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  • الباب السادس - البناء البلورى فى المعادن PDF

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    Maher Kattan
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    The document discusses the crystalline structure of materials. It states that crystalline structure is the ordered arrangement of atoms in a repeating pattern. All metals have a crystalline structure, while glass and most plastics are non-crystalline. The ordered atomic arrangement of crystalline materials gives them increased strength and influences their properties like conductivity and shine. Crystals form different lattice structures and allotropes, where the same material can take different crystalline forms that impact its properties. The basic repeating unit that makes up the crystal lattice is called the unit cell.

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    الباب السادس - البناء البلورى فى المعادن.pdf

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    The document discusses the crystalline structure of materials. It states that crystalline structure is the ordered arrangement of atoms in a repeating pattern. All metals have a crystalline structure, while glass and most plastics are non-crystalline. The ordered atomic arrangement of crystalline materials gives them increased strength and influences their properties like conductivity and shine. Crystals form different lattice structures and allotropes, where the same material can take different crystalline forms that impact its properties. The basic repeating unit that makes up the crystal lattice is called the unit cell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    109 views6 pages

    الباب السادس - البناء البلورى فى المعادن PDF

    Uploaded by

    Maher Kattan
    The document discusses the crystalline structure of materials. It states that crystalline structure is the ordered arrangement of atoms in a repeating pattern. All metals have a crystalline structure, while glass and most plastics are non-crystalline. The ordered atomic arrangement of crystalline materials gives them increased strength and influences their properties like conductivity and shine. Crystals form different lattice structures and allotropes, where the same material can take different crystalline forms that impact its properties. The basic repeating unit that makes up the crystal lattice is called the unit cell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 6

    ‫

    אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫  ‬
    ‫  ء     ‬

    ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
    ‫ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺮﻗﻬﺎ‬
    ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ‬
    ‫ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﻣﺰﺩﺣﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺏ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‬
    ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
    ‫‪Space lattice pa‰ˆÜÛ@ïËaŠÐÛa@äa@kîmÛa‬‬
    ‫…‪Close packing õbäjÛa@pa†yë@´i@l‰bÔnÛa@òu‰‬‬
    ‫‪Chemical bond pa‰ˆÛa@´i@òîöbîàîØÛa@ÁiaëŠÛa‬‬

    ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
    ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
    ‫‪Allotropic‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂﺻـﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
    ‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻛﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
    ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬

    ‫‪  1-6‬‬

    ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻭﳍﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( ١-١‬‬
    ‫ﳐﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ‬

    ‫‪١١٣‬‬
    ‫ אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫ﻧﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻮﻯ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬
    ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
    ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
    ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﲑ‬
    ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺳﺒﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
    ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ، .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

    ‫‪@ @êìuìÛa@kÈØß@âbÄã@MQ‬‬
    ‫@‪@ @êìuìÛa@ïÇbi‰@âbÄã@@MR‬‬
    ‫‪@ @êìuìÛa@ïa† âbÄã@MS‬‬
    ‫‪@ @ÝØ’Ûa@ŞîȽa@âbÄäÛa@@MT‬‬
    ‫‪@ @áöbÔÛa@ŞîȽa@âbÄäÛa@MU‬‬
    ‫@‪@ @Ýî½a ð…byc@âbÄã@@MV‬‬
    ‫@‪@ @NÝî½a@ïqýq@âbÄã@MW‬‬

    ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @òqýrÛa@‰ëba@óÜÇ@âbÈÛa@bèÜØ‘@óÏ@òîܨa@ñ†yë@HQMVI@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫‪١١٤‬‬
    ‫ אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@kÈؽa@âbÄäÛa@QMQMV‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌـﺪ‬


    ‫ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺫﻭ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
    ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲑﺍﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @HoíajÛaI@ñìuìÛa@kÈؽa@âbÄäÛa@HRMVI@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@ïÇb;iŠÛa@âbÄäÛa@@RMQMV‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻃـﻮﻻ‬


    ‫ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﺒﻠـﻮﺭﺓ‬
    ‫ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬
    ‫ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬
    ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @HÝíbmëŠÛaI@êìuìÛa@ïÇbiŠÛa@âbÄäÛa@H@SMV@I@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫‪١١٥‬‬
    ‫ אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@ïa†Ž;Ûa@âbÄäÛa@@SMQMV‬ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰲ‬


    ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .°١٢٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
    ‫ﻓﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﻃﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺑﺎﺗﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺮﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬
    ‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @HoîmbiaI@êìuìÛa@ïa†ŽÛa@âbÄäÛa@H@TMV@I@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫‪ ÝØ’Ûa@ŞîȽa@âbÄäÛa@@TMQMV‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣ‪‬ﺨﺘﺼ‪‬ﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬


    ‫ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﲔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﳘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
    ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
    ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺃﺿـﻼﻉ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﺑﻠـﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @H늽aI@ÝØ’Ûa@îȽa@âbÄäÛa@H@UMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
    ‫‪١١٦‬‬
    ‫ אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫‪ á@ öb;ÔÛa@ŞîȽa@âbÄäÛa@@UMQMV‬ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬‬


    ‫ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰲ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﺑـﺴﻂ‬
    ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﺎﺯ )ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻗﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ( ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @Hoí‰bjÛaI@áöbÔÛa@óäîȽa@âbÄäÛa@H@VMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
    ‫@@‬

    ‫‪ Ý@ ;î½a@Čð…byþa@âbÄäÛa@VMQMV‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﳝﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬


    ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬
    ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻤﺎﺋﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @Hj¦aI@Ýî½a@Čð…byþa@âbÄäÛa@H@WMV@I@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫@@‬

    ‫‪١١٧‬‬
    ‫ אصא אدوא א‪K‬د‪ L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪L‬‬

    ‫‪ Ý@ ;î½a@ïqýrÛa@âbÄäÛa@WMQMV‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬


    ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
    ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

    ‫‘‪@ @H‰bjŽÜÐÛaI@Ýî½a@ïqýrÛa@âbÄäÛa@H@XMV@I@ÝØ‬‬

    ‫‪١١٨‬‬

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