Power Distribution and Utilization Lab Manual.

.
Prepared By

Sir Abdul Majid

Sir Muhammad Ismail

Shahroze Liaquat

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FAST-NU,LAHORE
List of Contents

Sr.No. Description
1. Introduction to Lab Apparatus
2. Simple Generating setup and effect of variable load on the generator’s output voltage and frequency

Study and Analysis of different Parameters of a Short Transmission Line

3.
and Effect of different loads on the Performance of Transmission Line.
4. Effect of Shunt Compensation on the performance of Transmission Line
5. Effect of Series Compensation on the performance of Transmission Line
6. Study of Balanced and Unbalanced Loads in Distribution System
Study and analysis of different parts of a power cable and procedure for calculating
7. .
the appropriate cable size
8. Study and analysis of different parts of a Distribution Transformer
9. Double Busbar Basic System
10. Double Busbar System with Load
11. Introduction to Power World Simulator (PWS)
12. Design Example Using Power World Simulator

1
Experiment 1

Title
Introduction to Lab Apparatus

List of Equipment
• IT-6000 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply

• IT-6004 Resistive Load

• IT-6005 Inductive Load

• IT-6006 Capacitive Load

• IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer

• IT-6048 Power Meter

• IT-6034 Moving-Coil Ammeter (1000 mA)

• IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)

• IT-6038 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (500 V)

• IT-6021 Line Capacitor

• IT-6002 Overhead Line Model

• IT-6020/2 Double Busbar with 2 Disconnectors

• IT-6020/4 Double Busbar with 4 Disconnectors

2
Description of the Equipment
3-phase Power Supply
A 3 phase supply is shown in the figure. Normal procedure of operation is as follow

• Move the 3 phase breaker upward

• Push the button of the motor protection circuit breaker

• Gently push the start button of ’push-button’

Precautions
• Make sure the voltage rotatory knob is at 0 % by rotating it anticlockwise before doing

• Maximum current limit of the instrument is 8 A,but it should never exceed 1 A during the laboratory
experiments. In case push the ’emergency’ button or move the 3-phase breaker downward.

3
3-phase Breaker
A 3-phase power breaker is shown in the figure. The device can be operated in PLC relay and manual
operation control.

Manual Operation
To operate the breaker in manual operations

• Short circuit the PLC control inputs

• Short circuit the relay control inputs

• Push the ”on” button to close the contacts

if the ’signal LED’ is green then the contacts are in ’open’ state.If it is red then the contacts are in
’closed’ state

Precautions
• Make sure that the live terminals are connected to the L1,L2 and L3 points of the circuit breaker,as
the N point of the breaker is always closed

• The input L1,L2,L3 from the power supply should be connected to the circuit breaker in the same
order.

• Do not connect the neutral point to the ’PE’ point of the circuit breaker

4
Three phase Transmission Line
Three-phase model of an overhead power transmission line is of the length 360 km. Three-phase model
of the transmission line is shown below

The Line parameters are as follow

Resistance=R=13 Ω
Inductance L=290 mH
Line-Line capacitance=0.5 µF

Three Phase Load

Three phase variable load consists of Resistive,Inductive and Capacitive load modules.In figure the resis-
tive load is shown only. Inductive and Capacitive loads look like the same. Three dial switches used to
vary the value of the respective load.

Precautions
• To make the three-phase loading balanced,all three dials of a load should be at the same step

• To change the value of a three-phase load disconnect the load from the power supply.

5
Phase Sequence Indicator
The instrument uses for determining the sequence of the three phase system is known as the phase se-
quence indicator. The change in the sequence of the power supply changes the direction of rotation of
the machine. Because of which the entire supply system will be affected. For proper connection, it is
essential to know the sequence of the phases which can be done by the use of phase sequence indicator.
The phase indicator in the lab will show o.k when the sequence will be abc and error in all other cases.

Exercise
Connect the three phase variable power supply to transformer through 3 phase circuit breaker. Connect
transformer primary side in delta and secondary in Y configuration. Set the turn ratio as 380:220. Set
the variable power supply such that the phase-phase voltage at primary side is 220V. Measure the output
phase and line-line voltages of all the three phases.

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the different apparatus used in the lab

• Take the snaps of the equipment and attach them in your report

Instructor’s Signature:

6
Experiment 2

Title
Study and Analysis of different Parameters of a Short Transmission Line and Effect of different loads on
the Performance of Transmission Line.

Objectives
To study the effect of different types of loads on the efficiency, voltage regulation and power factors at
both the ends of Transmission Lines.

Apparatus
• Three phase power supply

• Power circuit breaker

• Power meter

• Line Model

• Power factor meter

• Resistive load

• Capacitive load

• Inductive load

Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings. There are always
some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore,
rating of your experiment is governed by minimum of the ratings of all the equipment involved in per-
forming it.

7
Precautions
• Higher induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current is interrupted. Make sure that
variable knob is at minimum percentage of voltage before energizing it.

• Before selecting a different measurement range on any measuring device, the current is to be shut
off using the cut-out switch.

• Metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal operation are to be connected to the PE ground con-
ductor.

• Each equipment must be properly grounded before energizing the circuit.

• Setup must be shown to the invigilator before energizing it.

• Make sure the equipment mentioned in the apparatus section is available at your workstation before
and after the completion of the experiment.

Procedure
• Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure

• Connect its output terminals to an overhead line model through a power circuit breaker.

• Configure the overhead line to be in short configuration based on your theoretical knowledge.

• Connect the ammeter and voltmeter to measure the phase current and voltage of only single phase.

• Load must be three phase balanced in star-configuration.

• Vary the type of loads as per instructed levels and complete the table.

• Multiple types of loads may be connected in parallel but never in series.

8
Connection Diagram
The connection diagram for the performance analysis of the transmission line model is shown in the figure
below

9
Observations and Calculations
Table 3.1 Measurement of different parameters of a Transmission Line

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the analysis of the short transmission line model.

• Explain the effect of the change of the different type of loads on the Transmission Line.

Instructor’s Signature:

10
Experiment 3

Title

Effect of Shunt Compensation on Performance of Transmission Lines.

Objectives

To determine the effect of the shunt compensation on the voltage stability and the trans-
mission losses of the line.

Apparatus

• Three phase power supply

• Power circuit breaker
• Power meter
• Line Model
• Power factor meter
• Resistive load
• Inductive load
• Line Capacitor

Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings.
There are always some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot

11
be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore, rating of your experiment is governed by minimum
of the ratings of all the equipment involved in performing it.

Precautions

• Higher induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current is interrupted.
• Before selecting a different measurement range on any measuring device, the cur-
rent is to be shut off using the cut-out switch.
• Metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal operation are to be connected to the
PE ground conductor.
• Each equipment must be properly grounded before energizing the circuit.
• Setup must be shown to the invigilator before energizing it.
• Make sure the equipment mentioned in the apparatus section is available at your
workstation before and after the completion of the experiment.

Procedure

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram

• Connect its output terminals to an overhead line model through a power circuit
breaker.
• A power meter also needs to be connected at the start of transmission lone to
determine sending end quantities. Make sure the three connections of power meter
are perfect otherwise it will be damaged immediately.
• Configure the overhead line to be in medium configuration based on your theoret-
ical knowledge.
• Terminate your line at three-phase variable parallel connected srar-configured ohmic
and star configured inductive load through a power factor meter.
• Record your observations in the table below without shunt capacitors.
• Now connect a line capacitor bank in parallel by inserting the connecting jumpers
of module at the receiving end and repeat the readings at different loads.
• Insert another line capacitor bank in parallel and again repeat the readings.

12
Connection Diagram

The circuit diagram for effect of shunt compensation on transmission lines is shown as

13
Observations and Calculations

Table 4.1 Effect of Shunt Compensation on Transmission Line

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the effect of shunt compensation on the parameters of

transmission line.
• Explain the effect of inserting capacitive banks on voltage regulation and efficiency
• Explain how adding a capacitor bank in parallel improves power factor and effi-
ciency of transmission lines.

Instructor’s Signature:

14
Experiment 4

Title

Effect of Series Compensation on Performance of Transmission Lines

Objectives

To determine the effect of series compensation on the voltage stability and the transmis-
sion losses of the line.

Apparatus

• Three phase power supply

• Power circuit breaker
• Power meter
• Line Model
• Power factor meter
• Resistive load
• Inductive load
• Series capacitive bank

Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings.
There are always some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot

15
be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore, rating of your experiment is governed by minimum
of the ratings of all the equipment involved in performing it.

Precautions

• Higher induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current is interrupted.
Make sure that variable knob is at minimum percentage of voltage before energiz-
ing it.
• Reduce the supply voltage steadily rather than turning the power supply off or
circuit breaker open when the series capacitors are in action
• There should always be some amount of inductive load connected to the transmis-
sion line before energizing it
• Always discharge the series capacitor bank by shorting their two terminals before
getting them in action
• Before selecting a different measurement range on any measuring device the cur-
rent is to be shut off by reducing the supply voltage.
• Metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal operation are to be connected to the
PE ground conductor
• Every equipment must be properly grounded before energizing the circuit
• Make sure the equipment mentioned in the apparatus section is available at your
workstation

Procedure

• Locate the three phase supply unit on your workstation and identify its output
terminals L1,L2,L3 and N. Make sure that variable knob is at minimum percentage
of voltage before energizing it.
• Connect its output terminals to an overhead line model through a power circuit
breaker.
• A power meter also needs to be connected at the start of transmission lone to
determine sending end quantities. Make sure the three connections of power meter
are perfect otherwise it will be damaged immediately.

16
 • Configure the overhead line to be in medium configuration based on your theoret-
ical knowledge.

• Insert the capacitance bank in series at the start of transmission line

• Terminate your line at a three-phase variable parallel connected star-configured

ohmic and star configured inductive load through a power factor meter

• Connect the two terminals of the series capacitor with each other to exclude it from
the system

• Record your observations in the table below without the series capacitor

• Now record the observations in the table with series capacitor connected

• Observe the effect of multiple values of series capacitor for certain type of load.

Observations and Calculations

17
Connection Diagram

The connection diagram for the effect of the series compensation on the performance of
Transmission Lines is shown below

18
Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the effect of series compensation on the performance of

transmission line.

• Explain the effect of inserting capacitive banks on power factor and input current.

Instructor’s Signature:

19
Experiment 5

Title

Study of Balanced and Un-Balanced loads in Distribution System

Objectives

To determine the effect of non-uniform loads on voltages of all the phases

Apparatus

• Three phase power supply

• Power circuit breaker

• Three phase transformer

• Power meters

• Resistive load

• Inductive load

Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings.
There are always some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot
be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore, rating of your experiment is governed by minimum
of the ratings of all the equipment involved in performing it.

20
Precautions

• Higher induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current is interrupted.
Make sure that variable knob is at minimum percentage of voltage before energiz-
ing it.

• Before selecting a different measurement range on any measuring device, the cur-
rent is to be shut off using the cut-out switch.

• Metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal operation are to be connected to the
PE ground conductor.

• Each equipment must be properly grounded before energizing the circuit.

• Setup must be shown to the invigilator before energizing it.

• Make sure the equipment mentioned in the apparatus section is available at your
workstation before and after the completion of the experiment.

Procedure

• Connect the circuit diagram as shown

• Connect the three-phase supply to a series connected star configured RL load

through a transformer.

• Use voltmeter in parallel to measure the phase voltages of all three phases.

• Use ammeter in series with each phase to measure the phase current of all three
phases.

• Let the neutrals of both R and L loads float individually by not connecting them to
the neutral of supply.

• Increase the RL load in balanced form and record the observations.

• Carefully determine all the phase currents, while phase voltages being determined
with respect to the neutral.

• Repeat the above procedure for unbalanced loads.

• Now connect both the neutrals of load with the neutral of supply and repeat the
experiment only for unbalanced loads.

21
 • Measure the neutral current in case of the unbalanced conditions with the supply
neutral connected with the neutral of the load.

Connection Diagram

22
Observations and Calculations

Table 6.1 Measurement for a balanced load with neutrals floating

Table 6.2 Measurement for an un-balanced load with neutrals floating

23
 Table 6.3 Measurement for an un-balanced load with neutrals connected

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the effect of balanced and un-balanced loads in distribu-
tion system.

• Show mathematically that under balanced conditions in a Y-connected circuit the

vector sum of three phase currents is equal to zero.

Instructor’s Signature:

24
Experiment 6

Title

Study and analysis of different parts of a power cable and procedure for calculating the
appropriate cable size.

Objectives

To understand the function of different parts of a power cable and to determine the
appropriate cable size for given load.

Apparatus

• Given load

• Cable Tables Book

Theoretical Background

A cable is defined as an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of
power in densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in
order not to disturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission
purposes

Parts of a Cable

Following are the major parts of the power cable.

25
Core

All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands of
Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are stranded
in order to reduce the skin effect.

Insulation

It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside periphery.
The common insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene

Metallic Sheath

Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead, some
alloy of lead or Aluminum

Bending

In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It consists
of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.

Armoring

It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to
avoid the mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.

Serving

A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.

Figure 1: Parts of a cable

26
Cable Sizing

The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy
the circuit requirements:

Current Carrying Capacity

It depends upon the method of installation and the presence of external influences, such
as thermal insulation, which restrict the operating temperature of the cable.

Voltage Drop

It depends upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of the load current and the
load power factor.

Short Circuit Limit

It depends upon energy produced during the short circuit conditions.

Problem

Electrical Load of 80KW, system voltage is 440 Volts line to line, power factor angle
of 36.86 degrees, permissible voltage drop is 5%, cable is directly buried in a ground
in trench at the depth of 1.2 meter, the insulation type is PVC with an ambient ground
temperature of 20 degree and the conductor’s operating temperature is 70 degree, the
resistivity of the soil is 1.5, number of the cables per trench is 1, the protection is by the
means of a BS3036 fuse, the length of the cable is 100 meters. By including the temper-
ature correction factor,soil thermal resistance correction factor, cable depth correction
factor and correction factor for BS 3036 fuse calculate the minimum cable size required
taking into account the permissible voltage drop.

Procedure

Step 1

Calculate the design current of the circuit using either of the two relations given as

27
 For single phase system
Power
Id = (1)
VL−N ∗ power f actor
For three phase system
Power
Id = √ (2)
3 ∗VL−L ∗ power f actor

Id = A

If kVA power is given the above formula will change accordingly

Step 2

Find out the installation conditions from the problem statement. Specific conditions
of installation are like cables installed with or without wiring enclosures in air, in the
ground or embedded in building materials.

Step 3

Using cable’s table book find out the values of different correction factors.

Temperature correction factor (Ka)=

Soil Resistivity factor (Kr)=
Depth Correction factor (Kd)=
BS3036 Correction factor (Kf)=

Find out the product of all the correction factors

Overall derating factor = kderating = Ka ∗ Kr ∗ Kd ∗ K f =

Using the derating factor calculate the current carrying capacity of the cable as
Id
Ic = (3)
kderating
Ic = A

From the tables select the appropriate size of the cable. The current carrying capacity
of the selected cable should be at least equal to or slightly greater than the value of Ic

28
Step 4

Calculate the voltage drop using the following relation

√
3I(Rc cosφ + Xc sinφ )L
Vd = (4)
1000
where
I= nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)
Rc= Ac resistance of the cable (Ω/km)
Xc= Ac reactance of the cable (Ω/km)
cosφ = Power factor
L= Length of the cable (m)
Using the tables find out the values of Rc and Xc

Rc=

Xc=
The calculated voltage drop is

Vd = V

Step 5

Check whether the calculated voltage drop is within the permissible range. If it lies
within the given value the design is correct otherwise you have to change the values of
Rc and Xc using the tables to get the desired voltage drop

Post Lab Questions

• Prepare a Matlab function for calculating the size of the cable. You should give
the values of kW, power factor angle, correction factors,V,R,X,permissible voltage
drop and length of the cable as input parameters. Moreover you should ask a user
whether the system is three phase system or a single phase system (Hint: you
can declare a string variable named as ’type’ to hold the value of the type of the
system). Your function should return the current carrying capacity of the cable.
Based upon that value use the tables to find area,X and R and give these values as
input parameters. Your function should then calculate the voltage drop and output
a string as

29
 ”The minimum area of the cable is xxx mm2 having a voltage drop of xx V” oth-
erwise ”The voltage drop is not within the permissible range”

• Verify your function using the values of the lab problem. Comment why we need
to include the different correction factor values in calculating the size of the cables.

Instructor’s Signature:

30
Experiment 7

Title

Study and analysis of different parts of a Distribution Transformer

Objectives

To study the operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer

Apparatus

Distribution Transformer

Theoretical Background

Distribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage (usually

11kV) to a lower voltage (240 or 440V) with frequency identical before and after the
transformation. These transformers have a rating of usually less than 200 kVA. Its main
application is mainly within suburban areas, public supply authorities and industrial
customers. With given secondary voltage, distribution transformer is usually the last in
the chain of electrical energy supply to households and industrial enterprises.

Main Parts

Following are the main parts of a distribution transformer

• Winding: where incoming alternating current (through primary winding) gener-

ates magnetic flux, which in turn induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

31
 • Magnetic core: material allowing transfer of magnetic field generated by primary
winding to secondary winding by the principle of electromagnetic induction

• Tank: serving as a mechanical package to protect active parts, as a holding vessel

for transformer oil used for cooling and insulation.
Some other major parts of a transformer are

• Insulating materials, Tap changer, Oil conservator, Breather, Cooling tubes, Buch-
holz Relay,Explosion Vent

Vector groups

Three phase machines, such as transformers, are allotted symbols representing the type
of phase connection and the phase angle between the HV and LV terminals. The angle
is described by a clockface hour figure. The HV vector is taken as 12 o clock, the
reference, and the corresponding LV vector is represented by the hour hand.
For example, a Dy11 represents; D = HV winding is delta connected y = LV winding
is star connected 11 = clock-face reference indicating that the LV vector is at 11 o clock
(30o lead) with reference to the HV vector.

Losses in a Transformer

There are major two types of losses in a transformer

• Core losses

• Copper losses

Core losses

It further consists of two major loses, Eddy Current losses and Hysteresis loss. Eddy
current losses are reduced using a laminated core while hysteresis losses are reduced by
selecting a core material which can be energized and de-energized easily i-e by selecting
a core material which has a small area of hysteresis loop.

Copper Losses

These are also known as Ohmic Losses. These losses occur due to the ohmic resistance
of the transformer winding. These losses vary according to the load and hence known
as variable losses. Copper losses vary as the square of the load current.

32
Procedure

Practical demonstration of the distribution transformer.

Observations and Calculations

Complete working and major parts of the distribution transformer have been observed.

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the working of a distribution transformer.

• Can Vector group Dd-1 possible? Comment and explain your reason

• Why tap changer is used. A transformer has 500 turns on HT winding. Calculate
the number of turns for +2.5% and -2.5% tap.

Instructor’s Signature:

33
Experiment 8

Title

Double Busbar Basic System

Objectives

Operating a switching station with two busbars and different voltages.

Apparatus

• Three-Phase Power Supply

• Power Circuit Breaker

• Double Busbar with 4 Disconnectors

• Three-Phase Transformer

• Overhead Line Model

• Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)

• Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)

Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings.
There are always some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot
be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore, rating of your experiment is governed by minimum
of the ratings of all the equipment involved in performing it.

34
Precautions

• Higher induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current is interrupted.
Make sure that variable knob is at minimum percentage of voltage before energiz-
ing it.

• Before selecting a different measurement range on any measuring device, the cur-
rent is to be shut off using the cut-out switch.

• Metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal operation are to be connected to the
PE ground conductor.

• Each equipment must be properly grounded before energizing the circuit.

• Setup must be shown to the invigilator before energizing it.

• Make sure the equipment mentioned in the apparatus section is available at your
workstation before and after the completion of the experiment.

Procedure

• Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Spe-
cial care must be taken to ensure that the individual phases are connected correctly
in order to avoid later short-circuits.

• In order to fully utilize the possibilities of the double busbar system, the busbars
should be supplied from two different voltages: the voltage at the beginning of the
overhead line model (busbar 1) and the voltage at the end of the line model (busbar
2).

• Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and set
the secondary-side to star UN-15%.

• Insert all plugs connecting the capacitances to the line model. Initially switch on
the main switch in order to supply the three-phase transformer and the line model

• The switching sequence of the two power circuit breakers (K1, K2) and of the two
disconnectors (Q1, Q2), in order to connect the busbars, is 1.Initially activate the
disconnector 2.Then activate the power circuit breaker. For example g. Busbar 1:
Disconnector Q1 on - Power circuit breaker K1 on

35
 • The switching sequence in order to disconnect the busbars is: 1. Initially switch
off the power circuit breaker 2. Then switch off the disconnector. E.g. Busbar 2:
power circuit breaker K2 off - Disconnector Q2 off.

Connection Diagram

36
Observations and Calculations

Measure the busbar voltages:

U1 = .......... (V)
U2 = .................... (V)
Which of the two busbars has the higher voltage?
..................................................... Why?
NOTE: The disconnectors are interlocked with the related power circuit breakers
and faulty switching sequence is not allowed: in this case a warning signal is produced.

Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the basic busbar schemes.

• Compare the reliability and cost of different busbar schemes

Instructor’s Signature:

37
Experiment 9

Title

Double Busbar System with Load

Objectives

• Busbar transfer with interruption of the power supply to the consumer

• Switching sequence for disconnectors and power circuit breakers.

Apparatus

• Three-Phase Power Supply

• Power Circuit Breaker

• Double Busbar with 4 Disconnectors

• Resistive Load

• Three-Phase Transformer

• Overhead Line Model

• Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)

• Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)

38
Instruments and Equipment

It is recommended not to use any measuring and model instrument beyond their ratings.
There are always some associated tolerances in measurements, but error factor cannot
be more than 1.5 %. Furthermore, rating of your experiment is governed by minimum
of the ratings of all the equipment involved in performing it.

Procedure

• Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram

• Special care must be taken to ensure that the individual phases are connected cor-
rectly in order to avoid later short-circuits

• In order to fully utilize the possibilities of the double busbar system, the busbars
should be supplied from two different voltages: the voltage at the beginning of the
overhead line model (busbar 1) and the voltage at the end of the line model (busbar
2)

• Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and set
the secondary-side to star UN-15%

• Insert all plugs connecting the capacitances to the line model.

• Connect the three-phase balanced ohmic load to outgoing power circuit breaker
and set the load resistance value to R5: the load must be supplied alternatively
from busbar 1 or from busbar 2 as desired.

• Initially switch on the main switch in order to supply the three-phase transformer
and the line model.

• First of all a connection is to be established between busbar 1 and the load.

• Switching sequence 1.Initially activate the disconnectors Q1 and Q3.

2.Then activate the power circuit breaker K1: the bus bar 1 is alive
3.Now activate the power circuit breaker K3: the busbar 1 feeds the load.
4.Finally activate in sequence the disconnector Q2 and the power circuit breaker
K2: the busbar 2 is alive also.
Measure the busbar voltages:

39
 U1 = .......... (V)
U2 = .................... (V)
Measure the circuit currents:
I1 = ............ (A)
I2 = ............ (A)
I = ............ (A)
It must result I1 = I and I2 = 0: busbar 1 feeds the load. Now carry out a bus
transfer so that the supply of the load is performed from busbar 2.
The switching sequence in order to transfer the load from the busbar 1 to busbar 2 is:
• Initially switch off the power circuit breaker K3.The load is isolated: this phe-
nomenon normally does not occur in practice with regard to network operation.
• Then switch off the disconnector Q3
• Now switch on the disconnector Q4.
• Finally switch on again the power circuit breaker K3. Measure the voltage at both
busbars:
U1 = ............(V)
U2 = ................. (V)
Measure the circuit currents:
I1 = .............(A)
I2 = .................(A)
I = .................(A)
It must result I1 =0 and I2 = I: now busbar 2 feeds the load.

NOTES

• The incoming disconnectors are interlocked with the related power circuit breakers
and faulty switching sequence is not allowed: in this case a warning signal is
produced.
• The outgoing disconnectors are both interlocked with the outgoing power circuit
breaker and faulty switching sequence is not allowed: in this case a warning signal
is produced.

40
Connection Diagram

41
Post Lab Questions

• Write a detailed report on the experiment.

Instructor’s Signature:

42
Experiment 10

Title

Introduction to Power World Simulator (PWS)

Objectives

To develop a basic power system using a software tool and carry out the desired analysis
on the developed power system.

Apparatus

• Laptop

• Power World Simulator

Procedure

Inserting a Bus

The most important component of the power system model is the bus. Buses are used to
represent junction points in the power system where several devices are connected. In
building a power system model using Simulator, you will draw buses onto the one-line
diagram, attach devices such as generators and loads to the buses, and connect different
buses together with transmission lines and transformers. To insert a bus:

• Select Network > Bus from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon
tab. This prepares Simulator to insert a new bus.

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• Left-click on the one-line background at the location where you want to place the
new bus. This invokes the Bus Option Dialog (pictured below), which is used to
specify the name, orientation, shape, size, width, area and zone

• The Bus Number field automatically displays ’1’. Simulator requires that each bus
have a unique number. For convenience, accept the default value. Enter ’One’ as
bus name.

• Next, check the System Slack Bus field, which is located in the Bus Voltage portion
of the Bus Information Tab. The Slack Bus is a modeling construct that ensures
that the power system has enough generation to meet the load. In other words, the
slack bus ”picks up the slack” caused by system losses

• Click OK on the Bus Option Dialog to finish creating the bus and to close the
dialog. After the dialog box closes, the new bus appears on the one-line at the
location you specified.

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Inserting a Generator

Next we are going to attach a generator to the bus. Generators may be inserted in a
manner similar to inserting a bus
• Select Network > Generator from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw
ribbon tab.

• Left-click the bus on the one-line diagram to which you want to attach the gen-
erator (for this example, click on the slack bus bus One.) The Generator Option
Dialog (pictured below) will automatically open. The dialog is used to specify
the new generators unit identifier, display size, orientation, MW output and limits,
reactive power limits, set point voltage, and cost model.

• Every generator must have a MW Output specified when the generator is inserted.
Make sure the MW and Voltage Control tab is selected. Enter ’413’ in the MW
Output Field. Note: the MW Output specified for a generator connected to the
system slack bus is arbitrary because the generators true output depends on system
load and losses.

• Select the Display Information tab. The Orientation field is used to specify the
direction the generator will extend from the bus. The Anchored checkbox forces

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 the generator to move with its specified bus when repositioning the bus on the
one-line.
• Click OK on the Generator Option Dialog to accept the default values for all other
fields. After the dialog box closes, the new generator will appear on the one-line
attached to the previously selected bus. The one-line diagram should resemble the
image shown.

Saving the Case

To save the work that we have done so far, select Save Case from the Application Button,
or click on the Save Case button. Before the case is saved, Simulator validates the case
to make sure that it does not contain any errors. Since we have not yet named the case,
the Save As dialog is displayed. Enter a file name and select OK. By default, the case
is saved using the Power World Binary format (*.pwb). When saving the case in the
future, you will not have to reenter its name. Simulator also asks you to supply a name
for saving the one-line diagram we have been drawing.
To enter the second bus:
• Select Network > Bus from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon
tab. Click on the one-line diagram somewhere to the right of the first bus. In the
Bus Options Dialog (pictured below) leave the bus number at the default value of
2, and enter the name Two in the Bus Name field.
• We will model a 200 MW, 100 MVAR load at the bus. Select the Attached Devices
tab. Under the Load Summary Information heading enter 200 in the Base MW field
and 100 in the Base MVAR field
• Click OK to accept all other default values, close the Bus Options Dialog, and
insert the bus.

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 At this point, the one-line diagram does not show the load at bus 2; even though it
is represented in the power system model (you can confirm this by right-clicking
on bus 2, selecting Bus Information Dialog from the resulting local menu, and
inspecting the Load Summary Information fields again).

To draw the load on the one-line diagram:

• Select Network > Load from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw
ribbon tab.

• Left-click in the center of this bus. The Load Options Dialog box (pictured below)
automatically opens. The Constant Power MW and MVAR fields confirm that the
load is 200 MW and 100 MVAR. In addition to constant power loads, Simulator
also allows the modeling of voltage dependent loads.

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 • Select Up in the Orientation field under the Load Information tab to make the load
point up. Verify that the anchored box is checked to force the load to move with
the selected bus.

• Click OK to accept the default values for all remaining fields, close the Load
Options dialog, and insert the load. A circuit breaker symbol is automatically
included with each load.

To move objects on the one-line

• Left-click on the desired object. Drag and drop the object to the new location by
holding the left mouse button down while moving the mouse. Note: you can also
move all objects on the one-line simultaneously by left-clicking on the diagram
(not on a specific object) then dragging and dropping in the desired location

• To move bus 2, left click on bus 2 (not on the attached load). Drag the bus to a
new location. Note that the load moves with the bus because it is anchored. You
can change the location of attached devices connected to a bus, such as generators
and loads, by the same procedure.

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 The one-line diagram should now resemble the image shown below.

Inserting a Transmission Line

Transmission lines are used to connect buses together. To insert a transmission line:

• Select Network > Transmission Line from the Individual Insert ribbon group on
the Draw ribbon tab.

• Left-click at the point where you want the new line to originate. This point is
usually located on one of the proposed lines terminal buses. For this example,
originate the line at bus One.

• Transmission lines and transformers are drawn as a series of line segments. With-
out holding down the mouse button, drag the mouse up. Notice that a line segment
connected to the point of origin will follow your mouse movements. To terminate
a line segment, click the left mouse button. Each time you click the mouse to ter-
minate a line segment; a new vertex is defined for the line. To draw the next line
segment, move the mouse to the desired location of the next vertex.

• To terminate the final line segment and conclude drawing the line, double click the
left mouse button at the desired termination point (bus ’Two’ for this example).
The termination point is usually the transmission lines other terminal bus.

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• The Transmission Line/Transformer Dialog automatically appears (shown below).
The dialog should already contain a 1 in the From Bus Number field and a 2 in the
To Bus Number Field. If not, you probably did not have the cursor directly on the
bus when you were drawing the line. If this is the case, simply enter the correct
bus numbers in the corresponding fields.

• The Series Resistance, Series Reactance, and Shunt Charging fields are used to
enter the per unit parameters associated with the line. The Shunt Charging field
contains the total per unit charging capacitance for the line.

• Enter 0.02 in the Resistance field, 0.08 in the Reactance field and 0.1 in the Shunt
Charging field.

• The Limit (MVA) fields contain the MVA ratings for the line; enter a value of 1000
in the Limit ’A’ (MVA) field.

• Click OK to accept all remaining field default values, close the Transmission
Line/Transformer Dialog, and insert the new line. By default, the transmission
line is anchored to both terminal buses. If you try to move bus 2, the transmission
line should move with it.

• The dialog box for the transmission line is shown below

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Inserting a Transformer

To insert a transformer, we first need to insert a bus at a different voltage level. Insert a
new bus in the bottom of the one-line, named ’Three’, and enter 69 KV for its nominal
voltage in the Bus Options dialog box.
To insert a transformer between buses 2 and 3:

• Go to Network > Transformer from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the
Draw ribbon tab.

• Click on bus 2, and then draw a line to bus 3 as you did for a transmission line.
The Transmission Line/Transformer Dialog automatically appears

• On the Parameters tab, enter 0.02 for Series Resistance, 0.08 for Series Reactance,
0.1 for Shunt Charging and 1000 for Limit ’A’ (MVA).

• The true transformer turns ratio does not need to be specified as it is automatically
determined by the ratio of nominal voltages between the From Bus and To Bus.

• Click OK to accept the default values, close the dialog and insert the transformer.

• Repeat this procedure to add a transformer between buses 1 and 3.

• The dialog box for the transformer is shown below.

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 Add a 400 MW, 200 MVAR load to bus 3:

• Go to Network > Load from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw
ribbon tab. Left click on Bus 3. A load dialog will appear. In this dialog enter 400
MW and 200 MVAR for the constant power load. Click OK.

• Right click on bus 3 and select Bus Information Dialog. Select the Attached De-
vices tab.

• Note that Base MW and Base MVAR display the respective values. Click OK.

• You can also insert the load by the method mentioned previously.

Next we are going to attach a 300 MW generator to the bus 3:

• Go to Network > Generator from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw
ribbon tab.

• Left-click on bus 3. The Generator Option Dialog opens

• Select the Power and Voltage Control Tab. Enter ’300’ in the MW Output Field.

• Click OK on the Generator Option Dialog to accept the default values for all other
fields. After the dialog box closes, the new generator appears on the one-line
attached to bus 3.

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 Your one-line should now resemble the image shown:

Inserting a Switched Shunt

Switched shunts usually consist of either capacitor to supply reactive power (in MVAR)
to the system, or reactors to absorb reactive power. The switched shunts are represented
by a number of blocks of admittance that can be switched in a number of discrete steps.
If at least one block is in service, the shunt is said to be online. The shunts corresponding
circuit breaker is used to determine and / or toggle the switched shunts status.
• To insert a switched shunt at bus 3, go to Network ¿ Switched Shunt from the
Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon tab.

• Click near bus 3. The Switched Shunt Options dialog box appears (pictured be-
low).

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• Verify that the bus number is 3; if it is not, change it.

• Enter 10 for the Nominal MVAR

• Click OK to accept the default values of the remaining fields, close the dialog, and
insert the switched shunt.

• The dialog box of the switched shunt is shown.

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 Your one line diagram should look like this:

Inserting Text, Bus and Line Fields

Informational fields can be entered directly on the one-line to allow for ease of monitor-
ing when a simulation case is run. To insert a general text field:

• Select Background > Text from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw
ribbon tab. Left-click on the one-line in the desired text location to bring up the
Text Object Dialog. (For this example, left-click in the top center of the one-line).

• To format the text, ensure the text is selected on the one-line then select Format ¿
Font. This displays the Font Tab of the Format Selection Dialog.

• Set the font size to 26 and the font color to blue.

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• To change the text background color, select Format ¿ Line/Fill, which summons
the Line/Fill Options Tab. If the format menu is already open, click on the Line/Fill
Options Tab of the Format Selection Dialog. Check the Use Background Fill box
to give the text a white background, and then click OK.

• Inserted text can be moved using the same method as any other object on the one-
line
Fields can also display object-related quantities. By default, Simulator has inserted
the bus names, generator and load MW and MVAR, and switched shunt MVAR.
For this example, we will add a Bus Voltage Magnitude field to each bus and fields
showing the power flow on the transmission line and the transformers. Note that
object fields can be formatted just like text fields by using the Format menu. To
add additional fields to the display of a particular bus:

• Right-click on the bus to bring up the bus local menu.

• Select Add New Fields around Bus from the local menu. This opens the Insert Bus
Fields Dialog (pictured below).

• You may add up to 8 fields per bus. Select the position where you would like to
add the new fields (position 5 for this example) then click OK

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 This opens the Bus Field Options dialog (shown below); select the field Bus Volt-
age to add in the selected position and click OK.

The parameter and position are displayed as highlighted in the Insert New Fields
dialog. Click OK. Note that the specified bus field has been added to the one-line
diagram.
Repeat this procedure for the other two buses. If necessary, you may move fields
manually with the mouse. Fields can also be inserted using the Background ¿ Field
option from the Individual Insert ribbon group on the Draw ribbon tab. Next, we
will insert fields showing the power flow at each end of the transmission line.

• Select Field ¿ Transmission Line Field from the Individual Insert ribbon group on
the Draw ribbon tab.

• Left-click near both bus 1 and the transmission line between buses 1 and 2 in the
location you want the power flow text to appear. The Line Field Options dialog
(shown below) opens automatically.

• The Near Bus and Far Bus fields should show 1 and 2 respectively. If they do not,
enter the correct values.

• Select MW Flow then click OK. The field is displayed on the one-line in the loca-
tion you specified. Note that the field can be moved and formatted as previously
discussed.

• Select Insert ¿ Field ¿ Line Field or click the Line Field button on the Insert toolbar

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 • Left-click near both bus 2 and the transmission line between buses 1 and 2 in the
location you want the power flow text to appear. The Line Field Options dialog
(shown below) opens automatically.
• Now the Near Bus and Far Bus fields should show 2 and 1 respectively. If they do
not, enter the correct values
• Select MW Flow then click OK
• Repeat the procedure to insert MVAR Flow fields for the two locations.
We also desire to monitor the MW and MVAR flows on the lines joining buses 1 and 3
and buses 2 and 3 via the transformers. The same commands are used as those used to
insert fields for the transmission line
• Repeat the above steps to insert MW (and MVAR) Flow fields on the lines joining
buses 1 and 3 and buses 2 and 3 via the transformers.
• At this point, your first one-line diagram should resemble the one shown below.
Save the case.

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Solving the Case

To solve a case, you must be in run mode:

• Click on Run Mode button on the Program Toolbar. Note that, if the case has
validation errors, a warning will appear. You will need to rectify the problems
before you can enter Run Mode.

• Press the Play button in the Power Flow Tools ribbon group on the Tools ribbon tab
to begin the simulation. Your case should look similar to the case shown below.
Compare the voltages on buses and line flows. If it does, congratulations! You
have completed building your first case.

Post Lab Questions

Simulate the 132 kV one line diagram given below in Power World Simulator software.
The parameters of transmission lines are given below. Run the simulation and note
down the voltages on each bus and line flows in the given tables.
Series Reactance of Transmission Lines:
TL 1-2 = TL 1-3 = TL 2-4 = TL 3-4 = 0.1 p.u

• Fill out the voltage profile table

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• Fill out the line flow table

Instructor’s Signature:

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Experiment 11

Title

Design Example Using Power World Simulator

Objectives

To solve the single line diagram using the power world simulator and compare the the-
oretical results with the simulations.

Apparatus

• Power World Simulator

• Laptop/Desktop Computers

• Calculators

• pdf copy of Principles of Power System Book

Procedure

• Simulate the network of Example 14.6 given in your text book using Power World
Simulator

• Using any iterative technique find out the final solution of the network

• Place the required fields before solving your network

• Find out the voltages at various buses.

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 • Also find the line section losses

• Record these values in the table

• Perform manual calculations and compare your theoretical results with the simu-
lations

Network Diagram

Observations and Calculations

Perform manual calculations in the space given below

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Given Space

63
Given Space

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 Record voltages in the given table

Bus Name Simulation Results Theoretical Results

A
B
C
D

Record line losses in the table below

Line Section Simulation Results Theoretical Results
AB
BC
CD
DA

Post Lab Questions

• Repeat the above design example using different values of impedance. The resis-
tance of your line section should be such that
Line Section AB=1.xxxx
Line Section BC=1.xxxx +0.1
Line Section CD=1.xxxx +0.3
Line Section DA=1.xxxx +0.4
where xxxx are the four digits of your roll number
Similarly the value of reactance is as follow
Line Section AB=0.xxxx
Line Section BC=0.xxxx +0.1
Line Section CD=0.xxxx +0.3
Line Section DA=0.xxxx +0.4
where xxxx are the four digits of your roll number

• Write a report on the reliability and cost of a ring main system

Instructor’s Signature:

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