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SAFETY TRAINING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS WORKING WITH CHEMICALS

• Safety is an integral part of working in the
chemistry laboratory, and a responsibility
shared by students and instructors.
• Learning about safety is part of your
education; skills you gain in the lab will serve
you in future careers and in life…If nothing
else, they will make you a better cook!
Be Prepared - where is the..............
• Lab exit - know how to get out fast in an
emergency.
• Nearest phone - dial 911 or local emergency
number.
• Fume hood - use for any noxious reagent.
• Eyewash station and safety shower - for
washing skin or eyes exposed to
chemicals.
• Fire extinguisher - use to douse
small fires.
While working in the lab, you will use a number Heating labware:
of reagents, giving ample chance for exposure to • Use tongs to handle labware while
the harmful effects of chemicals. it is heated by a burner or hotplate.
• Allow the item to cool to room
Possible risks: temperature before weighing.
• Inhaling chemical powder or vapor.
• Ingesting solid or liquid chemicals For liquid reagent:
by mouth. • Cover the beaker with a
• Puncturing skin with a sharp object watch glass.
• Use “boiling stones” to promote
and injecting chemicals into your body.
• Absorbing chemicals through your skin. smooth boiling.
• Flammable solvent: Take care
when heating with hot plate; avoid
use of gas burner.
KNOW YOUR LAB REAGENTS
• Handle test tube with wire-holder.
Some chemicals are toxic; all can cause harm if
used incorrectly. Learn about reagents before For solid reagent:
using them in an experiment. Read your lab • Use a weighing dish on the balance .
manual and textbook, talk to your instructor; if • Cover the dish to prevent loss,
in doubt, ask questions! spills or contamination.

3
FIRE HAZARD
Personal Responsibility: HEALTH HAZARD Flash Points:

* Rule 1: Protect yourself! Your mistakes will 4 - Deadly 4 - Below 73ºF

FIRST AID
1 2
3 - Extreme Danger 3 - Below 100ºF
2 - Above 100ºF, Not
likely harm you more than anyone else. 2 - Hazardous
1 - Slightly Hazardous Exceeding 200ºF Check with instructor for
1 - Above 200ºF
* Rule 2: Read the lab manual before class. 0 - Normal Material
0 - Will not burn local guidelines.
Come to lab prepared to work on the
assigned experiment.
SPECIFIC HAZARD
Oxidizer OX
W REACTIVITY
4 - May detonate
• Burn from hot labware:
Acid ACID 3 - Shock and heat
may detonate
* Rule 3: Always pay attention as you work. Alkall
Corrosive
ALK
COR 2 - Violent chemical Minor: Apply cold water.
Watch other students; you are impacted by Use NO WATER
Radioactive
W change
1 - Unstable if heated Serious: Contact medical help.
their mistakes. 0 - Stable
• Cut from broken glassware:
* Rule 4: Clean up your own mess…You are a NFPA Hazard Codes (National Fire Prevention Association) Minor: Wash with soap, apply antiseptic and
(Highlights major chemical hazards)
partner in maintaining a safe lab. sterile bandage.
• Keep your work space clean and organized. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) gives a Serious: Control bleeding by applying pressure
• Wash labware with detergent; rinse with de- description of the hazard a substance may pose. with sterile pad, contact emergency medical help.
ionized or distilled water; use a wash bottle to Chemical Storage Codes • Skin—exposure to a chemical:
conserve water; drain excess liquid, allow Chemicals in the same color group can normally be Rinse with water; if condition develops, contact
object to dry before storing. stored together; exceptions noted on the label. medical personnel.
• Shared equipment: Wash before and • Health Hazard • Feel lightheaded (or passing out):
after each use. • Reactive and Oxidizing Move affected person to fresh air outside of
• After each lab session, return • Flammable the lab; contact medical personnel if the
reagents and equipment to the • Corrosive condition persists.
designated storage areas. • Minimal Hazard • Burning clothing:
Do not panic, drop to the floor and smother the
flame; use safety shower to treat burn; contact
GENERAL LAB GUIDELINES CHEMICAL SPILLS emergency medical personnel.
• Always work with instructor On the floor or benchtop:
supervision. • For small spill: Wear gloves,
• Always wear goggles in the neutralize acid/base; absorb WASTE MANAGEMENT
lab, even over eyeglasses; using paper towels and
• Follow the instructor’s directions for disposal
replace contact lenses with discard in a labeled bag.
• Larger spill: Notify the of all lab materials. Most chemicals should not
eyeglasses.
instructor; wear gloves and shoe protectors, use be poured down the drain.
• Wear an apron, lab coat and gloves to limit
your chemical exposure and to save clothing a spill kit designed for the chemical. • All toxic metals and halogenated solvents must
from chemical stains. • Clean up all spills promptly to prevent further be collected for proper disposal.
• Wear closed-toe shoes and long pants to accidents.
protect your feet and legs. On your clothing or skin: Waste Prevention: Use only the required
• Tie back hair and avoid bulky sleeves which • Remove affected article of clothing; wash amount of reagent; excess
interfere with work. exposed skin with water and apply first aid. material cannot be returned to
• Food and drink should not be in the lab. Treat promptly to minimize harm. reagent jar; it is “waste.”
• Wash your hands after each session, before • If a large area is exposed, use the safety shower, A spot plate is an excellent
leaving the lab. then apply first aid. means to conserve reagents.
USEFUL CHEMICAL INFORMATION HOW TO: PREPARING A SOLUTION
CONTINUED:
Liquid Solubility Rule: “Like Dissolves Like” ….Dispense liquid Inorganic Salts:
Water “The Universal Solvent” • Soluble: Acetate, nitrate, alkali metal (Na, K,
• Boiling pt: 100.00º C graduated
Li, Rb, Cs), ammonium, perchlorate
flask buret
• Freezing pt: 0.00º C cylinder • Mostly soluble: Chloride, bromide, iodide
+/-10mL +/-0.1mL
• Density: 1.00 g/mL at 4º C +/-1mL (except Ag, Pb, Hg(I)); sulfate (except
• Choice of equipment depends on desired Ba, Pb and Hg(I))
• Molar mass: 18.015 g
precision. • Mostly insoluble: Carbonate, hydroxide,
• Vapor pressure: 23.8 mm Hg, 25º C. oxide, sulfide, phosphate, chromate
• Use a small beaker to obtain the needed
Organic compounds: General rules amount from the reagent bottle. (except for “soluble”)
• Non-polar (alkane, oil, benzene) are soluble in • Use funnel to transfer to a flask.
pH and acid/base concentration:
non-polar organic solvent, but insoluble in water. • pH = - log10 [H+]; molar concentration
• Polar compounds (amine, alcohol, ….Dispense solid
• Use a weighing dish to hold the sample; • Base turns red-litmus blue; acid turns blue-
organic acid) tend to dissolve in litmus red
water. dispense from a beaker using a spatula, not
• Acidic salt: NH4Cl (from weak base + strong acid)
from the reagent bottle (this may contaminate • Basic salt: NaCN (from strong base + weak acid)
Organic solvents: the entire supply). • Neutral salt: NaCl (from strong acid + strong base)
Bpt D M • Use funnel to transfer into bottle or flask.
ethanol 79 0.79 46.07 Polar
methanol 65 0.79 32.04 Polar ….Use a pipet
• Use a suction bulb to draw liquid into DATA MANIPULATION
acetone 56 0.79 58.08 Polar
isopropanol 82 0.79 60.11 Polar the pipet, past desired “mark” on the Lab Units and Conversion Factors:
stem of the pipet. All data has a “number” and a “unit.”
benzene 80 0.88 78.12 Nonpolar • Mass (gram, g) (1,000 g = 1 kg)
toluene 111 0.87 92.15 Nonpolar • Quickly replace bulb with your finger;
carefully release the vacuum and allow • Time (second, s) (60 s = 1 minute)
Bpt = Boiling pt (oC) D = Density (g/mL) M = molar mass (g/mole) • Length (meter, m) (1 m = 100 cm)
the liquid to drain from the pipet.
• Volume (liter, L) (1,000 mL = 1 L)
Acid: • Stop the flow at the desired “mark.” Insert • Temperature (oC, Centigrade)
Commercial Reagent pipet into the flask, and release the liquid. Fahrenheit: oF = oC (9/5) + 32
Hydrochloric, HC1 11.6 M Pungent Kelvin: K = oC + 273.15
Nitric, HNO3 16.0 M Oxidizer ….Use a balance • Pressure: (pascal, Pa)
Sulfuric, H2SO4 18.0 M Dehydrating • Clean the pan with a soft 760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 14.70 lb/in2
Agent brush; if the pan is stained, 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bar
Acetic 6.27 M with the assistance of the
Glacial acetic 17.4 M Significant Figures (sigfig):
instructor, remove and • Record the # of digits appropriate for the
Phosphoric 14.7 M measuring device, plus record one
clean the pan.
• Zero the balance before use, “approximate” digit. Exponents are
Base: always significant.
otherwise, all of your mass data
NaOH and KOH, hygroscopic pellets • Add/substract: For final answer: # of
will be incorrect. decimal places is given by datum with least #
Commercial Reagent • Use a weighing dish to hold the
NaOH 19.1 M of decimal places.
sample; pre-weigh the dish, add the sample, • Multiply/divide: For the final answer: # of
Aqueous ammonia 14.8 M pungent re-weigh sample and dish; determine sample sigfigs is given by the datum with the least #
Dangerous chemical combinations: mass by difference. of sigfigs.
Graphing (x,y) data
* Acid + base: react exothermically ….Use a gas-burner Set range to use all of the graph page; label axes
* CN1- + acid => HCN deadly gas • Securely connect burner and clearly mark data points.
* S2- + acid => H2S poisonous gas to the gas supply with • Equation for a line (x,y):
rubber tubing. y = mx + b (m = slope, b = intercept)
• Gradually increase gas • Average or Mean Value: Sum all data values
SAFE USE OF LAB EQUIPMENT flow and ignite the flame. and divide by the # of data points.
• Lab equipment is delicate and expensive; learn • Adjust the air/gas mix to
to use it correctly; ask for assistance if you give a quiet, hot flame. Author: Mark Jackson, PhD.
need help. Artwork / Layout: Dale Nibbe
• Do not use worn or frayed electrical cords.
Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522
• Be aware of the risk of static electricity— PREPARING A SOLUTION
it may harm computers and can ignite
Use volumetric glassware; add ISBN-13: 978-142320432-9
flammable solvents. ISBN-10: 142320432-8
• Watch out for chipped or cracked glassware; reagent, dissolve in some solvent and
discard in the glass-recycle box. then dilute to the “mark” on the flask
Thermometer: Use “non-mercury” for routine with additional solvent.
work.
Refrigerator: Store chemicals in sealed • Dilute solution from stock reagent:
containers; do not store food with chemicals. Select volume, v-dil, and desired free downloads &
Compressed-gas cylinders: Secure to a wall or hundreds of titles at
bench; falling cylinders cause serious injuries.
concentration, c-dil; use “ v-stock” of reagent quickstudy.com
of concentration “c-stock.” Use the equation:
Types of material: v-dil x c-dil = v-stock x c-stock.
• Plastic (melts if heated; U.S. $3.95
may dissolve in acetone) • From pure reagent: Select the desired
concentration and volume; determine the CAN. $5.95
• Borosilicate glass
(Pyrex, high temp) required # of moles, then calculate the mass
• Flint-glass (for room temp) (using the molar mass).
This QuickStudy® guide is an outline of basic Chemistry laboratory safety skills. It is not a substitute for
• Ceramic (high temp; stain- • Dilution of acid or base: an assigned text book or class attendance. BarCharts, Inc. is not responsible or liable for the use of the
information contained in this guide.
resistant); crucible, clay triangle Always add acid (or base) to water, slowly, with All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
• Metal (high temp) stirring. Heat is produced in the process. electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
written permission from the publisher. ©2001, 2003 BarCharts, Inc. 0706