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Agenda
1. Grounding Basics
2. Soil Resistivity Testing and Soil Modelling
3. Design & Modelling of Substation Grid
4. Break
5. Grounding Design Variables
– Soil model variables
– Seasonal modelling of soil
– Crushed rock resistivity
– Fault current design margin
– Fault clearing time
– Summary / Combined effect
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Grounding Basics
• Definitions per IEEE 80 & 81
• GPR, mesh / step / touch
• Current split
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Grounding Basics
Grounding Basics
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Grounding Basics
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Grounding Basics
Grounding Basics
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Grounding Basics
Grounding Basics
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Soil Analysis
Substation Grounding Tutorial
• Soil Basics
Soil Resistivity
• The soil is part of the fault circuit
• Actual circuit
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Soil Resistivity
• The soil is part of the fault circuit
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Soil Resistivity
7000 A 7000 A
400 Ω-m 400 Ω-m
Rock Resistivity
400 Ω-m 7000 A 400 Ω-m 7000 A
Water Table
Substation Grounding Tutorial
• Wenner
• Schlumberger
• INSERT FORM!
Substation Grounding Tutorial
C1 P1 P2 C2 C1 P1 P2 C2
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Soil
Resistivity
Testing
Layout
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Soil
Resistivity
Testing
Layout
Substation Grounding Tutorial
• Soil Basics
• UL listed
• Length, diameter
• Spacing
• Perimeter
• Equipment
• Open spaces
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Coffee Break
Substation Grounding Tutorial
• Sf = Ig / (3I0)
• TL shield wire & feeder neutral currents
• Grid vs. OHSW /neutral currents
• “Hand” (IEEE 80 Annex C) vs. Software calculation
Substation Grounding Tutorial
F2
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Mitigation Options
• Reduce clearing time
• Add conductor
• Add rods / extend rod length
• Ground wells
• Increase area
• Surface rock
• Satellite grid
• Soil enhancement
• Bond adjacent grids
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Leakage Current
L1
L2
𝜌𝜌 = 50
𝜌𝜌 = 500
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Testing
• Fall of Potential, IEEE 81-2012
Test Lifecycle
Design
Maintenance
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Spring Conditions
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Fall Conditions
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Winter Conditions
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Pre-grading top soil Post-grading top soil Use 1.0 - 1.5 - 2.0x
resistivity resistivity highest soil resistivity +
(Ω-m) (Ω-m) 2000 Ω-m
(if applicable)
800 400 800-1200-1600-2000
150 600 600-900-1200-2000
1200 800 1200-1800-2000
100 200 200-300-400-2000
30 50 50-100-150-2000
Substation Grounding Tutorial
1:1
Substation Grounding Tutorial
Questions?
Thank You!