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Module 8 Welding Metallurgy For The WI
Module 8 Welding Metallurgy For The WI
Module 8
1. Introduction
Metallurgy
Is the science that deals with the internal structure of metals and the
relationship between those structures and the properties exhibited by
metals.
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Solids vs Liquids
Solids Liquids
The atoms are not however stationary in this positions. In reality they tend
to vibrate about an equilibrium position to maintain a balanced spacing.
Similarly, any attempt to pull the atoms further apart will result in a
counteracting attractive force. These attractive forces, however, tend to
decrease as the atoms are pulled further apart
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Residual stresses
WELDING Module 8
METALLURGY
Basic Metal Structures
Crystal Structures
The smallest number of atoms that can completely describe their orderly
arrangement is referred as a “ unit celd”
Solidification of metals
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Alloying
Nonmetal carbon is one of the alloying elements added to iron to form the
alloy steel
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Alloying
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Microestructural Constituents
of Carbon Steel
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
of steel
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
their additional
chemical composition.
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Heat treatments
Cooling Rate
Slow Fast
Hardness (+)
Strength (+)
Ductility (-)
Toughness (-)
Susceptibility (+)
to crack
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
About above 0.30 %C Welding Metallurgy More difficult to weld and may
require:
Weld ability also decreases with alloying elements such as Cr, Mo,
Ni, may require the use of:
Preheat
Interpass temperature control
PWHT
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Heat Input is the amount of energy supplied by the welding arc to heat the
base metal
Carbono equivalente
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Thermal Expansion
2) Peening
Thermal Expansion
1) Thermal Stress Relief
Thermal Expansion
2) Peening
Mechanical distortion of the weld
bead trough mechanical means
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion
Preheat
One technique that may be used to reduce the need for PWHT is preheat
Diffusion
Under certain conditions, even atoms in the solid state can change
positions.These changes of atom position in the solid position in the solid
state are referred as diffusion.
Example Pb and Au
Stainless Steel
Ferritic
Martensitic
Austenitic
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Very Weldable with available filler metal composition.
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
One of the common problems to be encountered when welding
austenitic grades is referred to as carbide precipitation, or
sensitization.
These carbides are typically found along the grain boundaries of the
structure
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Reduction of Chromium content within the grain Chromium depletion .
Stainless Steel
Austenitic Grades
Sensitization can be attacked by several methods:
Reheat Treating
Addition of stabilizers to the base and filler metals Ti (321) and Nb
(347).
Stainless Steel
Ferritic Grades
Weldable with the proper filler metals
Martensitic Grades
More difficult to weld and often require special preheating and PWHT.
PH Stainless Steels
Weldable, but attention must be given to the changes in mechanical
properties caused by welding.
WELDING METALLURGY Module 8
One of the major problems when welding cooper and its alloys is due to
their relative low melt point and very high metal conductivity.
Considerable heat must be applied to the metal to overcome its loss
through conductivity, and the relatively low melting point often results in
the metal melting earlier than expected and flowing out of the weld joint.