Chapter 14

Biomolecules

Solutions

SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. What are the two end products of cellular respiration?

Sol. CO2 and H2O.

2. Are proteins natural or synthetic polymers?

Sol. Natural polymers.

3. Which group in phospholipid is lyophilic?

Sol. Phosphate group.

4. Name the two carbohydrates which act as biofuels.

Sol. Starch and glycogen.

5. How many amino acids occur in almost all protein?

Sol. 20.

6. What are the constituents of starch?

Sol. Amylose and amylopectin.

7. Name a polypeptide hormone which maintains glucose level in blood.

Sol. Insulin.

8. What is mutarotation?

Sol. The spontaneous change of specific rotation of an optically active substance with time is called mutarotation.

9. Name the purines present in DNA.

Sol. Adenine and guanine.

10. Name the molecule which provide energy for all the activities of a cell.

Sol. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
72 Biomolecules Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. What are tetrasaccharides? Give one example.

Sol. Tetrasaccharides give four molecules of same of different monosaccharides. For example, stachyrose on
hydrolysis gives one molecule of glucose, one of fructose and two of galactose.

12. How do amino acids form proteins?

Sol. -amino acids undergo condensation reaction between –NH2 group of one acid and –COOH group of the other
with elimination of H2O molecule.

13. What is importance of amino acids for us?

Sol. They are building blocks of proteins which are essential for growth and maintenance of life.

14. What type of bonding occurs in Globular proteins?

Sol. van der Waalls interactions, disulphide bridges, dipolar interactions (ionic) and hydrogen bonding.

15. What is invert sugar?

Sol. An equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose in presence of an acid such
as dil. HCl or enzyme invertase is called invert sugar.

16. What causes disease sickle cell anaemia?

Sol. Defective haemoglobin which is produced due to replacement of one amino acid i.e., glutamic acid by valikne.

17. What is the enzyme present in saliva? What is its function?

Sol. The enzyme present in saliva is amylase. It converts starch into maltose.

18. Define mutation.

Sol. An alternation in the base sequence of nucleic acid molecule is called mutation.

19. What are carbohydrates? Why they are generally optically active?

Sol. Hydrocarbons are the hydrates of carbon having general formula Cx(H2O)y. Carbohydrate molecules have one
or more asymmetric carbon atoms. Hence they are generally optically active.

20. What are enzymes?

Sol. Most of the reactions in living systems proceed at very high rates under physiological pH of 7.4 and
temperature of 37ºC under one atm pressure. All these reactions are catalysed by a group of biomolecules
called enzyme. Thus enzymes are biological catalysts, chemically almost all the enzymes are globular
proteins.

21. What are reducing sugar?

Sol. Carbohydrates which reduces Tollen’s reagent and Fehling solution are called reducing sugars. All
monosaccharides (aldose and ketose such as glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose etc.) and disaccharides
(such as maltose, lactose etc.) except sucrose are reducing sugars.

Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Biomolecules 73
22. What type of linkage holds together the monomers of DNA?

Sol. The monomers of DNA are polydeoxyribonucleotides. There are helds together by H-bond. There are three
H-bonds between guanine and cytosine (G  C) and two between adenine and thymine (A  T).

23. B-complex is often prescribed vitamin. What is complex about it and what is its usefulness?

Sol. It is a group of vitamins which contains vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and nicotinic
acid. Since it is not a single vitamin, therefore it is called vitamin B-complex. It is required to release energy
from food and promote healthy skin and muscles. Its deficiency causes beri-beri (B1) and pericious anaemia
(B12).

Long Answer Type Questions :

24. Glucose and fructose give the same osazone? Explain.

Sol. During osazone formation reaction occur only at C1 and C2 while rest of the molecule remains intact. Since
glucose and fructose differ from each other only in arrangement of atoms at C1 and C2, therefore they give
same osazone.

CHO CH = NNHC6H5
3 C6H5NHNH2
CH – OH C = N – NH – C6H5
–C6H5NH2
(CHOH)3 –NH3 (CHOH)3
–2H2O
CH2OH CH2OH

(Glucose) (Glucosazone)

CH2 – OH CH = N – NH – C6H5
3 C6H5NH – NH2
C=O C = N – NH – C6H5
–C6H5NH2
(CHOH)3 –NH3 (CH – OH)3
–2H2O
CH2OH CH2 – OH
(Fructose) (Fructosazone)

25. Despite having an aldehyde group glucose does not give 2, 4-DNP test. What does this indicate? What is the
significance of D and (+) in -D-(+) Glucopyranose.

Sol. Glucose does not have open structure and hence it does not have a free –CHO group. Actually –CHO group
combines with C5 –OH to form an hemiacetal. Thus glucose largely exists in cyclic hemiacetal form along with
a very small amount (< 0.5 %) of the open chain structure. Since the concentration of open chain form is low
and its reaction with 2, 4-DNP is reversible, therefore formation of 2,4-DNP derivative can not disturb the
equilibrium to generate more of the open chain form from the cyclic hemiacetal form and hence it does not
react with 2, 4-DNP. The capital letter D in D-(+)-Glucopyranose indicates that the C-5 –OH group is oriented
towards right, while the sign (+) shows that glucopyranose is dextrorotatory.

26. In E.coli DNA, the (A + T)/(G + C) ratio is 0.93 if number of moles of adenine in DNA sample is 465,000 then
calculate number of moles of guanine present.

Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
74 Biomolecules Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

Sol. Since number of moles of ademine must be equal to that of thymine, therefore

(A + T) = 465000 + 465000 = 930000

(A  T)
Since  0.93
(G  C)

930000
Therefore number of moles of C  G  = 10,00,000
0.93

Further number of moles of C = number of moles of G

1000000
Therefore number of moles of guanine (G)  = 500000
2

SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Name the enzyme present in human saliva?

Sol. Amylase

2. Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?

Sol. Vitamin C

3. Deficiency of which vitamin causes beri-beri and pain in joints?

Sol. Vitamin B1

4. Name one reducing and non reducing sugar each.

Sol. Reducing sugar - Maltose

Non-reducing - Sucrose

5. Which polysaccharide is stored in liver of animal?

Sol. Glycogen

6. Name on fibrous and one globular protein each.

Sol. Fibrous - Keratin

Globular - Haemoglobin

7. Give one example of denaturated protein.

Sol. Boiled egg

8. Name the nucleic acid which has double helix structure.

Sol. D.N.A.

Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Biomolecules 75
Short Answer Type Questions :

9. What is the secondary structure of protein?

Sol. Secondary structure is the conformation which a polypeptide chain assumes as a result of H-bonding.

10. What is a polypeptide? Give one example.

Sol. Polypeptides are formed when several molecules of a-amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds.

e.g., Insulin.

11. What is Mutarotation?

Sol. The spontaneous change of specific rotation of an optically active substance with time is called mutarotation.

12. What are zwitter ion?

Sol. Zwitter ions are dipolar ion formed by neutralization of acidic and basic groups present within the molecule.

13. What is importance of amino acid to us?

Sol. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins which are essential for growth and maintenance of life.

14. What are different types of RNA found in cell?

Sol. m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

15. What are polysaccharides? Give one example.

Sol. polysaccharides are those carbohydrate which on hydrolysis give a large number of molecules of
monosaccharides. e.g., Starch.

Short Answer Type Questions :

16. What is peptide bond?

Sol. The covalent bond NH – CO formed between –NH2 group of one amino acid and –COOH group of the other
with the elimination of a molecule of water is called peptide bond or peptide linkage. Amino acids are joined
together, by peptide bonds.

17. What is isoelectric point?

Sol. The pH at which there is no net migration of the amino acid under the influence of an applied electric field is
called isoelectric point. For example isoelectric point of glycine is 6.1.

18. What is hypervitaminoses and avitaminoses?

Sol. Excess intake of vitamins A and D causes hypervitaminoses while multiple deficiency caused by lack of more
than one vitamin is called avitaminoses.

19. What forces are responsible for stability of -helix?

Sol. -Helix structure of DNA is stabilized by intramolecular H-bonding between N – H of one amino acid residue
and C = O of the fourth amino acid residue in the polypeptide chain.

20. What do you mean by essential amino acids?

Sol. Amino acids which the body can not synthesize but are required for growth and maintenance of the life are
called essential amino acids. For example phenylalanine, valine, etc.
Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456
76 Biomolecules Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

Long Answer Type Questions :

21. An optically active compound having molecular formula C6H12O6 exists in two cyclic forms A and B. When
A and B are dissolved in water they show following equilibrium

A Equilibrium mixture B
()D = 111º 52.2º 19.2º

What are such isomer called?

Sol. The optically active compound having molecular formulae C6H12O6 is called glucose. It exists in two
stereoisomeric forms A and B. These two isomers which differ in configuration only at the anomeric (first) carbon
are called anomers.
H C O
H C OH HO C H
H C OH
H C OH H C OH
HO C H O
O
HO C H
HO C H H C OH
H C OH
H C OH H C OH
H C H C
CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH
Open chain
-D-(+)-Glucose -D-(+)-Glucose

-forms is less stable than -form therefore equilibrium mixture cartains 36% of -form [()D = 111º] and 64%
of B-form [()D = 19.2º]

22. Explain mutation.

Sol. Mutation : A mutation may be defined as a chemical change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases along the
DNA strands that can lead to the synthesis of protein with altered amino acid sequence. These changes may
either occur spontaneously or may be caused by exposure to X-ray or UV radiation, chemical agents viruses.
Most of the changes in DNA molecules are automatically repaired by special enzymes present in the cell.
However if changes can not be repaired by enzymes. Mutations are said to occur. As a result of mutation,
proteins with altered amino acid sequences will be obtained which may not have any biological acitivty leading
to the death of cell.

  

Aakash Educational Services Limited : Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456