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Problems On Piles
Problems On Piles
Problem # 01
A cast in place concrete pile in
medium sand is 0.5 m in dia and 10 m long. The
water table is 2 m below the top of the pile. The
bulk density of sand above the water table is 1.8
t/m3 . and below the water table the density is
1.95 t/m3 . Angle of shearing resistance is 38o .
Assume Nqp = 60 and ks tan δ = 0.5, Dc /B = 8.
Determine the ultimate load and the safe load for
a pile with F.S = 3.
Solution
Qf = Qb + Qs 2m
Dc = 4 m
(1) Base resistence (Qb )
B = 0.5 m
Lp= 10 m
Nqp = 60 Dc = ? From table
for medium sand, Dc = 8 x B = 8 x 0.5 = 4 m
Lp > Dc .
fb = σo ′ Nqp Where σo ′ = Effective vertical pressure at
Dc .
σo ′= (1.8 x 9.8 x 2) + ( (1.95-1) x 9.8 x 2) = 53.9 kPa.
fb = 53.9 x 60 = 3234 kPa.
Qb = Ab x fb = π/4 B2 x fb . = π/4 x (0.5)2 x 3234 = 635 kN.
• (ii) Frictional resistence, Qs
Qs = As x fs
fs =?
The frictional resistence is calculted by considering the pile in
three parts, 0-2m, 2 m - 4 m (Dc ) and 4 m –
10 m. The frictional resistence will increase upto Dc only = 4
m.
σ′ at 2 m = 2 x 1.8 x 9.8 = 35.28 kPa.
σ′ at 4 m = (35.28 + ( 1.95- 1) x 9.8 x 2) = 53.9 kPa.
Average vertical stress for 0-2 m = 17.64 kPa. ( 0+ 35.28/2)
∴ Av. fs1 =17.64 x ks tan δ = 17.64 x 0.5 = 8.82 kPa.
Av. Stress for 2 m to 4 m = 53.9 + 35.28/2 = 44.59 kPa.
∴ Av. fs2 = σ′s x ks tanδ = 44.59 x 0.5 = 22.3 kPa.
• Vertical stress below Dc is assumed constant and
equal to 53.9 kPa.
• ∴fs3 = 53.9 x 0.5 = 26.95 ( unit skin friction)
• ∴Qs = fs1 x πB x D1 + fs2 x πB (Dc – D1) + fs3 πB (Lp -
Dc )
• = 8.82 x π x 0.5 x 2 + 22.3 x π x 0.5 x 2
+26.95 x π 0.5 x 6 = 352 kN.
• Qf = Qb + Qs = 635 + 352 = 987 kN.
• Qa = Qf /3 = 987/3 = 329 kN.
Problem # 02
• A cased concrete pile, 0.42 m outside
diameter, is driven through 11 m of loose
sand and for a depth of 3 m into underlying
medium dense sand. The skin friction is
measured with a static cone fitted with a
friction sleeve; fs = fc(av) = 20 kPa in loose sand
and fs = fc(av) = 55 kPa in medium dense sand.
The cone resistence at base level is 12000 kPa.
Determine the safe load for a pile, using F.S =
2.5.
Solution
• Qf = Qb + Qs
Settlement
• 2/3 x 550 = 1100/3 = 366.66 kN
• (d) Falling to striaght line Qu 600 kN, use F.S =2.
• 600/2 = 300
• Least of the above is 300 kN
Problem # 08
• Two independent loading tests on 300mm dia.
Short bored piles in clay for which φ = 0, yielded
the following results.
• Embedded length of pile Added load at failure (kN)
• 2.15 100
• 2.75 110
• Assuming the adhesion is effective over the whole of the
embedded length, estimate the mean cohesion of the
soil and the shaft adhesion factor to be used in
extrapolating the test results to larger piles. The
densities of the soil and concrete are 1.92 Mg/m3 and
2.40 Mg/m3 respectively.
Solution:
P
• At point of failure ∑ v =0
• γs = 1.92 Mg/m3 Wt.
• γc = 2.4 Mg/m3. Qb + Qs = P + Qs
s1 =
[26 + (0.6)(54)](40 ×12) = 0.065 in.
(144)(3 ×103 )
qwp D 2
s2 = (1 − µ s ) I wp
Es
From Figure 3.27, I wp = 0.82. Also,
Qwp
26
qwp = = = 0.18 kip / in 2
Ap 144
So
0.18 ×12
s2 = ( )
1 − 0.3 2 (0.82) = 0.38 in.
4500
1000
Q D
s3 = ws (1 − µ s ) I ws
2
pL E s
L 40
I ws = 2 + 0.35 = 2 + 0.35 = 4.21
D 1.0
So
54 12
s3 = (1 − 0.3 2 )(4.21) = 0.287 in.
(4 × 12)(40) 4500
1000
Hence the total settlement is
s = 0.065 + 0.358 + 0.287 = 0.71in.
Problem # 11
Refer to Figure 8.47 which shows the plan of a
pile group. Each pile has a square cross
section measuring 12 in x 12 in. the center-to-
center spacing of the piles is 30 in.
Determine the group efficiency of the piles by
using:
a. Eq. (8.112)
b. Eq. (8.114)
12in
30 in.
Fig. 8.47
Solution:
• Part a: Using Eq. (8.112)
•
2(n1 + n2 − 2 )d + 4 D
η=
pn1n2
For n1 = 4, n2 = 3, D = 12 in, and p = 4 D = 48 in.,
2(4 + 3 − 2 )(30 ) + 48
η= = 0.604 = 60.4%
(18)(4)(3)
• Part b: Using Eq. (8.114)
(n1 − 1)n2 + (n2 − 1)n1 −1 D
η = 1− tan
90n1n2 d
−1 D −1 12
tan = tan = 21.8o
d 30
So
(3)(3) + (2 )(4 )
η = 1− ( 21.8)o
= 0.657 = 65.7%.
(90)(3)(4 )
Pr. 13
Solution:
• From Eq. (8.116),
[
ΣQu = n1n2 9 Ap cu ( p ) + Σαpcu ∆L ]
Ap = (0.305)(0.305) = 0.093 m 2
p = (4 )(0.305) = 1.22 m 2
30 ft
45 ft 27 ft Clay
48 ft
γsat = 115 lb/ft3
eo = 0.82
Po(1), 21 ft Cc = 0.3
z ∆p(1)
2v:1H γsat = 120lb/ft
3
2v:1H Po(2),
Clay 12 ft eo = 0.7
∆p(2)
Cc = 0.2
Po(3), γsat = 122 lb/ft3
Clay 6 ft eo = 0.75
∆p(3)
Cc = 0.25
Rock Pile group: Lg = 9ft; Bg = 6ft
Solution:
• The stress distribution pattern is shown in
Figure 8.49. Hence
∆p =
Q
=
g(500)(1000) = 1554 lb / ft 2
• (L + z )(B + z ) 9 + 21 6 + 21
(1)
g 1 g 1
2 2
∆p( 2) =
(500)(1000) = 421lb / ft 2
(9 + 27 )(6 + 27 )
∆p( 3) =
(500)(1000) = 265 lb / ft 2
(9 + 36)(6 + 36)
Cc (1) H1 po (1) + ∆p(1)
∆s1 = log
1 + eo (1) po (1)
21
po (1) = (6 )(105) + 27 + (115 − 62.4) = 2603 lb / ft 2
2
(0.3)(21) log 2603 + 1554 = 0.7 ft = 8.45 in.
∆s1 =
1 + 0.82 2603
Cc(2) H2 po(2) + ∆p(2)
∆s2 = log
1+ eo(2) po(2)
po(2) = (6)(105) + (27+ 21)(115− 62.4) + (6)(120− 62.4) = 3500lb / ft2
∆s2 =
(0.2)(12) 3500+ 421
log = 0.84in
3500
1+ 0.7
po(3) = (6)(105) + (48)(115− 62.4) + (12)(120− 62.4) +
(3)(122− 62.4) = 4025lb / ft2
∆s3 =
(0.25)(6) 4025+ 265
log = 0.024 ft ≈ 0.29in
1+ 0.75 4025
Total settlement, ∆sg = 8.45+ 0.84+ 0.29 = 9.58in.
Problem # 15
• It is proposed to carry the load from a column on 350
mm diameter bored piles. The total load to be carried
is 2000 kN and the soil consists of a deep deposit of
clay having the following properties:
• If the piles are
Depth Undrained shear strength (kN/m2)
• about 9 m long, (m)
• Estimate the 0 100
• Number reqired 3 110
• And suggest how 6 125
• they should be 9 125
• arranged 12 135
Solution:
• Consider the ultimate load carried on pile:
• Qf = Qb + Qs
• Taking average cu on shaft of pile as = 115 kN/m2 and
an adhesion factor of 0.45 for a bored pile:
• Qf = 125 x 9 x (π/4 x 0.352) + 115 x 0.45 x (π x0.35 x
9)
• = 108 + 512 = 620 kN
• Using a factor of safety of 3: Qa = 620/3 = 207 kN
• ∴ No of piles required to carry 2000 kN = 2000/207 =
9.6
• Say 9 piles which reduces the factor of safety slightly.
•
• Bored piles should be spaced at about 3 times
their diameter and a suggested arrangement is
shown on Fig.
1m
• The action of the group
• Must be checked for 1m
2.35 m
stability.
Consider a pier 2.35 m square:
Qfg = 125 x 9 x 2.352 +115 x 0.45 x (4 x 2.35 x 9)
= 6212 + 4378 = 10590 kN