-
[UNDEFINED Terms]
[11 Point; notation Point A is labeled wi th a
capi tal letter, A in thi s case
[2J Line; notation Line KM is labeled cither
KM or MK or li ne I
[3J Plane; notation Plane N is labeled eithe r
plane 11 or pl a ne AB C if points A , B, and
C are o n plane /I
[DEFINED Terms]
[GENERAL Terms]
[1J i( C rlCJI Jl" ) Shapes are the same shape
an d s ize
[21 (II 11"1' Shapes arc the same shape, but
can be different sizes
[3J i.q Jdl Sets of po ints or numerica l
measurements arc exactly t he same
[4J JIllor! Describes the result when all of
[5J
the points are put together
(II rs C 101) Describes the points
where ind icated sha pes touch
[6J p c The set of all points
111"'4'.
[1J Collinear points are on the sam e line
[2J Non colill c I points are not on the
same line
[3J Inter II 9 lines have one and on ly
one point in common
[4J PIp I dlcul, r lines intersect and form
90° angles at the intersection; 1.
[5J k w lines are not in the same plane ,
never touch, and go In different
directions
[61 Tlan versa I lines intersect two or more
co-pl a nar lines at diffe re nt points
[7J P r II I lines are co-planar (in the same .
plane) , share no points in common, do
not intersect , go in the same direction
and never touch; II
[LINE Segments]
[1J T he set of any 2 points on a line and al l
of the collin ear poin ts betw een th e m ;
AB where A and B are the en d poi nts of
the Iine segment
[2J The I CJth is the distance between the 2
endpoints; it is a numerical va lu e; AB
means the length of
A B
1'.'.
[1J The set of collinea r points going in o ne
d irection from onc poin t (the endpoi n t of
the ra y) on a li ne ; notati on: AS w here A is
*
the endpoint; not ice lIB BA because they
have differe nt endpoin ts a nd co nta in
d ifferent points on the li ne
[2J Oppo It r y are collinear, share o nly a
common e ndpoin t an d go in o ppos ite
direc tions
[ANGLES]
[1J Th e union of two rays that share o ne and
only on e point, the endpoin t of the rays
a. T he Sid of the angl e are the rays a nd
the v r x is the endpoint of the rays
b. The Interrol is all t he points be tween
the two sides of the angle
c. LABe where B is the vertex or simply IB
if there is onl y one angl e w ith vertex B
[2J Ov Ilapping angl s share some
comm on inte rio r points
[3J An ac Jte angle mea sures less than 90°
[4J An obtuse angle measures more than
90°
[5J A right angle measures exactly 90°; it is
indicated on diagrams by drawing a
square in the corner by the vertex of the
angle
[6] A straight angle measures exactly 180°
[7J Complem ntary ngles are two a ngles
whose m easures total 90°
[8J Supplementary angles a re two an g le s
whose m easures tota l 180 0
[9J Vertical angl s are two ang les that share
o nly a eommo n vertex a nd whose s ide s
form lines
[10JAdjacent angles are two angles t hat
sha re e xaetly one vertex and one side,
b ut no commo n inte rior points ; i.e., they
do not overlap
[11J An ngle bisector is a ray or a line that
contain s the vertex of the angle , is in the
interior, a nd separates the a ngle into two
adjacent angles with equal measures
[3] T he n idpoint is a point exactl y in the
midd le of the two endpoints
[4] The bisector intersects a line segment
at its m idpoint
[5J T he perpendicular bls tor intersects
a line segmen t at its midpoint and forms
90° angl es at the intersection
1
[TRANSVERSAL LINE Angles]
[1J In erlor ilngll are form ed with thc rays
from the 2 li nes and the tra nsversal, such
that the interior region s of the angles are
located between the 2 lines
[2J Alt rn 1 e II trior mgl c a rc inte r ior
a ng le s w it h di fferent vertexes a nd
interior regions on opposite sides of t he
tran sversa l
[3J ,1m lel II t nor ngle are inter ior
a ngl e s wi th different vertexes an d
inte rior reg ions on th e sa m e s ide o f the
t ransversal
[4J Ex I lor, r gl are formed with rays
from the 2 lines and the transversa l, such
t hat thc in terior regio ns of the a ngle s are
not bet w een t he 2 lines
[51 Altern t xt riar lnql a re exterio r
a ngles with d ifferent vertexes and
in terior regions on opposite sides of the iIIr..
tra nsversa l ,..
[6] Carr pondlng angl have differe nt
vertexes ; the ir intcrior reg ions are on thc
=
...
same side of the transversa l a nd in t he "
same positions relative to the lines a nd m
the transversa l; one of th e pair of Z
corresponding angles is a n interi o r ang lc
an d th e oth er is an exterior angle ~
[POLYGONS]
[1J Polygons arc plan (flat), closed s hapes
that are formed by line seg m ents tha t
inter ect only at thcir endpoints
a. N ot T hcy are na m ed by listing the
endpoints of th e line seg m ents in
ord er, g oin g either clockwise or
co untercl oc kwisc, sta rt in g at anyo ne
of the endpoi nts
b. The sides are li ne egments
c. T he int riar is all of t he points
e nclosed by the s ides
d. T he xterior is all o f the point · on the
plane of the polygo n , but neithe r on
t he si des nor in t he interio r
e. The vertic (or vertexes) are th e iIIr..
e ndpoi nts of the li ne segm e nts ,..
f. Inc ludc a ll the points on the s ides ( line
segments) and the ve rtices
=
...
g. T he int rior angl o r a po lygon have "
the same vert ices as the verticcs of the m
polygon , have side s tha t cont ain the Z
sides o r the po lygo n, and have in teri o r
reg ion s that co nta in the interior of the ~
po lygo n- every pol ygon has as many
interior ang les as it has vertices
 Polygo ns (continued)
h. Consecutive interior angles have
ve rtices th at are endpoi nts of the same
side of the polygon
I. The exterior angles are formed when
the sides o f the po lygon are exte nded;
each has a ve rte x and one si de that are
als o a vertex a nd co ntain on e side of
th e pol ygon; th e se cond si d e of the
exterior an g le is the ex te nsio n of th e
other polygon side contain ing the angle
verte x; the interior of the exte rior angle
is part of the exterior region of the
polygon; ex teri o r an g les are s upp le­
ments of their adjacent interior angles
j. Diagonals of a polygon are line
segments wit h endp o ints that are
vertices of th e po lygo n , but the
di agon als are not sides of the polygo n
[2) CONCAVE polygons have at lea st one
interio r angle mea suring more th an 180 0
• [3) CONVEX polyg on s have no inter ior
an gles more th an 180 0 and all interior
angles each measure less than 180°
[4) REGULAR po lygons have all si de lengths
eq ua l and a ll interi or an gl e meas ure s
equ a l
[5) CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLYGONS
a. Classifi ed by the number of si de s;
eq ua l to the nu mber of vertices
b. Th~ side len g ths an d a ng le m eas ure s
arc not nec essa rily eq ual un les s the
word " regular" is also used to na me the
po lygon
c. Categories
• Triangle s have three sides
• Q uadrilate ra ls hav e four sides
• Pentagons have five sides
• Hexagons have six si de s
• Heptagons have se ven sides
• Oc tagons have e ight side s
• Nonagons have nine si des
• Decago ns have ten si de s
• n- go ns have n s ides
[CIRCLES]
[1) The set of points in a pla ne eq uid is tan t
from the center of the ci rcle , which lies
in the inter ior of the circl e and is no t a
point on the circl e ; 360°
[2) A radius is a line segment whose endpoints
are the center ofthe circle and any poi nt on
the ci rcle; the length of a radius is th e
distance of each point fro m th e center
[3) A chord is a li ne seg me nt w ho se
endpoints arc 2 po ints on the ci rcle
[4] A diameter is a cho rd that contains the
center of the circle; the length of a diameter
IS the distance from on e poin t
to another on the circle, goin g through
the center
15) A secant is a li ne intersecting a circle in
two points
r~ ,,= ~~
[6) SPECIAL POLYGONS
a. Triangles
• Po lygons with 3 sides and 3 vertic e s;
the symbol fo r a triangle is ~; tri angle
ABC is written ~AB C
• An altitude (height) is a line segment
with a vertex of the triangle as one
endpoint and the point on the line
containing the opposite side of t he
triangle where the altitude is perp e n­
d icular to that line; every triangl e has 3
altitudes
• A base is a side of the triangle on the
line perpendic ular to an altitude; every
triangle has 3 bases
• Formula for area A =tllb or iI=thb
where a=altitude , b=base or
where h=heig ht (altitude), b=base
• Class~fied in 2 ways, by side length s
and by angle measurem ents
a] When classified by side lengths:
• Scalene have no side lengths=,
• Isosceles have at least 2 side
lengths equal,
• Equilateral have all 3 side lengths
equal; note it is also an isoscel es
triangle
b]When classified by angle measure­
ments:
• Obtuse have ex actly one a ngle
measurement more tha n 90 0
• Right have exact ly one angle
measurement eq ual to 90°
• Acute have all 3 ang les less th an
90 0 ; note that if all 3 angles are
equal, then the tr iangle is called
equiangular
• Isosceles triangles
a] T he vertex angle has s ide s
contain ing the two congru e nt s id es
of th e triangle
b] The base is the side w ith a differen t
length than the other two sides; no t
[6] A tangent is a line that is co-p lanar w ith a
circle and intersects it at o ne point o n ly,
call ed th e point of tangency
a. A cornmon tangent is a lin e th at is
tangent to 2 co-planar circles
• Common internal anqents intersect
between the two circles
• Common external tangents do not
intersect between the circl es
b . Two circ les are tangent when they are
co-planar and share the same tangent
line at the same point of tangency; they
may be externally or internally tange nt
[7) Equal Circles have equal-length radii
[8) Concentric circles lie in the same plane
and have the same cen ter
2
necessarily the side on the bottom
of th e tria ngl e
c] Th e base angles of a n iso sc eles
trian gle have the base contai ned in
one of th eir sides ; they are always
equal in measu re
• Right Triangles
a] The hypotenuse is oppo si te
the ri gh t a ngle an d is the lo ngest
sid e
b ]Th e legs arc th e 2 sides that a rc
not the hy poten use; the lin e
seg ments contained in th e sides o f
the right angle
b. Quadrilaterals
• 4-s ided polygons
• Ha ve 2 d ia gonal s and 4 vert ices
• rap zOld have exac tl y one pa ir of
para ll e l si des ; there is never more
than one pair of para ll e l sides
a] Para ll el sides : ba
b] No n-para llel sides : legs
c] The 2 a ngles wi th vertices th at arc
the en dpo int s o f the same base arc
call ed ba angl
d]lsosceles trapeZOids have
legs that arc the sam e le ngth
• Parallelograms have 2 pairs of
parallel s id es
a] Rectangl s have 4 ri ght ang les
b]Rhombus s (s ing . rh omb us) have
4 sides eq ua l in len gth
c] Squares have 4 equal sides an d 4
equal an gles ; therefore , eve ry
squ are is bo th a recta ngle an d a
rhombus
[9] An inscribed polygon has vertices th at
are po ints on the circl e ; in th is sa ill e
si tua tion, the ci rcl e is c ircumscribed about
the po lygon
110]A circumscribed polygor has sides that
arc segme nts of tan gents to the ci rcle; i.e .,
the s id es of the polygon each con ta in
exac t ly one poi n t on the circ le ; in th is
same situati o n, the circle is insc ribed in
the po lygo n
[11) An arc is part ofa ci rc le
a. A erni ircl is a n arc wh ose
en d points are the endpo ints o f a
diamete r; 180°; exac tl y th ree points
m ust be u.' cd to na me a scm iei rcle;
notati o n: AiJC wh ere A a nd C are the
endpo ints o f th e d ia mete r
Through a point not on a line, exactly
on e perpen dicular can be drawn to the
line
The shortest distance from any
point to a line or to a plane is the
pcrpcndicular distance
Through a poi nt not on a line , exactly
one parallel can be drawn to the line
Parallel lines are everywhere the same
d istancc apart
If three or more parallel lines cut off
equal segments on one transversal, then
thcy cut o ff cqual segmcnt s on cvcry
transversal they sharc
A linc and a plan c are parallel if they do
not to uch or intcrsect
Two or more planes are parallel if they
do not touch or intersect
Angles are measured using a protractor and
degree mca surements: There are 360 0 in a
circle; placing the center of a protractor at
th e vcrtcx of an anglc and counting the
degree measure is like putting the vertex of
the an g le at the center of a circle anc!
comparing th e angle measure to the
degrees of the circle
9()
~
1 0 0
If two angl es are compl e ments of the
as one endpoint and a point on th e line
same angl e , then they arc equal In
meas ure (con gruent)
If two an g le s arc compl ements of
congruent angles, then they are congruent
If tw o angl es are supplements of th e
same ang le , then they are congru ent
b . A minor arc length is less tha n the
lengt h o f the se m ic ircl e; only two
points may be used to name a minor'
arc ; no tatio n: DE where D and E are
the endpoin ts of the arc
c. A major arc length is m ore than th e
le ng th of the semi c irc le ; exac t ly
three points a rc use d to namc a
major arc ; notation: FCfj wh e re F
and H are the endpoints of the arc
[12J A central angle vertex is the center
of the c ircle with si des th at contain
radi i of the circle
[13J A inscribed-angle vertex is on a
circle with sides that contain chord s
of the circle
If two parallcl plancs arc both
intcrsccted by a third plane, thcn thc
lines of intersection are parallel
If a point lies on the perpendicular
bisector of a line segment, then the point
is equidistant (equal distances) from the
cndpoints of the line segment
If a point is equidistant from the
endpoints of a line segment , then thc
point lies on thc perpendicular biscctor
of the line segment
To trisect a line segment, separate it
into three other congruent (equal in
length) line segments, such that the sum
of the lengths of the three segments is
equal to the length of the original line
segment
If two angles are supplements of
congruent angles, th en they are congruent
Vertical angles are cong ruent and ha ve
equal measures
If a point lies on the bisector of an angle,
th en the point is (equal
distances) from the sides of the angle
Distance from a point to a line
is always the length o f the perpen­
dic ular line segment that has the point
as the other
If a point is equidistant from the sides of
an angle, then the point lies on the
biseetor of the angle
An angle is trisected by rays or lines that
contain the vertex of the angle and separate
the angle into three adjacent angle s (in
pairs) that all have equal measures
[POSTULATES]
Statements that have been accepted
without formal proof
[1J A line contains at least 2 points, and any 2
points locate exactly one line
[2J Any 3 non-collinear points locate exactly
one plane
[3] A line and one point not on the line locate
exactly one plane
[4J Any 3 points locate at least one plane
[5J If 2 points of a line are in a plane, then the
line is in the plane
[6] If 2 points are in a plane, then the line
containing the 2 points is also in the plane
[7] If 2 planes intersect, then the intersection
is a line
3
If two rays do not int e rsect , the n th e
union of the rays is s imply a ll o f th e
points on both rays
If two rays intersect in on e and only o ne
point, but not at th e endp o int, th e n th e
union is a ll of the points on both ray s; th e
intersection is that o ne po int where th ey
touch
If two rays intersect in on e and onl y one
point, the e ndpoint, th en th e uni o n is an
angle; the intersection is th e endpo int
~
If tw o rays intersec t In mo re tha n one
point, th e n the union IS a lin e; th e
inte rsection is a line segm en t
A B AB BA
AB BA
If line s a re pa ra ll e l, th e n th e a lt e rna te
inte r ior angl e s o f a tra nsve rsa l are
co ngruent
If the a ltern ate in te ri o r a ng les o f a
tran sversal are cong ru en t. th en th e lin es
a re para ll e l
If lin es are para ll e l, then th e sa me s idc
inte ri o r a ngl es o f a tra ns ve rsa l a re
s uppl e men tary
If th e sa m e -s id e inte ri o r a ngl es of a
tran s versa l are s uppl e me ntary, the n the
Iin es are para ll e l
If lin es are pa ra ll e l, th e n th e
corre spo nd in g a ng les of a tra nsve rsa l are
congruent
If the corres pondin g an g les o f a tra ns­
ve rs a l a re co ngr uen t, th e n t he lines are
parall e l
If lin e s a re parall e l, th e n th e a lte rn ate
exte rior angle s of a tra n sv e rsal are
congrue nt
If th e al ternat e exte rior a ng les o f a
tran sversa l are con g ru e nt, then th e lin es
are parallel
If a transv ersal is perpe ndi cular to on e o f
two parall e l lines , th e n it is al so perpen ­
dicular to the other
---- n
------ m
alternat Jr .: 4- 6; 5- 3
same-Side interior 4- 5; 3- 6
correspond ng': s: 1- 5; 4- 8; 3- 7; 2- 6
alternate exterior 1- 7; 2- 8

The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a convex polygon with n sides is
(n-2)180 degrees
To find the measure of each interior
angle of a regular polygon, find the sum of
all of the interior angles and divide by the
number of interior angles, thus , the
formula (TI - 2) 180
TI
The sum of the measures of the exterior
angles of any convex polygon, using one
exterior angle at each vertex, is 360°
I r
length of the segmcnt of the
The 3-angle total measurement= 180°
If two angle measurements of one
triangle=two angle measurements of
another triangle, then the measurements
of the third angles are also=
Each angle of an
then the sides opposite those angles are
is 60°
There can be no more than one right or
obtuse angle in anyone triangle
The acute angles of a right triangle arc
complementary
The measurement of an exterior angle=
the sum of the measurements ofthe two
remote (not having the same vertex as
the exterior angle) interior angles
are congruent to two angl es and
If two sides of a triangle are equal , then
the angles opposite to those sides are
also equal; and, if two angles are equal ,
then the sides opposite those angles are
also equal
If two sides
of one triangle are equal in length to
two sides of another, but the included
angle of one triangle is larger than the
included angle of the other triangle,
If the hypotcnuse
then the longer third side of the
and one leg of a right triangle are
triangles is opposite the larger included
angle of the triangles
If two sides
of one triangle arc equal to two sides of
another, but the third side of one is
longer than the third side of the other,
then the larger included angle (included
between the two equal sides) is
opposite to the longer third side of the
another. then the triangles are
triangles
If a line is parallel to one side and
If th e
intersects the other two sides, then it
divides those two sides proportionally,
and creates 2 similar triangles
another, then the triangles are
If a an angle of a triangle, it
divides the opposite side into segments
proportional to the other two sides
The line segment that joins the
midpoints of two sides of a triangle has
two properties:
It is to the third side, and
It is of the third side
'1 The 3 bisectors of the angles of a
triangle intersect in one point, which is
equidistant from the 3 sides
The of the
sides of a triangle intersect in one
point, equidistant from the 3 vertices
The medians (line segments whose
endpoints are one vertex of the triangle
and the midpoint of the side opposite
that vertex) of a triangle intersect in
one point two-thirds of the distance
from each vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side
If two sides of a triangle are unequal in
length , then the opposite angles arc
unequal and the larger angle is opposite
to the longer side; and conversely, if
two angles of a triangle arc unequal ,
sides of another, then the triangles
unequal and the longer side is opposite
the larger angle
The sum of the lengths of any two sides
is greater than the length of the third
side; the difference of the lengths of
any two sides is less than the length of
the third side
An equilateral triangle is also equian­
gular; and, an equiangular triangle is
also equilateral
An equilateral triangle has three 60­
degree angles
The bisector of the vertex angle of an
isosceles triangle is the perpendicular
bisector of the base of the triangle
included side of another, then the
In a right
triangle, , where ., and '
are the lengths of the legs and is the
length of the hypotenuse
If the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides, then the triangle is a
If the square of the longest side is
greater than the sum of the squares of
the other two sides, then it is an
triangle; if it is less than the
sum of the squares of the other two
sides, then it is an triangle
In a 45-45-90
triangle, the legs have equal lengths
and the length of the hypotenuse is
12 times the length of one of the legs
In a 30-60-90
triangle, the length of the shortest leg
is 1/ 2 the length of the hypotenuse,
and the length of the longer leg is 13
times the length of the shortest leg
The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a
right triangle is equidistant from the
three vertices
4
duct
rn a l
When an altitude is drawn to the
hypotenuse of a right triangle
The two triangles formed are
similar to each other and to the
original right triangle
The altitude is the
between the lengths of
the two segments of the
hypotenuse
Each leg is the geometric mean
between the hypotenuse and the
sum
hypotenuse adjacent (touches )
mber
to the leg
idcs
t.
If three sides of
one triangle are congruent to three
are congruent
If two sides and
the included angle of one triangle
are congruent to two sides and the
included angle of another. then the
triangles are congruent
If two angles and
the included side of one triangl e
the included side of another, then
the triangles are congruent
If two angles and a
non-included side of one triangle
are congruent to the two
corresponding angles and non­
triangles are congruent
congruent to the hypotenuse and
the corresponding leg of another.
then the two right triangles are
congruent
If two
angles of one triangle arc
congruent to two angles of
similar (same sh ape but not
necessarily the same size)
sides of one triangle are propor­
tional to th e corresponding sides of
similar
If two
sides of one tri a ngle are propor­
tional to two sides of another and
the included anglcs of each
triangle are congruent, then the
triangl es are similar
 ~

4 ATERALS One pair of opposite sides is If 4 interior angle s each

congruent and parallel eq ual 90 0 , th e n th e
The (the line segment Both pairs of opposite sides are rhombu s is more spec ifi­
whose endpoints are the midpoints congruent cally called a square
Z of the 2 non-parallel sides) is parallel Both pairs of opposite angles The diagonal s arc
III to the bases, and its length is equal to
are congruent perpendicular bi sectors
half the sum of the lengths of the 2
D­ bases
The diagonals bisect each other of each othe r
The can be calculated by Each diagonal bi sects the
C The may be calculated by
multiplying the base and the pair of oppo s ite a ngl es
averaging the length of the bases and
T mUltiplying by the height (altitude height; that is , A=bh=hb who s e vertice s a rc th e
o that is the length of the line segment Since opposite sides are endpo ints of the diagonal
P that form s 90-degree angles with the both parallel and equal, any side
d bases); thus , the formula: can be the base; the height 4 equal s ides and 4 equal
A (hi ~h, )h (hi ~b, )h =~(hl +h, )h (altitude) is any line segment an g le s; every square I
e perpendicular to the base whose both a rectangle and a
t where the 2 bases are b 1 and b 2 and endpoints arc on the base and rhombu s
the height is h the side opposite the base The diagonal s are
Two angles with vertices that are the congruent, bi sec t e ach
endpoints of the same le g of a o ther, arc perp e ndicul a r
trapezoid are Parallelograms with 4 right to each other and bi sect
All 4 interior angle measures of all angles the inte rior a ng le s
trapezoids total 360 0 Diagonals are congruent and
bisect each other A
The base ang les are congruent (has
The equal s Iw or hb
congruent leg s)
where 1= length , w = width ,
Opposite angles are suppl e ­
h = height, and b = base
me ntary
If the 4 sides a re all equal, then F
the rectangle is more sp ecifi­
Opposite sides are parallel and cally called a square
congruent Thi s in d icate
Opposite ang les arc congruent Parallelograms with 4 congruent the re lati o ns hips of qu adri la te ral s
All 4 inte rior a ngles total 360 0 sides A= Quadrilaterals
C onsecutive interior an g les (thei r Oppos ite angles are congruent B=Rhombi
vertic es are endpoint s for th e same All 4 a ngle measure s total C = Rectangles
side) arc suppl eme ntary 360 0 D=Squares
Di agonal s bi sect each o ther Any 2 co nsecuti v e angles arc E =Trap e zoids
A quadril atera l is a para lle logram if: su pplementary F =Parallelog rams

[CIRCLES]
If a lin e is to a circle , th en it If a line in the p lane of a circl e is An is equal to hal f
is perpendicular to the radiu s whose pe rpendicular to a radius at its oute r of its intercepted arc (the arc which
e ndpoint is the point of tangen cy (the e ndpoint. then the line is tangent to the
li es in th e inter io r of the in sc ri bed
point where the tangen t line intersects circle
a ngle a nd wh ose end po int are on
The measure of a is equal to
the circle) the sides o f the ang le)
the measure of its central angle
The measure of a is 180 0
/. Th e measure of a is equal to r-...
m MPN mMN
360 0 mlllus the measure of its
corresponding minor arc
I f t wo tang e nts to the same circle
In the same circle or in equal circl e s , If tw o intercept
intersect in the exterior region, then the equa I chords have equal arcs and equal th e sam e are , th e n th e an g le s are
line segments whos e endpoints are the arc s have equal chords
poin t of intersection of the tangent lines con gr uent
A perpendicular to a cho rd
and the two points of tangency are equal ]f a is in scribed in a
bisects the chord and its arc
in length ; or, line segments drawn In the same circle or in equal circle s, circle, t hen o ppo s ite an g les are
from a co-planar exterior point of a congruent chords are the same distanc e upplemen ta ry
circle to points o f tangency on the circle from the center, a nd chords the sa m e An an g le in sc ri bed in a e l11i e irc le
are congruent distance from the center arc congruent is alway s a ri g ht angl e
5
 Circles (coi/lilllled)
An angle formed by a and a equal to half the difference of the its e xternal segment length = the product
is equal to half of the measure intercepted arcs of the other secant and its e xternal
of its intercepted arc When two chords intersect inside a segment length
An angle formed by two chords circle, the product of the segment Wh e n a tangent and a seca nt lin e
intersecting inside a circle = to half the lengths of one chord = to the product of segment a re dra wn to a c ircle fro l11 the
sum of the intercepted arcs the segment lengths of the other chord same exterior point, th e square of
An angle formed by two secants , or two When two secant line segments are the length of the tange nt
tangents, or a secant and a tangent, that drawn to a circle from the same exterior segment = to the product o f th e
intersect at a point outside of the circle is endpoint, the product of one secant and secant and its externa l seg ment length

The area, A, o f a two-di m en s ional s ha pe is the number of T he perimeter, P, of a two-dim e ns io na l s hape is the sum
square units that c a n be put in the re g ion enclosed by the sides of all s ide lengths
A rea is obtain ed throu gh som e combination of multiplying The volum e, Y, of a th ree-dim e ns iona l s hape is the number
hei g hts a nd base s, which always form 90° angles with ea ch other, of cubic units th at can be put in th e space en closed by a ll th e s ides
except in circles
V=e 3
Ifb=8, then :
Each edge leng th, e, is equal to the
A = 64 square units
other edge in a cu be; if e= 8, th en:
V=( 8)(8)(8), V= 512 cubi c units
A =lrh, or A = /w

If II =4 and b= 12, the n:

V=1rr 2h
A =(4)(12), A =48 squa re units
If radius r= 9 and h =8, the n:
V= n:(9 )2(8), V= (3.l 4)(8 l )( 8) , h
A= !hh
~ Ifll= 8andb= 12,th~n: V= 203 4. 72 eubie units

Z A = 1(8 )(12), A =48 square units V=!nr

3
2h

iU A=hh
Ifr=6 and h =8 , th en:
V= * n: (6)2(8 ), V= * (3. 14)(36)( 8) ,
D. If h =6 and h = 9, th e n:

C A = (6)(9), A = 54 sq uare units

V= 30 1.44 cu bic un i ts

~ A=1h (h,+h2) V= (area of triangle)"

If h = 9, hi = 8 and h2 = 12, then : bl If -""'---~2
1 .u----o- has an area equal to 1 (5 )( 12), then:
A = 1 (9)(8+ 12), A = 1 (9)(20), A = 90 square units V =30h and if 1r= 8, then:
~----'-'--:---"
V=(30) (8), V =240 c ubic units
A=lrt· 2

A = 1rr2; If r = 5, then:
V = t(a rea of rectan gle)"
A =n:5 2 =(3.14)25=78.5 squa re units
If / = 5 and 1V =4, the rec tan g le has
an area of 20, th e n:
C=21tr

If r=5, th en:
V= * (2 0)11 and if h=9, then:
C=(2 )(3. l4)(5 )= 10(3. 14) = 3 1.4 units
V= * (20)(9), V=60 cu bic uni ts

V =±1rr3
3
I f a right trian gle has hypotenuse c and b
!f radi us r=5, the n:
legs a an d h , then: c 2 =a 2 +h 2
V= j- (3.1 4 )(5)3, V= 523 .3 cubic units
V=/wlr
~
Z
If/ = 12, w = 3 and Ir = 4, then:
V= ( 12)(3 )(4 ), V= 144 c ub ic un its "o;p
w I
Algebra Part I, Algebra Part 2. Algebrai.: r quati(ln'. e" leulus I. ('a lculu, 2, C:.iculu >

Methods. Geometry Part I. (icolll ctry Part 2. Linear Algebra. Math Rc\ icw. Trig0nometry

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