing the air is generated by a hot air generator, which is a part of
size of the boiler. the boiler. This hot air is used to dry the spent wash in
the spray drier. Powder produced in the spray drier is
High alkali content in spent wash results in fouling, and
spread in the boiler with or without support fuel.
choking of evaporators and economizers by ash, while
high chlorine content causes high temperature corrosion Advantages of Spent Wash Incineration
in the super heater, which reduces its life.
a) Steam generated for distillery process
There are mainly three methods of spent wash b) Captive power generation for distillery and ethanol
incineration: plant
c) 100% disposal of spent wash
i. Direct burning of spent wash in boiler
d) ZLD is achieved to meet Central Pollution
ii. Mixing of spent wash with support fuel viz. bagasse/
Control Board rules and regulations
coal
e) Ash produced with high potash content
iii. Drying of spent wash to form powder for burning in
is used for making fertilizer
boiler
GREEN FUEL OPTIONS

Process of Direct
Burning

Raw spent wash with 12%

solids concentrate to 55 to
60% (maximum) is called
slop or concentrated spent
wash. This is sprayed in the
boiler furnace and burns in
high temperature, which is
maintained by support fuel.
Water from the spent wash

24 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43


Advantages of SITSON Boilers
● Boiler is suitable for full load with supporting fuel as
well as fuel mix spent wash
● Lower power consumption
● Online cleaning system for boiler pressure parts
● Specially designed ESP air pollution control system
to get maximum collection of fly ash
● More than 1000 hrs of continuous operation without
stoppage for cleaning
● Most sustainable for all zero discharge distillery
plants
Critical Issues in Spent Wash Incineration
Since this is distillery process waste, composition and
solid contents are volatile in nature. High moisture
content in spent wash needs fine feed control of
supporting fuel and spent wash, while high Alkali
content in spent wash ash leads to fouling on heat
transfer surfaces of the boiler. High Chlorine content can
cause high temperature corrosion in the super heater.
Design Considerations for Incineration Boiler
Proper furnace arrangement is required to meet 100%
combustion of spent wash to achieve ZLD. Optimum
proportion of support fuel should be used for complete
combustion of spent wash and to reduce the fouling
nature of spent wash ash. Fine atomization of spent
wash should be ensured in the combustion process. The
secondary air nozzles should be suitably located. Ensure
optimum residence time for complete combustion,
along with an online cleaning system like soot blowers
and tumbling hammers.
Case Study: Yashwantrao Mohite Krishna SSK Ltd.,
Karad, Maharashtra
SITSON executed this project jointly with Vasantdada
Sugar Institute at Yashwantrao Mohite Krishna SSK Ltd.
The trial run was conducted in 2006. Details include:
● Type of boiler – Fluidized bed
● Supporting fuel – Coal and bagasse
● Total solids in concentrated spent wash – 50 to 55%
● Type of drier – Spray drier by hot air
Flow Diagram
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
A few problems were faced during running of the boiler.
Powder is flammable so sometimes it caught fire at the
bottom of the drier. Also, since the powder is
hygroscopic in nature, this led to choking of pneumatic
conveying lines. Ash choking also took place in the super
heater and evaporators. In addition, condensation of flue
gas at the air pre-heater had to be dealt with.
Challenges to Reduce Capital Cost Investment
Due to the challenging characteristics of spent wash,
the size of the boiler is big as compared to a convention
fossil fuel boiler. So cost of the boiler is high and pressure
parts need to be arranged in a row, so space required
for the boiler is more. Due to the special boiler and
auxiliary equipment, the cost of making alcohol per liter
increases.
How we can reduce capital cost and operating cost?
1. Remove moisture in spent wash to the maximum
extent before burning in the boiler. This will reduce
the boiler size (and therefore cost) because fuel firing
quantity has been reduced to a great extent.
2. Burn spent wash on the grate instead of in suspension
to reduce fouling of pressure parts and increase
duration between two cleaning shut-downs. This will
minimize carrying of ash along with flue gas and
reduce possibilities of fouling.
3. If spent wash is burning on the grate, maximum ash
will be collected as bottom ash so the size of air
pollution control equipment will be reduced.
4. Since the boiler is then handling less flue gas volume,
auxiliary power consumption will be less.
5. Space requirement also reduces because the size of
the boiler required is smaller now.
6. Since less support fuel is required, cost of fuel
reduces.
Our Capability
SITSON has several years of experience in the area of
spent wash incineration since 2006 and has
conducted trial runs of spent wash incineration boilers
for over 10 years. The company has complete design
and technology to supply spent wash incineration
boilers and is looking for opportunities to supply
boilers on large capacity ratings. It has solved
problems faced by other makes of boilers as well, by
carrying out suitable modifications.
Courtesy: Nilesh D Jadhav, Sitson India Pvt. Ltd.
W-5, M.I.D.C., Phase-II, Dombivli (E), Distt. Thane
Maharashtra; Tel: 020-25542065/64016387
Fax: 020-25541070; Cell: +91-9096874926
Email: nileshjadhav@sitsonindia.com
Website: www.sitsonindia.com
OCTOBER 2016 25
 Industrial Cogeneration India

ISO 9001-2008
Certied
...Where success is a journey. not a destination

PRUMATECH SERVICES PVT. LTD.

18, LADY MADHAVAN ROAD, MAHALINGAPURAM, NUNGAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI‐600034
Ph: 044‐28170940/41; Fax:044‐28170939
URL: www.prumatech.com

OUTSOURCING LEADERS IN

● OPERATION & MAINTENANCE FOR SUGAR INDUSTRIES.

● OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF COGENERATION/POWER PLANTS.
● OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF ETHANOL/DISTILLERY PLANTS.
● ERECTION/PLANT RE‐LOCATION/SHUT‐DOWN MAINTENANCE.
● ENGINEERING SERVICES LIKE VIBRATION ANALYSIS & CONDITION MONITORING.
● OPERATION & MAINTENANCE FOR OIL REFINERY, CEMENT, FERTILIZER AND
PETRO‐CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.
● MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
● DEVELOPMENT OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT LIKE HOUSE‐KEEPING, MANPOWER
SUPPLY, GUEST HOUSE MANAGEMENT.
● HAVING 2000+ SKILLED PERSONNEL DEPLOYED IN VARIOUS SUGAR/
COGEN/POWER INDUSTRIES FROM MANAGER TO TECHNICIAN LEVEL.

OUR BUSINESS PARTNERS:

¨ PARRY GROUP OF INDUSTRIES

¨ RAJSHREE SUGARS & CHEMICALS LTD.

¨ SILKROAD SUGARS PVT. LTD.

¨ GEM SUGARS

¨ GODAVARI BIOREFINERIES LTD.

¨ HAVERI BIOENERGY PVT. LTD.

26 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43

 Industrial Cogeneration India

Regenerative Drives Save Energy in Food Processing

Applications
A sugar mill can use AC drives
incoming AC power to DC to energize the DC link, while
for its sugar-separation
the inverter takes DC from the link and converts it to
centrifuges. New variable
variable-frequency AC for the motor.
frequency drives (VFDs) not
only cured the reliability
problems, they improved
productivity by reducing
cycle time. One of the
sweetest features of the
drives was their regenerative
capability.

VFDs have become

ubiquitous in food processing
applications, driving all kinds
of loads: mixers, conveyors,
pumps, and the list goes on.
Aside from their ability to Fig. 2: A VFD consists essentially of a rectifier, a DC link, and
an inverter. The rectifier converts incoming AC power to DC
provide precise control of
to energize the DC link, while the inverter takes DC from the
speed and torque at high efficiency, VFDs offer the link and converts it to variable-frequency AC for the motor.
ability to recover energy from overhauling and high-
A VFD has two main operating modes: motoring, in which
inertia loads and feed it back to the source, saving costs.
the drive feeds power to the motor to move a load; and
The process of extracting refined sugar from sugar cane braking, in which the motor acts as a brake, accepting
involves four major steps: Shredding the cane, pressing power from the motor as it slows the load.
it to extract the juice, clarifying and then concentrating
An important question is, what to do with the energy
the liquid into a mix of molasses and sugar crystals using
removed during braking? Depending on the design of
a combination of heat and vacuum, and separating the
the drive, the recovered energy can be dissipated in a
sugar from the molasses by centrifugation (Fig. 1). The
resistor bank connected to the drive’s DC link (triggering
resulting tan-colored “raw sugar” is then either processed
when it detects a rise in bus voltage), fed to other drives
further to make white sugar or dried and packaged for
that share the same DC bus, or regenerated back into
sale.
the AC power line.

A resistor bank is useful when such dynamic braking is a

rare event—emergency stopping, for example. While it
can be inexpensive to buy, it wastes all the energy it
IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY
absorbs as heat, and in many cases has a limited duty
cycle.

Fig. 1: The centrifuge, turning at about 200 rpm, is loaded
with 1500 to 1750 kg (3300 to 3850 lb) of hot concentrate; it
then accelerates to 900 to 1000 rpm to spin out the molasses,
leaving the sugar crystals behind. The centrifuge is then
slowed to 50 rpm for unloading. The cycle takes about three
minutes.
The starting and stopping of the centrifuge made an
ideal application for a VFD with regeneration. A brief
tutorial is in order.
Inside a VFD
Regeneration, on the other hand, not only saves energy;
but is also not limited to the duty cycle, because it sends
all the energy it accepts back to the source.
The centrifuge process
For a sugar mill, the cycle begins with the centrifuge
turning at about 200 rpm while it is loaded with 1500
to 1750 kg (3300 to 3850 lb) of hot concentrate,
generally at about 65 ºBrix,1 and with the viscosity of

A VFD consists essentially of a rectifier, a DC link, and 1

Degrees Brix (symbol °Bx) refers to the sugar content of an
aqueous solution. One degree Brix is 1 gram of sucrose in
an inverter, as shown in Fig. 2. The rectifier converts
100 grams of solution.

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 27

 Industrial Cogeneration India

honey; it then accelerates to 900 to 1000 rpm to spin Replacing the centrifuge
out the molasses, leaving the sugar crystals behind. The drive
centrifuge is then slowed to 50 rpm for unloading. The
cycle, which takes about three minutes, then repeats. In this particular application the
drive recovered 65-70% of the
Slowing a multi-ton centrifuge from 1000 rpm to 50 energy used to operate the
rpm involves disposing of considerable energy, and it is machine, which makes for
one of the functions of the drive to absorb and get rid impressive efficiency. In addition,
of this energy. regeneration shortened the
deceleration time for the centrifuge;
Regenerative braking setups the shorter cycle time directly
The simplest configuration for four-quadrant regenerative increased productivity, which had an immediate payoff.
control is a single active front end (AFE) acting as the
power supply, connected via the DC bus to a VFD driving
the motor, as shown in Fig. 3. Energy recovered from
the load is fed through the drive to the DC bus; the AFE

Fig. 4: It is possible to connect multiple drives to the same

AFE unit. If some drives are braking (producing power) while
others are motoring (consuming power), energy from
decelerating drives can help power the motoring drives. This
allows for a smaller AFE unit, as it provides only the difference
Fig. 3: The simplest configuration for four-quadrant
between the power consumed by the motoring drives and
regenerative control is a single AFE acting as the power
that produced by the braking drives.
supply, connected via the DC bus to the VFD driving the
motor. Energy recovered from the load is fed through the
drive to the DC bus.

regenerates the excess power back into the AC power

lines.

An AFE acts essentially as a two-way power conversion

device. Working in one direction, it rectifies AC from the
power line to feed the common DC bus that powers the
motor drive (which is, in itself, a variable-frequency
inverter). In the motoring mode the drive takes energy
from the DC bus, converts it to the appropriate frequency Fig. 5: The Parker AC30 drive that controls the centrifuge.
AC and feeds it to the motor. In the braking mode the
drive takes energy from the motor, converts it to DC Contact us for more information:
and feeds it to the DC bus, from which the AFE converts
it to line-frequency AC and feeds it back to the source.

It is possible to connect multiple drives to the same

AFE unit. If some drives are braking (producing power)
while others are motoring (consuming power), energy
from decelerating drives can help power the motoring
drives. This allows for a smaller AFE unit, as it provides
only the difference between the power consumed by
the motoring drives and that produced by the braking
drives. It may also require some sequencing logic to
keep all the drives from starting simultaneously. Fig. 4
shows the arrangement.
Parker Hannifin India Pvt. Ltd.
Automation Group
Plot No. P41/2, 8th Avenue
Domestic Traffic Area, Mahindra World City
Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram District 603002
Tamil Nadu
Tel: +91-44-43910799/00; Fax: +91-44-43910600
Email: mitali.nair@parker.com
Web: www.parker.com, www.parkermotion.com

28 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43


NEDFi: Financing Development in the North-Eastern
States of India
North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd.
(NEDFi), an ISO 9001-2008 certified company, is a Public
Financial Institution with a mandate to identify, finance
and nurture commercially-viable industrial, infrastructure
projects and accelerate the pace of industrial
development in the North-Eastern region of the country
comprising Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Sikkim.
NEDFi was incorporated in 1995 and is promoted by
all-India Financial Institutions and Banks viz. IDBI, SIDBI,
ICICI, IFCI, SBI, LIC, UTI, GIC and its subsidiaries.
Financing
The Registered Office of NEDFi is situated at Guwahati
with 15 (fifteen) branches and 5 (five) representative
offices spread over the North-Eastern States including
Sikkim. Since its inception more than a decade and a
half ago, NEDFi has made significant contribution to the
economic development of North-Eastern states by
financing and supporting a large number of business
ventures in various sectors like Steel, Cement, Ferro-Alloy,
Power, Tourism, Tea Processing, Food Processing, etc.
The various financial products of the Corporation are as
under:
● Project Finance Scheme
● Equipment Finance Scheme
● Working Capital Term Loan Scheme
● NEDFi Opportunity Scheme for Small Enterprises
● North East Entrepreneurs Development Scheme
(NEEDS)
● Women Enterprises Development Scheme (WEDS)
● Jute Enterprises Development Scheme (JEDS)
● Scheme for North East Handloom & Handicrafts
(SNEHH)
● Initiative for Development of Entrepreneurs in
Agriculture (IDEA)
● Micro Finance Scheme
Besides extending credit to large ticket-size projects,
NEDFi also has schemes that cater to credit needs of
micro enterprises in the hinterland of North-East India
through its Microfinance Scheme and specific schemes
targeting the grassroots level and first-generation
entrepreneurs at low interest rates.
Besides funding support from Ministry of Development
of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Government of India,
NEDFi has also tied up with National Backward Classes
Finance and Development Corporation, National
Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation,
National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development
Corporation, etc. for accessing low-cost fund for the
VOL. 43
Industrial Cogeneration India
benefit of small-scale units and Micro Finance sectors.
Support Services
Besides financing business ventures, NEDFi recognizes
the need to augment and discover newer opportunities
that can be utilized for the region’s economic growth
for which NEDFi has put in place a number of support
services for facilitating investment and growth of
businesses in North-East India:
● Techno Economic Development Studies – Techno-
economic feasibility studies for conducting sector
studies and for identifying and mapping the resources
available in the North-East region of India for setting
up industrial and infrastructure projects suitable to
the region. NEDFi has completed 65 studies so far.
● R&D Centre for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants – For
training and commercialization of Medicinal and
Aromatic plants
● NEDFi Databank Quarterly – A regional resource
database
● NE Databank Website
Corporate Social Responsibility
The CSR initiatives of NEDFi focus on women
empowerment,
l i v e l i h o o d
enhancement
p r o j e c t s ,
employment-
e n h a n c i n g
vocational skill
development, and
development of
traditional crafts
sector and of rural/
backward areas
through promotion
of entrepreneurship. NEDFi had joint initiatives on CSR
projects with all-India Institutions like IDBI and SIDBI.
Business Facilitation Centres (BFC)
FINANCING UPDATE
As part of its CSR initiatives, NEDFi has established
Business Facilitation Centres (BFCs) in all the eight states
manned by an experienced Mentor to provide
handholding support to first-generation local
entrepreneurs that include preparation of DPRs, help the
NEDFi had financed one 4 MW Biomass Power Plant
(for supply of power to a cement plant) in Badarpur,
Silchar, Assam, which is in operation now.
OCTOBER 2016 29
 Industrial Cogeneration India

budding entrepreneurs to get credit linkage, and guide
in establishing successful business enterprises.
The Corporation has been nurturing entrepreneurship in
the region by conducting various Business/Entrepreneurs
Meets, Workshops, exposure visit to Industries within
and outside the region and Entrepreneurship
Development Programmes (EDPs). NEDFi also conducts
capacity building programs for Microfinance Institutions/
NGOs and organizes awareness camps for the
beneficiaries. NEDFi conducts skill development training
programs in various disciplines through established
institutes/experienced trainers. All these programs are
part of the CSR initiatives of the Corporation.
Consultancy & Advisory Services
NEDFi provides fee-based services like Third Party
Monitoring (TPM) of Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
NEDFi is also the nodal agency for the disbursement of
central subsidy under NEIIPP 2007. There are four types
of subsidy being disbursed, viz;
● Central Capital Investment Subsidy
● Central Comprehensive Insurance Scheme
● Central Transport Subsidy
● Central Interest Subsidy
For further details, please contact:
RE Zeliang
Deputy General Manager - PFD
North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd.
(NEDFi), NEDFi House, G S Road, Dispur
Guwahati - 6, Assam, India; Tel: 0361-2222200
Fax: 0361-2237733; Web: www.nedfi.com

contd from pg 9 (Waste Heat Recovery ....)
● Build Operate transfer (BOt) has extensive application
in infrastructure projects and in public–private
partnerships. In the BOt framework for WHR projects,
the plant owner delegates responsibility to the WHR
supplier or a group of investors with ties to the
supplier of the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of the WHR facility for a specified period.
During this period, the WHR supplier or investor group
must raise project financing, and is entitled to retain
all or a portion of project-generated revenues (a range
of revenue-sharing arrangements exist) and owns the
project facilities. At the end of the concession agree-
ment the WHR facility is transferred to the plant owner.
This model allows the WHR system to be installed
without up-front investment by the plant. The plant
gains immediate benefit during the concession period
through some form of payment for the heat driving
the WHR power production or by purchase of
reduced-cost power from the system. Eventually, the
plant retains all the savings benefits from the system
when it is transferred after the concession period.
This model accounts for about 10 percent of WHR
systems, but interest in it is growing.
Based on an Institute for Industrial Productivity-
*Institute Finance Corporation report (June 2014)
http://www.iipnetwork.org/
62730%20WRH_Report.pdf2

State-Wise/Year-Wise List of Commissioned

Biomass Power/Cogeneration Projects (as on 1 April 2016)
(All figures are in MW)
S. Upto 31 Mar
State 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total
No. 2012
1 Andhra Pradesh 363.25 17.5 380.75
2 Bihar 15.5 27.92 43.42
3 Chhattisgarh 249.9 15 15 279.9
4 Gujarat 20.5 10 13.4 12.4 56.3
5 Haryana 35.8 9.5 45.3
6 Karnataka 441.18 50 112 111 158 872.18
7 Madhya Pradesh 8.5 7.5 10 9 35
DATA & STATISTICS

8 Maharashtra 603.7 151.2 185.5 184 96.38 1,220.78

9 Odisha 20 20
10 Punjab 90.5 34 16 15 155.5
11 Rajasthan 83.3 10 8 7 108.3
12 Tamil Nadu 532.7 6 32.6 31.6 39 626.9
13 Uttarakhand 10 20 20 13 50
14 Uttar Pradesh 644.5 132 93.5 842
15 West Bengal 16 10 26
Total 3,135.33 465.6 412.5 405 400 4,831.33
Source: www.mnre.gov.in

30 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43

 Industrial Cogeneration India

VOL. 43 OCTOBER 2016 31

 Industrial Cogeneration India

32 OCTOBER 2016 VOL. 43