PSCC Training Manual

Load Despatch
Department
Training Manual
Compiled by : V. V. Rane
The Tata Power Company Ltd.
Load Despatch Department
Table of Contents
Sr. No. Topics Page No.
Volume-I
1 Introduction to TPC System 1
2 Major Events for Tata Power Company 14
3 Overview of Western Regional Grid 23
4 Role & Functions of Load Despatch Department 31
5 System Frequency Control 36
6 System Voltage Control 41
Safety Tagging, Operating Instructions, Test-

7 47
Charging Instructions
8 Operation & Planning Strategies 59
Load Forecasting, Generation Scheduling,

9 65
Outage Planning
Volume-II
10 Hydro Power Station 77
11 Thermal Power Station 87
12 Islanding of Power Systems 97
13 Inter-State and Intra-State ABT 117
14 Power Trading 127
15 The Electricity Act 2003 139
16 Grid Code 146
Role of Regulatory Bodies like MERC, CERC, GCC,

17 151
WRPC
18 SCADA System 159

Introduction to
TPC System
INTRODUCTION TO TATA POWER SYSTEM
1.0 HISTORY :
The Tata Electric Power Supply Company Ltd. was established in 1910 and its
power station at Khopoli was commissioned in 1915. With this, Tata Electric
system came into existence due to the vision and foresight of Shri Jamshetji
Tata. The second major step was the formation of the Andhra Valley Power
Supply Company Ltd. in 1916 to meet the increased demand of electricity during
the First World War. The company’s power station was commissioned in 1922 at
Bhivpuri. Subsequently, the Tata Power Company was registered in 1919 and its
power station was commissioned at Bhira in 1927. All the three power stations of
these companies were interlinked with the network and a unified power system
was brought into operation. The total installed capacity was adequate to meet
the demand of electricity in the Mumbai-Pune region at that time.
For transmission of power generated at the three stations, 110 kV network was
established between generating stations and load centers in Mumbai. The
transmission of power at 110 kV in 1915 was considered to be an engineering
feat. Further, distribution network at 6.6 kV and 22 kV was established to
distribute power to Textile mills & Industrial consumers and through licensees to
Domestic consumers in the Mumbai-Pune region.
In 1929, Central Railways established their thermal power station at Chola, 50

Km from Mumbai, to supply traction loads in the Ghat section. The station was
interconnected with Tata system through 110 kV lines at Kalyan receiving station
in 1940. The interconnection proved beneficial to both Railways and Tatas during
Second World War
Tata Power has been pioneers in Load Despatch techniques in India. The first
Load Despatch Centre (LDC) was established in 1950 at Khopoli or Lonavla
Power Station even before the formation of State Electricity Boards after
independence. With this, a centralised power system control centre was brought
into operation for Tata-Railway System.
As early as 1950, it had become clear that hydro stations alone would not be
able to meet future demand of electricity in Mumbai-Pune region. After making
careful assessment of the future trend of demand, Tatas brought to the notice of
1
Introduction to Tata Power System
the Government in 1950-51 the urgency of installing a new thermal station close
to load centre. Trombay was found to be an appropriate location as around the
same time two refineries. (Hindustan Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum) were
established in the same area and fuel oil was available for thermal station
through direct pipelines.
Approval for thermal station at Trombay was accorded in October 1953 and the
first 62.5 MW unit was commissioned in December 1956. In the same year, the
Load Despach Centre was shifted from Lonvala to Trombay, being a suitable
location close to load centre and various concerned offices. The second and third
units, each of 62.5 MW capacity were commissioned in April 1957 and June 1960
respectively. A thermal capacity of 187.5 MW had thus been established by that
time.
However, as demand continued to rise rapidly, the installed capacity of Trombay

station was enhanced to 337.5 MW by installing fourth thermal unit of 150 MW in
August 1965 which was the single largest thermal unit in the country at that
time. Meanwhile, the Koyna hydro station of the Maharashtra Government was
brought into commission in 1962 and interconnected with the Tata Power
system.
The first 500 MW unit of the country was commissioned at Trombay (Unit no.5)
on 25th January 1984 and has registered 535 MWh hourly peak generation and
produced maximum daily energy of 12.40 MUs. Trombay was the first thermal
station to start utilising natural gas as a fuel from Bombay-high offshore in July
1978 which other wise was being flared off. The second 500 MW unit (Unit no.6)
at Trombay was synchronised on 23rd March 1990 followed by the
commissioning of 180 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) in 1994. At Bhira
hydro station, 150 MW pumped storage unit was commissioned in December
1996.
The Thermal units of Central Railways at Chola and 62.5 MW unit no.1,2 and 3 at
Trombay were decommissioned in 1987 and 1993/94 respectively after useful
service for more than 33 years.
With effect form 1st April 2000 Andhra Valley and Tata Hydro merged in to Tata
Power to result in one large unified entity and is known as The Tata Power
Company Ltd.
2
2.0 TATA POWER SYSTEM NETWORK :
The Tata Power Company forms an important component of the Maharashtra

State grid. The present installed capacity of TPC system is 1777 MW. The
generating and receiving stations are strongly interconnected through 220 kV &
110 kV overhead and underground transmission lines and 33 kV/22 Kv/11 KV/6.6
kV distribution network. TPC supply electric power directly to major consumers
viz. Textile mills, General Industries, Refineries, Fertiliser units, Chemical and
continuous process Industries, BARC, Ordnance factory, Railways BMC pumping
station etc.
The licensees viz. BEST and REL (Erstwhile BSES) also purchase power from TPC
and distribute to Domestic and Industrial units.
3.0 INTERCONNECTION TO STATE AND REGIONAL GRID :
The Tata Power System is interconnected with Maharashtra State grid at three
locations (Trombay, Kalwa and Borivli). The State grid is further interconnected
with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh State grids through 400 kV and 220 kV
interstate tie lines. The Western Regional grid comprises of the state of
Maharashtra including TPC, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgadh, Goa, Diu &
Daman and Dadara & Nagar Haveli. Central sector nuclear power stations at
Tarapur in Maharashtra & Kakrapar in Gujarat, thermal power stations at Korba
& Vindhyachal and gas-based stations at Kawas & Gandhar of National Thermal
Power Corporation, a Government of India enterprise, also generate and supply
electricity to all the constituent members of the Western Region.
Further Western Regional grid is interconnected with Eastern Region through 400
KV Raipur-Rourkela lines and Eastern Region is interconnected with Northern
Region through 400 KV Muzaffarpur-Patna lines.
4.0 LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE :
The coordination of the entire operation of the Tata power System is carried out
by the Load Despach Centre situated at Trombay thermal station which is
responsible for ensuring reliable, secure and safe supply of electricity by overall
supervision and control of the Tata power System. The centre is equipped with
modern communication facilities and computer based real-time data acquisition
and energy management system.
3
The Load Despatch Centre for the state of Maharashtra is located at MSETCL’s
Kalwa receiving station near Mumbai while the Load Despach Centre for the
Western Region is situated at Andheri in Mumbai. Both these centres are
equipped with similar facilities for communication and data acquisition and for
operation, control and monitoring of the state and regional power systems
respectively.
5.0 INSTALLED CAPACITY, PEAK DEMAND AND REQUIREMENT

(Mumbai Area) :
(As on 30th June 2007)
5.1 Tata Power System :
A: Hydro :
Installed Station
Station Name No. of units. Capacity / Set Capacity
(MW) (MW)
Khopoli 2 (old) 12 (old) 72

3 (New) 24 (New)
Bhivpuri 2 (old) 12 (old) 72

3 (New) 24 (New)
Bhivpuri Tailrace 2 1.5 3
Bhira (Old) 6 25 150
Bhira (New) 1 150 150
Total Hydro 447
4
B: Trombay Thermal : C : Trombay Gas-Based :
Installed Unit No. Installed

Unit No.
Capacity (MW) Capacity (MW)
Unit no 4 150 Unit no 7A (GT) 120
Unit no. 5 500 Unit no7B (WHR) 60
Unit no.6 500 Total (CCPP) 180
Total Thermal 1150 Thermal + Gas 1330
D: Total TPC System installed Capacity (Licensed Area): 447+1150+180 = 1777 MW
5.2 Reliance Energy System
Dahanu Thermal:
Installed
Unit No.
Capacity (MW)
Unit no 1 250
Unit no. 2 250
Total Thermal 500
5.3 Installed Capacity in Mumbai Area
Installed
Company
Capacity (MW)
TPC 1777
REL 500
Total 2277
5
5.4 : Peak Demand and Energy Requirement : (Mumbai Area)
Peak Demand Maximum Daily Maximum Monthly

MW Requirement (MUs) Requirement (MUs)
2834
56.3 1529.78
At 1600 hrs on
on 12th June 2007 In May 2007
12th June 2007
6.0 TPC’s INSTALLED CAPACITY IN NON-LICENCED AREA
67.5 X 1
Jojobera Thermal 427.5
120 X 3
Belgaum (IPP) Diesel 16.26 X 5 81.3
Supa (A'nagar) Wind-Power 1 X 17 17
Khandke Wind-Power 0.8 X 56 44.8
Bramanwel Wind-Power 1.25 X 9 11.25
7.0 RECEIVING STATIONS IN TATA POWER SYSTEM
Dharavi Receiving Station

Commissioned in - 1922
Maximum Load - 379 MWh
Types of Load - BEST, REL, Railways, Industries, Textile
Parel Receiving Station

Types of Load - BEST, Railways, Industries, Textile, Essential
Carnac Receiving Station

Types of Load - BEST, Railways, Essential
Borivli Receiving Station

Types of Load - REL, Railways, Industries
6
Salsette Receiving Station

Types of Load - MSEDCL, Industries
Kalyan Receiving Station

Types of Load - MSEDCL, Railways
Ambernath Receiving Station

Types of Load - MSEDCL
Trombay Receiving Station

Types of Load - Industries, Essential
Chembur Receiving Station

Types of Load - REL, Essential
Vikhroli Sub Station

Types of Load - REL, Railways, Industries
Backbay Receiving Station

Types of Load - BEST
Grant-Road Receiving Station

Types of Load - BEST
Mahalaxmi Sub Station

Types of Load - BEST, Railways, Textile
Mankhurd Receiving Station

Types of Load - Railways
7
Kolshet Receiving Station

Types of Load - MSEDCL
Saki Sub Station

Types of Load - REL, Industries
Malad Receiving Station

Versova Receiving Station

8
110 kV / 220 kV Lines in Tata Power System
Capacity Capacity
Sr No 110 KV Lines Sr No 110 KV Lines
(Amp) (Amp)
1 Trombay - Dharavi - 1 & 2 900 21 Dharavi - Vikhroli 800
2 Trombay - Chembur - 3 460 22 Dharavi - Mahalaxmi 440
3 Trombay – Parel - 1 & 2 900 23 Salsette - Vikhroli 800
4 Trombay - Parel - 4 800 24 Salsette - Kolshet 750
5 Trombay - Camac – 3 550 25 Salsette - BMC 750
6 Trombay-Camac-2/ Parel -3 550 26 Salsette - Saki - 3 900
7 Trombay – Chembur - 1& 2 495 27 Salsette - Saki - 4 750
8 Trombay - BARC - 3 & 4 550 28 Borivli - BMC 750
9 Bhira – Khopoli - 1 & 2 550 29 Borivli - Kolshet 750
10 Khopoli - Mankhurd 550 30 Borivli - MSEB -1 & 2 1100
11 Khopoli - Chembur 460 31 Borivli - Malad - 1 900
12 Khopoli - Bhivpuri 550 32 Borivli - Malad - 2 750
13 Bhivpuri - Ambernath -1 & 2 750 33 Malad - Versova - 1 & 2 750
14 Ambernath – Kalyan - 1 & 2 750 34 Carnac – Parel - Mahalaxmi 545
15 Kalyan - Salsette 550 35 Parel - Mankhurd 550
16 Klw - Kly - Sal (at Kalyan) 550 36 Parel - Mahalaxmi -2 584
17 Klw - Kly - Sal (at Salsette) 750 37 Parel-Grant Road 691
18 Kalyan - Chola-1 & 2 550 38 Carnac-Grant - Road 691
19 Kalwa - Kalyan 800 39 Carnac-Back Bay -1 & 2 400
20 Salsette - Dharavi -1 550
Capacity
Sr No 220KV Lines
(Amp)
1 Trombay-Dharavi - 5 723/900
2 Trombay-Dharavi - 6 687/820
3 Trombav-Camac - 5 & 6 600/750
4 Trombay-Salsette -1 & 2 950
5 Bhira-Dharavi - 7 723/900
6 Bhira-Dharavi - 8 687/820
7 Salsette-Borivli -1 & 2 861/972
8 Dharavi-Backbay 950
TATA - MSETCL Trombay Tie - 1
9 1900
&2
10 Kalwa-Salsette - 3 & 4 900
11 Borivali-Aarey - 1 & 2 750
10
MUMBAI AREA LOAD CURVE
3000
Note: Generation more than requirement was sale to SEB's
2500
2000
MWH
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour
Trombay Unit 7 Trombay Unit 4 Trombay Unit 6 Rel Dhahanu
Trombay Unit 5 Khopoli Bhivpuri Bhira
Scheduled Purchase Unsched Purchase TPC load
12
BACK TO INDEX
13
Major Events For
Tata Power
Company
MAJOR EVENTS FOR TATA POWER COMPANY LTD.
( 1915 TO 31st MARCH 2007 )
( LISTED YEARWISE )
YEAR EVENT
1915 Khopoli Hydro Station
1915 Four units commissioned at Khopoli
1915 Parel Receiving Station
1922 Bhivpuri Hydro Station
1922 All six units commissioned at Bhivpuri
1922 Dharavi Receiving Station
1925 6th Unit commissioned at Khopoli
1927 Bhira Hydro Station
1927 Five units ( no. 2 to 6 ) commissioned at Bhira
1929 Kalyan Receiving Station
1929 Chola Thermal Station (Central Railways)
1940 TPC - Railway Interconnection at Kalyan : Tata-Railway Grid
1950 Load Despatch Centre (LDC) at Lonavla
1951 Salsette Receiving Station
1952 Unit no.1 commissioned at Bhira
1956 Trombay 62.5 MW Unit no. 1 synchronised on 15.12.56
1956 105 KV Gas filled Trombay-Carnac cables
1957 Trombay 62.5 MW Unit no.2 synchronised on 15.4.57
1957 Carnac Receiving Station
1960 Trombay 62.5 MW Unit no.3 synchronised on 18.6.60
1960 First 110 KV Bus Fault Protection scheme at Trombay
14
YEAR EVENT
1961 PLC Communication System (Vacuum tube excersion)
1962 110 KV TPC - MSEB interconnection at Trombay
1963 Chembur Receiving Station
1964 Distance Relay Protection for transmission lines
1965 Trombay 150 MW Unit no.4 synchronised on 4.7.65
1965 Ambernath Receiving Station
1966(Jan) Underfrequency load shedding scheme at Parel ( First in System )
1967 Borivli Receiving Station
1967 Islanding scheme for TPC system at Trombay
1969(Apr) Tarapur Nuclear Unit no.1 commissioned ( 210 MW )
1969(Jul) 110 KV TPC - MSEB interconnection at Kalwa
1970(May) Computerised Load Frequency control at LDC, Trombay
1971 Kolshet Receiving Station
1971(May) 110 KV TEC - MSEB interconnection at Borivli
1971(Aug) Mahalaxmi Substation - Remote controlled from Parel
1973(Feb) Kalyan Hot line work training school
1974 Saki Sub-station
1975(Nov) Training Simulator 150 MW
1978(Jul) Trombay Gas firing on Unit no.1
1980 Vikhroli Sub-station
1983(Mar) First 220 KV switchyard at Trombay Station 'B'
1983(Oct) Training Simulator Digital computer based training simulator for 500 MW
Thermal unit
1983(Oct) First LBBU Protection at Trombay Station 'B'
15
YEAR EVENT
1984(Jan) First 220 KV TPC - MSEB interconnection at Trombay Station 'B'
1984(Jan) Trombay : India's first 500 MW unit synchronised at 1015 hrs on 25th
1984(Nov) Back-up protection for islanding scheme
1985(Jun) Line overload trimming scheme commissioned
1987(Sept) Hydro station islanding scheme at Bhira
1988(Mar) Trombay : Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) plant, first stream mmissioned
1988 (Jun) Trombay-Carnac-TVK-Bombay House connected with Fibre Optic .
1988(Aug) 315 MVA Transformer no.5 & 145 KV GIS at Carnac
1988(Aug) 220 KV Trombay-Carnac line no.5 in service.
1988(Sept) 220 KV Trombay-Carnac line no.6 in service
1989(Mar) 110 KV point of supply to BEST (110 KV Carnac backbay feeders).
1989(Apr) 220 KV & 145 KV GIS equipement at Carnac with SCADA
1989(May) New electronic governors commissioned on two sets at Bhivpuri
1989(May) New 33 KV point of supply to BEST from Carnac (First 33 KV distribution)
1990(Jan) New 22 KV Indoor switchgear at Saki
1990(Mar) 500 MW Unit no.6 at Trombay synchronised at 1021 hrs on 23rd
1990(Mar) New 110 KV S/S commissioned at Malad
1991(Feb.) 220 KV Kawa-Salsette 3 & 4 charged on 26th
1991(Mar) 220 KV TPC - MSEB interconnection at Salsette
1991(Sept) 22 KV Indoor switchgear at Salsette
1991(Nov) Unit islanding scheme on Trombay unit no.5 & 6 commissioned
1992(Jan) 110/33 KV transformer commissioned alongwith 33 KV indoor switch gear at

Versova
1992(Mar) 220 KV Trombay Dharavi lines no.5 & 6 alongwith 245 KV GIS at Dharavi
1992(Mar) 245 KV GIS at Dharavi
16
YEAR EVENT
1992(Mar) Additional TPC - MSEB interconnection at Kolshet and third BO-BO
1992(Jun) 250 MVA ICT no. 8 & 9 commissioned at Dharavi
1992(Jun) 220 KV Dharavi-Pratikshanagar cables charged
1992(Jun) Df/DT relays commissioned at Parel and Dharavi for load shedding
1992(Aug) U/F relay commissioned at Versova
1993(Mar) 245 KV GIS (Toshiba) alongwith 220/110 KV ICTs at Salsette
1993(Mar) Third Transformer commissioned at Mahalaxmi
1993(Jun) 250 MVA ICT 7 at Dharavi :
1993(Jul) 110 KV Parel Grant Road & Carnac Grant Road cables
1993(Jul) GIS commissioned at Grant Road :
1993(Jul) 120 MW Gas Turbine Generator no. 7 synchronised at Trombay on 29th
1994(Jan) 220 KV Trombay Salsette line no.1 commissioned
1994(Jan) 220 KV Kandalgaon-Trombay line looped-in-and-looped-out at ONGC

Panvel S/S by MSEB
1994(Mar) 220 KV Trombay Salsette line no.2 commissioned
1994(Jan) 40 MVA ST-7 commissioned at Trombay :
1994(Aug) New 33 KV point of supply to BEST from Dharavi
1994(Aug) New 33 KV point of supply to REL from Dharavi
1994(Nov) Unit no.3 at Trombay converted as Synchronous condensor on 18th
1994(Nov) Crompton make 30 MVA, 5 KV/5KV/110 KV, three winding Transformer for
generators 1 and 2 commissioned at Khopoli
1994(Dec) Steam turbine generator Unit no. 7B synchronised at Trombay on 9th
1995(Jan) 250 MW REL Dahanu unit no.1 synchronised on 6th
1995(Jan) 250 MVA ICT no.1 commissioned at Borivli on 19th.
1995(Feb) 220 KV Bhira Dharavi line no.7 commissioned on 17th.
17
YEAR EVENT
1995(Feb) 220 KV XLPE cable hi-pot tested at Borivli ( First 220 KV XLPE )
1995(Feb) New 33 KV point of supply to Western Railways from Versova
1995(Mar) 220 KV new switch yard commissioned at Bhira on 18th
1995(Mar) 150 MW Bhira pumped storage unit no.7 syhnchronised as 'Synchronous
1995(Mar) 250 MW REL Dahanu unit no.2 synchronised on 29th.
1995(Mar) 245 KV, Toshiba make GIS commissioned at Borivli on 30th.
1995(Jun) 220 KV Bhira Dharavi line no.8 commissioned on 1st
1995(Aug) 150 MW Bhira pumped storage unit no.7 was rolled at rated speed (500 rpm)
1995(Aug) 62.5 MW generator no.2 at Trombay converted into synchronous condenser
1995(Aug) 250 MVA ICT no.3 and 33 KV Siemens make switchgear with vacuum breakers
commissioned at Borivli on 29th
1995(Dec) 220 KV Salsette Borivli line no.2 commissioned on 27th
1995(Dec) 250 MVA ICT no.2 commissioned at Borivli on 27th
1996(Jan) 220 KV Salsette Borivli line no.1 commissioned on 17th
1996 ( May ) Trombay Unit no.1 converted as Synchronous condensor on 18th
1996(Jun) 220 KV TPC - REL Interconnection at Borivli established on 19th June to 26th
August as emergency supply to REL Dahanu.
1996 ( Oct..) Static Excitation System for Generator no.1 commissioned at Bhira on 27th
1996(Dec.) 150 Mw Bhira pumped storage unit no.7 synchronised in Generator mode on
1997(Jan.) Point of supply to M/S INS Shivaji changed over from TEC to MSEB system at
1997(Feb) 22KV ABB make indoor switchgear charged at Vikhroli on 8th
1997(Feb.) 150 MW Bhira Pumped storage unit run in 'Pump mode' on 17th
1997(March) 11KV Switchgear of Tail race units charged at Bhivpuri on 5th
18
YEAR EVENT
1997(March) 1.35 MW Mini Hydro unit no.7 synchronised at Bhivpuri on 25th
1997(March) 1.35 MW Mini Hydro unit no.8 synchronised at Bhivpuri on 27th
1997(March) First Siemens make ' Numerical Distance ' relay on 110 KV Trombay Parel line
no.1 was commisioned at Parel on 30th
1997(May) 110 KV TPC - MSEB interconnection LILO arrangement of TPC's 110 KV

Borivli - Kolshet line at MSEB Borivli removed on 23rd
1997(May) TPC System islanding underfrequency relay setting revised from 47.7 to
47.6 Hz for 220 KV TATA-MSEB Tie line no.1&2 and 220 KV Kalwa-Sasette line
no.3&4 on 26th
1997(June) 110 KV XLPE Cable of Parel Mahalaxmi line no.2 was charged on 29th &
taken in load service on 25th July 97
1998(January) Distance relay protection with carrier acceleration feature commissioned on

both 110 Chola Kalyan lines on 11th
1998(February) 220 KV Interconnection between TPC System and REL Dahanu System
established on 14th and between MSEB and REL Dahanu system disconnected.
1998(March) 75 MVA ,110 / 33 KV Transformer no.11 charged at Dharavi on 27th.
1998(March) Two 110 KV CGL make line breakers & one Transformer breaker test charged
at Mankhurd on 27th
1998(March) 33 MVA 11 / 110 KV EMCO Unit Transformer for set no.9, Generator 11 KV
Duct , Generator PT Cubicle , Excitation Transformer & XLPE cable charged at
Bhivpuri on 20th
1998(March) 24 MW Unit no.9 rolled on 29th & trial synchronised at Bhivpuri on 31st.
1998(Sep.) 24 MW Unit no.10 trial synchronised at Bhivpuri on 29th.
1998(Sep.) 90MVA , 105/23/11 KV BHEL make Transformer no.5 charged at Chembur on

18th.
1998(Oct.) 22 KV Aux. Supply to MSEB Borivli from Borivli Industries feeder no.1 since
8th.
1998(Dec.) 30MVA ,Transformer no. 1& 2 , 22KV Indoor bus and Station Transformer no.
1& 2 charged at Mankhurd on 5th.
1999(Jan.) BEST's new Backbay GIS sub station charged on 21st..
Kundli 22 kv s/s ( Khopoli ) along with 6.6 kv switchgear,2X2 MVA,2X160KVA

1999(July)
Transformers charged on 18th.
Kundli water augmentation scheme at Lonavla (Khopoli) commissioned on

1999(July)
21st.
19
YEAR EVENT
Two additional 110 kV circuits ,one each between Trombay &Parel and
1999(July) Trombay & Chembur commissioned on 23rd. Parel Chembur circuit
extinguished.
1999(August) 22 KV Industries feeder 3 & 4 from Borivli charged on 16th & 13th
110 kv bay for 24 MW unit no.11 at Bhivpuri charged on 16th & 33 MVA GT
1999(August)
charged on 19th.
1999(August) 500 KW House Generator no.2 at Bhira decommissioned on 21st.
24 MW Unit no.11 at Bhivpuri synchronised on 24th & full load picked up on

1999(Sep.)
29th.
2000(Jan.) 24 MW Unit no.9 at Bhivpuri taken in load service on new penstock on 28th.
2000(Apr.) 415 V, 250 KVA D.G.Set was synchronised at Bhivpuri on 7th
80 MVA, 110/22/11 KV Transformer no.1 at Carnac released for replacement

2000(Sep.)
on 10th
2000(Sep.) 110 KV Transfer breaker at Chembur taken in load service on 20th
2000(Oct.) 30 MVA,110/22 KV DT # 7 at Khopoli charged on 11th. (shifted from Kolshet)
Duplicate auxiliary supply to MSEB Borivli from 22 KV Industries feeder no.2

2000(Oct.)
provided on 21st.
110 KV XLPE cable at Backbay between ICT no.1 & 145 KV GIS bus section I
2000(Dec.)
charged on 23rd.
2001(Jan.) 220 KV Dharavi Backbay no.1 cable ( Siemens ) charged on 20th
245 KV GIS B.S. I & II at Backbay along with connected bays and 250 MVA,
2001(Jan.)
220/110/33 KV AT # 1 ( EMCO ) charged on 21st.
2001(Feb.) 34 MVA 11/115 KV Generator transformer no.9 at Khopoli charged on 11th
2001(Mar.) 24 MW Unit no.9 at Khopoli synchronised on 2nd
NGT (EMCO) of AT#1 at Backbay along with 33 KV GIS B.S. I & II and 9 nos.
2001(Mar.)
of 33 KV breakers charged on 23rd.
2001(Mar.) New intake tunnel at Khand ( Bhivpuri ) was taken into service on 30th.
90 MVA, 110/33 KV (ABB make) Transformer no.8 at Carnac alongwith NGT

2001(Mar.)
and 33 KV cables charged on 29th.
2001(Mar.) First 33 kv feeder from Borivli (NL Complex s/s) charged on 31st.
2001(Mar.) 30 MVA (CGL make) oil filled reactor at Backbay charged on 31st.
20
YEAR EVENT
At Khopoli, water transfer from Kundli Phase II to Shirawta lake ( Gravity

2001 (June)
Transfer) started on 27th
2001 (July) 33KV, 30MVAR Crompton make reactor no.2 at Backbay charged on 1st.
2001 (Oct.) 750 KVA Cummins India make D.G.Set commissioned at Khopoli.
2002 (Feb.) 24 MW Unit no.7 commissioned at Khopoli on 13th.
2002 ( March) 110 KV Transfer breaker no.2 commissioned at Salsette.
10MVA, 22 KV / 11 KV Distribution Transformer no.1 with OLTC & AVR was

2002 ( June )
commissioned at Malad on 23rd
2002 ( Sept.) New 75 MVA Transformer no.3 was charged at Dharavi on 29th
2003 (March) 24 MW Unit no.8 commissioned at Khopoli on 25th.
2003 (June) At Khopoli ,water transfer from Kundli phase III to Shirawta lake started on
2003 (Sept.) 25 MVAR synchronous condenser at Carnac decommissioned on 9th.
110 KV MSEB Trombay - Tata group breaker no.I opened on 17th (Group
2003 (Nov.) breaker II already open) thus disconnecting 110KV Trombay tie point with
MSEB to reduce wheeling charges.
2003 (Nov.) Power to MPSEB commenced on 19th. for first time
Power sale to M/s Global Energy Ltd. for supplying Kerala SEB commenced on
2004 (Feb.)
10th.
2004 (Apr.) 3SCR Activity : 9 nos.of transformers kept spare for system loss reduction.
Power Trading activities of TPTCL co-ordinated by Load Despatch commenced

2004 (Nov.)
on 1st.
Power sale to RPPC(Rajasthan) by TPC thus selling TPC power to outside

2005 (Jan.)
region commenced on 7th.
New water conductor system with 72MW plant capacity at Khopoli

2005 (Jan.)
commissioned on 25th.
Insulator replacement of HT lines in hot line condition by Transmission started

2005 (Feb.)
on 26th.
Power purchase from M/S. Jindal (Karnataka) by TPC thus bringing power from
2005(Sept)
outside region commenced on 1st.
21
YEAR EVENT
96 MW generation picked up at Bhivpuri thus enhancing station capacity on

2006(Jan)
20th.
220KV Borivli-Versova line reconfigured as Borivli-Aarey thus forming dual

2006(March)
Aarey lines.
Auto load restoration scheme for controlling high frequency after islanding
2006(Jun)
commissioned at Borivli on18th.
2006(Jun) 110 KV Kalyan-Kalwa-Salsette line taken in service at all three places on29th
Overload trimming scheme on 220 KV Kalwa-Salsette lines commissioned on

2006(Aug)
27th.
2007(Feb) 30 MVA Transformer no. 4 at Borivli decommissioned on 2nd.
22
Overview of
Western
Regional Grid
OVERVIEW OF WESTERN REGIONAL GRID INCLUDING
MSETCL, TPC & REL SYSTEMS
A. OVERVIEW OF THE WESTERN REGIONAL GRID :
1.0 WESTERN REGIONAL GRID :
1.1 The Western Regional Grid is one of the largest interconnected network both
capacity wise and demand wise in the country. The Western Region comprises
the States of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Goa and the
Union Territories of Dardra, Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Apart from
generating stations of State Gencos the Region has generating stations of NTPC
at Korba, Vindhyachal, Kawas and Gandhar and Nuclear stations of NPC at
Tarapur and Kakrapar with the associated transmission system. Under private
sector, Tata Power Company has its thermal and hydro stations and Reliance
Energy has its thermal station at Dahanu connected to TPC system and Torrent
Power, Gujrat Industrial Power Corporation and Surat Lignite Power Corporation
have their thermal and gas stations in Gujarat system along with associated
transmission lines. The Central Sector 400 KV transmission lines are owned by
POWERGRID. The Western Regional Grid, with predominantly thermal stations,
is having the thermal-hydro mix of the order of 88:12. The Western Regional
grid’s total installed capacity as on 31-05-07 is 39503 MW. The registered
maximum demand of the Region is of the order of 37736 MW. The break up of
the installed capacity is given below
1.2
Constituent Hydro Thermal Nuclea RES Total

r
Maharastra 3279 10897 - 707 14883
Gujarat 777 6978 - 307 8062
Madhya 2738 2158 - 51 4947

Pradesh
Chhattisgarh 125 1280 34 1439
Goa, DD, DNH - 48 - - 48
Central Sector 1610 6674 1840 - 10124
Western Region 8529 28035 1840 1099 39503

As of 31-05-07
23
Overview of Western Regional Grid including MSETCL, TPC & REL Systems
1.3 Number of major generating stations including Super Thermal Power Stations of
NTPC at Korba and Vindhyachal are located in Eastern part of the grid. Due to
such concentration of generation in the Eastern part of the grid and major load
centres in the Western part of the grid, there is bulk active power transmission
from the Eastern to the Western part over long distances which gives rise to
severe low voltage problems in the Western part of the grid due to absence of
adequate reactive compensation. However, during off peak hours due to lighter
loading of long 400 KV transmission lines high voltages are also observed at
several 400 KV buses due to inadequate reactive absorption capacity. The
superimposition of Central Sector transmission over the transmission system of
States has increased the complexity of the system operation.
1.4 The load demand in the Region is characterised by hourly, daily and seasonal
variations. The daily load curve has two pronounced peaks, one in the morning
and the other in the evening. The most marked seasonal variation in load
demand is during monsoon months when the agricultural demand reduces
considerably. Due to peaking capacity shortages, low frequency operation
generally prevails in the grid during peak hours. Also, no spinning reserve is
available during evening peak load period. However, high frequency operation is
also experienced in the grid during monsoon months.
Peak Demand and Energy Requirement of the Constituents in

Western Region:
Constituent Peak Monthly

Demand Energy
(MW) Requiremen
t (Mus)
Maharashtra 18887 11470.86 Unrestricted

(13283) (8649.73) Restricted
29.7% 24.6% Shortfall.
Gujarat 12047 6548.89 Unrestricted

(8538) (5254.92) Restricted
Madhya 8290 4615.44 Unrestricted

Pradesh (6004) (3732.03) Restricted
24
Chhattisgarh 2441 1440.00 Unrestricted

Restricted
(2027) (1339.18)
Shortfall.
17.0% 7%
Goa, DD & DNH 1054 665.3 Unrestricted
(996) (649.52) Restricted
Western Region 37736 23780.60 Unrestricted

(28098) (19030.47) Restricted
As of 31-05-07
B. OVERVIEW OF MAHARASHTRA GRID:
1.1 Maharashtra Grid is controlled by State Load Despatch Centre located at Kalwa
near Thane. Maharashtra Grid can be divided geographically into two regions.
They are Eastern Region known as Vidharba-Khandesh-Marathwada (VKM
System) predominantly with thermal power stations as they are in close
proximity to coal fields and Western Maharashtra Grid (WMG) as a major load
centre. Large quantity of power is brought to the WMG from VKM system
through major 400 KV lines. Maharashtra has completed a 400 KV ring main
around the state. VKM system is controlled by an Area Load Despatch Centre
located at Ambazari (Nagpur). TPC system is a part of Western Maharashtra
Grid.
Share from Central Sector Power stations is drawn by Maharashtra through

interconnecting lines (400 KV/220 KV).
1.2 INSTALLED (Effective) CAPACITY OF MAHARASHTRA STATE:

As of 31-05-07
Hydro MW Thermal MW
Koyna I & II 600.0 Nasik 1 & 2 280.0
Koyna III 320.0 Nasik 3-5 630.0
Koyna IV 1000 Trombay 4 150.0
Koyna DPH 40.0 Trombay 5-6 1000.0
Tata Hydro 447.0 Trombay 7A & 7B 180.0
Vaitarna 60.0 Koradi 1-4 460.0
Vaitarna DTPH 1.5 Koradi 5 200.0
Eldari 22.5 Koradi 6-7 420.0
25
Vir & Bhatgar 25.0 Bhusawal 1 62.5

Paithan 12.0 Bhusawal 2-3 420.0
Tillari 60.0 Parali 1 - 2 60.0
Bhandardara 44.0 Parali 3-5 630.0
Bhira Tailrace 80.0 Parali 6 250
Radhanagari 4.8 Paras 62.5
Pawna 10.0 Uran 1-4 240.0
Khadakwasla 16.0 Uran 5-8 432.0
Kanher 4.0 Uran W.H.R. 1&2 240.0
Bhatsa 15.0 Chandrapur 1-4 840.0
Dhom 2.0 Chandrapur 5-7 1500.0
Ujjaini 12.0 Khaparkheda 1-4 840.0
Manakdoh 6.0 Dahanu 1-2 500.0
Pench 33.33% 53.3 Ratnagiri GPPL 740
Dimbhe 5 Ratnagiri GPPL 740
Surya 6.75 Total Thermal 10897
Dudhganga 24 RES 707
Sardar Sarovar 391.5
Warna 16
Total Hydro 3278.35
Total (Hydro + Thermal + RES ) = 14883 MW
C. THE TATA POWER COMPANY (TPC) OVERVIEW :
1.0 TPC and REL GRID :
1.1 The Tata Power Company form an important component of the Maharashtra
State Power System in Western Regional Grid with an installed generating
capacity of 1777 MW comprising of three hydro stations at Khopoli, Bhivpuri and
Bhira and Thermal station at Trombay (in Mumbai) having one unit of 150 MW,
two units of 500 MW each, combined cycle power plant (180 MW) consisting of
120 MW gas turbine unit no.7A and 60 MW waste heat recovery unit no.7B. The
TPC system is interconnected with MSETCL System at Trombay, Kalwa & Borivli
tie points and with REL Dahanu System at 220 KV Borivli GIS. REL Dahanu
system is also connected with MSETCL system at Boisar. The interconnected grid
meets the requirement of Mumbai City and the extended suburbs whose present
peak load demand is about 2800 MW. Power supply is directly given by TPC to
major consumers viz. Textile mills, refineries, fertilizer, large chemical continuous
process industries, light and heavy engineering units, BARC, ordnance factory,
Railways etc. The distribution licensees in this area viz. BEST and REL also
purchase their power requirements from TPC.
26
The installed capacity of TPC system is given below :
Thermal & Gas Trombay 4 150 MW

Trombay 5 500 MW
Trombay 6 500 MW
Trombay 7A 120 MW
Trombay 7B 60 MW
Hydro Khopoli 72 MW
Bhivpuri 75 MW
Bhira 300 MW
Total 1777 MW
1.2 Transmission and Distribution :
All the generating stations are well interconnected with each other by 110
KV/220 KV transmission network to ensure reliable distribution. Energy is
distributed from 16 major receiving stations mainly through 22 KV and 33 KV/11
KV/6.6 KV distribution network. Each receiving station is connected to 110
KV/220 KV network and voltage is stepped down to medium voltage levels (33 to
6.6 KV) for onward distribution to consumers.
1.3 Power System Operation :
System frequency is continuously regulated by load frequency control within the

stipulated range (49.8 to 50.2 Hz). However, in case of forced outages of
generating units or capacity shortages in the state or in the region, system
operates at low frequency, mostly during peak hours. Automatic underfrequency
and rate of change of frequency load shedding schemes are provided as system
protection measures in order to protect the power system integrity during
system disturbances.
Similarly, automatic voltage regulators are provided on all generating units to

regulate system voltage levels within stipulated limits. Suitable reactive
compensation is provided at all the receiving stations to reduce reactive losses,
increase power transfer capability and reduce voltage gradients. However,
voltage levels at consumer end can be further regulated at rated voltage by
providing capacitor banks and operating the same in such a way that power
factor of loads is always kept close to unity. On load tap changing transformers
27
are used at receiving stations to maintain voltage profile within the permissible
limits. Reactors are also provided to control high voltages during light load
period.
1.4 Centralised Control System at LDC :
The TPC has its own Load Despatch Centre (LDC) situated at Trombay Thermal
Station in Mumbai and is responsible for overall supervision and control of TPC
system. It also co-ordinates with State and Regional Load Despatch Centres and
with REL at Dahanu.
28
29
30
Role & Functions of
Load Despatch
Department
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
1.0 INTRODUCTION :
The basic objective of interconnected power system operation is to provide

electricity at minimum possible cost and high reliability. As power system grows,
the integrated working of contiguous power systems affords several technical
and economic advantages. The opportunity for optimisation increases through
interchange of economy power, sharing of spinning reserve due to proper co-
ordination of outages and diversity in load demand etc. The benefits of
interconnection could be realised through system operation planning, monitoring
and control if one party controls the whole network. However, in case of multi-
ownership interconnected systems, economic operation requires both technical
and commercial understanding so that the benefits are distributed in equal
proportion among the constituent members.
The ultimate aim of power supply system is to meet the power requirement of
consumers and ensure that they get the required quantum of power as and
when they need, at proper voltage & frequency with least interruptions in supply
and whenever interruptions occur, the supply is restored in the quickest possible
time. The main pre-requisites for reliable power supply are, (i) adequate power
generation /purchase to meet the requirement of consumers at all times (ii)
reliable and efficient transmission, sub-transmission and distribution network to
evacuate power to the load centres and (iii) establishment of ‘Load Despatch
Centres’ at various levels with their functions and responsibilities clearly
defined.
The Load Despatch Centre is the nerve centre for the operation planning,
monitoring and control of a power system. The functions are dynamic in nature.
The objectives are to co-ordinate generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity from moment to moment to achieve maximum security and efficiency.
While performing the above functions, the policy laid down by the Management
is strictly followed. The main function of the Load Despatch Centre is to
ensure the generation and distribution of electricity with the highest reliability
and quality to the consumers at the most economic price, keeping the safety
aspects in view. Hence, it is essential to convert the objectives and policy
decisions obtained from the Management on the power system operation aspects
into operating plan and monitor its implementation. In this context, it is useful
to examine the role of ‘Load Despatch Centre’ at different levels of operation
in the interconnected power system.
31
Role and Functions of Load Despatch Centre
2.0 LEVELS OF LOAD DESPATCH CENTRES :
Broadly speaking, there are four levels of Load Despatch Centres.
2.1 National level:
 Monitoring of super-grid networks.

 Co-ordination of operation of regional grids.
 Regulation of inter-regional exchanges.
 Responsible for co-ordination of resources and optimum use on an All-India
basis.
 Collection of important operational data concerning the grid systems.
 Analysis of the data and bringing out informative reports
 Compilation of statistics.
 Power Trading Activities
2.2 Regional Level :
 Co-ordination of generation and operation of Regional Grid

 Co-ordination of the daily generation schedules so as to define the hourly
exchanges.
 Regional grid control.
 Power system performance analysis and statistics.
 Power Trading Activities
2.3 State level :
State Load Despatch Centre is a self-contained unit with required facilities

owned by the State Transmission Utility or the State Government.
 Functions in respect of its own system.

 Functions in respect of its neighbouring states/systems.
 Function in respect of the Regional Load Despatch Centre.
2.4 Area Load Despatch Centre :
A sub-division of a State or a division of a private sector power utility for detailed

monitoring and control of generation, transmission and distribution.
32
3.0 BENEFITS OF INTERCONNECTED OPERATION :
 Reduction in simultaneous peak demand of the interconnected system

compared to the sum of the non-coincident peak demands of the individual
constituents owing to diversity, thus reduction in total installed capacity.
 Reduction in spinning reserve and generating capacity under scheduled

outages by proper co-ordination. Sharing emergency reserves during
forced outages.
 Better utilisation of hydro capacities and diversity in run-off patterns of

hydro stations.
 Reduction in cost of generation by scheduling thermal generation on the

basis of equal incremental costs.
 Better regulation of frequency due to higher power index.
 Reduction in transmission losses.
 Greater reliability and security.
 Use of larger size units to reduce cost of per MW installed capacity and
incremental fuel cost on account of higher efficiency.
 Location of new power stations can be purely on economic consideration.
 Use of common peaking stations to meet short-time requirements during

peak periods and emergencies.
4.0 ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE :
The role and functions can be broadly classified under the three four main
headings:
4.1 Operation Management:
 Load forecasting, generation and outage planning of hydro and thermal

stations, power purchase from other constituent.
33
 Preparation of long-range, Medium-range operation plan.
 Preparation of daily and hourly operating plans including outage co-

ordination for own system and in consultation with the Load Despatch
Centre of the neighbouring systems.
4.2 Operation, Monitoring and control :
 To monitor system operation particularly in respect of frequency & voltage

regulation and power flow on interconnecting tie lines.
 To monitor system security in terms of outages, generation, reserves and

loading on transmission line/ ICTs.
 To initiate and monitor emergency measures like low frequency operation,

load shedding and system separation etc in line with accepted policies.
 To ensure observance of inter-system contracts and agreements.
 To monitor and record inter-system transactions.
 To guide restoration of normalcy of interconnections following

disturbances.
 To ensure distribution of reserve between systems as per accepted plans.
 To co-ordinate load frequency control in different areas and ensure desired

tie line flows and bias settings.
 To monitor performance of protection and communication.
4.3 Data collection, Analysis, Review and Report Preparation :
 Data collection and preparation of various reports.
 Display of system operational data including station-wise generation, on-

line availability of generating units, system demand, reservoir levels, inter-
system exchanges, system frequency etc. Analysing and auditing of past
operation and system data.
34
 Monthly review of schedule and performance.
 Collection and compilation of operation statistics and bringing out

information reports.
 Collection of system operation data, preparation of daily report.
 Collection and analysis of data relevant to operation planning and

monitoring. i.e. load forecast, plant availability, outage rates, reservoir
draw-down, inflows, generation cost, etc.
 Preparation of Operating Instructions, test-charging procedures and evolve

practices to ensure system reliability and safety. Operating Instructions for
emergency conditions.
 Analysis of disturbances, remedial measures & improvements to be

suggested and their implementation.
 Preparation of power transaction accounts.
 Preparation of reports on system operation matters for the Management,

the State and the Regional Load Despatch Centres, CEA & the State
Government.
 Energy balance and auditing of energy injection into the grid and sale to
consumers.
35
System
Frequency
Control
SYSTEM FREQUENCY CONTROL
The main task of an electric utility is to ensure reliable, good quality power supply to the
consumer at an economical price. In order to fulfill these commitments the utilities have
to optimally utilize all the resources. On the other hand, there is continuous increase in
the demand for electricity. Frequency is the pulse of the system. The control of power
system is normally based on controlling the frequency and maintaining intra / inter state
power exchanges as per schedule.
In India the electricity is generated as an alternating current with the standard

frequency of 50 Hz. Any wide variations of frequency may cause severe damage to
machine and performance of the machines.
1.0 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
An interconnected system constitutes a number of areas connected. One system

is inter-connected with other through Tie-lines. Normally these control areas
should operate in such a manner that the generation in each area is adjusted in
real-time to match prevailing demand in that area. Also one area governors
should not respond to the disturbances in neighboring system.
Regulation of power flow on Tie-lines is an important concept in Load Frequency

Control. The LFC schemes control the inter-area Tie-line power along with
system frequency.
LFC carries the following functions

 Adoption of generation to existing load
 Co-ordination of inter-area existing load
 Maintaining the desired frequency
 Contributing to improvement of system reliability.
The standard equation for area net-interchange of power is as follows

E= dP + K * dF
Where E = area control error in MW

dP = {P(actual) – P(scheduled)} in MW
K = power index of the system in MW/Hz
dF = {F(actual) – F(scheduled)} in Hz
36
System Frequency Control
The automatic load frequency Control can be achieved by automatic reduction of

the area control error ‘E’ to zero by automatic increase or decrease of
generation.
The Load Frequency Control can be achieved by one of the following three
methods
a) Flat Frequency Control
b) Flat Tie-line Control
c) Tie-line bias control
a) Flat Frequency Control

The scheduled frequency is kept constant and the interchange of power on Tie-
lines is varied (i.e. K=0)
A larger system controls the output of its power plants in order to remain
frequency constant (Flat Frequency Control: FFC), and other systems keep a
power flow through an interconnected transmission line to the target amount.
b) Flat Tie-line Control

The scheduled interchange on Tie-lines is kept constant and frequency is varied
c) Tie-line bias control

The interchange power on Tie-lines changes automatically with the system
frequency so that inter-connected systems assist each other in emergency.
A larger system conducts the FFC, and each other system detects the change of
frequency and the power flow, grasps which system has the load change and
copes with it on its own.
In our grid system frequency is controlled by WRLDC.
2.0 EFFECT OF UNDERFREQUENCY :
2.1 On Generating Stations :
a) Reduction in output of station auxiliaries such as boiler feed pumps, F.D.

fans etc. resulting in further loss of generation.
b) Damage to steam turbine blades, which are designed for a certain speed.
2.2 In Railway traction, automatic signaling system is affected.
37
2.3 On Industrial consumers: Due to drop in outputs from electrical motors,

manufacturing and production processes are disrupted.
3.0 METHODS TO DEAL WITH UNDERFREQUENCY CONDITION :
Preventive measures carried out by WRLDC to combat underfrequency condition

are primarily based on directing efforts towards matching generation with load.
3.1 Directing constituents to Pick up generation to match the load.
3.2 Underfrequency load shedding at receiving stations by using underfrequency

relays and rate of change of frequency relays or by manually opening feeders.
3.3 Instructing constituents to draw power as per schedule.
3.4 Power purchase from other regions to meet the load.
4.0 LOAD TRIMMING :
Load trimming is effected to match load with available generation during an

emergency situation that causes an underfrequency condition.
Most utilities use system frequency alone as criteria for initiating load reduction
during system emergencies, with only a few utilities using frequency trend relays
in place of underfrequency relays to initiate the shedding of load. Manual load
shedding is also resorted to disconnect load at system frequency below normal
level. Service restoration to loads after underfrequency trip is done manually or
through SCADA. This allows the load despatcher to sequence the restoration of
loads to prevent overloading of the system.
5.0 UNDERFREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME IN TATA SYSTEM :
During system disturbances, an interconnected power system may split into two
or more islands and in all probability there will be an excess of load in some of
the islands while in some of the islands there will be excess generation. In such
cases, the immediate action to be taken would be to improve the frequency in
the various islands to the normal before the various segments of the grid could
be attempted to be paralleled. When a power system has more load than
generation, the excess load can only be supplied from the stored inertia of the
38
system. Obviously, there is a rapid loss of inertia resulting in slowdown of the

rotating system. Unacceptable loss of frequency starts at 49.5 cycles in Indian
power systems. A loss of 0.5 Hz is a definite danger signal, which indicates an
excess of load. Various power systems have evolved their own strategies for
load shedding under low frequency conditions. Normally, a total of about 40%
of the load is connected for underfrequency control scheme. The load is shed by
automatic opening of distribution feeder breakers on a priority basis at assigned
frequency settings.
The load relieving is distributed among all receiving stations so that loss of loads
does not lead to undue overloading of any part of the distribution or transmission
system. The load is shed over a frequency range of 48.8 to 47.6 Hz to maintain
selectivity. The upper limit is high enough to allow the loss of the largest unit in
system without loss of load and allow the system to recover by available spinning
reserve.
Restoration of loads is carried out manually in a desired sequence as per priority

under the instructions of load despatcher.
6.0 HIGH FREQUENCY OPERATION :
The low frequency operating instructions for thermal, nuclear and gas-based
units apply to higher range of frequencies as well. It is therefore necessary to
ensure that sustained operation of a system at a frequency higher than 51.0 Hz
is obviated as these units are set to trip at 51.5 Hz.
7.0 METHODS TO DEAL WITH OVERFREQUENCY CONDITION :
7.1 Drop the generation to match the load.
7.2 Restore the load which is shed.
8.0 EFFECT OF FREQUENCY ON TATA POWER SYSTEM
Tata Power Grid is connected with MSETCL grid in Western Regional Grid.
Also Western Regional grid is connected to Eastern, North-eastern and
Northern Regional Grid. The frequency index of the grid in integrated
operation is @ 1800 MW. Being a small system in the grid, small
generation or load variations in Tata Power system will not have much
39
effect on frequency. However as per the frequency, load of Tata Power

system will increase or decrease. This results in overdrawal /
underdrawals. That time generation in Tata Power system will be varied /
power purchase or sale will be arranged to match the drawal as per
schedule.
Also to run Bhira Pumped storage Unit in Pump mode system frequency
has to be between 49.5 Hzs and 50.5 Hzs. During BPSU pumping
operation we request WRLDC to control system frequency between the
range.
40
System Voltage
Control
SYSTEM VOLTAGE CONTROL
1.0 INTRODUCTION :
Though the generation of active power i.e. KW is of prime importance in any

power system, the generation of reactive power i.e. MVAR in A.C. systems is also
very important. The need for reactive power arises due to inductive nature of the
load like motors, transformers, lines etc. If this is not suitably compensated, the
power factor becomes poor. For the same active power transmitted, the
amperage is more which imposes more burden on generators, transformers,
transmission lines etc. This results in (a) increased losses (b) increased voltage
drop. The voltage problem is generally associated with circulation of reactive
power.
Many industries such as textile mills, process industries using arc furnaces,
Railways, Steel plants, etc., draw substantial amount of lagging reactive power,
causing low power factor and low voltage. By including penalty clauses in the
tariff for low P.F., consumers are constrained to use devices such as capacitors or
synchronous condensers, to improve the power factor of their load.
For an efficient operation of a power system a no of conditions must be satisfied:
1. The voltages at important buses especially the load buses must be within the
prescribed tolerance about the nominal value. This is an important requirement
because a power system is operated as a constant voltage source. The regulation
of bus voltages is indeed important for all operating load conditions and most
contingencies.
2. The voltages at various buses are related primarily to reactive power (VAR) flow in
the network. For load changes and contingencies, therefore, it is important that
sufficient margins in VAR flow exist in the system such that voltage profile is not
unduly influenced.
3. Once a system is in acceptable status optimal power generation becomes very

important. This analysis minimizes the cost of required power generation.
4. Equally important is the VAR planning for a given system. In order to control the
bus voltages, VAr flow in a system is controlled through the following:
System Voltage Control
 VAR production by the generators

 Adjustment of transformer taps
 Location of shunt VAR supply and absorption devices.
The shunt VAr sources operate in a way that VAr injection (supply) to a bus
supports (raises) its voltage, whereas the VAr absorption from the bus lowers its
voltage. VAr flow on lines creates voltage imbalance as well adds to the
transmission losses.
2.0 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION DEVICES
Synchronous Condensers
Every synchronous machine (motor or generator) has the reactive power capability
the same as synchronous generators. Synchronous machines that are designed
exclusively to provide reactive support are called synchronous condensers.
Synchronous condensers have all of the response speed and controllability
advantages of generators without the need to construct rest of the power plant.
Because they are rotating machines with moving parts and auxiliary systems, they
require significantly more maintenance than static compensators. They also
consume real power equal to about 3% of the machines reactive power rating.
Synchronous condensers are used in transmission systems: at the receiving end of

the long transmission, in important substations and in conjunction with HVDC
converter stations. Small synchronous condensers have also been used in high-
power industrial networks to increase the short circuit power.
The reactive power output is continually controllable. The response time with closed
loop voltage control is from a few seconds and up, depending on different factors.
In recent years the synchronous condensers have been practically ruled out by the
thyristor controlled static VAr compensators, because those are much cheaper and
have regulating characteristics similar to synchronous condensers.
Static VAr compensators
The SVC combines conventional capacitors and inductors with fast switching
capability. Switching takes place in the sub cycles timeframe (i.e. in less than 1/50
of a second), providing a continuous range of control. The range can be designed
to span from absorbing to generating reactive power. Advantages include fast,

precise regulation of voltage and unrestricted, largely transient-free, capacitor bank
switching. Voltage is regulated according to a slope (droop) characteristic. SVCs
provide rapid control of temporary over voltages.
Static VAR compensator could be made up from: TCR (thyristor controlled reactor),
TSC (thyristor switched capacitor), TSR (thyristor switched reactor), FC (Fixed
capacitor), Harmonic filter etc.
Because SVCs use capacitors they suffer from the same degradation in reactive
capability as voltage drops. They also do not have the short-term overload
capability of generators and synchronous condensers. SVC applications usually
require harmonic filters to reduce the amount of harmonics injected into the power
system by the thyristor switching.
SVCs provide direct control of voltage; this is very valuable when there is little
generation in the load area. But on the other hand SVCs have limited overload
capability, because SVC is a capacitor bank at its boost limit. SVCs are expensive;
shunt capacitor banks should be used to allow unity power factor operation of
nearby generators.
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
The STATCOM is a solid-state device that generates or absorbs reactive power and
is member of a family of devices known as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)
devices. The STATCOM is similar to the SVC in response speed, control capabilities,
and the use of power electronics. Rather than using conventional capacitors and
inductors combined with thyristors, the STATCOM uses self-commutated power
electronics to synthesize the reactive power out put. Consequently, output
capability is generally symmetric, providing as much capability for production as
absorption. The solid-state nature of the STATCOM means that, similar to the SVC,
the controls can be designed to provide very fast and effective voltage control.
While not having the short-term overload capability of generators and synchronous
condensers, STATCOM capacity does not suffer as seriously as SVCs and capacitors
do from degraded voltages. STATCOMs are current limited so their MVAr capability
responds linearly to voltage as opposed to the voltage-squared relationship of SVCs
and capacitors. This attribute greatly increases the usefulness of STATCOMs in
preventing voltage collapse.
Series capacitors
Series capacitor compensation is usually applied for long transmission lines and
transient stability improvement. Series compensation reduces net transmission line
inductive reactance. The reactive generation I2XC compensates for the reactive
consumption I2X of the transmission line. Series capacitor reactive generation
increases with the current squared, thus generating reactive power when it is most
needed. This is a self-regulating nature of series capacitors. At light loads series
capacitors have little effect.
Shunt capacitors
The primary purpose of transmission system shunts compensation near load areas
are voltage control and load stabilization. Mechanically switched shunt capacitor
banks are installed at major substations in load areas for producing reactive power
and keeping voltage within required limits. For voltage stability shunt capacitor
banks are very useful in allowing nearby generators to operate near unity power
factor. This maximizes fast acting reactive reserve. Compared to SVCs,
mechanically switched capacitor banks have the advantage of much lower cost.
Switching speeds can be quite fast. Current limiting reactors are used to minimize
switching transients.
There are several disadvantages of mechanically switched capacitors. For voltage

emergencies the shortcoming of shunt capacitor banks is that the reactive power
output drops with the voltage squared. For transient voltage instability the
switching may not be fast enough to prevent induction motor stalling. Precise and
rapid control of voltage is not possible. Like inductors, capacitor banks are discrete
devices, but they are often configured with several steps to provide a limited
amount of variable control. If voltage collapse results in a system, the stable parts
of the system may experience damaging over-voltages immediately following
separation.
Shunt reactors
Shunt reactors are mainly used to keep the voltage down, by absorbing the reactive
power, in the case of light load and load rejection, and to compensate the
capacitive load of the line.
Other equipment can be involved in the provision of reactive power and energy,
such as:
 Unified power flow controller (UPFC) and advanced FACTS devices.

 Tap staggering of transformers connected in parallel
 Disconnection of transmission lines
 Load shedding
3.0 LOW VOLTAGE CONDITION :
3.1 Pick up maximum reactive generation on all the thermal and hydro units.
3.2 Ensure that all capacitor banks in the system are in service.
3.3 Request REL to pick up maximum possible reactive power on the generating units
& cut in capacitor banks in their system if available.
3.4 Request BEST to cut in capacitor banks in their system if available.
3.5 Request LD (Kalwa) MSETCL to improve the system voltage
4.0 HIGH VOLTAGE CONDITION :
4.1 Cut out sets at hydro stations in line with hydro optimisation guideline. Keep
minimum reactive on the sets in service.
4.2 Absorb maximum permissible reactive on all thermal units.
4.3 Cut out capacitor banks at receiving stations where LT (22 KV) voltage is above
23.0 KV. In case system voltage still remains high, cut out capacitors at other
receiving stations when LT voltage is normal.
4.4 Cut-in reactors at the receiving stations.
4.5 Request REL to pick absorb maximum possible reactive power on the generating
units & cut out capacitor banks in their system if in service.
4.6 Request BEST to cut out capacitor banks in there systems if in service.
4.7 Cut out some of the 220 KV and 110 KV cables without jeopardising reliability of
supply to the stations concerned.
4.8 Request LD (Kalwa) to reduce system voltage. (Switch-in the reactors/cut out 400
KV lines without endangering system security).
 Safety Tagging
 Operating Instructions
 Test charging Instructions

SAFETY TAGGING, OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS,
TEST CHARGING INSTRUCTIONS
A. SAFETY TAGGING
REQUIREMENTS OF SAFETY TAGGING SYSTEM
The Safety Tagging System is intended to meet three principal requirements of

safety.
 Protect personnel at work under all conditions.

 Protect equipment from damage.
 Designate abnormal conditions.
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF TAGGING SYSTEM
 The tagging system should apply with equal force to both electrical and
mechanical equipment, broad enough to cover every condition that can arise
and applicable throughout the entire organisation.
 The system should be easily understood and reasonably simple in application.

A system that is too elaborate becomes burdensome and encourages unsafe
short cuts. Simplicity, however, should not be obtained at the expense of
safety.
 It should be workable from viewpoints of both the issuing authority and

workmen.
 Maximum protection will be obtained by the use of more than one type of
tag, each of which has a single purpose. The name of each tag should
indicate its general use. Each tag should be of different colour.
47
Safety Tagging, Operating Instructions, Test-charging Instructions
 In order to obtain uniformity in safety and tagging practices, each station

should incorporate in its station rules, the step by step operations to
safeguard every station equipment for maintenance work and should list the
locations where tags are to be located. In case of abnormal switching
operations or conditions of work regarding special tagging system, a scheme
will be prepared in advance in consultation with Load Despatch
Department/Division head.
 To ensure correct functioning of the tagging system, the placement and

removal of tags will be the sole responsibility of the operating organisation in
charge. Similarly, tags issued to a working party should be handled by the
person concerned only. Any person delegating the authority to handle the
tags to an unauthorised person as well as the unauthorised person himself
would be liable for disciplinary action.
The tags designed to meet safety requirement:
RELEASE ORDER : Pink tag, with blue printing.
This tag is used to protect personnel at work on de-energised lines or

equipment. The word ‘’release’’ was adopted from the thought “a line or
equipment is released from service”. The line or equipment covered by this tag is
said to be released from service and the persons working under it are said to
have obtained a Release.
RELEASE NOTICE : Red tag, with black printing
Switching operations for release of an equipment usually require placing several

tags. If Release Orders only were issued, the amount of writing required would
become burdensome and placing of these tags cumbersome. To eliminate these
difficulties, an auxiliary miniature tag known as Release Notice is used at all
points except the master control of equipment in a station. The tag requires only
the recording of the number of Release, the name of line or equipment and the
person to whom the release is issued with the dateline. When an outage is
required at short notice for a short duration, the Release Notice tags need bear
only the Release number and date.
48
RELEASE PERMIT : Thin yellow paper with Black printing.
When a release is issued on equipment at attended stations, a replica in the form

of a Release Permit is issued to the person obtaining the Release. It is desirable
for the person receiving the Release Permit to accompany the operating party
performing the switching operations and check each operation or check the
switchings done and tags placed before taking over the equipment.
The Release Permit must be signed and turned over to the operation personnel
when reporting clear with appropriate remarks.
CAUTION ORDER : White tag with red printing
Caution Order tag is used to indicate abnormal conditions such as failure,

hazards, relay inoperative, equipment not in service, temporary changes in
operating rules etc. This tag can be placed on either energised or de-energised
equipment. This Caution Order tag may be issued either to a person or placed
on equipment to designate a particular operating condition.
OPERATING PERMIT : Green tag with black printing
One of the fundamental requirements of operation is that no equipment be

operated by any person other than the operating personnel authorised to do so.
The operating personnel or any other person is prohibited from operating any
equipment upon which persons are working. Both the Release Order and
Caution Order forbid this.
Under certain conditions such as relay testing and checking breaker operations
etc, the equipment needs to be operated. This tag authorises such an operation.
An operating permit is also issued to carry out hot line work, meggering above 1
kV, hi-pot-test, current injection or any other test, which is likely to inject or
induce high voltage and dangerous electric charge, relay testing, trial tripping of
live equipment, machine slip ring grinding, valve operation, trial run of machine
and its adjustments after maintenance, operation of valves / gates, test charging
of equipment when requested by working party, changing machine brushes in
running condition etc.
49
CONSTRUCTION ORDER : Blue tag with black printing
During construction work, there are times when work is being performed on new
or removed equipment that is in the vicinity of equipment in operation. Although
normal operating rules cannot be applied to such work, it is necessary to
designate the equipment under construction in order to prevent accidental work
on the wrong equipment. The tag used for this purpose, known as the
Construction Order, is not really an operating tag but is intended for use by the
construction organisation that may not be familiar with the operating safety
rules. A Construction Order will not be issued unless the equipment involved is
isolated from all possible sources of power by an opening other than normal
isolating equipment viz. removing jumpers etc. Also all control and protection
circuits are isolated and links dropped. This means, for example, that when the
final leads are to be connected to a circuit breaker or set of disconnects to a bus,
the Construction Order will no longer be valid and a Release Order must be
obtained for any further work. The placing of a Construction Order removes the
equipment from normal jurisdiction of operating organisation and permits the
construction personnel to work on, move, operate, or energise the equipment at
will with the restriction that they may not energise it from the existing system or
operate it from a switchboard in service which is likely to lead to undesirable
trippings.
B. Operating Instructions
Electrical equipment is operated as per some basic principles depending on their

design, type, size rating, location, layout, etc. Operating Instruction is step by
step procedure for taking equipment in service / outage. One of the important
responsibilities of Load Despatch Department is to prepare operating instructions
for all equipment in the Tata Power System.
Most important features of any operation are:
 “No equipment should be operated any time beyond its capabilities".

 "No operation is permitted, which involves the safety of the equipment
and/or of the operator".
 “No operating condition or urgency of service can ever justify endangering
the life of anyone.”
50
The operating instructions for outage of 110 kV Khopoli Bhivpuri Line will be as
follows;
Outage of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri Line :
1. Bhivpuri and Khopoli will obtain clearance for the outage from LD and
take the release order number.
2. Bhivpuri will make auto-reclosure of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line

inoperative and inform Khopoli.
3. Khopoli will make auto-reclosure inoperative, open out 110 kV Khopoli-

Bhivpuri line breaker at Khopoli end & inform Bhivpuri.
4. Bhivpuri will open 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line breaker.
5. Bhivpuri will switch OFF LBBU protection of 110 KV Khopoli Bhivpuri line
by turning its LBBU switch to 'OUT' position. Put blank caution order on it.
6. Bhivpuri will open line side GOD of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line. Inform
Khopoli.
7. Khopoli will open line side GOD, close ground GOD of 110 kV Khopoli-
Bhivpuri line at Khopoli end and inform Bhivpuri.
8. Bhivpuri will close ground GOD of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line.
9. Khopoli and Bhivpuri will place release notices as per tagging list.
10. Khopoli or Bhivpuri will hand over 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line to the
working party/ parties. And inform other station & LD.
Taking Back 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri Line in Service :
1. When working party / parties give clear to the 110 kV line, Khopoli or
Bhivpuri will take confirmation of the clearance. Clear the ‘Release
Order(s)’ to LD and other station.
2. Khopoli will open ground GOD of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line and inform
Bhivpuri.
51
3. Bhivpuri will open ground GOD and close line side GOD of 110 kV
Khopoli-Bhivpuri line. Inform Khopoli.
4. Khopoli will close line side GOD and charge 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line.
5. Bhivpuri will switch ON LBBU protection of 110 KV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line

by turning LBBU switch to 'IN' position. Remove blank caution order on it.
6. Bhivpuri, on observing voltage on the line, will check synchronism and

close 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri line breaker to take the line into service.
7. Khopoli and Bhivpuri will take auto-reclosures of 110 kV Khopoli-Bhivpuri

line into service. And inform LD.
C. Test Charging Instructions
Whenever any new equipment is installed or old one is replaced by new one it is
to be test charged for the first time.
The test charging instructions are the step by step procedure for charging the
equipment for the first time.
Test charging of the equipment is necessary for the following reasons;

 To ensure that the equipment to be test charged has been tested thoroughly
and the results are approved by ET & A Department.
 Third Party Inspection of the equipment has been carried out and all the
mandatory recommendations by the team are complied with.
 To ensure the safety of equipment and personnel.
 To avoid the disturbance in the system if there is a fault on the newly
installed equipment while charging.
Third Party Inspection
Whenever new equipment is installed old one is replaced by new one third party
inspection is carried out. It is the inspection of the equipment by a team having
personnel other than those involved in installation / commissioning of the
equipment. It is essential to carry out inspection by a third party on equipment
newly installed, rehabilitated or even after a major overhaul. The scope of the
third party is mainly to ensure that the installation under inspection is in full
52
conformity with the approved drawings issued for the job. The format of third
party inspection report is as follows.
TATA POWER
Document No.: Date:
Document Type: Third party inspection report.
Equipment:
Location:
Division:
Date
Committee members
Sr. No. Name Department Signature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction:
It is essential to carry out inspection by a third party on equipment newly installed,

rehabilitated or even after a major overhaul. The scope of the third party is mainly to
ensure that the installation under inspection is in full conformity with the approved
drawings issued for the job.
Section A – Observations Remarks
1.0 Equipment layout – The installation is generally as per the approved drawings,
neat in appearance and execution. (Single line diagram, Layout drawings, Control
Schemes).
Yes. No. ..............
2.0 The civil works are completed and the operational area is clean and tidy.
Yes. No. ..............
3.0 Electrical Engineers approval for the layout has been obtained.
Yes. No. ..............
53
4.0 Following systems are complete and as per the design.
a) Name plates Yes .............. No. ...................
b) Phase marking Yes .............. No. ..................
c) Grounding system Yes .............. No..................
d) Cable entries are sealed and made rodent and moisture proof.
Yes ............ No. ................
e) Control cable trenches are neat and satisfactory.

Yes............. No. ................
f) Panel layout is as per the approved drawing.

Yes .............. No. ................
g) Identification labels Yes .............. No. .................
5.0 Fire protection system is adequate.

Yes ............. No. .................
6.0 Electrical clearances are adequate

Yes ............. No. .................
7.0 Equipment has been tested and the test results have been approved by DCE
(Test) Yes ............. No. ................
8.0 Safety interlocks have been incorporated

Yes ............... No. ................
9.0 Operating instructions have been received and reviewed by the division.
Yes ............... No. ...............
10.0 Test charging procedure has been issued by CLD

Yes ............... No. ................
11.0 Relay settings/modifications have been issued by SE (A) (Test)

Yes .............. No. ................
12. Electrical inspectors approval has been obtained for the installation under
inspection. Yes ............ No. ...............
54
Section 3 – Recommendations:
The installation under inspection is in full conformity with the approved drawings and is
complete except for the following. Commendations of the third party.
1.0 Mandatory recommendations (To be carried out prior to commissioning)
A N N E X U R E - ‘I’
2.0 General recommendations: (Which need not hold up the commissioning but are
recommended by the third party inspections).
A N N E X U R E - ‘II’
A N N E X U R E - ‘III’
Sr.
No. Title of the Drawing Revision No. Date
55
Test charging operating instructions are as follows;
Step by step test charging procedure for replaced 'B' phase pole of 220 KV
breaker no.1 of Unit –7A.
Trombay 220 KV Bus Section-6
Trombay Salsette-2
Breaker to be test
charged
220 KV Bus Section -5
Salsette-220 KV Bus
UNIT-7A
A. Pre-requisites:
1. All the working parties have cleared the equipment for test charging.
2. All the safety grounds and shorts are removed from the equipment to be test
charged.
3. All pre-commissioning tests are carried out and test results are approved by
ET & A Department
4. Area around the equipment to be test charged is cordoned off and personnel
working nearby are alerted.
5. Adequate fire fighting equipment is available at site.
6. ET & A department has advised relay settings for test charging.
8. Breaker trial operations are tried out satisfactorily and annunciations are
checked.
B. Conditions prior to testcharging :
1) 220 KV Breaker –1 of unit 7A is open & isolated.
56
C. Testcharging Procedure :
1. Working party will clear 220 KV Breaker –1 of unit 7A.
2. 220 KV bus section -5 outage will be availed with the following 220 KV breakers
kept open only.
a. ST-7 (ST-7 load fed by ST-5)

b. Trombay-Dharavi line 6 (line remaining charged from Dharavi).
c. Trombay-Salsette line 2(line remaining charged from Salsette).
d. Trombay-Carnac line 5 which is controlled by transfer breaker-2 will be kept
open at Trombay & Carnac.
e. Trombay-Carnac line-5 own breaker open & isolated.
f. Bus Section breaker –III.
g. GT 6 -220 KV breaker -1.
h. Unit -7A -220 KV breaker -1 (open and isolated).
i. Unit -7B-220 KV breaker -1.
3. If unit-7A is on line, Trombay will drop secondary links of all cores of CT (except
bus fault core) of Unit–7A breaker-1 & short & ground these secondary cores.
4. Salsette will adopt relay settings on 220 KV Trombay - Salsette line No.2 at
Salsette as advised by ET & A department for test charging.
5. Trombay will ensure zero voltage on 220 KV Bus V.
6. Trombay will Close main bus side GOD (29A)of 220 KV breaker 1 of Unit –7A
(GTG).
7. Trombay will inform all concerned in the vicinity and Salsette and close breaker
of 220 KV Trombay-Salsette line 2 at Trombay thereby test charging half of Unit
7A breaker no.1.
8. Trombay will check voltage on bus V.
9. If everything is normal, wait for 5 minutes.
10. Trombay will open 220 KV breaker of Trombay-Salsette line 2 at Trombay.
11. Trombay will close 220 KV breaker 1 of Unit –7A (GTG).
57
12. Trombay will close 220 KV breaker of Trombay-Salsette line 2 at Trombay

thereby test charging full breaker no.1 of Unit 7A.
13. If everything is normal, wait for 5 minutes.
14. Trombay will open 220 KV breaker 1 of Unit –7A (GTG).
15. Salsette will normalise relay settings on Trombay- Salsette line 2 at Salsette.
16. Trombay will take all equipment on 220 KV Bus V into service except Unit 7A
Breaker no.1
17. Trombay will take Unit-7B breaker –1 also in service if unit –7B is on line.
18. Note: - If Unit-7A breaker-1 CT secondary links were dropped, normalize the CT
links.
19. While taking the breaker-1 of Unit-7A into service, Trombay will close
transformer side GOD(29B) of the breaker.
20. Trombay will close Unit –7A breaker –1 after checking synchronism and check
currents on all three phases of breaker-1.
58
Operation &
Planning
strategies
OPERATION AND PLANNING STRATEGIES
1.0 INTRODUCTION :
To provide the consumer with an adequate high quality, reliable power supply at
economic cost without endangering the environment is one of today's
challenges. Industrialised countries have to restructure existing energy systems
to improve efficiency and minimise environmental impact. A developing country
like India needs enormous investments in power sector as a part of the
infrastructural base necessary for economic development and improved standard
of living. Increasing environmental constraints limit the use of conventional
options and call for more efficient Technologies and innovations. We are facing
rapid growth in power sector and are experiencing difficulties in formulating
development programmes as fuel pricing and availabilities become more
uncertain. Improving energy efficiency in the existing systems and economic
pricing of energy will have to be given highest priority. To meet these demands,
adequate sources of Technological and managerial skills as well as financial and
industrial capabilities within the energy sector are needed.
In consideration of the above mentioned scenario, the steps taken by Tata

Power Company in the areas including generating capacity additions are
mentioned below:
2.0 THE TATA POWER COMPANY OVERVIEW :
capacity of 1777 MW in the licensed area. It comprises of three hydro stations at
Khopoli, Bhivpuri and Bhira and Thermal station at Trombay (in Mumbai) having
one unit of 150 MW, two units of 500 MW each, combined cycle power plant
(180 MW) consisting of 120 MW gas turbine unit no.7A and 60 MW waste heat
recovery unit no.7B. The TPC system is interconnected with MSETCL System at
Trombay, Kalwa & Borivli tie points and with REL Dahanu System at 220 KV
Borivli GIS. The interconnected grid meets the requirement of Mumbai City and
the extended Suburbs whose present peak load demand is about 2800 MW.
Power supply is directly given by TPC to major consumers viz. Textile mills,
refineries, fertilizer, large chemical continuous process industries, light and heavy
engineering units, BARC, ordnance factory, Railways etc. The distribution
licensees in this area viz. BEST and REL also purchase their power requirements
from TPC.
59
Operation and Planning Strategies
3.0 CENTRALISED CONTROL SYSTEM AT LDC :
The TPC has its own Load Despatch Centre (LDC) situated at Trombay Thermal
Station complex in Mumbai and is responsible for overall supervision and control
of TPC system. It also co-ordinates with State and Regional load despatch
centres. TPC has been pioneer in Load Despatching Techniques in India. The
first Load Despatch Centre was operational in 1950 at Lonavala. TPC went for
computer based direct digital control system for load frequency control and
economic despatching at their Trombay LDC in 1970. This System served as
"pilot project" for power utilities in India and proved the way for automatic load
despatching Technology at SLDCs and RLDCs. TPC subsequently continued this
automation thrust for ensuring reliable and economic power supply to Mumbai
metropolis.
4.0 LOAD MANAGEMENT :
4.1 In order to manage unforeseen capacity shortages in the interconnected grid,

TPC has been following both manual as well as automatic load management
Techniques for ensuring security of the grid with least possible inconvenience to
the consumers. Some such measures are enlisted below:
1. Automatic load shedding by under-frequency relay operations to avoid grid
collapse.
2. On-demand remote load shedding scheme from Load Despatcher's consoles
to handle unforeseen situations.
4.2 Load management schemes are also provided to take care of contingencies in
transmission and distribution system. Some of them are mentioned below:
Overload trimming schemes for:
a) Transmission lines
b) ICTs and Power Transformers
to avoid cascade tripping in case of contingencies.
5.0 REACTIVE PLANNING/VOLTAGE CONTROL :
In recent years, voltage degradation has taken place in the regional grid due to
higher reactive requirement mainly due to irrigation pumps and air conditioning
loads. The provision of reactive compensation is lacking as compared to increase
in demand. TPC has taken timely steps in providing sufficient reactive
compensation by installing capacitor banks at all the receiving stations. At
present, TPC system is providing adequate reactive compensation to meet its
60
own requirements and even provide support to the grid. The voltage levels in
TPC system at various locations are maintained within the statutory limits.
Further, TPC has now adopted OLTCs on their 220 /110 kV interconnecting
transformers to take care of larger variations in the grid voltages. Also new
distribution power transformers are provided with OLTC gear to control the
voltage levels for bulk power supply within statutory limits. Transformer
switching operations are carried out to deal with high voltages during night hrs
and light load days (A transformer having higher tap setting feeds Entire station
load). Service tap of the distribution transformers at receiving stations are
positioned such that variation in LT voltage level during peak and off-peak period
remains with in the permissible limits.
6.0 HYDRO RESOURCES OPTIMISATION :
The catchments of all TPC's hydro stations are on Western Ghats and
meteorological conditions have a large influence on operation of hydro stations
especially during monsoon. TPC's Load Despatch Centre at Trombay maintains
constant touch with Mumbai Meteorological department and has a record of
rainfall statistics at important locations in the catchments, from the year 1927
onwards. Hydro generation plan during monsoon is reviewed on weekly and
even on daily basis depending on the weather forecast. The generation is
planned to optimise hydro resources, in such a way that maximum water is used
for generation during monsoon to avoid lake spilling as far as possible and also
to have maximum water storages available for utilisation at the end of monsoon
for the following dry season period of 8 months. The water released after power
generation is used for irrigation, industries, and water supply schemes. Hence
water management also plays an important role in hydro generation planning
and in ensuring adequate reserve for reliability of power supply.
7.0 POWER SYSTEM CONTROL IN EMERGENCIES :
TPC system is always in interconnection with MSETCL network. In case of any

grid disturbance, outside TPC system, islanding scheme is provided to isolate
TPC system from the grid if under-frequency and reverse power flow conditions
are there. Under-frequency relays are provided at all the receiving stations to
take care of sudden loss of generation in the grid. Approximately, 45% of the
total load is connected to under-frequency load shedding schemes. On-demand
manual remote load shedding scheme is also provided to shed loads at one
major receiving stations from load despatch centre, to provide additional load
shedding quantum as required for avoiding total collapse of the system.
Generating station/unit islanding schemes are provided at all the three hydro
61
stations and on the 500 MW Trombay thermal units as a back up to TPC system
Islanding Scheme. In case of total shut down, these schemes facilitate
restoration of important high priority loads within minimum possible time.
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION :
TPC has been conscious of environment protection and had provided mechanical
dust collector on 62.5 MW Trombay unit # 3 in 1960 and electrostatic
precipitator on 150 MW Trombay unit # 4 in 1965 at point of time when it was
not mandatory to provide precipitators on coal fired boilers. TPC continued the
same philosophy for its 500 MW units. TPC has put in large investment to cut
down SO2 by installing Flue Gas De-sulphurisation (FGD) plant on 500 MW
Trombay unit # 5. Also Electrostatic Precipitators having efficiency of 99.5%
have been provided to minimise particulate emission. In addition, afforestation
plan is being actively carried out at hydro catchments and other areas of
company including Mumbai City.
9.0 STEPS TAKEN TO REDUCE T&D LOSSES :
TPC has brought down T&D losses from 11.4% in the year 1958 to 2.2% in 2006
by maintaining system augmentation plans commensurate with load growth and
with the applications by advanced Technologies. The salient activities, which
contributed to the reduction of T&D losses, are enlisted below:
1. Timely augmentation of Transmission Network by:

 Enhancing existing transmission capacity by conductor replacement
within the constraints of existing towers.
 Constructing new transmission lines.
2. Up gradation of transmission and distribution voltages as per loads viz. 110
to 220 kV, 6.6 to 22 kV, 22 to 33 kV etc.
3. Construction of new receiving stations close to load developing centres.
4. Replacement of old existing power transformers by new ones having lower
core loss.
5. Provision of additional reactive compensation so as to avoid reactive power
transfers.
6. Regulation of reactive generation on the generating units as per load
profile.
7. Calibration of tariff meters periodically.
8 Energy audit and conservation at all stations.
9. Keeping some of the transformers open without affecting the reliability of
power supply.
62
10. Changing the ICT taps to reduce reactive power flow between two stations
and also for minimizing reactive power loop flows due to interconnection of
systems on HT and MT side.
11. Consumers were encouraged to install reactive compensation.
12. By carrying out in depth study of all the Distribution rings deciding optimal
opening point of each ring.
10.0 RETROFITING & REFURBISHING OF EXISTING EQUIPMENTS :
TPC has undertaken major retrofitting/refurbishing programme to enhance the

life and improve efficiency of the existing equipment. They are:
1. Replacement of old hydro turbines by higher efficiency integrated cast
turbines
2. Replacement of old conventional governors by electro hydraulic and
electronic governors.
3. Enhancement of existing distribution transformer capacity by providing
additional cooling facility.
4. Optimum utilisation of existing right of way (ROW) by replacing double
circuit towers by four circuit towers for overhead transmission lines.
5. Recoring and rewinding of old generators.
6. Life evaluation studies are undertaken for old thermal generating units to
evolve retrofitting/ refurbishing programmes.
11.0 HYDRO PUMPED STORAGE SCHEMES :
TPC has gone for 150 MW pumped storage plant at their Bhira hydro station
where basic hydraulic infrastructure was already available for augmentation. The
available surplus energy at night is utilised for running the unit on pump mode to
provide economical peaking capacity to the grid during morning and evening
peak hours. This will be economical and convenient as compared to installation
of the same size of conventional thermal unit. Moreover, utilisation of thermal
plants is optimised and extra energy is made available due to higher efficiency of
new hydro turbine for the same water requirement. TPC has also commissioned
two mini hydro units of 1.5 MW each, on the tailrace at Bhivpuri to make use of
the available head for generation and a solar power plant of 110 KW at Walwhan
dam upstream of Khopoli power house.
63
12.0 SYSTEM SECURITY MEASURES :
TPC has continuously employed advancements in Technology fruitfully for

enhancing power supply security to the city of Mumbai. The salient measures are
enlisted below:
1. Computer systems for operation, monitoring and control at LDC and
stations.
2. Fault disturbance and sequence of events recorders - for effective
disturbance analysis and for evolving remedial measures.
3. Communication and protection through fibre optic technology.
4. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for receiving stations right at the load
centres.
5. Oil filled 110 kV & 220 kV cable circuits in the heart of city.
6. Application of hot line washing technology to minimise down time of the
equipment.
7. Auto-reclosure on 220/110 kV lines to optimise on line availability of
transmission lines consequent to tripping due to transient faults.
8. Fault level control scheme through protection co-ordination and providing
series reactors.
9. Numerical protection systems for faster fault clearance to improve system
stability.
10. Remote controlled substations.
11. Computer based training simulators for training the staff and engineers for
receiving stations, thermal stations.
64
Load Forecasting
Generation Scheduling
Outage Planning
LOAD FORECASTING, GENERATION SCHEDULING AND
MAINTENANCE OUTAGE PLANNING OF TPC SYSTEM
1.0 INTRODUCTION :
capacity of 1777 MW in the licensed area comprising of three hydro stations at
Khopoli, Bhivpuri and Bhira and Thermal station at Trombay (in Mumbai) having
one unit of 150 MW, two units of 500 MW each, combined cycle power plant
(180 MW) consisting of 120 MW gas turbine unit no.7A and 60 MW waste heat
recovery unit no.7B. The TPC system is interconnected with MSETCL System at
Trombay, Kalwa & Borivli tie points and with REL Dahanu System at 220 KV
Borivli GIS. The interconnected grid meets the requirement of Mumbai City and
the extended Suburbs whose present peak load demand is about 2800 MW.
Power supply is directly given by TPC to major consumers viz. Textile mills,
refineries, fertilizer, large chemical continuous process industries, light and heavy
engineering units, BARC, ordnance factory, Railways etc. The distribution
licensees in this area viz. BEST and REL also purchase their power requirements
from TPC.
The installed capacity of TPC system in the licensed area is given below:
Thermal & Gas Trombay 4 150 MW
Trombay 5 500 MW
Trombay 6 500 MW
Trombay 7A 120 MW
Trombay 7B 60 MW
Hydro Khopoli 72 MW
Bhivpuri 75 MW
Bhira 300 MW
Total 1777 MW
1.2 Transmission and Distribution :
All the generating stations are well interconnected with each other by 110
KV/220 KV transmission network to ensure reliable distribution. Energy is
distributed from 17 major receiving stations mainly through 22 KV and 33 KV/11
65
Load Forecasting, Generation scheduling & Maintenance Outage Planning of TPC System
KV/6.6 KV distribution network. Each receiving station is connected to 110

KV/220 KV network and voltage is stepped down to medium voltage levels (33 to
6.6 KV) for onward distribution to consumers.
2.0 LOAD FORECASTING :
2.1 In a power system load demand must be met as and when it occurs, from the
plants connected to the bars and the power purchase from the other Utilities. It
is therefore essential to forecast the demand in advance so that the generating
plants can be started and brought on line or power can be arranged to meet the
demand when it occurs. It is more important in the power systems where the
majority of the generating plants are thermal and there is definite time before
the thermal units could be brought to full load.
Secondly power system expansion planning starts with forecast of future load
requirements. Estimate of both demand and energy are crucial to effective
Power System planning. The demand forecast figures are used to determine the
capacity of generation, transmission and distribution system and energy forecast
figures determine the type of facility required.
A good forecast reflecting current and future trends, tempered with good
judgement is the key to all planning.
Forecasting is broadly classified as
1) Long range forecasting
2) Medium range/short term forecasting
3) Daily forecasting
2.2 Long range forecasting :
Long range forecasting covers a period of about 5 to 10 years. The object of

long range forecasting is to evolve a basis for taking long-range policy decisions
at National level.
It includes
i) Fuel utilisation and pricing policy.
ii) Exploration of natural resources.
iii) Development of new sources of energy and methods of conversion.
iv) Development of skilled and trained manpower.
v) Standardisation policy.
66
2.2.1 Data required:
i) Economic structure of the country

ii) Future planning
iii) Consumers expansion programme
iv) Production targets of various sectors
v) Population growth
2.2.2 Method of Forecasting :
The long range forecasting is done by statistical method. This takes into account
a) Past trend and their mathematical extrapolation
b) Synthesis from knowledge of ‘norms’ of consumption (KWH/Unit of
product) by various sectors.
c) Derivation of Power requirements from the knowledge of the growth of
G.N.P.
These forecasts require modifications from time to time depending upon the
inflow of actual data obtained from various sources.
The long range forecast thus obtained is not likely to be accurate as it depends
upon number of variables. However it is a guideline for future planning.
2.3 Short Term Forecasting :
The period covered by short term forecasting ranges up to 3 years. This is

utilised for
i) Optimising available resources

ii) Planning of system operation (daily, weekly, monthly seasonal & yearly).
iii) Outage planning for maintenance.
iv) Fuel procurement.
v) Locating and correcting areas of weakness in system from the point of view
of load flows, voltages, line capacities, protection etc.
vi) Revenue estimation and tariff adjustment.
2.3.1 Data required :
i) Monthly peak and energy requirement

ii) Seasonal variations
67
iii) Hourly requirements (MW & MVAR) on typical days.

iv) Irrigation needs.
The forecast is done on the basis of past normalised data modified by deviation
of actual from the forecasting requirements in the recent past
The system can be broken into number of components whose behaviour and
growth pattern could be consistently established. The following classification
may be of guidance.
i) Industrial loads.
ii) Domestic loads.
iii) Commercial loads.
iv) Traction loads.
v) Irrigation loads etc.
This forecast should be more accurate than long range forecast as planning of
maintenance outages and generation scheduling is based upon this.
Any system with well organised data about past can carry out such forecast with
good accuracy. An error exceeding 2% should be considered unacceptable as it
can result in wasteful utilisation of resources.
2.4 Daily Load Forecasting :
The daily load forecasting is required to plan hour to hour generation allocation
between various generating plants for optimal utilisation and to plan short period
outages and to arrange for power procurement from the other Utilities.
2.4.1 Data required is :
i) Type of day.
ii) Hour to hour normalised load requirement of the past few weeks.
iii) Expected temperature and humidity variations with reference to base.
iv) Sunset / Sunrise timing.
v) Irrigation load requirement.
68
A good estimate is required for economic operation. High estimates will result in
inadequate loads on generating plants and hence generating at low efficiency;
where as low estimates will result in inadequate margin, which may result in
overdrawl from the grid.
Here a ‘Similar Day Method’ is used. The requirement on last similar day is taken
as base and forecast is done by taking into account the anticipated changes in
environment.
3.0 PLANNING OF OUTAGES IN POWER SYSTEM :
3.1 Introduction :
Maintenance of equipment at required intervals after certain number of operation

hours is very essential. The proper maintenance of equipment increases its
useful life and the operation becomes trouble free and forced outages are
reduced. Periodic checks to assess healthiness and performance of the
equipment should be carried out. The preventive maintenance of machines and
auxiliaries as per manufacturer’s recommendations improves their efficiency.
The boiler recertification once in two years for thermal units is also a statutory
requirement and they have to be planned well in advance. The seasonal
maintenance work such as pre-monsoon checks for transmission lines, lightning
arrestors, etc. is the part of preventive maintenance activities. These outages
are required to be co-ordinated for a power system and also with the
neighbouring system.
The outages of the generators and major equipment in power system can be
divided into two categories:
i) Annual Maintenance Outages.

ii) Short Period Outages.
3.2 Annual Maintenance Outages :
These involve annual overhauls of the units. As per statutory regulations,

thermal units require boiler recertification once in two years. Duration of outage
normally planned is about 3/4 weeks. Turbine and generator major overhaul is
undertaken once in three/five years. Duration of outage period depend on the
69
work involved. The outage of generator transformer can be planned when the
unit is taken out for turbine/generator overhaul.
Since outages of generating units result in reduction in system capacity and

energy availability, they have to be planned based upon the forecast for monthly
energy and peak requirements for the year. The outages are distributed over
the period so as to ensure the equal spinning reserve after meeting the
estimated peak requirements.
3.3 Short Period Outages :
These are the outages, which are normally for short duration ranging from few
hours to 2/3 days depending upon the type of work involved. The outage may
involve generation restriction due to outage of the auxiliary equipment. As for
example outage of a ID/FD fan, Air preheater, Dust collector, part of condenser
or hydrogen cooler etc. which requires only restriction on generation level for the
unit. The work involving these equipments requires about 12/36 hours. The
maintenance outages for such type of work are planned in weekend or during
light load days when system load is less.
4.0 OUTAGE PLANNING :
The following are some of the salient points to be noted before arranging the
outages :
4.1 Outage planning is considered on the basis of two periods :
a) Wet season – July to September.

b) Dry season – October to June.
Outages of hydro sets are planned such that all sets are available in monsoon
period, for utilising the hydro resources optimally particularly for the base loaded
stations. Outages of large thermal unit such as Trombay Unit 5/6 is planned
either in monsoon period or winter season.
4.1 All outages of the sets are spread over throughout the season such that the
spinning reserve for interconnected system is more or less uniform for the
period.
70
4.2 Pre-monsoon checks of lightning arrestors, removing birds’ nests, cleaning of the
insulators and bus posts etc. are normally planned before monsoon. This is a
preventive maintenance done in order to reduce the probability of tripping of
transmission lines due to inclement weather.
4.3 The short outages of transmission lines, cables breakers, isolators, buses,
protection system etc. are co-ordinated so that during the outage of equipment,
the work on associated equipment is also carried out.
4.4 Power transformer outages are planned for short periods for periodic checks
during the low station load period.
4.5 For arranging any short period outage, the system condition is examined
considering one more contingency and still it is seen that it does not result in
cascade tripping. Load flows are carried out by considering one more
contingency. Further, the special operating instructions are issued from Load
Despatch Centre to take care of such emergencies.
5.0 CONCLUSION :
The planning of outages of generating units and major equipment in power

system has to be done with utmost care and accuracy to ensure continuity and
high quality and low cost power supply to the consumer. For effective planning,
the data regarding operation problems, equipment performance, preventive
maintenance schedules, manpower and spares requirements etc. has to be
maintained up to date and should be easily retrievable for decision making.
6.0 GENERATION SCHEDULING :
Power systems in the country operate at critical limits of generation, transmission

and distribution capacities. This factor, combined with significant generation and
transmission losses, has given rise to severe power shortage especially during
peak load periods. In some instances, this has even resulted in cascade tripping
due to large-scale interconnection of different systems. In such complex
systems, proper scheduling of generation and load flow studies play vital role in
efficient operation.
Generation scheduling means that for a given demand of load what power plants
and what units in those power plants will operate and generate how much load.
The prime purpose of scheduling is to generate power most economically. It
71
may be savings in fuel in steam plants or economical utilisation of water in hydro

plants. The savings thus obtained may be small but the total savings over a long
period are quite attractive. To accomplish this objective, generation optimisation
is required at all times.
Thermal Optimization:
For the given load demand the thermal generation is picked up as per cost of
generation and heat rate. The unit with minimum cost of generation is picked up
first and then the next one. In our case unit 7 generation is from gas turbine
with heat recovery plant is the cheapest, while unit 4 is not considered for
economic dispatch as it is base loaded due to its operating limitation being old
unit of 1964, then comes unit 5 generation as it is on coal, then unit 6 which is
on oil.
Hydro Optimization:
The minimum hydro target is fixed for the given day for each stations. The
balance between the load demand and thermal generation is to be met by hydro
generation. As per demand if required hydro generation is less then minimum
hydro generation requirement for tailrace users then minimum hydro generation
for tailrace users is taken as target or vice versa.
The model for hydro optimization is such that all hydro generating units are to be
operated at minimum water rate operating point. Water rate in hydro units
depend upon two factors, one machine efficiency and water head at the nozzle
of the unit ( in case of Pelton wheel) , while in case of Francis turbine the head
difference between head at inlet of turbine and draft tube head.
To achieve total hydro optimization for the given hydro generation the total
water consumption is to be minimized. Hence water consumption of each unit at
each hour is calculated and total water consumption for hydro is calculated. For
optimization of water consumption various combination of generation pickup
order of Khopoli, Bhivpuri, Bhira are considered . The combination that gives the
minimum water consumption is considered.
72
6.1 Factors to be considered for Generation Scheduling :
i) Generation scheduling as per Merit Order Despatch

Merit Order Despatch means the order of generation pick up in a power
system as per cost of generation i.e. the unit with lowest cost of
generation is given priority and vice versa is called.
Why Merit Order Despatch?
 Objective from maximum production to optimal production.

 Multiple unit power plant to identify optimum loading for each unit
to save on operational costs.
 Identify units to bring online / offline to meet plant demand at
minimum operating cost.
 Dispatching least cost power in preference to more costly power.
In Tata system we have Thermal and Hydro Generation units.

The order of pick up in thermal units is as follows
1. Unit 7 Gen is base loaded because,

 Gas is the cheapest fuel.
 Gas is environment friendly.
 Heat Recovery plant (7A) output is bonus.
2. Unit 4 generation is base loaded for sale of power to MSEB.
3. Unit 6 minimum Gen on oil is base loaded.
4. Unit 5 generation picked up on coal unto full capacity as per
requirement.
5. Unit 6 generation pick up on oil to full capacity as per
requirement.
ii) In mixed hydro and thermal systems the total energy requirements of the
system is met by (a) using hydro resources (b) by thermal plants utilising
various types of fuel (c) power purchase from other Utilities. The cost of
generation in hydro stations is very less if the fixed cost such as capital
charges and wages etc. are neglected, whereas the cost of generation in
steam stations is determined by the cost of fuel required to produce the
energy. Therefore, it is economical to utilise hydro resources fully and
allocate only the balance generation to steam stations. However, this is
not possible in practice. For example, during full load periods all steam
units in the system may be required to be brought on line to meet the
73
peak demand, while during low load periods, it may not be possible to
shutdown the units due to long startup and shutdown procedures and
due to technical difficulties such as maintaining the temperature
differentials within limits. Other factors such as maintaining spinning
reserve, slow rate of pick up of generation result in less efficient
operation, which is undesirable but unavoidable. All such factors have to
be considered for scheduling generation.
iii) In a steam station the starting losses of units are to be considered. It is

not possible to take off steam units during light load periods such as at
night or during light load days for few hours. When the unit is off the
line, the rotor has to be kept spinning at low speed to prevent unequal
temperature distribution. This absorbs some energy. Also some energy
is spent in restoring the unit to service. Further, the frequent cutting out
of the unit and restoring it results in increased maintenance cost.
iv) In Tata system, in Khopoli hydro station, generation cannot be varied at

short notice. This is because water is fed from Walwhan lake to a
forebay of small capacity by an open duct of about 4¼ miles for the
water to reach the forebay after discharge is given. Thus the rate of
change of generation at Khopoli has to match with the inflow to forebay.
v) One more factor to be considered while scheduling is line loading. Some

times it so happens that transmission lines are loaded critically, due to
outage of one of the transmission circuits for repairs, maintenance etc. or
due to a forced outage of a unit in an area and generation being more in
an adjacent area. The generation to be picked up in such a case has to
be so scheduled that in case, one of the critically loaded lines trip due to
a fault, the other parallel line does not trip out due to overload, which
would otherwise result in cascade tripping.
vi) Thus there are different factors, which are to be taken into account while
scheduling generation at different stations. Hence while scheduling
generation in a mixed system of Hydro and Thermal, the basic
consideration is to obtain the maximum output from a given hydro
storage and at the same time result in minimum fuel costs for thermal
units.
vii) The other important factor to be considered while generation scheduling

is power purchase from other Utilities. Sometimes cheaper power can be
74
procured from the other utilities. Also due to restriction on water

consumption or more requirements it is necessary to arrange for power
purchase. While arranging for these tie lines loadings, cost of power are
the factors to be considered.
viii) In hydro stations maximum efficiency is obtained by keeping down the

hydraulic frictional losses in water intakes, and the mechanical and
electrical losses in turbo generator units to a minimum.
ix) In steam stations consisting of a number of units with various capacities,

machines are put on line in order of their heat rates i.e. number of BTUs,
required to generate 1 KW Hr. Turbine heat rate is function of both
temperature and pressure at the throttle and pressure at the exhaust.
Once the units are added to the line in order of their heat rates, the
division of load is controlled as per incremental rate concept.
6.2 Generation Scheduling on Yearly Basis :
From the system operation point of view the year is divided into two parts as
stated earlier.
1) Dry season starting from 1st October to 30th June, consisting of 9 months.
2) Monsoon season from 1st July to 30th September.
The operation for the dry season is planned in such a way that all hydro capacity
available in the reservoir at the commencement of the dry season is utilised
during the whole dry season leaving only the desirable carry over at the end of
the season to take care of delays in monsoon. This ensures that there is neither
early use of hydro nor excessive hydro left over; the balance generation is
allocated to thermal stations, on the basis of incremental cost of generation.
In monsoon hydro forms the base load and the rest of the load is taken on
thermal units. The operating philosophy is to generate energy in hydro stations
so as to avoid spilling of lakes or in case when spilling is inevitable, such as in
Mulshi lake of Tatas, to generate maximum to reduce the spill to a minimum.
During monsoon the thermal stations operate at lower plant factors.
During monsoon, Bhira is loaded to a full capacity for all 24 hours, as the
chances of Mulshi spilling even with subnormal rainfall is likely. Khopoli
operation is co-ordinated with rainfall in Lonvala lake catchment. The capacity of
Lonvala lake is only 11.75 MCM, hence an effort is made to draw out as much of
75
the runoff as possible and allow optimum build up. It is possible to drain run-off
obtained for 5/6 cm of rainfall in 16 hours by operation at Khopoli. Bhivpuri
generation depends upon the rate of lake build up. Andhra lake is usually our
safe storage and Bhivpuri generation can be regulated to store maximum water.
In consideration with the above, yearly generation programme is prepared in

advance at the beginning of dry season. Monthly operating programme is made
in detail for allocating generations to various stations, by co-ordinating the
outages of units in various stations for annual maintenance and overhaul.
On the basis of monthly programme, daily generation schedules are prepared to

meet the monthly targets of generations of individual stations, at the same time
ensuring that generation is allocated to various units in the most economical
manner.
Load Despatch has developed a program for Hydro-Thermal optimization. The

program will first allocate thermal generation as per generation cost of respective
thermal units. Then it will go for Hydro optimization. The program will calculate
the water consumption for various combinations of Khopoli, Bhivpuri, and Bhira
generation and the minimum water consumption for the day obtained.
76
Hydro Power
Stations
ROLE OF HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN POWER SYSTEM
In a power system various types of power plants like thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear etc.
are available for meeting the demand. This demand of power varies with the time.
Different electric Utilities have peaks at different time. The advantage of this diversity in
peak is taken into account for operating various utilities/grid in interconnected mode of
operation. This interconnected mode of operation of the grid offer several technical and
economical advantages. Basic objective being providing consumers supply at minimum
possible cost and with high reliability.
Advantages of Interconnected Operation :
 Better frequency regulation due to higher power index.
 Better utilization of hydro capacities and diversity in run-off pattern of hydro

station.
 Use of common peaking stations to meet short time requirements.
 Sharing of resources during emergencies.
 Reduction in spinning reserve requirements.
 Requirement of less installed capacity for a Utility.
 Use of large size units to reduce cost per MW installed capacity & incremental fuel
cost on account of higher efficiency.
Generation Mix :
Any utility meets its daily load demand as per availability of various types of generating
units. The base load is carried by generators that run at 100% of capacity on 24 hours
basis. Intermediate or controllable generators run most of the time but not necessarily
fully loaded. Peaking units are kept on line only for few hours. Reserve capacity is needed
to meet unforeseen emergencies.
77
Role of Hydro Power Stations in Power System
Base Load Units:
Nuclear units, huge fossil fired units typically falls in this category. The requirement of
plants supplying base load:
 The operation cost of the system should be minimum as it has to operate for most
of the time.
 It should be able to supply the load continuously.
 Maintenance requirement of the plant should be minimum.
 Plant should be located near load centre.
 Spares etc. should be easily available.
Peaking Units:
Gas turbine generators can pickup load very fast and are therefore often used for
peaking purpose. Hydro powered units are also an excellent choice when available.
Pumped storage unit is a special type of peaking equipment. The requirement of these
plants:
 The plant should be capable of being started from cold conditions within minimum
time period.
 The plant should be able to withstand peak load for some time in case of
emergency.
 Operating cost should not be very high.
Reserve Units:
The required generation margin can consist of generators maintained at partial output.
(“Spinning reserve” or generators standing at various levels of readiness)
Maintaining a proper generation mix is a most important requirement for a power

company of any size. The problem is not only because of hourly shifting of power
demand but also due to unit outage requirement for maintenance. The operating
success of a Utility depends to a great extent upon the ability to optimally match the
78
generation to the load not only over the 24 hours daily time span but also over seasons
and years.
The interconnected operation can benefit the individual members in terms of reduced
margin need and better use of load and generation diversity. But in the final analysis
each individual company will be judged by its own economic and security performance.
Role of Hydro Power Plants :
Generation of power by hydro power stations is the utilization of part of hydrological

cycle. Potential energy of rain falling on the earth’s surface, with respect of ocean is
converted into mechanical energy by using suitable prime mover (e.g. hydraulic
turbines) and this mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy. In order to
generate power by this method, ample quantity of water at sufficient potential (head)
must be available. Storage reservoirs are constructed in order to store water during
monsoon. Some time multiple projects are used involving irrigation, navigation, civil
water supply and power.
Advantages of Hydro stations :
 Operating cost of plants including auxiliaries is very low.
 Maintenance of the plant is less costly.
 No pollution is caused by these plants.
 Almost instant availability of generators and load can be changed rapidly.
 The cost of generation of energy varies little with the passage of time.
 There are no stand-by losses.
 No charges in connection with fuel handling, storage and disposal of refuse.
 The efficiency of the plant does not change much with the age provided good
maintenance is ensured.
TPC has 447 MW of hydro capacity in total of 1777 MW of generating capacity in

licensed area. The hydro stations are located at Khopoli, Bhivpuri and Bhira and were
79
established in the years 1915, 1922 and 1927 respectively. The water released after
generation is used in meeting irrigation/drinking water requirements of tail race users.
Khopoli Hydro Station (72 MW capacity) :
 Water for power generation is supplied by three lakes Shirwata 197.28 MCM
capacity), Walwhan (72.12 MCM capacity) and Lonavla (11.72 MCM capacity). An
unlined tunnel connects Shirwata Lake to Walwhan Lake. Water for power
generation is controlled at Walwhan Lake. Lonavla Lake, being the smallest, is
used during the monsoon. The water from these lakes is brought through long
open duct line to forebay, from where it is brought down to power house
through penstocks/tunnel.
 The operation of Khopoli head works is different from other hydro stations
because of peculiar feature of long duct line, small forebay capacity and the long
time required for water to flow from the lakes to forebay. Water is released
through the lake for the predetermined quantum of generation at predetermined
time. Hence fast variation in generation is not possible.
 Average inflow during the monsoon season is well within the capacity of
Walwhan and Shirwata lakes. Hence normally no generation is planned from
these lakes during monsoon. Water from Lonavla is used during the monsoon.
As the lake capacity is small, depending on the intensity of rainfall, many a time
24 hours base loading of Khopoli plant is required for controlling overflow from
the lake.
Bhivpuri Hydro Station (75 MW capacity) :
Water for power generation is supplied through Thokerwadi Lake (652.64 MCM
capacity). Average inflow into the lake during monsoon is well within the capacity of
lake. Hence no generation is planned from Bhivpuri power house during the monsoon
season.
Bhira Hydro Station (300 MW capacity) :
 Water for power generation is supplied through Mulshi Lake (522.76 MCM
capacity). Average inflow into the lake during the monsoon is in the range of
800/900 MCM, which is very much higher than the storage capacity. Hence to
control the overflow, Bhira power house is base loaded for 24 hours for most of
the period during the monsoon season.
80
 Another unique feature about Bhira hydro station is water availability of about 40
MCM below the draw off level of the lake that can be utilized for the generation.
This operation is called sub-storage operation. It is a very critical phase of
operation and special precautions are taken during this period while carrying out
generation variation.
 150 MW pumped storage unit having “reversible turbine pump” was

commissioned in the year 1996. This unit is used as turbine while generating
power and as pump while pumping back water to the lake. With this scheme
almost 70% of power used in pumping the water can be recovered.
Operation of hydro stations in the interconnected mode depends upon the season.
Operation strategy is different during monsoon season and dry season. As the water
released after power generation is used for irrigation/drinking water requirements of tail
race users, certain fixed amount of water is required to be released every day during dry
season.
Monsoon Season Operation :
As already stated above, the average inflow into the Thokerwadi, Shirwata and Walwhan
Lake is below the capacity of the lake. Hence water from these lakes is not used during
the monsoon season. Water storage in the lake is allowed to build up for using during
the dry season. Irrigation requirement is not there as enough water is available in
tailrace for drinking purpose. Generation from Bhira power house is maintained full
round the clock for many days. So Bhira power house operates as a base load plant.
Then depending on the intensity of rainfall and lake build up in Lonavla lake, Khopoli
power house is also base loaded round the clock for many days. Thus generally in
monsoon season Bhira and Khopoli hydro stations act as base load plant. Variation of
generation to meet the load demand is carried out on thermal units.
Dry Season Operation :
Once the monsoon season is over, availability of water for power generation is known.
This water is to be used for next eight months till onset of monsoon. The daily
generation targets are fixed taking into account water required for tailrace users and
requirement of water during planned outage of major thermal units. Also some water is
kept for unforeseen emergencies. Here thermal units are operated as base loaded units
and hydro units are used as “controllable generation”/ peaking units.
81
Bhira Pumped Storage Operation :
The demand on the power system is low during off peak periods especially during hours.
Thermal units are required to be backed down to match the demand or in other words
excess thermal energy is available. This excess energy is used for pumping water back
to storage at higher level (in this case Mulshi Lake) which may be again used during
peak load periods. As already mentioned above only 70% of power used for pumping is
recoverable.
Pumped storage unit is useful especially when insufficient quantity of water is available
for power generation and the demand is there during peak periods. Unlike other hydro
power, this generation will have a cost which is even higher than the cost of thermal
generation. So generation from this water will be economical only when it is replacing
the purchase from MSEDCL or other utilities which may be very costly.
Importance of Hydro Stations :
The various power systems operating in interconnected mode may suffer for major
external disturbance leading to cascade tripping resulting in system islanding. The
survival of the systems will depend upon the load generation balance existing in the
system prior to the disturbance. As a result some systems may survive in isolation and
some may collapse. Under this black out conditions, hydro units play an important role.
Restoration of power system begins through these hydro units. They not only supply
startup power for thermal units but also feed important load in the grid thus helping
power system to normalcy. Thus hydro stations play major role during normal and
emergency conditions in integrated power system operation.
82
KRISHNA WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNAL AWARD
Government of India had constituted THE KRISHNA WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNAL

UNDER SECTIOPN 5(3) OF THE INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES ACT, 1956 for
allocation of water of the river Krishna (i.e. mainstream of Krishna river, all its tributaries
and all other streams contributing water directly or indirectly to the Krishna river)
between the States of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Following are excerpts of the order of the TRIBUNAL:
 The State of Maharashtra shall not out of the water allocated to it divert or permit
diversion outside the Krishna river basin from the river in the upper Bhima (K-5) sub-
basin for the projects collectively known as the TATA HYDEL WORKS or any other
project of more than 54.5 TMC (Thousand million cubic feet) i.e. 1543 MCM (Million
cubic meters) annually in any one water year (1ST June to 31st May) and more than
213 TMC (6031 MCM) in any period of five consecutive water years commencing on
the 1st June 1974.
 The State of Maharashtra shall not out of water allocated to it divert or permit the
diversion of more than 67.5 TMC of water outside the Krishna river basin in any
water year from the river supplies in the Upper Krishna (K-1) sub-basin for the
KOYNA HYDEL PROJECT or any other project from 1st June 1994.
 The TRIBUNAL has considered the 75 % dependable flow of the river Krishna up to
Vijayawada is 2060 TMC which is available for distribution between the above three
States.
State wise quota is as follows:
Maharashtra - 560 TMC (15859 MCM)
Karnataka - 700 TMC (19824 MCM)
Andhra Pradesh - 800 TMC (22656 MCM)
 The states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh will be free to make use
of underground water within their respective State territories in the Krishna river
basin.
 At any time after the 31st May, 2000, this ORDER may be reviewed by a competent
authority or Tribunal , but such review or revision shall not as far as possible disturb
any utilization that may have been undertaken by any State within the limits of the
allocation made to it under the foregoing clauses.
83
Khopoli Generating Station
Hydraulic Layout
STOP LOGS MAIN DAM
AUXILIARY DAM
HYDRAULIC LAYOUT ANDHRA LAKE

OF BHIVPURI
NEW
INTAKE
NEW
SLUICE
HOUSE OLD SLUICE
KHAND HOUSE
BLOCKED
OLD
TUNNEL
SURGE
SHAFT
NEW STONE
TRAP
NEW MANIFOLD
TUNNEL
VALVE
HOUSE AT
NEW POINT 18
BUTTERFLY
VALVE (2.9
M) AT AB # 14
OLD PENSTOCKS:- 6 NO.
NEW
PENSTOCK
1 4 X 12 MW
OLD UNITS
4
E EXCITERS
3 X 24 MW 1
NEW UNITS 11 10 9 E
2
TAILRACE
NEW PUMP 2 2 1 1
HOUSE B A B A
Filter
A
Filter
B
TO NEW HILL
TANK
TAIL
POND
DIVERSION WEIR,
INTAKE GATE &
IRRIGATION GATE
SPILLWAY
TRPH
SWIMMING PENSTOCK
POOL
LEFT BANK
CANAL TO
RBC PALI POTAL
SURGE
SHAFT
RIGHT BANK 2 X 1.5 MW

CANAL TO TAILRACE
MANDAVNE 8 7 UNITS
TAILRACE
Bhira Generating Station
Hydraulic Layout
Thermal Power
Station
THERMAL POWER PLANT
Following are the major components of the thermal power plant: -

- Steam generator with fuel handling system.
- Prime mover (Steam turbine) with accessories.
- Generator, Transformer and accessories.
87
Thermal Power Plant
RANKINE
BOILER
DRUM FURNACE
BOILER FEED PUMP
AC O/P
TURBINE GENERATOR
CONDENSER
WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH THE HELP OF RANKINE

CYCLE
T –S DIAGRAM
ON X – AXIS: ENTROPY (KJ/K)
ON Y – AXIS: TEMPERATURE (ºC)
88
Thermal Power Plant
‘DE’ – ADIABATIC COMPRESSION

‘EA’ – HEAT ADDITIO AT CONSTANT PRESSURE IN HEATERS
‘AB’ – HEAT ADDITION AT CONSTANT PRESSURE IN BOILER
‘BC’ – ISENTROPIC EXPANSION IN TURBINE
‘CD’ – HEAT REJECTION AT CONSTANT PRESSUR IN CONDENSER
1. ‘de’ – Adiabatic compression

Adiabatic compression of water by the pump from p1 to p2.
Due to increase the pressure of feed water leads to increase in temperature
during ‘de’. STBFP (2 NOS) takes suction from deaerator discharges the feed
water to HP heater # 4. In this process neither the heat addition nor heat
rejection takes place.
2. ‘ea’ – Constant pressure heating in heaters

During this process heat is added by the HP heaters to the feed water to give
sensible heat. Increase in temperature takes place due to addition of heat by
heaters.
3. ‘ab’ – Constant pressure heat addition in boiler

Further heating of feed water by boiler at constant pressure. This process
represents the addition of heat to water at constant pressure till the water
completely converted into steam.
89
Thermal Power Plant
4. ‘bc’ – Isentropic expansion in turbine

Here steam coming from superheater is been expanded in HP, IP and LP stages
of turbine. Pressure of steam will decreases as it passes through different stages
of turbine due to increase in volume. Steam temperature also goes on reduced
as the stages of turbine increases.
5. ‘cd’ – Heat rejection at constant pressure

Steam coming from LP stage of turbine is led to the condenser where steam is
condensed into water by using seawater as cooling medium to absorb the heat
from the steam. Here 65 % of energy loss takes place due to heat rejection in
condenser. Pressure remains constant but decrease in temperature takes place.
Here volume decreases due to condensation.
FEED WATER AND STEAM SYSTEM
It is an essential system in thermal power plant to deliver heated and pressurized feed
water to boiler drum in order to increase the efficiency of plant. Various important
equipment in feed cycle are as follows;
1) CONDENSER:
In steam power plant, steam after performing the necessary work in the turbine,
enters the condenser where the latent heat of steam is removed and transferred
to the circulating water. This results in condensation of steam. Condenser in
thermal power plant serves the two purposes,
 Increasing steam cycle efficiency by lowering end point on the expansion
line.
 Recovering quality feed water.
2) CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP (CEP):
From the Hot well, condensate is pumped by condensate pumps. CEP removes
condensate from the Hot well and pumps it through the gland steam condenser
and L.P. heaters.
Each CEP is provided with motor operated discharge valve which opens/closes
when pump is running /stop respectively.
90
Thermal Power Plant
3) DEAERATOR:
Deaerator serves the purpose of heating the feed water and removing the non-
condensable gases. Deaerator is actually direct heating heater, because in the
Deaerator the water directly mixes with the steam. Deaeration is achieved by
heating the water to saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure.
4) BOILER FEED PUMP:
This is high-speed multi-stage, high discharge pressure, centrifugal pump. It is

essential that the boiler feed pumps have sufficient NPSH to avoid flashing of the
feed water in the pump suction. This is made possible by the booster pumps
from where the BFP’s take their suction. The boiler feed pumps discharge into
next higher-pressure feed water heater. A recirculation line maintains a
minimum flow in the boiler feed pump to avoid overheating.
5) BOOSTER PUMPS:
These are heavy-duty single stage centrifugal pumps having an axial end suction
and radial top discharge. The booster pumps give the necessary NPSH for the
satisfactory operation of the high-speed boiler feed pumps.
6) H. P. HEATERS:
H. P. heaters are provided in the high pressure feed water system for preheating
boiler feed water by turbine extraction steam at high pressure. Preheating
increases the cycle efficiency. H. P. heaters have de-superheating zone in
addition to condensing zone and sub cooling zone. De-superheating zone
removes the superheat present in the steam. It is desirable to have
condensation in this zone due to high steam velocity.
7) ECONOMIZER:
The function of the economizer is to preheat the boiler feed water before it is
introduce into the steam drum, by recovering some of the heat from the flue
gases leaving the boiler. Feed water is led to the steam drum through the
economizer out links.
91
Thermal Power Plant
8) BOILER DRUM
The feed water from the economizer outlet enters the drum. Water from the
drum flows through the down comers to the boiler water circulating pumps
suction head. The steam water mixture enters at the top of the drum. In the
drum steam and water gets separated. In the drum normal water level is
maintained about 25 cm below the centre line.
9) SUPERHEATER:
The steam entering the turbine is superheated. This is done in boiler super
heaters. The steam from the drum passes through the steam-cooled tubes and
the horizontal superheater, both of which are located in the furnace rear gas
path. The final stages consist of the divisional panel superheater and the platen
superheater, which are located above the furnace-firing zone, and pendant
space superheater located above furnace arch. Superheated steam is led from
the pendant outlet header to the turbine via the main steam line. After passing
through the high-pressure stage of the turbine, steam is return to the reheater
at reducing pressure and temperature, via cold reheat line.
10) REHEATER:
In order to reduce the excessive moisture in the last stages of low pressure
section of turbine, the steam is reheated in the boiler. The reheater is composed
of two sections, a front radiant wall section and a pendant section.
92
Thermal Power Plant
AIR AND FLUE GAS SYSTEM
The boiler air system consists of the following equipment
1) FORCED DRAUGHT FAN
These are fans, which supply the entire quantity of Secondary Air required for
the combustion of the fuel in the boiler. FD fans are of Axial, reaction type fans
with variable blade pitch control.
The axial reaction fans are meant for fresh air applications. This type of fan is
preferred for media without erosive dust and whose temperature does not
exceed 50ºC.
FD consists of suction side of air and the airflow is controlled by a hydraulic

system. Sucking of air is from top of housing and provided with protective grid to
arrest unwanted material fresh air through the suction end. High pressure of air
goes to wind box via steam coiled air preheater where air temperature is
93
Thermal Power Plant
increased due to heating it by steam passing through the heater coils. Further
the temperature of air is increased while passing through the air preheater
where flue gases impart its heat to air, coming from steam coiled air preheater
and going to wind box.
2) STEAM COIL AIR PREHEATER: (SCAPH)
It maintains the average cold end temperature of ljungstorm air preheater.
3) LUJNGSTORM AIR PREHEATER: (LAPH)
The heated air from steam coil air preheater (SCAPH) enters the LAPH, where it
picks up heat from the flue gases leaving the boiler. The waste heat from flue
gases is absorbed by the air heater and is then transferred to the entering air by
means of slowly but continuously rotating heat transfer elements of specially
formed metal sheets. The air from LAPH goes
1) to the burner wind box with a portion going to pulverisers for transport and
drying of coal.
2) Through tubular air heater to the pulveriser and / or the burner wind box.
4) TUBULAR AIR HEATER:
It assists in further heating up the air for combustion and for drying coal in the
pulverisers. Tubular air heater is located in the flue gas path between the
horizontal superheater and the economiser.
5) MECHANICAL DUST COLLECTORS:
Here the entrained heavy particles from the flue gases are separated out. It is
divided in to separate sections, each consisting of several single tube assemblies.
Each assembly consist of inlet tube , outlet tube and recovery vane.
6) ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR:
It removes the solid particles in the flue gases. The operation of Electrostatic
precipitator is based on the principle of electrically charged particles being
attracted by grounded plates. The precipitation chamber consists of an outer
shell kept at ground potential. Discharge electrodes are suspended inside this
shell. These electrodes are negatively charged to about 50 kV. The great
difference in voltages sets up a strong electric field between the plates and the
94
Thermal Power Plant
electrodes. The entering flue gas gets ionized and impart negative charge to the
solid particles. These are attracted towards the positive plates which are
grounded.
7) INDUCED DRAUGHT FAN:
To discharge the flue gases to atmosphere maintaining balance draught

condition in boiler Induced Draft fans are used. The flue gases coming from
boiler via air pre-heater to ESP to absorb ash particles from there to stack to
atmosphere. The ID fans take suction from through ESP outlet and connect to
the chimney. There is provision to pass of flue gases through FGD before going
to chimney. This is for removing SO2 from flue gases.
The suction dampers/ vanes are used for flue gas flow control. Two ID fan
discharge duct i. e. ID fans 5A and 5B from one common duct are connected to
stack.
These fans are of Radial double suction, simply supported fans .These fans are
double suction, single stage centrifugal machines, which can be used to handle
fresh air as well as hot gases. These fans are driven by variable frequency drives.
OTHER SYSTEMS
1) TANGENTIAL BURNERS
These are set in the furnace corner and directed tangentially to an

imaginary circle in the centre of the furnace. The swirling action produces
a turbulent atmosphere necessary for efficient combustion of fuel. The
burner can be adjusted vertically through an angle for controlling the
steam temperature.
2) STEAM TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS
The primary function of steam temperature control system is to maintain

superheat and reheat steam temperature within a specified control range.
This system includes the following,
95
Thermal Power Plant
 Burner Tilts
The burner tilt drive cylinders in the four corners of the furnace are
operated in unison in response to a signal from the steam temperature
control system. Upward movement of the tilt will result in increasing
steam temperature. And downward movement will result in decreasing
steam temperature.
 Desuperheaters
The Desuperheaters effects in reduction in steam temperature by spraying
water in to steam flow.
 Gas Recirculation
It is used for controlling the main and particularly to maintain reheat steam
temperature during oil/gas fuel firing in association with other methods i. e.
burner tilt, desuperheaters spray etc. It takes flue gases suction from economizer
outlet and delivered it at the bottom of the boiler furnace thus increasing the gas
mass flow. It consists of turning gear, to prevent uneven stresses on the shaft
and rotor of fan. These are radial, double suction, single discharge type fan.
3) PRIMARY AIR FANS
These fans are used for supplying hot air for heating and carrying powdered coal
from coal mill to boiler furnace. This air is known as primary air.
These reaction axial type fans with variable pitch control. PA fan sucked air from
fan housing top, has been provided with protective grid. Air from fan to
regenerative air preheater, its temperature is picked up and the hot air is
supplied to the coal mill for heating as well as carrying the crushed and
powdered coal to boiler furnace via discharge pipes cold air is also supplied for
control of the coal mill temperature.
96
Islanding of
Power
Systems
ISLANDING OF POWER SYSTEMS
1.0 INTRODUCTION :
With growth in size and complexity of the power systems in India, security and
reliability of power supply is of topical interest to everybody. In the context of
major blackouts in a number of states, the subject of system protection assumes
great significance.
2.0 THE FACTORS THAT CHARACTERISE THE BEHAVIOUR OF ANY

POWER SYSTEM :
There are a number of factors that characterise the operational behaviour of a

power system. Some of the important ones are:
 On line generation capacity

 Load
 System frequency
 Power system network
 System protection
2.1 On line generating capacity :
The on line generating capacity determines the capacity of any system to

support a given load, regulate the system frequency and voltage. The quality of
the on line generating capacity is determined by the ability of the generating
units to change generation rapidly and through a wide range.
2.2 Load :
The electrical load on a system at any given point of time in conjunction with the
on line generating capacity determines the system frequency. If the load is well
within the on line generating capacity of the system, then the frequency can be
maintained at 50 Hz. Similarly if the actual generation is less than the load, then
the frequency drops and settles below 50 Hz. The type of loads and their
distribution in the power system also determine the operational behaviour of the
power system.
97
Islanding of Power Systems
2.3 System frequency :
The system frequency at any instant of time is governed by the load generation
balance. If the system frequency is 50 Hz then it means that the system load is
met with adequate generation. If the frequency is below 50 Hz, it means that on
line generation is inadequate.
A study of the above equations will show that for small imbalance between
generation and load at any given point of time, the system frequency will settle
at a value higher or lower than 50 Hz. In other words with lowering of
frequency due to initial generation being less than initial load, the effective load
will go down and with increase of frequency due to initial generation being more
than initial load, the effective load will go up until a new balance is established
between generation and load at a new frequency. The system will thus settle at
this frequency.
2.4 Power system network :
In any power system, the transmission network is designed to be adequate for

normal load flows and also for certain reasonable contingencies. However, when
there is a major disturbance with considerable loss of network / generating
capacity, the remaining network may not be in a position to cater to the load and
generation. This may result in overloading and cascade tripping of the remaining
network following the disturbance. The redundancy that has been provided in
the power system network will considerably influence the performance of the
power system.
2.5 Power system protection :
In order to protect the power system integrity during system disturbances,

certain system protection measures have to be adopted. In the absence of such
measures, it is likely that the system might disintegrate and in the process cause
damage to plant and equipment, apart from loss of supply to consumers. Some
of the important system protection measures that are adopted are :
98
 automatic underfrequency load shedding scheme

 automatic rate of change of frequency load shedding scheme
 line overload trimming scheme
 system islanding scheme
3.0 SYSTEM OPERATION UNDER SUDDEN LOSS OF SUBSTANTIAL

GENERATING CAPACITY :
In any power system under normal circumstances any small difference between
generation and load is adjusted by change in generation by the operators or by
the frequency settling to a new value. However, when there is a sudden loss of
a large percentage of generation, of the order of 20% and above, if no
immediate corrective action is taken, the frequency may reach a dangerously low
level, where the thermal units may trip by their underfrequency protection
system. The corrective action under such situations has to be instantaneous and
drastic to arrest the system from collapsing.
When there is a generating capacity shortage and frequency reaches to the set
value of UFR setting, automatic underfrequency load shedding scheme is
activated, where by different quantum of load is shed as the frequency continues
to reach lower levels. The principle of automatic underfrequency load shedding
scheme is that by relieving definite quantum of load at different frequencies,
attempt is made to arrest the downward drift of the system frequency from
reaching the point where the thermal machines are set to trip by their protection.
It is however possible that in the planning of a practical underfrequency load
shedding protection scheme, we may not have provided for load shedding
beyond a certain level. In these circumstances, it is likely that when the system
is subjected to a disturbance of severity beyond the protection capacity of the
scheme, the system frequency may reach the thermal unit trip setting. This
would result in the tripping of all the thermal units in the system where such trip
protection is provided. In most of the Indian power systems, which are
predominantly thermal, such a situation would result in total system collapse.
99
4.0 SYSTEM ISLANDING :
In order to provide a further layer of system protection, following major system

disturbance, a scheme called islanding scheme has been developed. This
protection is really a system protection of last resort. This scheme pre supposes
that the integrity of the system cannot be maintained in spite of the automatic
load shedding, for every possible emergency. Instead of allowing the system to
disintegrate by the tripping of generators and transmission lines as the
disturbance develops, the islanding scheme itself sectionalises the whole system
into sustainable small systems each consisting of a group of generating stations
and a group of load that can be supplied by these generating stations. In effect
each group becomes a sustainable island and hence the name islanding scheme.
Such a scheme has to be carefully planned and engineered taking into account
the characteristics of individual power systems, including the generating stations,
load centres and transmission lines.
As a further improvement to the above system islanding scheme, provision is

also made to island the thermal and hydro machines to island with their own
house load or with some radial load.
Normally when there is a total system collapse, system restoration takes

considerable time, due to the complexity involved in bringing back a major power
system, back into service. However, even if a part of the total system remains in
service, supplying a portion of the total system, it is relatively quicker to restore
the remaining system back into service. Hence, system islanding schemes have
been developed by a number of power systems, taking into account the unique
nature of their system.
5.0 TPC ISLANDING SCHEMES:
TPC has developed and commissioned a system islanding scheme coordinated

with an automatic under-frequency load shedding scheme. The scheme had
saved the TPC system from collapsing on a number of occasions. Till June-07,
there were 36 occasions of System islanding. On 27 occasions, the island
survived and on 9 occasions, it collapsed. On most of the occasions the collapse
of the system was not due to the inadequacy of the scheme, but due to the fact
that the coordinated operation of the automatic under-frequency load shedding
scheme and the islanding scheme could not take place. Sequence of events of
each islanded operation is deeply studied and the findings are suitably adopted
in the scheme for its fine-tuning.
100
The system islanding scheme, when operates would disconnect TPC system from
MSETCL at all four interconnecting tie points and from REL Dahanu under certain
preset conditions of under frequency and reversal of power (TPC to MSETCL).
As a backup to the main scheme and in case of unsuccessful survival, islanding

scheme for hydro, 500 MW thermal units and gas turbine Unit 7A is provided to
keep these generating units on “house load” mode for early restoration
consequent to blackout.
The details of the scheme at different Tie points are as given below:
220 KV TROMBAY TIE POINT:
220 KV MSETCL Trombay is connected to 220 KV TPC Trombay bus through two
tie lines. The isolation takes place at 220 KV Trombay tie point when both tie
line breakers open out at TPC Trombay by the action of plain under frequency
relays set at 47.9 Hz through the respective line lockout relays. Two under
frequency relays are provided for each line (a) Type FCX, make HBB, b) Type
Micom P923, make Areva) with two lockout type trip relays as Main-I and Main-
II.
110 KV TROMBAY TIE POINT:
Two 220/110 KV ICTs at MSETCL Trombay station cater for this interconnection.
These ICTs are connected to a common 110 KV Bus and this Bus is connected
to 110 KV TPC Trombay Bus through two 110 KV Group Breakers.
Tripping of 220 KV Tata-MSETCL Trombay tie lines on under frequency coupled

with under frequency load shedding in TPC system, would result in reverse
power condition at Trombay 110 KV Tie point i.e. power flows from TPC system
to MSETCL system. Under this condition, if the system Frequency is at or below
48.0 Hz and remains so for a time period of 0.2 seconds, this interconnecting
point is opened by the action of Reverse Power and Under Frequency (RPUF)
relay. Two such relays are provided for positive isolation. Both RPUF-1 and 2
schemes will be initiated thereby tripping both 220 and 110 KV breakers of ICTs
at MSETCL through the lockout relays of respective ICT and the Group breakers,
thus isolating TPC system from MSETCL system at Trombay tie point. Local
breaker backup (LBBU) protection has also been provided for Group breaker. In
101
case of one of the group breakers getting stuck together with one of the ICT
breakers, the LBBU scheme will initiate which in turn will operate the bus fault
lockout relay after a further 0.2 secs, and clear the bus.
110 KV KALYAN TIE POINT:
110 KV TPC Kalyan Bus is connected to 110 KV MSETCL Kalwa Bus by two lines.
One is direct line between Kalwa and Kalyan (K-K) and other is a three terminal
line between Kalwa, Kalyan and Salsette Bus (K-K-S). When System frequency
drops to 47.9 Hz and persists for 0.15 Seconds, the islanding scheme operates
and trip K-K and K-K-S line Breakers at Kalyan. Two under frequency relays, (a.
Type FCX103b, b. Type Micom P923) are provided with two lockout type trip
relays as Main-I and Main-II protection.
As a back-up protection, under frequency relay set to operate at 47.0 Hz (Type

FCX103b) with a time delay of 0.15 Seconds is wired along with its lockout type
trip relay. One contact of this lock out relay with a time delay of 0.5 seconds is
extended to operate the bus fault lock out relay to take care of a stuck breaker
condition of any one of the lines.
110 KV SALSETTE TIE POINT:
110 KV TPC Salsette Bus is connected to 110 KV MSETCL Kalwa Bus by the three
terminal line between Kalwa, Kalyan Salsette (K-K-S). When System frequency
drops to 47.9 Hz and persists for 0.2 Seconds, the islanding scheme operates
and trips K-K-S Breaker at Salsette. Two under frequency relays, (a. Type
FCX103b, b. Type Micom P923) are provided with two lockout type trip relays as
Main-I and Main-II protection. As a back-up protection, under frequency relay
set to operate at 47.0 Hz (Type FCX103b) with a time delay of 0.2 Seconds is
wired to operate the Main-I protection lockout relay. Local Breaker backup
protection is also initiated by the lockout relay.
220 KV SALSETTE TIE POINT:
220 KV MSETCL Kalwa Bus is connected to 220 KV TPC Salsette bus through two
lines. These lines have been provided with Reverse Power cum under frequency
(RPUF) and backup RPUF schemes. In case under frequency condition i.e.
frequency at or below 47.9 Hz persists for a time delay of 0.2 seconds along with
102
reverse power condition will actuate the RPUF lockout relays Main-I and Main-II
(a. Type FCX, make HBB, b. Type Micom P923, make Areva). The lockout relays
in turn trips 220 KV breakers of Kalwa-Salsette lines Breakers.
If under frequency condition continues and system frequency drops to 47.0 Hz

and persists for 0.5 seconds, backup under frequency relay comes into action
and trips the breakers. In case the breakers fail to open even after operation of
backup scheme, the summated back up earth fault relay with a time delay of 1.5
seconds ensures the successful islanding.
110 KV BORIVALI TIE POINT:
Two lines between 110 KV TPC Borivali Bus and MSETCL Borivali Buses cater for
Borivali Tie point. In case of under frequency condition 47.9 Hz persisting for 0.2
seconds, Main-I and Main-II protection (a. Type FCX, make HBB, b. Type Micom
P923, make Areva) operates and their lock out relays issue trip commands to
both the line breakers.
If under frequency condition still persists, second stage of Main-I relay set at
47.0 Hz with a time delay of 0.5 seconds issues trip command to the breakers
through lock out relay and ensures positive islanding. The lockout relay also
imitates LBBU protection of the breakers, to take care of non opening of the
breaker.
220 KV TPC BORIVALI REL AAREY TIE POINT:
REL Dahanu system is connected to TPC system by two 220 KV lines between
TPC’s Borivali and REL’s Aarey stations. These lines are provided with Reverse
Power cum under frequency (RPUF) and backup RPUF schemes as an islanding
protection. When system frequency reaches 47.9 Hz and persists for 0.15
seconds and if Power flow is from TPC to REL, Main-I and Main-II protection
operates and their lockout relays trip 220 KV breakers of Tata Borivli-REL Aarey
lines 1 and 2. If under frequency condition continues and system frequency
drops to 47.0 Hz and persists for 0.5 seconds, backup under frequency relay
comes into action and trips the breakers.
103
UNIT ISLANDING SCHEME:
After successful System islanding, if for any reason, the island frequency
continues to go down further, there is a chance of total system collapse. In the
event of a total system collapse, the restoration takes considerable time due to
the complexity involved in bringing back Generating Units on line. Hence, the
unit-islanding scheme for generators is provided as a backup to system islanding
scheme. When Unit islanding scheme is initiated, the thermal units and the hydro
units are isolated from the network, meeting their own station loads. The details
are mentioned below:
120 MW TROMBAY GAS TURBINE UNIT ISLANDING SCHEME:
Trombay gas turbine unit 7A has been provided with under frequency islanding
scheme. When the protection operates, (47.5 Hz, 30 secs.) the gas turbine unit
is kept running on “house load” by tripping 220 KV GT breakers.
500 MW TROMBAY UNIT 5 AND 6 ISLANDING SCHEME:
When System frequency sinks further after system islanding setting, 220 KV
breakers of these Units open and generation on the Units get dropped such that
Units feed their own auxiliaries. Identical scheme is provided for both the Units.
In the scheme, three FCX type under frequency relays each having three under
frequency stages along with appropriate timer relays have been wired in two out
of three logic. When system frequency reaches 47.0 Hz the first stage operates
after two seconds and issues trip command to 220 KV Breakers of the Unit. If
System frequency further drops to 46.0 Hz and remains lower for 0.6 seconds,
the second stage operates and issues trip command to 220 KV Breakers. If
frequency remains to 46.0 Hz for two seconds, the third stage operates and
issues trip command Generator and Turbine for safe shutdown of the Unit.
HYDRO ISLANDING SCHEME:
In order to have fast restoration after total system shutdown and to restore
auxiliary supply to Trombay thermal Units, islanding scheme has been
commissioned at all the three hydro stations. During the disturbance, whenever
frequency drops to 45 Hz, the islanding scheme operates and trips out all the
110 /220 KV lines at respective hydro stations.
104
The scheme consists of two under frequency relays set at 45.0 Hz connected in
series. The under frequency relays operate a lockout relay, which in turn trips all
the line breakers and transfer breaker. The scheme also applies no load limit on
the units, thus avoiding over speeding of the unit. With this arrangement the
generating units at all three hydro stations are kept running supplying own
auxiliary power.
The major advantage of this scheme is that hydro stations become independent
as far as auxiliary supply is concerned. There is lot of time saving as the
generators remain on line and hydro stations can be synchronised very quickly
when required.
105
Islanding Setting at Tie points
TPC
TROMBAY 220 KV UFR - 47.9 Hz
TROMBAY
RPUF – 48.0 Hz
TROMBAY 110 KV
SALSETTE 220 KV RPUF - 47.9 Hz

KALWA
SALSETTE 110 KV UFR - 47.9 Hz
UFR - 47.9 Hz
KALYAN 110 KV
BORIVALI 110 KV UFR - 47.9 Hz BORIVLI

BORIVALI 220 KV
RPUF - 47.7 Hz
MSETCL
UFR - 47.6 Hz AAREY
UFR load UFR - 47.9 Hz

shedding at VERSOVA
48.0 Hz BOISAR
=TPC to DAHANU
REL+MSEDCL RPUF - 47.9 Hz
to REL+20 MW REL
TROMBAY-B ISLANDING SCHEME
Bus I CVT
220KV Tata – MSEB Tie- (on Bph)
1
Bus II CVT
220KV Tata – MSEB Tie- (on Bph)
2
Line CVT Line CVT

(3ph) (3ph) To operate Tie-1
86 T1/T2 L/O
Vab Tie-1
Under Freq
FCX Main-I To operate Tie-2
Islanding 86 T1/T2 L/O
Lockout
Tie-2 To Unit 5 Governor Control
Vab Under Freq
FCX
To Unit-6 Governor Control
220V DC 1 DC
Source
1/2/ Ind
3 ph i/p
220V DC 2 selector Tie-1 U/F
S/W Micom P923
Main II To FDR
Islanding
Lockout Annunciation
Tie-2 U/F
To operate Tie-1
3 ph i/p Micom P923 86 T3/T4 L/O
To operate Tie-2
86 T3/T4 L/O
ET&A
TROMBAY-A ISLANDING SCHEME MAIN-I
AC Circuit
220 kV MSEB 110 kV Stub Bus

110 kV Main Bus
PT-3
ICT-2 GB-1
GB-2
ICT-3
RPUF-1
To trip ICT-2 & 3 and

Reverse Group Bkrs 1 & 2
Summated CT i/p of ICT-2 Power
& 3 amd PT i/p from PT-3 Relay type- To initiate LBBU of Group
CAP RPUF-1 Bkrs. 1 & 2
Islanding
L/O To Ann. Panel
&
Under Freq.
Relay To Koyna CR for ANN
110 kV PT-3 i/p type - FCN
with
setting To FDR Panel
48.0Hz &
time delay
0.2sec.
ET&A
TROMBAY-A ISLANDING SCHEME MAIN-II
AC Circuit
220 kV MSEB 110 kV Stub Bus
110 kV Main Bus
PT-3
ICT-2 GB-1
GB-2
ICT-3
RPUF-2
To trip ICT-2 & 3 and Group

Summated CT i/p from Reverse Bkrs 1 & 2
Group Bkrs 1 & 2and PT i/p Power
from 110 kV PT-3 Relay type- To initiate LBBU of Group
WCD
RPUF-2 Bkrs. 1 & 2
Islanding
L/O To Ann. Panel
&
Under Freq.
Relay To FDR Panel
type -
110 kV PT-3 i/p
MICOM with
setting
48.0Hz &
time delay
0.2sec.
ET&A
SALSETTE 110 kV ISLANDING SCHEME
Main-I Under Freq.

Relay (FCX)
47.9 Hz, 0.2s To trip Own
breaker
L/O In /Out
Back up Under Freq. switch Scheme In To trip Transfer
Relay (FCX) /Out switch breaker
PT input 47.0 Hz, 0.2s
x
Dir. E/F &
Main-I L/O
Initiation of
Own breaker
Dir. E/F Prot. of x LBBU
Own breaker
Initiation of
Transfer breaker
LBBU
Dir. E/F Prot. of
Transfer breaker
Main-II Under Freq. Main-II

L/O Relay
3 Ph i/p Relay (MICOM) (RXMH2)
47.9 Hz, 0.2s
N ET&A
SALSETTE 220 kV ISLANDING SCHEME
REVERSE POWER
RELAY PPX
( Set Instantaneous) AND Main-I
L/O TRIP
& RELAY 220 kv KALWA-SAL - 3
KALWA - SAL - 3
GR B LOCKOUT
Main-I Under Freq. BREAKER
Relay (FCX)
Set 47.9 Hz ,0.2 sec.
KALWA – SAL # 3 PANEL RLA 2
INITIATE
* Main-II KALWA -SAL – 3 LBBU
Main-II Under Freq. AND L/O
Relay (MICOM) &
RELAY
Set 47.9 Hz ,0.2 sec.
3 Phase i/p
KALWA – SAL – 3 CVT
PT
Selection
INITIATE
KALWA -SAL – 4 LBBU
UNDER – FREQ .
RELAY B / Up FCX
Set 47.0 Hz ,0.5 sec. BACKUP 220 kv KALWA-SAL - 4 TRIP
TO RPUF GR B LOCKOUT KALWA - SAL - 4
OR L/O BREAKER
TIMER RELAY
Set 1.5 sec.
KALWA – SAL # 4 PANEL RLA 2
BACKUP SUMM.
DIR . E / F RELAY
RXPE 47
* Separate reverse power relay shall be installed

for Main-II islanding scheme in future
KALWA – SAL – 3
KALWA – SAL – 4
GIS RPUF PANEL

SUMMATED C T
ET&A
KALYAN 110 kV ISLANDING SCHEME
RTS (KL-KN-SAL) Trips KL-KN

Main-I Under Freq.
Relay (FCX103b) Main-I L/O N Breaker

Stage '1' 47.9 Hz, Relay
0.15s Trips RXMH2
KL-KN-SAL
 Breaker
Main-II Under Freq. RXMVB4 Trip Transfer

Relay (MICOM)
Main-II
LockoutL/O RXMVB4
RXMVB4
Breaker
PT input 47.9 Hz, 0.15s Lockout
Lockout
RXMH2
RTS (KL-KN-SAL) Trips KL-KN

N RXMVB4
Breaker
RXMVB4 Lockout
Back up L/O
Lockout TripsRXMH2
KL-KN-
Back up Under Freq. RXMH2 T SAL Breaker
Relay (FCX103b)
Stage '2' 47.0 Hz, Trip Transfer
0.15s Breaker
RXMVB4
RXMVB4
RXMVB4 Lockout
Lockout
Lockout
RTS (KL-KN-SAL) Trips KL-KN RXMVB4
Trips 110
N Breaker LockoutkV
Timer B/F Zone-2
0.5 Trips KL-KN-SAL
RXMH2 2
secs Breaker
Trf Bkr on
Trips Transfer Zone # 2 Trips 110
RXMH2
Breaker
RXMVB4 kV
TrfRXMH2
Bkr on RXMVB4
Lockout B/F Zone-1
Zone # 1 Lockout
RXMVB RXMH2 1
4 RXMVB4 RTS on
Lockout Normal
Lockout
RXMVB4 RXMVB4
RXMH2 RXMVB4ET & A
Lockout Lockout Lockout
BORIVLI 110 kV ISLANDING SCHEME
Main-II Under Freq.

Relay (MICOM)
Main-II L/O
47.9 Hz, 0.2s
RXMH2
Main-I Under Freq.

Relay (FCX) RXMVB4
Stage 'D' 47.9 Hz, Lockout
PT input 0.2s Trips MSEB1
Stage ‘C’ 47.0 Hz,
Trips MSEB2
0.5s
Initiate
BU E/F Relay MSEB1 LBBU
B1+ES+MDDA
OR Main-I L/O
MSEB#1 RXMVB4 Initiate
MSEB2 LBBU
BU E/F Relay
B1+ES+MDDA
MSEB#2
MSEB1
N MSEB1
N
T &
OR T
Trips Trf. Bkr.
MSEB2
T OR Initiate Trf
MSEB2 Bkr. LBBU
T
N &
N
BU E/F Relay
B1+ES+MDDA
Trf Bkr
ET & A
BORIVLI 220 kV ISLANDING SCHEME
Van Rev. Power Relay – A

ph
Ia RXPE40 (30-120mA)
Set at 30mA
Vbn Rev. Power Relay – B Timer RXKE
ph (0.1ms-99s)
Ib RXPE40 (30-120mA) Set at 0.1ms
Set at 30mA
Vcn Rev. Power Relay – C
ph
 Aux. Relay
Ic RXPE40 (30-120mA)
Set at 30mA RXMS OR
Vbc Main-I UF Relay
&
(FCX 103b) Stage ‘C’
Set 47.9Hz. , 0.15s (min.) * Operates
 220KV BSES-1
Aux. Relay
Main-II UF Relay (MICOM) And
RXMH2
Vabc Set 47.9Hz. , 0.15s & 220KV BSES-2
GR.’B’ LO relay
Vbc Aux. Relay
Back up UF Relay (FCX
RXMS
103b) Stage ‘D’
Set 47.0Hz. , 0.5s
Vod Directional E/F Relay Timer RXKE

RXPE47 (30-120mA) (0.1ms-99s)
In Set at 120mA Set at 2.0
secs
(PU Direction – TATA to BSES)
 Separate reverse power relay shall be installed for Main-II islanding scheme in future
The above scheme is applicable for BSES- lines 1 & 2
ET & A
Summary of the no. of feeders and Total Load connected to UFR at various Stations according
to priority of Load Shedding
Total no. of
Load Priority for
Total no. of feeders
Sr.no. Station Stage UFR Setting Connected Load
feeders connected to
(MW) Shedding
UFR
1 Ambernath 9 9 Stage 1 48.0 35 1
2 Kalyan 7 5 Stage 1 48.0 70 1
3 Kolshet 6 6 Stage 1 48.0 22 1
5 Stage 1 48.0 40
4 Salsette 16 1
7 Stage 2 48.0 50
3 Stage 1 47.9 27
5 Saki 19 2
5 Stage 2 47.9 54
6 Versova 8 3 Stage 1 47.9 27 3
7 Malad 12 4 Stage 1 47.9 44 4
4 Stage 1 47.9 62
8 Borivli 23 5
5 Stage 2 47.9 48
9 Vikhroli 14 3 Stage 1 47.9 59 6
10 Chembur 12 5 Stage 1 47.9 70 7
9 Stage 1 47.9 71 8
11 Dharavi 62
14 Stage 2 47.9 140 9
6 Stage 1 47.9 22 9
12 Mahalaxmi 21
4 Stage 2 47.9 27 8
17 Stage 1 47.9 5 8
13 Parel 63
14 Stage 2 47.9 84 9
4 22 kV 47.9 26 10
14 Carnac 32
3 33 kV 47.9 39 11
Total Load connected to UFR Relays (MW) 1022
Total Load Connected to UFR = 580 MW (Stg 1) + 442 MW (Stg 2) = 1022 MW
115
Frequency Trend Relays
Quantum
Sr No. Station Setting df/dt Relay operates
(MW)
0.5 Hz/Sec
1. Parel both U/F stages lockout Relays 87
49.0 Hz
0.5 Hz/Sec 49.0

2. Dharavi both U/F stages lockout Relays 211
Hz
0.5 Hz/Sec
3. Kalyan U/F lockout Relay 70
49.0 Hz
0.5 Hz/Sec
4. Borivli both U/F stages lockout Relays 110
49.0 Hz
0.5 Hz/Sec
5. Salsette both U/F stages lockout Relays 90
49.0 Hz
0.5 Hz/Sec
6. Mahalaxmi both U/F stages lockout relays. 49
49.0 Hz
Total Load connected to df/dt Relay 617
116
Inter-State and
Intra-State ABT
ABT INTRODUCTION
INTER-STATE ABT
WHAT IS AVAILABILITY TARIFF:
The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff
structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis. The power
plants have fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan, return
on equity, depreciation, O&M expenses, insurance, taxes and interest on working
capital. The variable cost comprises of the fuel cost, i.e., coal and oil in case of thermal
plants and nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants. In the Availability Tariff mechanism,
the fixed and variable cost components are treated separately. The payment of fixed
cost to the generating company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its capability
to deliver MWs on a day-by-day basis. The total amount payable to the generating
company over a year towards the fixed cost depends on the average availability (MW
delivering capability) of the plant over the year. In case the average actually achieved
over the year is higher than the specified norm for plant availability, the generating
company gets a higher payment. In case the average availability achieved is lower, the
payment is also lower. Hence the name ‘Availability Tariff’. This is the first component of
Availability Tariff, and is termed ‘capacity charge’.
The second component of Availability Tariff is the ‘energy charge’, which comprises of
the variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for generating energy as per the
given schedule for the day. It may specifically be noted that energy charge (at the
specified plant-specific rate) is not based on actual generation and plant output, but on
scheduled generation. In case there are deviations from the schedule (e.g., if a power
plant delivers 600 MW while it was scheduled to supply only 500 MW), the energy
charge payment would still be for the scheduled generation (500 MW), and the excess
generation (100 MW) would get paid for at a rate dependent on the system conditions
prevailing at the time. If the grid has surplus power at the time and frequency is above
50.0 cycles, the rate would be lower. If the excess generation takes place at the time of
generation shortage in the system (in which condition the frequency would be below
50.0 cycles), the payment for extra generation would be at a higher rate.
To recapitulate, the Indian version of Availability Tariff comprises of three components:

(a) capacity charge, towards reimbursement of the fixed cost of the plant, linked to the
plant's declared capacity to supply MWs, (b) energy charge, to reimburse the fuel cost
for scheduled generation, and (c) a payment for deviations from schedule, at a rate
dependent on system conditions. The last component would be negative (indicating a
117
Interstate and Intrastate ABT
payment by the generator for the deviation) in case the power plant is delivering less
power than scheduled.
HOW DO THE BENEFICIARIES SHARE THE PAYMENTS:
The Central generating stations in different regions of the country have various States of
the Region as their specified beneficiaries or bulk consumers. The latter have shares in
these plants calculated according to Gadgil formula, and duly notified by the Ministry of
Power. The beneficiaries have to pay the capacity charge for these plants in proportion
to their share in the respective plants. This payment is dependent on the declared
output capability of the plant for the day and the beneficiary's percentage share in that
plant, and not on power / energy intended to be drawn or actually drawn by the
beneficiary from the Central station.
The energy charge to be paid by a beneficiary to a Central station for a particular day
would be the fuel cost for the energy scheduled to be supplied from the power plant to
the beneficiary during the day. In addition, if a beneficiary draws more power from the
regional grid than what is totally scheduled to be supplied to him from the various
Central generating stations at a particular time, he has to pay for the excess drawal at a
rate dependent on the system conditions, the rate being lower if the frequency is high,
and being higher if the frequency is low.
HOW DOES THE MECHANISAM WORK:
The process starts with the Central generating stations in the region declaring their
expected output capability for the next day to the Regional Load Dispatch Centre
(RLDC). The RLDC breaks up and tabulates these output capability declarations as per
the beneficiaries' plant-wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load
Dispatch Centres (SLDCs). The latter then carry out an exercise to see how best they
can meet the load of their consumers over the day, from their own generating stations,
along with their entitlement in the Central stations. They also take into account the
irrigation release requirements and load curtailment etc. that they propose in their
respective areas. The SLDCs then convey to the RLDC their schedule of power drawal
from the Central stations (limited to their entitlement for the day). The RLDC aggregates
these requisitions and determines the dispatch schedules for the Central generating
stations and the drawal schedules for the beneficiaries duly incorporating any bilateral
agreements and adjusting for transmission losses. These schedules are then issued by
the RLDC to all concerned and become the operational as well as commercial datum.
However, in case of contingencies, Central stations can prospectively revise the output
118
capability declaration, beneficiaries can prospectively revise requisitions, and the

schedules are correspondingly revised by RLDC.
While the schedules so finalized become the operational datum, and the regional
constituents are expected to regulate their generation and consumer load in a way that
the actual generation and drawls generally follow these schedules, deviations are
allowed as long as they do not endanger the system security. The schedules are also
used for determination of the amounts payable as energy charges, as described earlier.
Deviations from schedules are determined in 15-minute time blocks through special
metering, and these deviations are priced depending on frequency. As long as the actual
generation/drawal is equal to the given schedule, payment on account of the third
component of Availability Tariff is zero. In case of under-drawal, a beneficiary is paid
back to that extent according to the frequency dependent rate specified for deviations
from schedule.
WHY WAS AVAILABILITY TARIFF NECESSARY:
Prior to the introduction of Availability Tariff, the regional grids had been operating in a
very undisciplined and haphazard manner. There were large deviations in frequency
from the rated frequency of 50.0 cycles per second (Hz). Low frequency situations result
when the total generation available in the grid is less than the total consumer load.
These can be curtailed by enhancing generation and/or curtailing consumer load. High
frequency is a result of insufficient backing down of generation when the total consumer
load has fallen during off-peak hours. The earlier tariff mechanisms did not provide any
incentive for either backing down generation during off-peak hours or for reducing
consumer load / enhancing generation during peak-load hours. In fact, it was profitable
to go on generating at a high level even when the consumer demand had come down.
In other words, the earlier tariff mechanisms encouraged grid indiscipline.
The Availability Tariff directly addresses these issues. Firstly, by giving incentives for
enhancing output capability of power plants, it enables more consumer load to be met
during peak load hours. Secondly, backing down during off-peak hours no longer results
in financial loss to generating stations, and the earlier incentive for not backing down is
neutralized. Thirdly, the shares of beneficiaries in the Central generating stations acquire
a meaning, which was previously missing. The beneficiaries now have well-defined
entitlements, and are able to draw power up to the specified limits at normal rates of
the respective power plants. In case of over-drawal, they have to pay at a higher rate
during peak load hours, which discourages them from over-drawing further. This
payment then goes to beneficiaries who received less energy than was scheduled, and
acts as an incentive/compensation for them.
119
HOW DOES IT BENEFIT EVERYONE:
The mechanism has dramatically streamlined the operation of regional grids in India.
Firstly, through the system and procedure in place, constituents’ schedules get
determined as per their shares in Central stations, and they clearly know the
implications of deviating from these schedules. Any constituent which helps others by
under-drawal from the regional grid in a deficit situation, gets compensated at a good
price for the quantum of energy under-drawn. Secondly, the grid parameters, i.e.,
frequency and voltage, have improved, and equipment damage correspondingly
reduced. During peak load hours, the frequency can be improved only by reducing
drawls, and necessary incentives are provided in the mechanism for the same. High
frequency situation on the other hand, is being checked by encouraging reduction in
generation during off-peak hours. Thirdly, because of clear separation between fixed
and variable charges, generation according to merit-order is encouraged and pithead
stations do not have to back down normally. The overall generation cost accordingly
comes down. Fourthly, a mechanism is established for harnessing captive and co-
generation and for bilateral trading between the constituents. Lastly, Availability Tariff,
by rewarding plant availability, enables more consumer load to be catered at any point
of time.
THE DAILY SCHEDULING PROCESS:
Suppose a 1000 MW Central coal-fired power station has three beneficiaries (States – A,
B and C) with allocated shares of 30, 30 and 40% respectively. Suppose the station
foresees a capability to deliver 900 MW (ex-bus) on the next day, and advises the same
to the RLDC by 9 AM. The RLDC would break it up, and advise the three SLDCs by 10
AM that their entitlements in the Central station are 270, 270 and 360 MW respectively,
for the next day. Entitlements in the other Central stations would also be advised by
RLDC to the SLDCs similarly.
Simultaneously, the SLDCs would receive availability status from their intra - State
stations as well. They would then carry out a detailed exercise as to how best to meet
the expected consumer demand in their respective States over the 24 hours. For this,
they would compare the variable costs of various intra - State power stations inter-se,
and with energy charge rates of the Central stations, and also consider the irrigation
release requirements vs. energy availability of the hydro-electric stations. After this
exercise, the SLDCs will issue the dispatch schedules for the intra - State stations, and
their requisition from the Central stations (restricted to the States’ respective
120
entitlements). Suppose States – A and B fully requisition their shares from the Central
station under consideration (270 MW each, throughout the 24-hour period), while State
– C requisitions 360 MW during the day time, but only 200 MW during the night hours.
Summation of the three requisitions would thus produce, for the Central
generating station, the total dispatch schedule of 900 MW during the day time
and 740 MW during the night hours, as illustrated in figure - 1. This would be
issued by the RLDC by 5 PM, and would be effective from the following midnight
(unless modified in the intervening hours). States – A, B and C shall pay capacity
charge for the whole day corresponding to plant availability of 270, 270 and 360
MW, and the generating station would get capacity charge corresponding to 900
MW. Energy charge payments by the three States would be for 270 x 24 MWh,
270 x 24 MWh, and (200 x 24 + 160 x 16) MWh of energy respectively, at the
specified energy charge rate of the generating station.
DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULE:
As mentioned earlier, the energy charge, at the specified energy charge rate of a
generating station, is payable for the scheduled energy quantum. The energy actually
supplied by the generating station may differ from what was scheduled. If actual energy
supplied were higher than scheduled, the generating station would be entitled to receive
a payment for the excess energy (the deviation from schedule, technically termed as
Unscheduled Interchange (UI) in Availability Tariff terminology) at a rate dependent on
frequency at that time. If the energy actually supplied is less than what is scheduled,
the generating station shall have to pay back for the energy shortfall, at the same
frequency - linked rate.
The relationship between the above UI rate and grid frequency, for the inter-State
system, is specified by CERC. The present relationship, applicable from 30-04-07, is
shown in figure. When the frequency is 50.5 Hz or higher, the UI rate is zero, which
means that the generating station would not get any payment for the extra energy
supplied. It would burn fuel for producing this extra energy, but would not get
reimbursed for it at all. Conversely, if the actual energy supplied were less than
scheduled energy, the generating station would still be paid for the scheduled energy (at
its energy charge rate) without having to pay back anything for the energy shortfall. It
would thus be able to save on fuel cost (for the energy not generated) and retain the
energy charge as net saving. There is thus a strong commercial incentive to back down
generation during high frequency situations, and help in containing the frequency rise.
121
On the other hand, when frequency goes down, the UI rate (for both over-supply and
under-supply) ramps up, reaching a ceiling level of Rs. 7.45 per kWh at a frequency of
49.0 Hz. At a frequency of 49.8 Hz, the UI rate is Rs. 2.10 per kWh presently. And at a
frequency of 49.5 Hz, the UI rate is Rs. 3.45 per kWh. Under this condition, any extra
energy sent into the grid would get the generating station a UI payment at the rate
applicable in that slot. For any shortfall, the generating station shall have to pay back at
the same rate. It would thus have a strong commercial incentive to maximize its
generation during periods of such low frequency.
Each 0.02 Hz step is equivalent to

6.0 Paise/kWh in the 50.5-49.8 Hz frequency range,
9.0 Paise/kWh in the 49.8-49.5 Hz frequency range,
16.0 Paise/kWh in the 49.5-49.0 Hz frequency
(Each 0.02 Hz step is equivalent to

UI Rates 6.0 paise/kWh in the 50.5-49.8 Hz frequency range,
9.0 paise/kWh in the 49.8-49.5 Hz frequency range,
16.0 paise/kWh in the 49.5-49.0 Hz frequency)
800
700
600
500
Ps/KWH
400
300
200
100
0
50.5
50.44
50.38
50.32
50.26
50.20
50.14
50.08
50.02
49.96
49.90
49.84
49.78
49.72
49.66
49.6
49.54
49.48
49.42
49.36
49.30
49.24
49.18
49.12
49.06
Frequency PS/KWH
A similar scheme operates for the States (beneficiaries) as well. Any State drawing
power in excess of its schedule has to pay for the excess energy at the same frequency
- dependant rate. The high UI rate during low-frequency conditions would induce all
States to reduce their drawal from the grid, by maximizing their own generation and/or
by curtailing their consumer load. If a State draws less power than scheduled, it pays for
scheduled energy quantum at the normal rate and gets paid back for energy not drawn
at a much higher UI rate. On the other hand, during high-frequency conditions, a State
can draw extra power at a low rate, and is thus encouraged to back down its own
costlier generating stations. An under-drawal during high-frequency conditions means
122
that the State pays for the scheduled power quantum unnecessarily. It should either
reduce its schedule, or increase its drawal.
For the above purpose, the energy is metered in 15-minute time blocks, since frequency
keeps changing (and the UI rate with it). The metered energy is then compared with the
scheduled energy for that 15-minute time block, and the difference (+ or -) becomes
the UI energy, as illustrated in figure - 3. The corresponding UI rate is determined by
taking the average frequency for the same 15-minute time block into account.
Also, for each Central generating station and State, the actual energy has to be metered
on a net basis, i.e., algebraic sum of energy metered on all its peripheral interconnection
points, for every 15-minute time block. All UI payments are made into and from a
regional UI pool account, operated by the concerned RLDC.
123
INTRA-STATE ABT
The National Electricity policy issued in February 2005 advised the SERCs to introduce
ABT at the intra-state level within one year.
ABT at state level. Why?

There are a good number of reasons why ABT must be implemented with in a state.
The reasons are listed below
 Installed capacity of Captive Power Plants (CPP’s) is to be tapped.
 Once the UI is passed to DISCOMs they will become proactive in managing the
load.
 To enhance trading and bring grid discipline among open access customers.
 No penalty for state generators/IPP's or DISCOMs for deviating from the
schedule.
Salient Features of intrastate ABT

 The system is applicable to Distribution Licensees and Full Transmission Open
Access Consumers in the State.
 Exemption from ABT to

 Non conventional Energy generators
 CPPs injecting power to the grid
 Partial Transmission Open Access Users
 Full and Partial Distribution Open Access Users
 Generators not to be subjected to ABT settlement at present, however Fixed

Cost settlement for each trading period based on Availability during that trading
period to be implemented immediately.
 Hybrid system at State level - Flow through of regional UI and deviations by

State Pool Participants (SPP) to be settled at "Weighted Average System Marginal
Price“
 Bills to be raised within 7 days of submission of energy account statement
 Payments to be made within 7 days of receipt of bills by the participants
124
 Trial runs of intra-State ABT started with effect from October 2007 and would be
continued till March 2008. Intra-State ABT shall be implemented in the State of
Maharashtra with effect from 1st April 2008
 The Commission has not considered generators as part of imbalance pool

settlement to begin with.
 However, they can become a member of 'State Imbalance Pool‘ arrangement, if

it wishes to sell its entire generation as 'Merchant Generator',
 SLDC is responsible for ensuring merit order dispatch within the State. It will be
the responsibility of MSLDC to prepare 'Merit Order Stack' for the entire
generation in the State and attempt to meet the load within the State in most
optimal manner.
 SLDC to maintain strict vigil over system operation and report any instance of
load shedding to earn money through pool transactions.
 It is the responsibility of each distribution company to supply power to all

consumers during all 24 hours and 365 days of the year. The Commission has
decided to take strong action in cases of failure to procure power and resorting
to higher level of load shedding.
 The Commission’s opinion was that till suitable mechanism is put in place, the
present 'standby arrangement' for Mumbai distribution licensees' will have to
continue.
 MSLDC will put in place various mechanisms for implementation of ABT regime at
State level i.e. energy accounting, development of balancing and settlement
mechanism, development of scheduling and despatch procedure and protocol.
Market Structure for Intrastate ABT

 Market Participants
 Generation companies
 Distribution Licensees
 Power Trading Companies
 The Open Access users
125
 State Pool Participants

 Distribution Licensees
 The Transmission open access users
 Market Service Providers –

 Transmission Licensees such as MSETCL, TPC-T and REL-T
 MSLDC-OD
 MSLDC-CD
 Market Operator
 Maharashtra State Power Committee (MSPC).
Contractual Framework for Market Operation

 Maharashtra Balancing and Settlement Code: This govern the operations
and behavior of the Market Participants and State Pool Participants.
 Power Purchase Agreements: The contractual arrangement through PPAs

have to be put in place amongst generating companies and distribution
licensees.
 Bulk Power Transmission Agreement: State Pool Participants have to

necessarily enter into a Bulk Power Transmission Agreement (BPTA) and
Connection Agreement (CA) with the concerned transmission licensee.
 State Grid Code: The Code of Technical Interface or the State Grid Code shall
be binding upon all constituents of the Maharashtra Electricity Market - the
Market Participants and the Market Service Providers.
 Commission's Tariff Order: The Market Participants and the State pool
participants are responsible for payment of transmission charges and losses in
accordance with the Transmission Pricing Framework Order and Transmission
Tariff Order.
126
Power Trading
Power Trading
With the increasing power shortage due to increase in demand in some area while
surplus in other area, power trading has become important in bridging the gap between
shortfall and surplus utilities thus benefiting both utilities and the community.
The Indian electricity sector has grown manifold since independence making India the
third largest producer of electricity in Asia.
While there are pockets of surplus power due to projected load growth not taking place
commensurate with addition in generation capacity, there still exists a gap between
supply and demand of power in large parts of the country. Inherent diversity in demand
of various States in the country also results in periods of seasonal surplus in one State
or Region coinciding with periods of deficit in another.
Inter-regional power transfer capacity of around 8000 MW is currently available. A

perspective transmission plan has been evolved to install an integrated and resilient
National Power Grid in phased manner by the year 2012, thereby augmenting the inter-
regional transfer capacity from the current level of 8000 MW to the level of 30,000 MW.
Adequate transmission capacity and inter-regional links are essential for transfer of
power from surplus to the deficit regions and support the development of a power
market in the country. Substantial opportunities exist to improve the economic efficiency
and security of supply through trading of power.
With the implementation of ABT, unscheduled interchange of power on a real time basis
has also created substantial business opportunities.
The Electricity Act 2003 which came into force on 10th of June 2003, recognizes
“trading“ as a distinct licensed activity. The intention of the Act by introducing trading is
to provide choice before the consumers (Distribution licensees and End customers) for
optimum utilization of the capacity in the country and to introduce competition.
In the current scenario, where there are pockets of surplus power along with large areas
of deficit, inter-state power trading is a significant tool to meet the country's power
supply needs in an open market framework. Trading in power requires superior skill-sets
in risk management, and the ability to leverage opportunities and deliver instant value to
customers.
127
Power Trading
Trading companies will trade in surplus power of state electricity boards, captive power
plants and generating companies as also the power output of merchant power plants,
which are currently under execution
With transmission capacity being put in place for large size inter-State projects, the
inter-regional transfer capacity is likely to get further enhanced. Substantial
opportunities therefore exist to improve the economic efficiency and security of supply
through trading of power.
In order to meet the growing demand for power, potential for large-sized private
projects has been recognised. Alongside this the Govt. of India also developed the Mega
Power Policy through which, the development of large private power projects was
foreseen. These projects are to supply power to multiple states and this usually leads to
difficulties in reaching agreement on risk sharing as well as on payment security
mechanisms, reducing the credit-worthiness of the project. Therefore, a single credit-
enhancing agency, which could buy power from these private power stations and sell to
the State Utilities and other buyers, was felt inevitable. Such an entity could manage the
risks effectively to provide adequate comfort to investors and lenders.
Open Access
Open access is the key to a free and fair electricity market. Power producers (sellers)
and dealers/customers (buyers) have to share a common transmission network for
wheeling the power from the point of generation to the point of consumption. Thus,
interconnected transmission system is considered to be a natural monopoly so as to
avoid the duplicity, the problem of right-of-the-way, huge investment for new
infrastructure and to take the advantage of the interconnected network viz. reduced
installed capacity, increased system reliability and improved system performance.
What is open Access?
It is - Non discriminatory provision for use for the use of transmission lines or
distribution
system by any generating utility or consumer.
 Transmission Access refers to ability of seller/buyer to use the
transmission/distribution network owned by some other utility, thus enabling
power delivery to a location distant from generation.
 The Electricity Bill, provides for captive generators to site their generators in one
corner of the country, inject power into the grid, and sell it to a consumer at a
different corner of the country.
128
Power Trading
Why Open Access?
 The generator and consumers are free to trade with each other even though
they do not provide for the transmission lines required for the power transfer.
 Transmission entities are monopolistic. The prices of their services must be
regulated. The is a possibility of discrimination towards various generators and
consumers.
 The newly formed entities following restructuring can not survive and conduct
their business without implementation of Open Access.
 All this needs Open Access.
Transmission access is an important mechanism for opening up the electricity sector in

the interest of the consumer. The Commission has tried to simplify the process and
made it more user-friendly.
Regulations on Open Access

The highlights of the amended regulations are as follows:
1.0 Long Term and Short term Customers
 Transmission customers will be divided into two categories, namely, long

term customers and short term customers.
 A long term customer is the one who has or intends to enter into long term
bulk power transmission agreement with transmission service provider for
use of inter-State transmission system. A long term customer shall have the
exit option to relinquish or transfer his transmission right and obligations with
the prior approval of the Commission subject to payment of compensation as
may be determined by the Commission.
 Transmission customers other than long term customers shall be short term
customers.
2.0 Criteria for grant of access
 A long term customer will be allowed access based on transmission planning

criteria stipulated in the Indian Electricity Grid Code. Long term customers
will have the right to use the transmission system.
 Access to short term customer shall be allowed subject to availability of
transmission capacity if request can be accommodated by utilizing inherent
129
Power Trading
design margin, margin available due to variation in power flow and margin
available due to in-built spare capacity.
3.0 Priority in allotment and curtailment
Allotment priority of long term customers shall be higher than that of short term
customers. Short term customers shall be the first to be curtailed in the event of
transmission constraint.
4.0 Nodal Agency
 Nodal Agency for arranging long term access shall be the Central
Transmission Utility (POWERGRID), if its system is used. Otherwise the nodal
agency shall be the transmission service provider in whose system the drawal
point is located.
 The nodal agency for short term access shall be the Regional Load Dispatch
Centre (RLDC) of the Region, where the drawal point of electricity is situated.
5.0 Monthly time table for advance reservation of transmission

capacity
 A monthly timetable has been introduced for the first time for grant of
transmission access to short-term customers in a transparent and organized
manner.
 There will be provision for advance reservation for a period extending up to
next three months for which applications can be submitted by 19th day of
the month.
 All applications received up to 19th day of the month for advance reservation
shall be processed together and access shall be granted by 26th day of the
month.
6.0 Congestion management by e-bidding
For advance reservations for short term customers, congestion management

shall be done through electronic bidding. However, the maximum bid price shall
be capped at 125% of the rate applicable for long term customers to prevent
volatility of transmission prices on the congested corridors.
130
Power Trading
7.0 Short term customers who do not make advance reservations are free to
seek open access on first cum first served basis for a maximum period of one
month subject to availability of transmission capacity.
8.0 Part-day charges to reduce cost of wheeling of peaking power
The transmission charges for short terms customers shall be declared in terms of
Rupees/ MW/Day. However, the Commission has now decided that for part day
users up to 6 hours in a day, only one fourth (1/4th) of the per day charges shall
be applied. Similarly for part day users up to 12 hours in a day, only half the per
day charges shall be applied.
9.0 Exit option granted to short term customers
With a views to providing flexibility to the parties engaged in electricity trading,

an exit option has been provided where by a short term customer can surrender,
cancel or reduce the reserved transmission capacity by payment of a minimum of
7 days charges or the balance period of reservation, which ever is shorter.
10.0 No change in pricing scheme for intra-regional transmission

access
To avoid pan caking, the Commission has decided that for short term
intraregional transactions, the short term customer shall be charged at the rate
of 25% of the last year's effective rate for long term customer, and average
transmission losses shall be applied.
11.0 New pricing scheme for inter-regional links
 Taking cognizance of the fact that there is a basic shift in the nature of use
of inter-regional links from that of bilateral grid support to power trading and
inter-regional allocations, the Commission has decided to revise the
methodology for applying transmission charges for inter-regional links as
follows:
 Beneficiaries using inter-regional links for allocations from Central generation
stations or other long term contracts shall pay transmission charges pro-rata
to their allocation and contracts vis-à-vis capacity of the inter-regional link.
131
Power Trading
 Balance capacity after allowing for security margin, shall be made available to
short term Open Access customer for which the minimum rate shall be 50%
of the last year's effective rate for long term use.
 Balance transmission charges for the inter-regional link if any, shall be shared
on 50:50 basis by the two regions as reliability charges.
12.0 The new pricing scheme for inter-regional links shall significantly
reduce the financial burden of the SEBs, who have the obligation to reimburse
full transmission charges to POWERGRID but were not getting adequate relief,
even when others were using the interregional links to the extent of 100%. It is
also expected that the new pricing scheme will be more conducive to future
investment in the inter-regional links.
13.0 "Same day" and "Next day" trading made simple
In addition to meeting their seasonal demand, the SEBs/ Discoms also need to
enter into short term trading agreements on day to day basis in order to balance
there demand-supply position as far as possible. The Commission has simplified
the procedure for 'next day' and 'same day' transactions, in which no open
access charges would be payable up front and the RLDCs shall accommodate
such requests subject to technical feasibility. Now a composite request for Open
Access and scheduling for the next day can be made through the concerned
SLDC by 3 P.M. of the day . In respect of un-requisitioned generating capacity
the request can be made by 10 P.M.
14.0 Application fee and Operating charges for short term customers
An application fee of Rs. 5000/- and operating charges at the rate of Rs.3000/-
for each Regional Load Despatch Centre and at the rate of Rs.1000/- for each
State Load Despatch Report on Restructuring of Indian Power Systems 15
Centre shall be levied. However, handling and service charges @ 2% levied so
far have been abolished.
15.0 UI mechanism for balancing power
Mismatch between the scheduled and actual energy transaction at the point of
injection and drawal shall be supplied by the grid at a frequency linked price as
per the UI mechanism already in place.
132
Power Trading
16.0 Automatic rerouting on inter-regional links
Transmission capacity available for short term customers on the inter-regional

corridors shall be regularly displayed on the RLDC web site and the customer
may give standing instructions for automatic rerouting in the event of
transmission congestion or constraints.
17.0 Commercial conditions simplified for short term customers
 There is no need to pay transmission charges along with application. Such

charges can be paid within the next three working days of grant of access.
 Payment has been allowed through cheque or electronic transfer
 No up front application fee to be paid for "same day" and "next day" access.
 There is a provision for refund incase access is denied due to transmission
constraint.
Power Banking
Power banking is an innovative process and acceptable business practice by which risk
of perishability of electricity is eliminated. By extending the banking concept in power
industry we can have inventory of power as well as work in progress in power
generation.
The present understanding about the power (electricity) is that it cannot be stored for
future use. In other words, its generation and consumption have to be simultaneous and
instantaneous. Therefore, there would be no inventory of finished goods and work in
progress of electricity. This concept in absolute sense is correct in view of its inherent
limitations as under:
1) Generation and consumption of electricity have to be simultaneous and

instantaneous.
2) Energy in the form of electricity is perishable.
In fact, we can have finished goods and work in progress of power inventory if the
above mentioned limitations/risks are addressed managed and eliminated. If we are
able to extend the banking concept in power industry, we can have inventory of power
as well as work in progress in power generation. The process can be called power
banking.
133
Power Trading
Power Banking concept
Power banking means the transfer of surplus power by one entity to another for its
simultaneous and instantaneous consumption, and to get back the power at a different
point of time as per its requirement on mutually agreed term. Under this scheme,
surplus power of an entity is delivered and consumed by the other entity running short
of power through a banking agreement. Now the taker of power may consume either to
meet its immediate business commitment or by converting the form of power to those
forms of energy which are non-perishable and can be regenerated as electricity by
application of concept of conservation of energy.
The power banking needs to be encouraged to avail following benefits:
1) To increase the availability of short term power for consumption and trade without
disturbing the existing long term power purchase contracts.
2) To meet peak demand and resource optimisation.
3) To increase the quantum of tradable short term power on the floor of proposed
power exchange. The proposed power exchange is an institutionalised,
transparent, common platform for trading of power for streamlining the trading
process and standardisation of electricity as a tradable product.
4) To facilitate multilateral trading in electricity against the present scenario of

bilateral trading at a mutually agreed rate.
5) To provide positive signal and encourage investment in merchant generation and

setting up of peaking power plants.
Due to inherent risk of perishable nature of electricity the banking arrangement is

created out of expected surplus/shortage forecast through the available historical data
of generation-consumption pattern of electricity along with strategies for management
of forecast risk. The forecast risk is the likelihood of forecast going wrong. These are
prepared on the basis of expectation or in anticipation of probable generation/supply
and consumption of electricity in a specified period. It is imperative to know the
magnitude of this risk before preparation of ‘probable expectation’ in a given period of
time.
134
Power Trading
The predetermination of the following is essential for preparation of a forecast for

generation consumption pattern of electricity.
1) Periodicity of the forecast.
2) Critical levels (maximum & minimum) of supply-consumption are to be considered

for preparation of forecast.
3) Enunciation of various factors and their likely effect on forecast.
4) Updating mechanism for listing new factors having some likely effect on current
period and future forecast.
5) Provision of room for certain degree of error in the forecast.
Based on available forecast, each entity should frame and implement suitable banking
policy to ensure that banking operation is conducted in accordance with sound and
acceptable business practices. Further, a strong internal control system should be put in
place in the organisation taking into account various factors such as the volume,
volatility, fraud and errors.
Power Banking Process
The power banking process can be explained with the help of an illustrative banking
agreement of X&Y Ltd. As per the available forecast of supply-consumption pattern X
Power entity shall generally have surplus power during December to march and Y Power
entity needs more power during the corresponding period. The forecasting of surplus
and shortage are arrived at after considering the available power under the long term
power procurement contracts i.e. surplus and shortages are arrived without disturbing
the long term power procurement contracts In general the power banking agreement
shall contain the following terms.
1) X offer to bank with Y up to 100 MU power from December 2006 to March 2007,
which period can be extended further at mutually agreed term and conditions and,
2) Y to return the above banked energy from May 2007 to August 2007, which period
can be extended further at mutually agreed term and conditions and
3) The power shall be delivered by X and drawn by Y at X Periphery.
135
Power Trading
4) The power shall be delivered by Y and drawn by X at Y Periphery.
5) For banking of power by X with Y all transmission losses and charges shall be on
Y’s accounts. At the time of return all transmission losses and charges shall be on
X’s accounts.
6) The transferee (Y)/transferor (X) may have the right to purchase/sale the banked
energy.
7) The transferee (Y)/transferor (X) may have the right to exercise stop banking.
8) Force major clause.
Conclusion
The power banking is an innovative process and acceptable business practice by which
risk of perishability of power is eliminated. By power banking we understand the transfer
of surplus power by one entity to another for its simultaneous and instantaneous
consumption and to get back the power at different point of time as per its requirement
on mutually agreed term. By extending the banking concept in power industry we can
have inventory of power as well as work in progress in power generation The objectives
of accounting and reporting of banked power as inventory of power entity are, to lay
down standard principles and procedure, to eliminate the extent possible non-
comparability and, to ensure the users gets reliable financial statement prepared by the
entities.
136
The Electricity
Act 2003
The Electricity Act, 2003
An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution,
trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to
development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest
of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalisation of electricity tariff,
ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and
environmentally benign policies constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory
Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal
Background
Three erstwhile Acts that regulated the electricity sector:

 The Indian Electricity Act, 1910
 The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
 The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998
The Indian Electricity Act, 1910

 Provided basic framework for electric supply industry in India.
 Growth of the sector through private licensees. Licence by State Govt.
 Provision for licence for supply of electricity in a specified area.
 Legal framework for laying down of wires and other works.
 Provisions laying down relationship between licensee and consumer.
The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948

 Mandated creation of State Electricity Boards.
 Need for the State to step in (through SEBs) to extend electrification (so far
limited to cities) all across the country.
Main amendments to the existing Acts

 Amendment in 1975 to enable generation in Central sector
 Amendment to bring in commercial viability in the functioning of SEBs –
 Section 59 amended to make the earning of a minimum return of 3% on fixed
assets a statutory requirement (w.e.f 1.4.1985)
 Amendment in 1991 to open generation to private sector and establishment of
Regional Load Despatch Centres
139
 Amendment in 1998 to provide for private sector participation in transmission,

and also provision relating to Transmission Utilities.
The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998

 Provision for setting up of Central / State Electricity Regulatory Commission to
with powers to determine tariffs.
 Constitution of SERC optional for States. .
 Distancing of Government from tariff determination
Common features of State Acts
Independent Regulatory Mechanism

 Constitution of SERC
 Powers of tariff fixation, licensing, regulation or working of licensees,
performance standards etc. to SERC
Reorganisation of SEB
 TRANSCO as successor entity
 Single buyer model
 Separation of generation, transmission & distribution
Powers of State Governments to give policy directions to SERCs.
 Policy directions also on subsidy
 State Governments to compensate licensee affected by direction regarding
subsidy
Need for the new legislation
 Requirement of harmonizing and rationalizing the provisions in the existing

laws to
 Create competitive environment for benchmark competition which will
result in enhancing quality and reliability of service to consumer.
 Distancing regulatory responsibilities of Govtment.
 Reform legislation by several States separately.
 Obviating need for individual States to enact their own reform laws.
 Requirement of introducing newer concepts like power trading, open access,
Appellate Tribunal etc.
 Special provision for the Rural areas.
140
Salient features of the Electricity Act, 2003
• Role of Government
• Rural Electrification
• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Consumer Protection
 Trading / Market Development
• Regulatory Commission / Appellate Tribunal
• Tariff Principles
• CEA
• Measures against Theft of electricity
• Restructuring of SEBs
Role of Government
 Central Government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.

 Central Govt. to notify a National Policy for rural areas permitting stand alone
systems based on renewal and Non-Conventional energy sources in
consultation with States.
 Central Govt. to formulate a National Policy in consultation with the concerned
State Govts. for bulk purchase of power and management of local distribution
through Users’ Association, Cooperatives, Franchisees and Panchayat
Institutions etc.
Rural Electrification
 Appropriate Government to endeavor to extend supply of electricity to all

villages/hamlets.
 No requirement of licence if a person intends to generate and distribute power
in rural area.
Generation
 Generation free from licensing.

 Requirement of TEC for non-hydro generation done away with.
 Captive Generation is free from controls. Open access to Captive generating
plants subject to availability of transmission facility.
141
 Clearance of CEA for hydro projects required. Necessary due to concern of dam
safety and inter-State issues.
 Generation from Non-Conventional Sources / Co-generation to be promoted.
Minimum percentage of purchase of power from renewables may be prescribed
by Regulatory Commissions.
Transmission
 There would be Transmission Utility at the Centre and in the States to

undertake planning & development of transmission system.
 Load despatch to be in the hands of a government company/organisation.
Flexibility regarding keeping Transmission Utility and load despatch together or
separating them. Load Despatch function critical for grid stability and
neutrality vis a vis generators and distributors. Instructions to be binding on
both.
 Transmission companies to be licensed by the Appropriate Commission after
giving due consideration to the views of the Transmission Utility.
 The Load Despatch Centre/Transmission Utility / Transmission Licensee not to
trade in power. Facilitating genuine competition between generators
 Open access to the transmission lines to be provided to distribution
licensees, generating companies.
 This would generate competitive pressures and lead to gradual cost reduction.
Distribution
 Distribution to be licensed by SERCs.

 Distribution licensee free to take up generation & Generating co. free to
take up distribution licence. This would facilitate private sector
participation without Government guarantee/ Escrow.
 Retail tariff to be determined by the Regulatory Commission.
 Metering made mandatory.
 Provision for suspension/revocation of licence by Regulatory
Commission as it is an essential service which can not be allowed to
collapse.
Open access in distribution to be allowed by SERC in phases.
In addition to the wheeling charges provision for surcharge if open access is

allowed before elimination of cross subsidies, to take care of
(a) Current level of cross subsidy
142
(b) Licensee’s obligation to supply.
Consumer Protection
 Consumer to be given connection within stipulated time.

 Penalty in the event of failure to give connection
 Payment of interest on security deposit.
 Regulatory commission to specify Electricity supply code to be followed by
licensees.
 No sum due from consumers recoverable after a period of two years unless the
same was shown recoverable continuously.
 Redressal forum for redressal of grievances of consumers, to be appointed by
every distribution licensee within six months.
 Standards of performance
 Licensees required to meet standards of performance specified by
Regulatory Commission. Failure to meet standards makes them liable to
pay compensation to affected person within ninety days.
 Licensee to furnish to the Commission periodical information on standards
of performance
 District level committee - (a) to coordinate and review extension of
electrification in each district; (b) to review quality of power supply and
consumer satisfaction, etc.
Trading/ Market Development
 Trading distinct activity permitted with licensing.

 Regulatory Commission may fix ceiling on trading margin to avoid artificial
price volatility.
 The Regulatory Commission to promote development of market including
trading.
Regulatory Commissions/Appellate Tribunal
 State Electricity Regulatory Commission to be constituted within six months.

 Provision for Joint Commission by more than one State/UT.
 Provision for constitution of Appellate Tribunal consisting of Chairman and
three Members.
 Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the orders of CERC/SERC, and also
to exercise general supervision and control over the Central/State
Commissions.
143
 Appeal against the orders of Appellate Tribunal to lie before the Supreme
Court.
 Appellate Tribunal considered necessary to-
• Reduce litigation and delay in decisions through High Court.
• Provide technical expertise in decision on appeals.
Central Electricity Authority
 CEA to continue as the main technical Advisor of the Govt. of India/ State
Government with the responsibility of overall planning.
 CEA to specify the technical standards for electrical plants and electrical
lines.
 CEA to be technical adviser to CERC as well as SERCs.
 CEA to specify the safety standards.
Tariff Principles
 Regulatory Commission to determine tariff for supply of electricity by

generating co. on long/medium term contracts.
 No tariff fixation by regulatory commission if tariff is determined through
competitive bidding or where consumers, on being allowed open access enter
into agreement with generators/traders.
 Consumer tariff should progressively reduce cross subsidies and move towards
actual cost of supply.
 State Government may provide subsidy in advance through the budget for
specified target groups if it requires the tariff to be lower than that determined
by the Regulatory Commission.
 Regulatory Commissions may undertake regulation including determination of
multi-year tariff principles, which rewards efficiency and is based on
commercial principles.
 Regulatory Commission to look at the costs of generation, transmission and
distribution separately.
Measures Against Theft of Electricity
 Focus on revenue realisation rather than criminal proceedings.

 Penalties linked to the connected load and quantum of energy and financial
gain involved in theft.
 Provisions for compounding of offences.
144
 Assessment of electricity charges for unauthorised use of electricity by the

assessing officer designated by the State Government.
 Theft punishable with imprisonment.
 Punishment provision for abetment of theft.
 Special Courts
Restructuring of SEBs
 Provision for transfer scheme to create one or more companies from SEB.
Provision for continuance of SEBs
 States given flexibility to adopt reform model/path.
New Central Law vis a vis State Reform / Amendment Laws
 All licenses, authorisations, permissions, approvals, clearances issued under the

repealed laws are saved for a maximum period of one year.
 Action taken under corresponding provisions of the repealed laws or rules
made thereunder are saved to the extent of consistency/correspondence with
the provisions of the new Act
 Provisions of State Reform laws not inconsistent with provisions of the new
Central law will continue to apply in that State
 State Governments can defer implementation of the new Act by a
maximum period of six months.
145
Grid Code
Grid Code
Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC)

Introduction
The Indian Power System is a conglomeration of a number of agencies. The Indian

Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) lays down the rules, guidelines and standards to be
followed by the various agencies and participants in the system to plan, develop,
maintain and operate the power system, in the most efficient, reliable, economic and
secure manner, while facilitating healthy competition in the generation and supply of
electricity.
Objective of IEGC
The IEGC brings together a single set of technical rules, encompassing all the Utilities
connected to/or using the inter-State transmission system (ISTS) and provides the
following:
 Documentation of the principles and procedures which define the relationship

between the various Users of the inter-State transmission system (ISTS), as well
as the Regional and State Load Despatch Centres
 Facilitation of the operation, maintenance, development and planning of
economic and reliable Regional Grid
 Facilitation for beneficial trading of electricity by defining a common basis of
operation of the ISTS, applicable to all the Users of the ISTS
Structure of the IEGC

This IEGC contains the following:
i) Role of various Organizations and their linkages
This chapter defines the functions of the various Organizations as are relevant to
IEGC.
146
ii) Planning Code for inter-State transmission
This Chapter provides the policy to be adopted in the planning and development
of bulk power transfer and associated ISTS. The Planning Code lays out the
detailed information exchange required between the planning agencies and the
various participants of the power system for load forecasting, generation
availability, and power system planning etc. for the future years under study.
The Planning Code stipulates the various criteria to be adopted during the
planning process.
iii) Connection Conditions
This chapter specifies minimum technical and design criteria to be complied with
by any agency connected to the system or seeking connection to the ISTS, to
maintain uniformity and quality across the system. This includes:
a) Procedure for connection to the ISTS
b) Site responsibility schedule
iv) Operating Code for Regional Grids
This Chapter describes the operational philosophy to maintain efficient, secure

and reliable Grid Operation and contains the following sections.
(a) Operating Policy
(b) System security aspects
This section describes the general security aspects to be followed by
generating companies and all Regional Constituents of the Grid.
(c) Demand Estimation for operational purposes
This section details the procedures to estimate the demand by the various
constituents for their systems for the day/week/month/year ahead, which
shall be used for operational planning.
(d) Demand management
This section identifies the methodology to be adopted for demand control by
each regional constituent as a function of the frequency and deficit
generation.
(e) Periodic Reports
This section provides various provisions for reporting of the operating
parameters of the grid such as frequency profile etc.
(f) Operational liaison
This section sets out the requirement for the exchange of information in
relation to normal operation and/or events in the grid.
147
(g) Outage Planning

This section indicates procedure for outage planning.
(h) Recovery procedures
This section contains the procedures to be adopted following a major grid
disturbance, for black start and resynchronization of islands, etc.
(i) Event Information
This section indicates the procedure by which events are reported and the
information exchange etc. takes place.
v) Scheduling & Despatch Code
This section deals with the procedure to be adopted for scheduling and despatch
of generation of the Inter-State Generating Stations (ISGS) including
complementary commercial mechanisms, on a daily basis with the modality of
the flow of information between the ISGS, Regional Load Despatch Centre
(RLDC) and the State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs).
vi) Inter-Regional Exchanges
This Chapter deals with special considerations for operation of inter-regional inks.
vii) Management of IEGC
This Chapter deals with the procedure for review/amendment and management
of IEGC.
148
Maharashtra State Grid Code
The State Grid Code lays down the rules, guidelines and standards to be followed by
various agencies and participants in the intra-State transmission system to plan,
develop, maintain and operate the intra-State transmission system, a part of Western
Region Grid System, in the most efficient, reliable and economic manner, while
facilitating a healthy competition in the generation and supply of electricity.
The Maharashtra State Grid code Issued by Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory

Commission came into force with effective from 1st April 2006.
The various Topics covered in State Grid Code are as follows,
Part A: General
This part largely deals with the scope and application of these regulations and with Grid
Coordination Committee;
Part B: Planning Code
This Code specifies the principles, procedures and criteria that shall be used in planning
and development of intra-State transmission system;
Part C: Connection Conditions
Connection Conditions specify the minimum technical and design criteria that shall be
complied with by a Transmission Licensee and User connected to or seeking connection
to the intra-State transmission system;
Part D: Operating Code
This Code describes the conditions under which the State Load Despatch Centre shall
operate the intra-State transmission system and under which Users shall operate their
facilities, in so far as necessary to maintain the security and quality of supply and safe
operation of the intra-State transmission system, under both normal and abnormal
operating conditions;
149
Part E: Scheduling and Despatch Code
This Code deals with the provisions related to development of Scheduling and Despatch
Code for the State of Maharashtra;
Part F: Metering Code
Metering Code provides for development of minimum requirements and standards for
Installation and Operation of meters, for commercial and operational purposes, to be
provided by User or Transmission Licensee at the Connection Point;
Part G: Miscellaneous
This part deals with a number of miscellaneous aspects including compliance with the
State Grid Code and dispute resolution.
150
Role Of Regulatory
Bodies
Role of Regulatory Bodies - CERC, MERC, GCC, WRPC
and MSPC
(A) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
The Govt. of India had enacted the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998
(No.14 of 1998) on 2nd July, 1998 with the objective of providing for the
establishment of a Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions, rationalisation of electricity tariff, transparent policies
regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies
and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Central Electricity Regulatory authority

CERC is a statutory body functioning under sec - 76 of the Electricity Act 2003
The functions of CERC are as follows
Mandatory Functions
 to regulate the tariff of generating companies owned or controlled by the

Central Government;
 to regulate the tariff of generating companies other than those owned or

controlled by the Central Government specified in clause (a), if such
generating companies enter into or otherwise have a composite scheme for
generation and sale of electricity in more than one State;
 to regulate the inter-State transmission of electricity ;
 to determine tariff for inter-State transmission of electricity;
 to issue licenses to persons to function as transmission licensee and

electricity trader with respect to their inter-State operations.
151
Role of Regulatory Bodies
 to adjudicate upon disputes involving generating companies or transmission

licensee in regard to matters connected with clauses (a) to (d) above and to
refer any dispute for arbitration;
 to levy fees for the purposes of the Act;
 to specify Grid Code having regard to Grid Standards;
 to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and
reliability of service by licensees.
 to fix the trading margin in the inter-State trading of electricity, if considered,

necessary;
 to discharge such other functions as may be assigned under the Act.
Advisory Functions:-
 formulation of National electricity Policy and tariff policy;
 promotion of competition, efficiency and economy in the activities of the

electricity industry;
 promotion of investment in electricity industry;
 any other matter referred to the Central Commission by the Central

Government.
(B) Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC)
MERC was set up on 12th August 1999 under the Electricity Regulatory
Commissions Act 1998, a central law.
Under the new Electricity Act (EA) 2003, MERC's role has expanded and its
powers have increased manifold, giving it wide-ranging responsibilities relating to
licensing, tariff fixation and grievance redressal
The functions of MERC are as follows:
152
 to determine the tariff for generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of

electricity, wholesale, bulk or retail, as the case may be, within the State:
Providing that where open access has been permitted to a category of
consumers under section 42, the State Commission shall determine only the
wheeling charges and surcharge thereon, if any, for the said category of
consumers;
 to regulate electricity purchase and procurement process of distribution

licensees including the price at which electricity shall be procured from the
generating companies or licensees or from other sources through 46
agreements for purchase of power for distribution and supply within the State;
 to facilitate intra-state transmission and wheeling of electricity;
 to issue licenses to persons seeking to act as transmission licensees,

distribution licensees and electricity traders with respect to their operations
within the State;
 to promote cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable sources

of energy by providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and
sale of electricity to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity
from such sources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the
area of a distribution license;
 to adjudicate upon the disputes between the licensees, and generating

companies and to refer any dispute for arbitration;
 to levy fee for the purposes of the Electricity Act 2003
 to specify State Grid Code
 to specify or enforce standards with respect to quality, continuity and

reliability of service by licensees
 to fix the trading margin in the intra-State trading of electricity, if considered,

necessary
The MERC advises the Maharashtra Government on all or any of the following
matters, namely:-.
promotion of competition, efficiency and economy in activities of the electricity

industry; promotion of investment in electricity industry; reorganization and
restructuring of electricity industry in the State; matters concerning generation,
transmission , distribution and trading of electricity or any other matter referred to
the State Commission by that Government.
153
(C) Grid Co-ordination Committee (GCC)
A Grid Coordination Committee has been constituted by the State Transmission

Utility.
The Grid Coordination Committee is responsible for the following matters,
 facilitating the implementation of Regulations and the rules and procedures

developed under the provisions of grid code.
 assessing and recommending remedial measures for issues that might arise
during the course of implementation of provisions of regulations and the rules
and procedures developed under the provisions of grid code
 review of the State Grid Code, in accordance with the provisions of the Act
 such other matters as may be directed by the Commission from time to time.
The Grid Coordination Committee shall comprise of the following members:
(a) One member from State Transmission Utility;

(b) One member of the State Load Despatch Centre;
(c) One member to represent the generating companies in the State;
(d) One member to represent the Transmission Licensees in the State, other
than the State Transmission Utility;
(e) One member to represent the state-owned Distribution Licensees in the
State;
(f) One member to represent the privately-owned Distribution Licensees in the
State;
(g) One member to represent the Electricity Traders in the State;
(h) One member to represent the Western Region Load Despatch Centre; and
(i) Such other persons as may be nominated by the Commission.
Meeting of the Grid Coordination Committee.
Grid Coordination Committee meets at least once every month with pre-notified
Agenda.
154
Grid Coordination Committee sends a Grid Code review report to the Commission
at least once every twelve months providing information regarding:
 Difficulty/inconsistency discovered in implementation of the provisions of the

Regulation.
 Any proposed revisions to the State Grid Code.
(D) Western Regional Power Committee (WRPC)
Government of India has established the Western Regional Power Committee

(WRPC) comprising of States of Chhattisgadh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Goa and Union Territory of Daman & Diu and Dadra and Nagar
Haveli.
Functions of WRPC
1) To facilitate the stability and smooth operation of the integrated grid and
economy & efficiency in the operation of power system in the region, the
following are the functions of WRPC:
 To undertake Regional Level operation analysis for improving grid

performance.
 To facilitate inter-state/inter-regional transfer of power.
 To facilitate all functions of planning relating to inter-state/ intra-state

transmission system with CTU / STU.
 To coordinate planning of maintenance of generating machines of various

generating companies of the region including those of inter-state generating
companies supplying electricity to the Region on annual basis and also to
undertake review of maintenance programme on monthly basis.
 To undertake planning of outage of transmission system on monthly basis.
 To undertake operational planning studies including protection studies for

stable operation of the grid.
155
 To undertake planning for maintaining proper voltages through review of

reactive compensation requirement through system study committee and
monitoring of installed capacitors.
 To evolve consensus on all issues relating to economy and efficiency in the

operation of power system in the region.
2) The decision of WRPC arrived at by consensus regarding operation of the Western

Regional Grid and scheduling and dispatch of electricity will be followed by
WRLDC subject to directions of the Central Commission, if any.
3) In addition to the above, the CERC has entrusted the following functions to
Member Secretary, WRPC/WRPC Secretariat under IEGC /various Regulations:
 Preparation of Regional Energy Accounts.

 Preparation of Weekly UI & Reactive Energy Accounts.
 For the purpose of payment of transmission charges/capacity charges and

incentive, certify:
a) Availability of Regional AC and HVDC transmission system.
b) Availability and PLF for ISGS (Thermal).
c) Capacity index for ISGS (Hydro).
4) To resolve the grievances in matter related to Open Access in inter-state

transmission.
5) Periodic inspection of under frequency relays.
6) Preparation and review of Annual Outage plans of generation.
(E) Maharashtra State Power Committee
As a part of the proposed ABT mechanism at State level, an institutional

mechanism needs to be created to address commercial issues, which may arise
between the trading partners. The Commission has recommended constitution of
Maharashtra State Power Committee (MSPC) for this purpose.
156
The main objectives of this institutional arrangement shall be to:-
 Develop and provide a platform for better governance of a market oriented

trading mechanism
 Provide a framework for efficient reconciliation and settlement of differences
between the trading partners
 Recording of commercial arrangement and accounting of energy exchange
amongst parties
 Bring transparency in operation and improve upon the system and procedures
of market Operation
The Maharashtra State Power Committee shall consist of following members
(a) Chief Executive of MSEDCL

(b) Chief Executive of TPC-D
(c) Chief Executive of REL-D
(d) Chief Executive of BEST-D
(e) Head Executive of MSLDC
Functions of Maharashtra State Power Committee
The main functions of MSPC shall include the following:
 The MSPC shall co-ordinate and shall facilitate the intra-state trading activities
by optimal utilisation of resources.
 The MSPC shall review energy accounting and billing for inter-utility trading of
power and ensure settlement of imbalances amongst State Pool Participants in
accordance with the Balancing and Settlement Code Order.
 The MSPC shall represent the common interest of the State Pool Participants
in the matters related to power purchase from CGS, inter-State/inter-regional
resources and pertaining to issues related to WRLDC at the regional level.
 The MSPC shall monitor compliance of Balancing and Settlement Code by the
State Pool Participants and resolve complaints/disputes amongst the State
Pool Participants.
Powers of Maharashtra State Power Committee
Following powers and the decisions of the MSPC shall be binding on the State Pool
Participants.
The powers of MSPC shall be to:
157
 Constitute and designate an independent agency to attend to all aspects of

payment and receipt for UI and other payments/charges. Pending such
appointment, MSLDC shall undertake this task.
 Accept/approve new membership in the MSPC.
 Propose modifications in Balancing and Settlement Code, if necessary, subject
to and the approval of the State Pool Participants.
 Formulate and modify byelaws for regulation of the business of the MSPC from
time to time.
 Fix (monthly/annual) contribution and/or charge fees from the constituent
members to meet administrative expenses.
 Appoint sub-committees for detailed scrutiny, verification, analysis and
reporting the matter to MSPC for its decision or ruling.
 Appoint expert agency or any other consultant to assist Functional Committee
or Subcommittee of MSPC.
 Hire any personnel and appoint as staff member of MSPC.
 Engage services of the MSLDC, consultant or expert agencies and levy penal
charges as per its conduct of business rules.
 Call upon reports, information and records from the MSLDC for verification
 Reconcile and settle differences amongst State Pool Participants and refer
matter to experts to address concerns of Pool Participants, and,
 Call upon State Pool Participants to furnish various information including
copies of agreements, as may be necessary for proper functioning of the
market.
158
SCADA
SCADA
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant
or in other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer which
then manages and controls the data.
SCADA is a term that is used broadly to portray control and management solutions in
a wide range of industries. Some of the industries where SCADA is used are Water
Management Systems, Electric Power, Traffic Signals, Mass Transit Systems,
Environmental Control Systems, and Manufacturing Systems.
Establishment of modern control centers equipped with supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure and Energy Management System (EMS) allowed
system operators to monitor the power system state and take preventive actions
when necessary based on anticipated contingencies. The concept of steady state
security has been at the center of power system operation for the past several
decades. This approach to system operation is very effective as long as all possible
contingencies can be anticipated and the required preventive controls can be
implemented in a timely fashion.
Uncertainties in power system operation and cascading failures may, however, lead
to situations where existing security measures can not cope. In such a case, the
system will be driven into an emergency state and the control actions are typically
local, initiated by the protection system at the substations. The conventional state
estimator will not be functional temporarily until a new post disturbance steady state
is reached.
An alternative paradigm for maintaining system security is developed, where a fast

tracking tool is used to predict the short term trajectory of the system state and
attempt to navigate the state back into the secure normal operating region via
system wide coordinated real-time controls. While this is easier said than done, one
of the prerequisites for its success is faster and more detailed monitoring of both the
dynamic system state and system topology. An integrated data and information
exchange system to be implemented using advanced IT solutions will provide this
capability at various levels of detail depending upon the application requirement.
How to translate this broad view of the benefits of exploring a different use of data
and information becomes clearer when the existing infrastructures for data collection
and
159
SCADA
information processing are analyzed in more detail. As a result, new uses of data and
information may be defined producing new value for the users.
SCADA as a System
There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA system usually includes
signal hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI),
communications equipment and software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the
entire central system. The central system usually monitors data from various sensors
that are either in close proximity or off site (sometimes miles away).
For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are performed by the Remote
Terminal Units (sometimes referred to as the RTU). The Remote Terminal Units
consists of a programmable logic converter. The RTU are usually set to specific
requirements, however, most RTU allow human intervention, for instance, in a
factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of a conveyer belt, and the speed
can be changed or overridden at any time by human intervention. In addition, any
changes or errors are usually automatically logged for and/or displayed. Most often,
a SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function optimally; SCADA
systems are considered closed loop systems and run with relatively little human
intervention.
One of key processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in real time.
This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter reading, checking statuses of
sensors, etc that are communicated at regular intervals depending on the system.
Besides the data being used by the RTU, it is also displayed to a human that is able
to interface with the system to override settings or make changes when necessary.
SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called points. Usually each
point is a monitor or sensor. Usually points can be either hard or soft. A hard data
point can be an actual monitor; a soft point can be seen as an application or
software calculation. Data elements from hard and soft points are usually always
recorded and logged to create a time stamp or history
User Interface (HMI)
A SCADA system includes a user interface, usually called Human Machine Interface
(HMI). The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is processed and presented to be
viewed and monitored by a human operator. This interface usually includes controls
where the individual can interface with the SCADA system.
160
SCADA
HMI's are an easy way to standardize the facilitation of monitoring multiple RTU's or
PLC's (programmable logic controllers). Usually RTU's or PLC's will run a pre
programmed process, but monitoring each of them individually can be difficult,
usually because they are spread out over the system. Because RTU's and PLC's
historically had no standardized method to display or present data to an operator,
the SCADA system communicates with PLC's throughout the system network and
processes information that is easily disseminated by the HMI.
HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data gathered from PLCs or
RTUs to provide graphs on trends, logistic info, schematics for a specific sensor or
machine or even make troubleshooting guides accessible. In the last decade,
practically all SCADA systems include an integrated HMI and PLC device making it
extremely easy to run and monitor a SCADA system.
SCADA Software and Hardware Components
SCADA systems are an extremely advantageous way to run and monitor processes.
They are great for small applications such as climate control or can be effectively
used in large applications such as monitoring and controlling a nuclear power plant
or mass transit system.
The SCADA software is a graphical package using a Window NT Operation

System. The system provides the programming necessary to incorporate actual maps
and diagrams, and to display real time information on top of the graphic
background. Items such as: power system parameters, breakers and switches
status, alarms, event logs & historical data logs; can be overlaid on the AutoCAD
Single-Line Diagram.
SCADA can come in open and non proprietary protocols. Smaller systems are
extremely affordable and can either be purchased as a complete system or can be
mixed and matched with specific components. Large systems can also be created
with off the shelf components. SCADA system software can also be easily configured
for almost any application, removing the need for custom made or intensive software
development.
System Components
The three components of a SCADA system are:
1. Multiple Remote Terminal Units (also known as RTUs or Outstations).

2. Master Station and HMI Computer(s).
161
SCADA
3. Communication infrastructure
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
The RTU connects to physical equipment, and reads status data such as the
open/closed status from a switch or a valve, reads measurements such as
pressure, flow, voltage or current. By sending signals to equipment the RTU
can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or
setting the speed of a pump.
The RTU can read digital status data or analogue measurement data, and
send out digital commands or analogue setpoints.
An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms. An alarm is a

digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM. Alarms can
be created in such a way that when their requirements are met, they are
activated. An example of an alarm is the "fuel tank empty" light in a car. The
SCADA operator's attention is drawn to the part of the system requiring
attention by the alarm. Emails and text messages are often sent along with
an alarm activation alerting managers along with the SCADA operator.
Master Station
The term "Master Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for
communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI
software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere. In smaller
SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single PC. In larger
SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers, distributed
software applications, and disaster recovery sites
The SCADA system usually presents the information to the operating personnel
graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a
schematic representation of the plant being controlled. For example , status of a
particular breaker, current of the line etc.
Communication infrastructure
SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or
modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP
over SONET is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power
stations.
162
SCADA
The legacy of the early low-bandwidth protocols remains, though. SCADA protocols
are designed to be very compact and many are designed to send information to the
master station only when the master station polls the RTU. Typical legacy SCADA
protocols include Modbus, RP-570 and Conitel. These communication protocols are
all SCADA-vendor specific. Standard protocols are IEC 60870-5-101 or 104, Profibus
and DNP3. These communication protocols are standardized and recognized by all
major SCADA vendors. Many of these protocols now contain extensions to operate
over TCP/IP, although it is good security engineering practice to avoid connecting
SCADA systems to the Internet so the attack surface is reduced.
RTUs and other automatic controller devices were being developed before the advent
of industry wide standards for interoperability. The result is that developers and their
management created a multitude of control protocols. Among the larger vendors,
there was also the incentive to create their own protocol to "lock in" their customer
base. A list of automation protocols is being compiled here.
In latest days, the OPC or "OLE for Process Control" has become a wide an accepted
solution for intercommunicating different hardware and software, allowing
communication even between devices originally not intended to be part of an
industrial network.
There are also other protocols like Modbus TCP/IP that became widely accepted and
are now the standard for many hardware manufacturers.
Benefits of SCADA
 A SCADA system when applied properly can help industries to save time and
money.
 With SCADA, we can eliminate the need for site visits by personnel for
inspection, adjustments and data collection.
 SCADA software enables to monitor the operations in real time.
 It can also make modifications to the system, auto-generate reports and
trouble-shoot.
 Manual meter reading can be replaced with automatic reporting
 Real time alarms and data give operators the information they need to
respond quickly.
 The Utilities Division can be proactive in providing quality information to its
customers.
Thus once the system is installed, it reduces operational costs and improves the
efficiency of the set-up. SCADA systems are equipped to make immediate corrections
163
SCADA
in the operational system, so they can increase the life-period of your equipment and
save on the need for costly repairs. It also translates into man-hours saved and
personnel enabled to focus on tasks that require human involvement. Further, the
auto-generated reporting system ensures compliance with regulatory principles.
164

PSCC Training Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PSCC Training Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Load Despatch

Sr. No. Topics Page No.

1 Introduction to TPC System 1

2 Major Events for Tata Power Company 14

3 Overview of Western Regional Grid 23

4 Role & Functions of Load Despatch Department 31

5 System Frequency Control 36

6 System Voltage Control 41

Safety Tagging, Operating Instructions, Test-

8 Operation & Planning Strategies 59

Load Forecasting, Generation Scheduling,

10 Hydro Power Station 77

11 Thermal Power Station 87

12 Islanding of Power Systems 97

13 Inter-State and Intra-State ABT 117

14 Power Trading 127

15 The Electricity Act 2003 139

16 Grid Code 146

Role of Regulatory Bodies like MERC, CERC, GCC,

18 SCADA System 159

In 1929, Central Railways established their thermal power station at Chola, 50

However, as demand continued to rise rapidly, the installed capacity of Trombay

2.0 TATA POWER SYSTEM NETWORK :

The Tata Power Company forms an important component of the Maharashtra

3.0 INTERCONNECTION TO STATE AND REGIONAL GRID :

4.0 LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE :

5.0 INSTALLED CAPACITY, PEAK DEMAND AND REQUIREMENT

5.1 Tata Power System :

Khopoli 2 (old) 12 (old) 72

Bhivpuri 2 (old) 12 (old) 72

Bhivpuri Tailrace 2 1.5 3

Bhira (Old) 6 25 150

Bhira (New) 1 150 150

Total Hydro 447

B: Trombay Thermal : C : Trombay Gas-Based :

Installed Unit No. Installed

Unit no 4 150 Unit no 7A (GT) 120

Unit no. 5 500 Unit no7B (WHR) 60

Unit no.6 500 Total (CCPP) 180

Total Thermal 1150 Thermal + Gas 1330

D: Total TPC System installed Capacity (Licensed Area): 447+1150+180 = 1777 MW

5.2 Reliance Energy System

Unit no. 2 250

Total Thermal 500

5.3 Installed Capacity in Mumbai Area

5.4 : Peak Demand and Energy Requirement : (Mumbai Area)

Peak Demand Maximum Daily Maximum Monthly

6.0 TPC’s INSTALLED CAPACITY IN NON-LICENCED AREA

Belgaum (IPP) Diesel 16.26 X 5 81.3

Supa (A'nagar) Wind-Power 1 X 17 17

Khandke Wind-Power 0.8 X 56 44.8

Bramanwel Wind-Power 1.25 X 9 11.25

7.0 RECEIVING STATIONS IN TATA POWER SYSTEM

Dharavi Receiving Station

Parel Receiving Station

Carnac Receiving Station

Borivli Receiving Station

Salsette Receiving Station

Kalyan Receiving Station

Ambernath Receiving Station

Trombay Receiving Station

Chembur Receiving Station

Vikhroli Sub Station

Backbay Receiving Station