Basic 3

BASIC III
OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE
MATERIAL PROPERTY OF BENNET MEXICANA S.A. DE C.V. TO BE USED ONLY FOR TOP QUALITY TRAINING
INTRODUCTION
EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS is a program designed for

those students who already know the basis of the language, in syntax
mainly, and need to improve their skills in business communication.
Since this is a course focused on covering the communication needs
of business people, the grammar structures are presented, practiced
and applied in context. Students are led through a number of
exercises in which grammar points are recycled and reinforced.
Perfect tenses and important grammar points will enable the
participants to express their ideas more accurately. CDs show a
complete combination of structures so students continue improving
their oral comprehension abilities.
TEACHER’S ROLE
A good teaching performance requires knowledge, ability, common sense and

communication skills. You can become a good teacher through a great dedication to these
activities. First of all, the English teacher's role is to generate an atmosphere of competition
among the group, so they feel motivated to improve their fluency, syntax, pronunciation
and oral comprehension. Therefore you must stimulate the initiative, self-confidence and
responsibility of the students participating in your courses.
It has to be clear for all teachers that at these times students who take their courses in
companies cannot and do not want to waste their time in long English programs. In other
words: they want results more than classes.
The teacher's success when performing determines the success or failure of probably the
entire program. A student can only become an English speaker whenever these three
factors meet:
a) a proven method
b) a qualified teacher, and
e) his/her own will to learn
TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 2

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING
These principles constitute the guidelines which the professor must follow all the time going
from one lesson or topic to the following. They have an enormous importance because
they define the different activities the teacher develops in class. Some of the most
important teaching principles are:
a) Do not assume the students understand just because they hear
you. You must verify their understanding by asking detailed
questions.
b) Be aware that presenting a topic is very different than making
the students master the topic. They will have the complete
command of the topic only if they practice constantly under your
supervision.
c) Create a competitive but friendly atmosphere in the classroom.
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING FORMULAS
Grammar has long been problematic for students when learning a

foreign language. Theory has represented an obstacle for those who
want to approach English through schematic methods. That has
even been used as an attractive way to sell the students courses
"without grammar". They say students will learn having vocabulary
and by practicing only. Practicing is important but if students don't
handle structures properly their ideas won't be expressed correctly.
Making students apply the elements of every pattern (formula) will enable them to start
"thinking" in English as they have long been told. Even more, they will not have to be
concerned about grammar concepts which sometimes they don't even remember in their
own language. Little by little students begin learning this mental process and developing
the capacity to structure complete sentences either in affirmative, negative or interrogative
form. This represents a challenge for both teacher and student because they will have to
use their creativity in order to construct logical and meaningful sentences.
Once the 'students have understood this process, it's necessary that the instructor begin
forming combinations. Introducing these combinations will empower students to become
effective speakers. Through constant practice of a series of combinations either in Basic or
Advanced courses, students will acquire solid learning foundations. They will also have the
confidence to express themselves in any situation. Careful use of the index will focus
attention on those areas with which students are having difficulty.

MOST FREQUENTLY USED COMBINATIONS
INTERMEDIATE COURSES
F12: The shareholders haven’t reviewed the new reports yet / because (connector) /
F16: the manager wants them to see them at next meeting.
F14: The plant manager had seen him using that machine / that’s why (connector) /
F16: he asked him to train the others.
F18: If Kimberly Clark invested in that technology, they would have a better production.
F12: We wonder why they have waited so long to do it.
F21: The projects have been analyzed by IBM experts / and (connector) / they say /
F6: they are going to inform the committee next week.
The above combinations are applying only 2 formulas but you must use 3 or more
so your students develop fluency when speaking.
STUDENTS
The Compact Discs recorded in different degrees of fluency allow you to work by yourself,
taking you through different narrations and accents especially at Intermediate and
Advanced levels. So the more you listen to them, the more you will develop your
comprehension. By listening to the narrations as you progress through each topic, you
should be able to understand them more easily, above all when listening to native English
speakers. You will soon become used to their natural pronunciation.
HABITS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE TEACHERS

1. Always correct syntax mistakes using fingers without hesitation.
2. Make the student repeat the sentence 3 times without reading.
3. Never accept 3 or 4 word answers ("telegrams"), make the students give
a complete explanation.
4. Use the blackboard to explain all ideas, a clean blackboard is a symptom
of a low teacher's performance.
5. Keep a sharp ear all the time so you can correct either pronunciation or
grammar mistakes.
6. Do not give the students any down time, keep them occupied at all times
with exercises and examples.

INDEX
BASIC III
INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1. IT TAKES......................................................................................................................................................... 8
2. HAVE AND GOT.............................................................................................................................................. 9
EXERCISES .................................................................................................................................................... 11
3. THERE IS, THERE ARE ................................................................................................................................... 12
4. THERE IS NOT, THERE ARE NOT ................................................................................................................... 13
5. IS THERE, ARE THERE ................................................................................................................................... 14
6. PAST SIMPLE – I DID .................................................................................................................................... 15
7. PAST SIMPLE AUXILIARIES ........................................................................................................................... 16
8. PAST SIMPLE EXAMPLES .............................................................................................................................. 17
9. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ............................................................................................................................... 19
EXERCISES .................................................................................................................................................... 20
GENERAL REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 22
LISTENING 9 – PROBLEMS WITH THE NEW MANAGER ......................................................................24
QUESTIONS ON THE LISTENING ......................................................................................................... 25
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ............................................................................................................................ 26
A. BASIC SENTENCES.................................................................................................................................... 27
B. CONVERSATION PRACTICE ...................................................................................................................... 28
C. LEARNING DRILLS .................................................................................................................................... 29
10. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .......................................................................................................................... 31
11. FOR, SINCE ................................................................................................................................................. 33
12. ALREADY, YET ............................................................................................................................................ 34
13. COULD AND COULD HAVE ......................................................................................................................... 35

LISTENING 10 – MEETING WITH NEW MANAGERS ............................................................................38
14. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS I ........................................................................................................................ 40
LISTENING 11 – MOVING TO THE CITY ............................................................................................... 42
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ............................................................................................................................ 44
15. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS II ....................................................................................................................... 45
LISTENING 12 – TILOTSON WATCHES .................................................................................................46
A. BASIC SENTENCES.................................................................................................................................... 48
B. CONVERSATION PRACTICE ...................................................................................................................... 49
C. LEARNING DRILLS .................................................................................................................................... 50
16. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS III ...................................................................................................................... 53
17. GOING TO .................................................................................................................................................. 55
18. SHORT ANSWERS ....................................................................................................................................... 56
19. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................................................................................................ 57
20. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................................................................................... 58
21. PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 59

INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
If you don’t print this workbook, you will need to use the tool “Add note” in the PDF
document to add answers, comments or notes.
To “Add note”, please complete the following steps:
1.- Double left click on the answer line to select it.
2.- Once the line is selected, use right click and choose the option “Add note to text”.
3.- Type the answer, comment or notes in the field.
*Use the same process for all the answers.

1. IT TAKES
1. IT TAKES
It takes expresses a period of time which is necessary in order to complete some action.
It takes is always followed by an infinitive.
A.- Change each of the following sentences so that it begins with a present
tense, past tense, or future tense form of it takes as required by the
meaning.
Ex. She walked to work in ten minutes.
It took her ten minutes to walk to work.
1. I finished my report in an hour, that’s why. . .
2. She learned to use the computer well in only one year.
3. I wrote my objectives in thirty minutes so. . .
4. The program finished in six months.
5. They finished the project in one year and. . .
6. The meeting lasted 15 minutes.
7. We walk to the factory every morning in about fifteen minutes but. . .
8. You’ll get to the plant in about an hour.
9. We’ll paint the director’s office in two hours so. . .
10. You’ll paint the rest of the office in only 5 hours.
11. I check and send the invoices each morning in less than fifteen minutes if. . .
12. The manager reviews everybody’s work in half an hour.
13. He learned to do business in just a few days, for that reason. . .
14. Carter Wallace recovered all its clients in less than six months.

2. HAVE AND GOT
2. HAVE AND GOT
Have and have got = possess, own, etc.
We often use have got rather than have alone. So you can say:
-We’ve got a new car. or we have a new car.
-Ann has got two sisters. or Ann has two sisters.
We use have got or have for illnesses, pains etc.:

-I’ve got a headache. or I have a headache.
In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:
When have means “possess” etc., you cannot use continuous tenses (is having/are
having, etc.)
- I have / I’ve got a headache. (not “I’m having”)
For the Past we use had (usually without got)

- Ann had long fair hair when she was a child (not “Ann had got”)
In Past questions and negative sentences we normally use did/didn’t.

- Did they have a car when they were living in London?
- I didn’t have a watch, so I didn’t know the time.
- Ann had long fair hair, didn’t she?

Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time, etc.
Have (but not “have got”) is also used for many actions and experiences. For example:
- Goodbye! I hope you have a nice time.
- Mary had a baby recently.
“Have got” is not possible in these expressions. Compare:

- I usually have a sandwich for my lunch. (have= “eat” - not “have got”) but:
- I’ve got some sandwiches. Would you like one?
In these expressions, have is like other verbs. You can use Continuous Forms (is having /
are having, etc) where suitable:
- I had a postcard from Fred this morning. He’s on holiday. He says he’s having a wonderful
time. (not he has a wonderful time)
- The phone rang while we were having dinner. (not while we had)
In questions and negative sentences we normally use do/does/did.

- I don’t usually have a big breakfast. (not I usually haven’t)
- What time does Ann have lunch? (not has Ann lunch)
- Did you have any difficulty finding somewhere to live?

EXERCISES
EXERCISES
A.- Write negative sentences with have. Some are Present (can’t) and some
are Past (couldn’t).
Ex. I can’t make a phone call. (any change). __I haven’t got any
change.____
1. I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses). ___________________________________
2. I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder). __________________________________
3. We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time). We ___________________________
4. He couldn’t find his way to our house. (a map). _____________________________
5. She can’t pay her bills. (any money). _____________________________________
B.- Complete these questions with have. Some are Present and some are
Past.
1. Excuse me? ____________________________________ a pen I could borrow?
2. Why are you holding your face like that? _________________ a toothache?
3. _____________________________________ a bicycle when you were a child?
4. “______________________________ the time, please?” “Yes. It’s ten past seven.”
5. When you did the exam, ____________________ time to answer all the questions?
6. I need a stamp for this letter. ______________________________one?
C.- In this exercise you have to write sentences about yourself. Choose
four of the following things (or you can choose something else):
- a car - a bicycle - a moped - a guitar
- a computer - a camera - a driving license - a job
- a dog - a cat (or another animal)
Now Five years ago:
Ex. I’ve got a car. I didn’t have a car.
2. ____________________________ ____________________________________
3. ____________________________ ____________________________________
4. ____________________________ ____________________________________
5. ____________________________ ____________________________________
6. ____________________________ ____________________________________

3. THERE IS, THERE ARE
3. THERE IS, THERE ARE
THERE IS
We use there is with singular nouns to express something exists.
There is a letter for me at the desk.
There is another candidate for that position.
THERE ARE
We use there are with plural nouns to express something exists.
There are other American banks in the city.
There are seven factories in this area.
A.- Complete the following sentences using there is or there are.
1. ______________________ a stapler on your desk.

2. ______________________ more telephones to repair, that’s why. . .
3. ______________________ a person in the accounting department now.
4. ______________________ a chance for me to obtain the job so. . .
5. ______________________ other products manufactured with this plastic.
6. ______________________ a new fax machine at the office then. . .
7. ______________________ two more printers.
8. ______________________ five secretaries in your department because. . .
9. ______________________ an architect participating in the project.
10. ______________________ good chances to obtain the contracts so. . .
11. ______________________ any possibility to buy those items in the United States.
12. ______________________ a lot of people looking for our products.
13. ______________________ a problem with refurbished machines but. . .
14. ______________________ only one gear available now.
15. ______________________ another report to review tomorrow because. . .

4. THERE IS NOT, THERE ARE NOT
4. THERE IS NOT, THERE ARE NOT
The negative forms of there is and there are, are formed by placing not after the verb.
The contracted forms isn’t and aren’t are generally used.
A.- Change the sentences of last exercise from affirmative to negative.

Use the contracted form.
1. ______________________ a stapler on your desk . . .

2. ______________________ any more telephones to repair . . .
3. ______________________ a person in the accounting department now. . .
4. ______________________ any chance for me to obtain the job . . .
5. ______________________ any other products manufactured with this plastic . . .
6. ______________________ a new fax machine at the office . . .
7. ______________________ two more printers . . .
8. ______________________ five secretaries in your department . . .
9. ______________________ any architect participating in the project . . .
10. ______________________ good chances to obtain the contracts . . .
11. ______________________ any possibility to buy those items in the United States?
12. ______________________ a lot of people looking for our products . . .
13. ______________________ any problem with refurbished machines . . .
14. ______________________ a single gear available now . . .
15. ______________________ any other report to review tomorrow . . .
16. ______________________ any other option for my clients . . .
17. ______________________ a lot of drills in the production department . . .
18. ______________________ any other supplier in town . . .
19. ______________________ any other factory near Hudson River . . .
20. ______________________ anybody waiting for you at the meeting room . . .
21. ______________________ a better alternative . . .
22. ______________________ two hundred teachers working at Top Quality Training.

5. IS THERE, ARE THERE
5. IS THERE, ARE THERE
IS THERE?
We use is there to ask questions with singular nouns.
Is there a window in the room office?
Is there a police officer on the corner?
ARE THERE?
We use are there to ask questions with plural nouns.
Are there more building in that zone?
Are there other clients to attend?
A.- Complete the following sentences using is there or are there.
1. How many books __________________________ in that library?

2. ______________________ a new employee working here?
3. ______________________ any more invoices ready for us?
4. Why __________________________ only five machines working?
5. ______________________ any other person waiting for me?
6. ______________________ a new interesting project for our firm?
7. ______________________ any more reports to present?
8. How much money __________________________ in our checking account?
9. ______________________ any other options in this moment?
10. _____________________ telephones in each office?
11. _____________________ a new message for the plant manager?
12. _____________________ enough chairs for the participants?
13. _____________________ good seats available now?
14. How many new clients _____________________ this month?
15. _____________________ any other client to visit today?
16. _____________________ any other things to do tomorrow?
17. _____________________ a good restaurant near here?
18. _____________________ any more checks to write?
19. _____________________ sufficient information to work with?
20. How many visitors __________________________ outside?

6. PAST SIMPLE – I DID
6. PAST SIMPLE – I DID
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to
1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
He was only 35 years old when he died.
lived/ started / was / died are all Past Simple
enjoyed. you enjoy? enjoy.

saw. she see? didn’t see.
went. they go? go.
Very often the Past Simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):

- I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop.
- We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
- The police stopped me on my way home last night.
- She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example:
- write – wrote: Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
- see – saw: We saw Rose in town a few days ago.
- go – went I went to the cinema three times last week.
- shut – shut It was cold, so I shut the window
In questions and negatives we use did/didn´t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

- A: Did you go out last night?
B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much.
- “When did Mr. Thomas die?” “About ten years ago”.
- They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go.
- “Did you have time to write the letter? No, I didn’t”.

7. PAST SIMPLE AUXILIARIES
7. PAST SIMPLE AUXILIARIES
Be careful, when do is the main verb in the sentence:
- What did you do on the weekend? (not ”What did you on the weekend?”)
- I didn’t do anything. (not “I didn’t anything”)
The Past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were:
- I was angry because they were late.
- Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
- They weren’t able to come because they were so busy.
- Did you go out last night or were you too tired?
A.- Read what Sharon says about a typical working day:
I usually get up at 7 o’clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about
half an hour. I start work at 8:45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o’clock. I’m always
tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don’t usually go out. I go to
bed at about 11 o’clock. I always sleep well.
Write what Sharon did or didn’t do yesterday.

1. _______________________ at 5 o’clock.
2. She ___________________ a big breakfast.
3. She ____________ tired when she ______________ home.
4. She ____________________ a meal yesterday evening.
5. She ____________________ to get to work.
6. She ____________________ 10 o’clock yesterday evening.

8. PAST SIMPLE EXAMPLES
8. PAST SIMPLE EXAMPLES
A.- Put one of these verbs in each sentence:
1. Mozart ___________________________________ more than 600 pieces of music.

2. “How did you learn to drive?, My father _______________________________ me”.
3. We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we _____________________________ it
4. I was very thirsty. I _________________________________ the water very quickly.
5. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He’s much better than I, so he ________ easily.
6. Don _________________ down the stairs this morning and ____________ his leg.
7. Jim __________________ the ball to Sue, who _______________ it very well.
8. Ann ________________ a lot of money yesterday.
9. She ______________ a dress which ______________ $100.
B.- A Friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write
your questions.
1. (Where/go?) _____________________________________________________?
2. (go alone?) _____________________________________________________?
3. (food/good?) _____________________________________________________?
4. (how long/stay there?)_______________________________________________?
5. (stay at a hotel?) _______________________________________________?
6. (how/travel?) _____________________________________________________?
7. (the weather fine?) _______________________________________________?
8. (what/do in the evenings?) _________________________________________?

C.- Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or
negative.
1. It was warm, so I ___________________________________ off my coat. (take)

2. I was very late, so I _________________________________ to the bus stop. (run)
3. I knew Sarah as very busy, so I _______________________ her. (disturb)

9. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
We usually say “I always do something” to indicate that we do it all the time.

I always go to work by car. (not I’m always going)
You can also say “I’m always doing something”, but this has a different meaning.
I’m always losing things.
This does not mean that I lose things every time.
It means that I lose things too often; more often than normal.
“you’re always -ing”, means that you do something very often, more often than the
speaker thinks is normal or reasonable.

EXERCISES
EXERCISES
You’re always watching television. You should do something more active.
John is never satisfied. He’s always complaining.
A.- Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are
wrong.
1. Water is boiling at 100 degrees Celsius.

2. The water boils. Can you turn it off?
3. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.
4. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?
5. The moon is traveling round the earth.
6. I must go now. It gets late.
7. I usually go to work by car.
8. “Hurry up! It’s time to leave. Ok, I come”.
9. I hear you’ve got a new job. How do you go on?
B.- Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
1. Let’s go out. It ________________ (not/rain) now.

2. Julia is very good at languages. She __________ (speak) four languages very well.
3. Hurry up! Everybody _____________________________ (wait) for you.
4. “_____________________ (you/listen) to the radio?, No, you can turn it off.”
5. “__________________ (you/listen) to the radio every day? No, just occasionally.”
6. The Nile River __________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
7. Look at the river. It ______________ (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual.
8. We usually ________________ (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we
__________________ (not/grow) any.
9. “How is your English? Not bad. It _________________ (improve) slowly”.
10. Ron is in London at the moment. He _______________ (stay) at the Park Hotel.
He ___________________________ (always/stay) there when he’s in London.

11. Can we stop walking soon? I ____________________________ (start) to feel tired.
12. “Can you drive?. I ______________ (learn). My father _____________ (teach) me”.
13. Normally I ________________________________ (finish) work at 5:00, but this
week I __________________________ (work) until 6:00 to earn a bit more money.
14. My parents ______________________ (live) in Bristol. They were born there and
have never lived anywhere else. Where __________________ (your parents/live)?
15. Sonia ___________________________ (look) for a place to live. She
_____________________ (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.
16. “What ____________________________ (your father/do)?. He’s an architect, but
he __________________________ (not/work) at the moment”.
17. (at a party) Usually I ________________________ (enjoy) parties but I
_____________________ (not/enjoy) this one very much.
18. The train is never late. It ________________________ (always/leave) on time.
19. Jim is very untidy. He ________________________ (always/leave) his things all
over the place.
C.- Finish B’s sentences. Always use -ing.
 A; I’m afraid I’ve lost my key again.

B: Not again! _____________________________________________________
 A: The car has broken down again.

B: That car is useless! It ____________________________________________
 A: Look! You’ve made the same mistake again.

B: Oh no, not again! _______________________________________________
 A: Oh, I’ve left the lights on again.

B: Typical! You ___________________________________________________

GENERAL REVIEW
GENERAL REVIEW
A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
Ex. They buy computers.

They do not buy computers. They don’t buy computers.
1. There are eleven employees in the office.
2. The supervisors arrived at ten o’clock.
3. It is six o’clock now.
4. We went to Chicago by plane.
5. The two doctors are in Ms. Collier’s office.
6. The magazine cost two dollars.
7. They live in Arkansas now.
8. They lived in France for ten years.
9. He got up at five o’clock this morning.
10. They sat in the lobby for two hours.
11. She speaks English.
12. The meeting begins at nine o’clock.
13. She opens her file daily.
14. They began to work in June.
15. I am interested in that business.
16. They plan to finish the work in March.
17. We hired her in September.
18. The stores were closed because of the holiday.
19. There were four employees absent from work this morning.
20. You usually contract experienced accountants.
21. Mary delivered the merchandise yesterday.

B.- Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions.

Do they buy computers?
C: Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with a Wh-

word. Make any necessary changes to keep the sentence logical.

Where do they buy computers? Why do they buy computers?

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
LISTENING 9
LISTENING 9 – PROBLEMS WITH THE NEW MANAGER

PROBLEMS WITH THE NEW MANAGER
Hello Mrs. Harris, sorry to _______________ you, but there is an important matter I have
to tell you about.
Sure Charles, come in.
It is about our new Manager. Since he joined our Company, 2 months ago, he has been
reviewing our sales records, in _______________. He hasn’t started to work with us in the
sales department yet, but even though, he thinks it is the _________________ thing to do
and makes us feel as if we are fools. Do you know how much it takes to convince a client
to buy a USD $6,000,000 network?
I have been working for more than 7 years at this Company and I have had the
___________________ sales record since 2001. I think I deserve a little more flexibility on
my manager’s side. These have been difficult months, but in ____________________ of it
all, I already have 3 new ___________________. I have thought of possibly leaving, I have
had some interviews with different Companies, who have known my good
______________________ and commitment. But, since I appreciate this Company very
much, I would like to ask you if I could be transferred to a different division, where I could
have a different manager.
Ok Charles, let me think of what has been happening here, but be sure it is my intention to
have every employee working in a ________________________.

QUESTIONS ON THE LISTENING

TEACHER: Be sure to ask them to give you their oral answer, and then, they can
write it down.
1. What is Charles complaining about?

____________________________________________________________
2. Has his manager had any experience on that sales department?

____________________________________________________________
3. For how long has Charles been working there?

____________________________________________________________
4. Since when has he held the Number One Sales Record?

____________________________________________________________
5. Is he leaving the Company?

____________________________________________________________
6. What would he like to instead?

____________________________________________________________
7. What is Mrs. Harris going to do?

____________________________________________________________

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
This is a drill on the vowel sounds /ow/ as in go, /uw/ as in do, and /aw/ as in out.
/aw/
house town Our house is in town.
brown house I have a brown house.
about hour It takes about an hour.
/ow/
no won’t No, I won’t.
old coat Here’s an old coat.
cold November It’s cold in November.
/uw/
blue shoes She has some blue shoes.
do too I do, too.
cool room It’s cool in this room.
- Don’t go out without a coat.

- It’s cold outside this afternoon.
- I won’t go without you.
- Our house has two bedrooms.

A. BASIC SENTENCES
A. BASIC SENTENCES
1. I’ve been having some trouble recently.
2. I haven’t been feeling well.
3. I’ve been having earaches.
4. I’ve had this problem for about a month.
5. I’ve been to the doctor many times in my life.
6. I don’t mind going to the doctor.
7. I’ve had a lot of appointments.
8. I’ve had a lot of examinations.
9. I went to the doctor yesterday.
10. I hadn’t been to the doctor for two years.
11. I hadn’t gone there for a long time.
12. Until I went yesterday, I hadn’t been to the doctor for two years.
13. He said everything would be all right.
14. He thought I’d caught cold when I went fishing.
15. I went fishing last month.

B. CONVERSATION PRACTICE
1. How long have you been studying English?
a. For about five months.
b. I’ve been studying for about five months.
2. How long have you lived here?

a. For two years.
b. I’ve lived here for two years.
3. When did you come to this city?

a. Two years ago.
b. I came two years ago.
4. You’ve been here before, haven´t you?

a. No, I haven’t.
b. This is the first time I’ve been here.
5. Have you traveled very much?

a. Yes, I have.
b. I’ve traveled a great deal.
6. Have you been to Spain?

a. Yes, I went there two years ago.
b. No, I haven’t.
7. You’ve been to Hawaii, haven’t you?

a. Yes, I have.
b. I saw something there I’d never seen before.
8. What was that?

a. Volcanoes.
b. Until I saw a volcano in Hawaii, I’d never seen one before.
9. Didn’t you see my brother there?

a. Yes, I did.
b. Until I saw him there, I hadn’t seen him for ten years.
10. That was quite a surprise, wasn’t it?

a. Yes, it was.
b. I haven’t had a surprise like that for a long time.

C. LEARNING DRILLS
C. LEARNING DRILLS
DRILL 1
Memorize the forms of these verbs:
BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES
catch caught caught I’ve caught a cold.
build built built They’ve built a new house.
feel felt felt She’s felt fine al week.
pay paid paid They’ve already paid for it.
swim swam swum I have often swum there.
teach taught taught She has taught English for two years.
understand understood understood Has he understood everything?
DRILL 2
1. What have you been doing?
I’ve been studying.
I’ve been fishing.
I’ve been writing a book.
I’ve been reading a lot.
I’ve been building a house.
2. How long have you been studying English?

I’ve been studying English for a year.
I’m still studying.
3. How long have you been fishing?

I’ve been fishing since 2 o’clock.
I’m still fishing.
4. How long have you been writing your book?

I’ve been writing it since last year.
I’m still writing.
5. How long have you been reading the newspaper?

I’ve been reading it for 2 hours.
I’m still reading it.
6. How long have you been building your house?

I’ve been building it since last year.
I’m still building it.

DRILL 3
1. I saw a good movie today.
I had never seen it before.
2. I went to Cambodia last year.

I’d never been there before.
3. We built a house last year.

We’d never built one before.
4. They wrote a textbook last year.

They’d never written one before.
5. I met Miss Smith yesterday.

I’d never met her before.
DRILL 4
- Until I saw him today, I hadn’t seen him for two years.
- Until I caught this fish, I’d never caught one before.
- Until I built this house, I’d never built one before.
- Until I spoke to her today, I’d never spoken to her before.
- Until I took a vacation this year, I’d never taken one before.

10. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
10. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Form the Present Perfect Tense with have (has) and the Past Participle of the main verb.
The Present Perfect Tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the
past.
I have read that report.
They have modified the contract.
The Present Perfect Tense also describes an action that was repeated several times in the
past.
I have read that report several times.
He has analyzed the documents over and over.
A.- Supply the present perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. We __have spoken___ (speak) about the investments several times.

2. We _______________ (calculate) all the taxes, that´s why . . .
3. He _____________ (visit) our plant overseas many times so . . . .
4. She ____________ (return) my documents at last because. . . .
5. I am afraid that I ______________ (lose) the invoices then . . . .
6. You ______________ (be) in training courses many times, for that reason . . .
7. It _______________ (rain) a lot this year and . . . .
8. We ________________ (authorize) those activities in the factory because . . . .
9. We __________________ (tell) Ed what you said but . . . .
10. They _______________ (hear) that story before, that´s why . . . .
11. We _______________ (lend) money to the union several times so . . . .
12. Mr. Katz ______________ (go) to South America to work then . . . .
13. They ______________ (make) that same mistake several times and . . . .
14. She ________________ (see) those financial statements three times but . . . .
15. Harvey ____________ (make) and ___________ (lose) several fortunes so . . . .

Present Perfect Tense sentences usually don’t mention exact times or actions. The Simple
Past Tense is most often used to mention or imply an exact time of an action.
Past: He reviewed the programs yesterday.

Present Perfect: He has reviewed the programs several times.
Past: I was in the meeting last night.
Present Perfect: I have been in the meeting before.
B.- Supply either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense form as
required by the meaning.
1. I __went__ (go) to the warehouse yesterday; I __have done__ (do) this many
times lately.
2. Hershey’s Corporation ____________ (divide) its plants last week.
3. The accountant _________ (read) those reports several times.
4. She first ___________ (read) them while she was in her office.
5. I _____________ (be) in Norfolk many times.
6. Mr. Dale ____________ (have) little experience in supervising that process.
7. The auditor _______________ (fall) as he was visiting the plant.
8. I ____________ (see) Diane a few days ago.
9. When the bell rang, the workers ____________ (jump) from their seats and
___________ (run) from the meeting room.
10. I ___________ (try) that method again and again, but I do not like it.
11. When I was an employee, I often _____________ (go) on business trips.
12. I ______________ (complete) my paper at last.
13. You _______________ (start) to participate in this committee last winter.
14. The day before yesterday, we ______________ (get) an important contract.
15. I hear that you ___________ (give) up the idea of developing a new process.
16. I __________ never __________ (be) to Italy.
17. It ______________ (be) very cold the day before yesterday.
18. We ____________ (learn) many new techniques in this course.
19. The First World War _________ (begin) in 1914 and _______ (end) in 1918.
20. Rebecca says that she ________________ (lose) her information.

11. FOR, SINCE
11. FOR, SINCE
For shows the length of time of the action.
He has worked there for six months.
Since shows the time when the action began.

He has worked there since February.
A. Change these sentences to introduce since instead of for. Then make

whatever other changes are necessary.
1. She has been sick for three days. She has been sick since Wednesday.
2. We have been living here for three years that´s why . . . .
3. Sue has worked for that firm for six months and . . . .
4. I have not seen him for several days but . . . .
5. I have not eaten anything for two days for that reason . . . .
6. We have been planning this trip for a year because . . . .
7. It has been raining steadily for eight hours and . . . .
8. I have not smoked a cigarette for two years but . . .
9. We have been waiting for you for two hours then . . . .
10. He has been in hospital for almost a month because . . . .
B. Change these sentences to introduce for instead of since. Then make

whatever other changes are necessary.
1. He has been absent since Monday. He has been absent for three days.
2. We haven't seen them since February.
3. We have lived in the same house since 1980.
4. They have been friends since high school.
5. It has been snowing steadily since last night.
6. They have been living with her parents since they got married.
7. He has worked for that firm since 1981.
8. I have not seen her since last week.
9. The dog hasn't eaten anything since Wednesday.
10. They haven't sent him any money since last summer.

12. ALREADY, YET
12. ALREADY, YET
Yet means so far; it is used in negatives and questions.
Sean hasn't called yet. Has Sean called yet?
Already means by this time or previously, it is used in affirmatives and questions.

They have already begun the project. Have they already begun the project?
A. Complete the following sentences with yet or already as required by the

meaning.
1. Martha hasn´t given the information. Martha hasn't given it yet.

2. They have mailed the check.
3. Is it time for us to leave? No, not…
4. Sal has bought the raw materials.
5. We have signed the contract.
6. We have been to Mexico three times.
7. But you haven't visited our plant in Monterrey.
8. Has Jim gotten his new computer?
9. Has the meeting begun? No, not…
10. Has the supplier delivered the items?
B. Give a negative answer with yet to the following questions.
1. Has Mike left yet? No, Mike hasn't left yet.

2. Has the container arrived yet?
3. Have you finished your reports yet?
4. Has Mr. Dole returned from lunch yet?
5. Have you paid that bill yet?
6. Has the meeting begun yet?
7. Has George found a job yet?
8. Has the accountant given the information yet?
9. Have you bought the new printers yet?
C. Give an affirmative answer with already to the questions in Exercise B.
1. Has Mike left yet? Yes, Mike has already left.

13. COULD AND COULD HAVE
13. COULD AND COULD HAVE
We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the Past of can.
• Listen. I can hear something. (now)
• I listened. I could hear something. (past)
But could is not only used in this way. We also use could to talk about possible actions
now or in the future (especially to make a suggestion). For example:
• A: What shall we do this evening?

B: We could go to the cinema.
• It’s a nice day. We could go for a walk.
• When you go to New York next month, you could stay with Barbara.
• A: If you need money, why don’t you ask Karen?
B: Yes, I suppose I could
Can is also possible in these sentences ('We can go for a walk.', etc.). Could is less sure
than can.
You must use could (not 'can') when you don't really mean what you say. For example:
• I'm so angry with him. I could kill him! (not 'I can kill him')
We also use could to say that something is possible now or in the future:
• The phone is ringing. It could be Tim.
• I don't know when they'll be here. They could arrive at any time.
Can is not possible in these examples (not 'It can be Tim').
In these sentences could is similar to might.

• The phone is ringing. It might be Tim.
Compare could (do) and could have (done):

• I'm so tired. I could sleep for a week. (now)
• I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. (past)

Most often, we use could have (done) for things which were possible but did not happen:
• Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York?
You could have stayed with Barbara.
(= You had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn't.)
• Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he's all right.

He's lucky -he could have hurt himself badly. (But he didn't hurt himself.)
• The situation was bad but it could have been worse.
Sometimes could means 'would be able to...'

• We could go away if we had enough money.
(= we would be able to go away)
• I don't know how you work so hard. I couldn't do it.

Could have (done) = would have been able to (do):
• Why didn't Liz apply for the job? She could have got it.
• We could have gone away if we'd had enough money.
• The trip was cancelled last week.

Paul couldn't have gone anyway because he was ill.
(= he wouldn't have been able to go)
• You did very well to pass the exam.

I'm sure I couldn't have passed it.
(= I wouldn't have been able to pass it if I had taken it.)
A.- Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could.
1. Where shall we go for our holidays? (to Scotland) We could go to Scotland_
2. What shall we have for dinner tonight? (fish) We________________________
3. What shall I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) You ____________________
4. When shall I phone Angela? (now) __________________________
5. When shall we go and see Tom? (on Friday) ______________________
6. Where shall we hang this picture? (in the kitchen)___________________

B.- Put in can or could. Sometimes either word is possible.
1. The phone is ringing. Who do you think it is? It __could__ be Tim.
2. I'm really hungry. l __________________ eat a horse!
3. If you're very hungry, we ________________ have dinner now.
4. It's so nice here. I ____________ stay here all day, but unfortunately I have to go.
5. ‘I can't find my bag. Have you seen it?' 'No, but it ____________ be in the car.'
6. Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute, and he _________ also play the piano.
7. 'What shall we do?' 'There's a film on television. We _____________ watch that.'
8. The weather is nice now, but it ______________ change later.
C.- Complete the sentences. Use could or could have + a suitable verb.
1. A: What shall we do this evening?

B: I don't mind. We __could go__ to the cinema.
2. A: I had a very boring evening at home yesterday.

B: Why did you stay at home? You ___________________ to the cinema.
3. A: There's an interesting job advertised in the paper. You _____________ for it.
B: What sort of job is it? Show me the advertisement.
4. A: Did you go to the concert last night?

B: No. We _______________ but we decided not to.
5. A: Where shall we meet tomorrow?

B: Well, I ________________ to your house if you want.

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
LISTENING 10
LISTENING 10 – MEETING WITH NEW MANAGERS

MEETING WITH NEW MANAGERS
During the past few years our company has ___________ some changes which you, as
new managers, ignore. That’s the reason why I have invited you to this meeting. In fact, we
were going to have this reunion 2 weeks ago but we had a lot of work. I would like to begin
______________ you what we have done: We have begun the production of a new line of
products for the last 2 years. This has been a great success in the market place, which has
represented a very important _____________ for this company. We have obtained
important credits from banks that have allowed us to extend our operations in Canada and
South America. Our ___________ has participated in 3 international congresses of the
industry, and they have told us our market ____________ have been a good example for
other companies in Mexico and China.
All this sounds wonderful and great, so our ___________ are very pleased, but
____________ we had problems? Sure we have had them. I was going to mention all of
them, but I prefer to speak only about the most difficult: the ____________ project.
It has been more than a year since we have tried to obtain the government permissions to
begin the construction of the _____________. We have even spoken with the most
important officers at the Defense Department and they haven't given us a final answer.
They have been telling us they are going to analyze it, but they haven't. Last corporate
meeting, one of the ____________ said we should stop the project and ____________ our
efforts on other projects.


write it down.
1. Why did the director invite the new managers?

____________________________________________________________
2. What has the new line of products meant for the company?
____________________________________________________________
3. Where has the company obtained the credits?

____________________________________________________________
4. Which are its new markets?

____________________________________________________________
5. What’s been the main problem they have had?

____________________________________________________________
6. Who have they spoken with?

____________________________________________________________
7. What have they been telling them?

____________________________________________________________
8. What did an advisor comment last meeting?

____________________________________________________________

14. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS I
14. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS I
A.- Match the Idiomatic Expressions to the correct definition.
1. so far a. eventually
2. for the time being b. OK
3. for good c. locate information in a dictionary or book
4. sooner or later d. discuss a situation with others
5. all right e. be careful
6. talk over f. sick
7. look up g. hurried, in a rush
8. look out h. until now
9. in a hurry i. forever
10. under the weather j. for now
B.- Choose the appropriate Idiomatic Expression from the box to substitute
for the italicized word or words in each of the following sentences.
at last - right away - put off - as usual - by oneself - hurried
make a difference - all along - on purpose - think over - count on
1. Please, Ms. Connors, bring the report immediately.

_______________________________________________________________.
2. The supplies are going to arrive late as is typical.
_______________________________________________________________.
3. Do you think that she didn’t come to the meeting deliberately?
_______________________________________________________________.
4. I’d first like to discuss with my boss your offer. Can I call you tomorrow?
_______________________________________________________________.
5. I’m going to be away for two days, so can you please postpone the meeting for next week?
_______________________________________________________________.
6. It would affect us if we can’t reach our monthly sales goal.
_______________________________________________________________.
7. You shouldn’t go to that congress alone; let me go with you.
_______________________________________________________________.
8. After a week waiting for the goods to arrive, they got here finally.
_______________________________________________________________.
9. Why are you running? Are you in a rush?
Yes, I need to meet a client now and I’m late.
_______________________________________________________________.
10. I can trust that manager; he’s always been good at those kind of deals.
_______________________________________________________________.

C.- Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of an idiomatic expression.
Sheryl: Jonathan, if we’re going to get to the office in time, we need to leave ___________.
Jonathan: ___________________. Just let me get my coat.
Sheryl: But you left your coat in the car and it’s raining outside.
Jonathan: Oh, I knew it ____________________.
Sheryl: Don’t get angry, let’s wait for a while.
Jonathan: Did you __________________ the number of the restaurant around the corner
in the directory? Let’s order some food while we wait.
Sheryl: Yes, It won’t ____________________ us if we arrive late.
Jonathan: Did you break up with your boyfriend ____________________?
Sheryl: No, I love him very much and I can’t live without him.
Jonathan: You have to ___________________ for him, he’s been seeing another woman.
Sheryl: No, she’s someone he can ___________________, she’s been his friend for a long
time.
Jonathan: Oh, I see. I’m sorry, I didn’t know.
Sheryl: _____________________ don’t worry. We can go now, it’s stopped raining.
Jonathan: Ok. Let’s go.

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
LISTENING 11
LISTENING 11 – MOVING TO THE CITY

MOVING TO THE CITY
DAN: Hello Susan! How are you? How has your new job been _________________?
SUSAN: Hey Dan! It has been all right
DAN: Are you planning to stay at the _______________________ for good?
SUSAN: Actually, I wasn’t. My plan was to come to the city from Monday to Friday and go
back to my country house on the weekends, but now I realize that sooner or later I will
have to _______________ in the city because of my job.
DAN: Wow! That decision will really make a difference on your job opportunities, but also in
your ____________________. You should think it over.
SUSAN: Sure, I’m not making a decision right away. There are many things to consider...
DAN: Like your husband’s job, right?
SUSAN: No, that’s not it, fortunately he ____________ his own business and he wouldn’t
have to look for a job, but still, there are so many things we would have to
________________.
DAN: Like what?
SUSAN: The peaceful _______________ of the country, the clean air, my farm animals…
But I think I’ll just have to do without, right?
DAN: I understand, but also think that in the city there are much more intellectual things to
do, by far! You can attend business congresses, meet important executives, get
_______________ on different skills, and much more!
SUSAN: Yes Dan, you right! Hey! I’m in a rush and I have to go, but it was great talking to
you! See you soon!


write it down.
1. Who has a new job?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Where has Susan been living until now?

_____________________________________________________________
3. What would Susan’s husband do about his job, if they moved to the city?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Has Dan told Susan she has to decide immediately?

_____________________________________________________________
5. If Susan moved to the city, what would she give up?

_____________________________________________________________
6. Is Susan available to stay and chat?

_____________________________________________________________

This is a drill on the consonant sounds /lo/ and /r/ at the beginning and end of words.
/lo/
long lesson This is a long lesson.
late lunch He’s eating a late lunch.
lawyer later His lawyer is coming later.
/r/
repair radio He repairs radios.
room rug This room has no rug.
rent room Do you want to rent a room?
Practice these pairs of words

light late led
right rate red
/l/
tall He’s tall.
hotel Where’s the hotel?
all That’s all.
/r/
repair car Please repair my car.
near door He’s near the door.
1. We’re going to repeat this lesson.

2. Let’s ride in your car.
3. I’m ready to learn a new language.
4. The lawyer lives near our hotel.

15. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS II
15. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS II
1. as a rule a. almost always

2. on paper b. specifically, in the form of, in particular
3. in accordance with c. usually
4. above all d. in theory; recorded
5. last but not least e. to originate from; to cause
6. game plan f. to favor somebody or something else
7. on behalf of g. introducing the last item on the list
8. to bring about h. general strategy for achieving a target
9. in the shape of i. most importantly
10. nine times out of ten j. following the terms or requirements
B.- Join the sentences.
1. Does the offer you made last week … a. with regard to your sales in April?
2. The new printed design … b. triggered off a revolution in transport.
3. Does the boss want to see me … c. if we don’t take the initiative, our competitors will.
4. He had been promoted to manager … d. first and foremost, our guests from the USA.
5. The invention of the petrol engine … e. still hold good?
6. There’s a gap in the market we can’t fill; f. are aimed at working mothers.
7. The survey produced a lot of information, g. looks good on paper, but I don’t know if it works.
8. I’d like to welcome, h. as such, he should have two secretaries.

9. We’re opening an office in Budapest … i. but few hard facts.
10. Our products … j. with a view to expansion in Eastern Europe.

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
LISTENING 12
LISTENING 12 – TILOTSON WATCHES

TILOTSON WATCHES
Tilotson watches, located in San Francisco, California has owned a ______________ of

stores selling ______________ and fashion watches for the last 10 years. It’s best selling
products are high quality ladies watches which are innovative and offer a variety of color.
The company has ____________________ its imports from Asian countries and its profit
margin on such products which has gone from 80 to 100%.
The date is October 1st, the buying department has tried to buy ___________________
watches, but it has not been possible. All of which must arrive by November 15th, in time
for the Christmas buying season. The company ________________ it can definitely sell
3000 watches but the remaining 2000 will depend on demand, which is uncertain.
Since the company has ___________ ______________ problems, it wishes to pay for the
goods as late as possible. The target consumer is price conscious, but will pay more if the
watches have original design. Members of the buying department have been traveling to
Asia looking for a _____________ supplier with whom they can build a long ____________
relationship. They have contacted 3 companies who could supply the watches. They have
had meetings with them but they haven’t got into any ___________________.


write it down.
1. How long has Tilotson Watches owned the stores?

_____________________________________________________________
2. What has happened with its imports?

_____________________________________________________________
3. What has been its profit margin?

_____________________________________________________________
4. When should the watches arrive to California?

_____________________________________________________________
5. Does the company have financial problems?

_____________________________________________________________
6. Why have members of the buying department gone to Asia?

_____________________________________________________________
7. What have they found?

_____________________________________________________________
8. Have they closed the deal?

_____________________________________________________________

A. BASIC SENTENCES
A. BASIC SENTENCES
1. I wrote some letters last night.
2. My letters are written.
3. I bought some gifts yesterday.
4. My gifts are bought.
5. I spent all my money.
6. All my money is spent.
7. It’s all gone.
8. When I got up this morning, all these things were done.
9. My letters were written.
10. My gifts were bought.
11. My money was all spent.
12. Now I’ll have time to do some other things.
13. I have a lot of things to do.
14. I have to take my watch to the jeweler’s.
15. I broke it last week.
16. My watch is broken.
17. I have to take my suit to the tailor.
18. I tore a hole in it.
19. I’ll have to hurry.
20. My suit is torn.

1. Did you write these letters last night?
a. Yes, I did.
b. They’re all written.
2. Did you do your shopping?

a. Yes, it’s done.
b. I did it this morning.
3. Is your watch broken?

a. No, it isn’t broken.
b. It’s in good condition.
4. Is his new house built yet?

a. Yes, it is.
b. It’s all built.
c. It was finished last week.
5. Is English spoken in that store?

a. Yes, it is.
b. Both English and French are spoken.
6. Is Spanish spoken in South America?

a. Yes, it’s spoken in most countries.
b. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil.
7. Did you lose your watch?

a. Yes, I lost it.
b. It’s been lost for a week.
8. Have you written a letter to your brother?

a. Yes, I have.
b. I wrote him a letter last night.
9. Did you write a letter to your sister, too?

a. Yes, I wrote her a letter, too.
b. No, I haven’t written to him yet.
10. Did you send that package to your friends?

a. Yes, I sent them the package.
b. I did it this morning.

C. LEARNING DRILLS
C. LEARNING DRILLS
DRILL 1
Memorize the forms of these verbs:
BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES
spent spent spent Have you spent all the money?
break broke broken I’ve broken my pencil.
tear tore torn She has torn her dress.
lose lost lost I’ve lost my new hat.
lend lent lent Have you lent him your car?
shake shook shaken Have you shaken his hand?
DRILL 2
1. I broke my watch.
It’s broken
It’s been broken for a week.
2. He lost his hat.

It’s lost.
It’s been lost for a long time.
3. He tore his pants.

His pants are torn.
They’ve been torn for a week.
4. We did our homework.

Our homework is done.
It’s been done for an hour.
DRILL 3
Is her dress torn? Yes, it’s torn.
Is his watch broken? Yes, it’s broken.
Is your pen lost? Yes, it’s lost.
Is English spoken here? Yes, it’s spoken here.
Has her dress been torn? Yes, it has.
Has his car been driven? Yes, it has been.
Hasn’t this been repaired yet? Yes, it has.

DRILL 4
1. This chair is made of wood.

The table is made of wood, too.
That house is made of wood.
This pencil is made of wood.
The dresser is made of wood.
2. What’s her dress made of?

It’s made of silk.
It’s a silk dress.
3. What’s this umbrella made of?

It’s made of silk.
It’s a silk umbrella.
4. What are these windows made of?

They’re made of glass.
They’re glass windows.
5. What’s your suit made of?

It’s made of wool.
It’s a wool suit.
6. What’s that building made of?

It’s made of stone.
It’s a stone building.
7. What’s this dessert made of?

It’s made of rice and milk.
8. What’s this soup made of?

It’s made of noodles and fish.
9. What’s this dish made of?

It’s made of meat and potatoes.
10. What’s this dessert made of?

It’s made of fruit and jelly.

DRILL 5
1. The mechanic repaired the car.

The car was repaired by the mechanic.
2. A child painted this picture.

This picture was painted by a child.
3. My brother built the house.

The house was built by my brother.
4. The professor gave a test.

A test was given by the professor.
DRILL 6
1. The mechanic repaired the car.

The car was repaired.
2. John mailed the letter.

The letter was mailed.
3. The doctor examined the child.

The child was examined.
4. Two young men stole the car.

The car was stolen.

16. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS III
16. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS III
1. to spotlight a. a pause or interval
2. in the long run b. to total, to mean
3. to amount to c. to put special attention to a person or thing
4. in excess of d. almost 100% certain
5. to vary from e. eventually, after a long time
6. a safe bet f. earlier than arranged
7. bit by bit g. more than
8. ahead of time h. to fluctuate between certain given limits
9. time out i. various different kinds
10. in all shapes and sizes j. in small pieces or stages

B.- Choose the appropriate Idiomatic Expression from the box to
substitute for the italicized word or words in each of the following
sentences.
rules out - at will - better safe than sorry - carrying out - back and forth
on a large scale - at the outside - as a whole - moment of truth - as yet
1. We wrote to them a week ago but have not received a reply up to now.
________________________________________________________________.
2. It takes twenty minutes as the highest estimate to get from here to the station.
________________________________________________________________.
3. He had been stealing money from the company for years and must have known that at the final
point of crisis, he had to change.
________________________________________________________________.
4. Our show room is open seven days a week, so our customers can come in any time and look
around when they please.
________________________________________________________________.
5. Everyone must wear a safety helmet when visiting the construction site – better to be careful
than take risks.
________________________________________________________________.
6. The group all together approved the parent company’s proposal.

________________________________________________________________.
7. The oil company is performing geological surveys in the area before drilling begins.
________________________________________________________________.
8. The new law effectively forbids imports of cars, by imposing an impossibly high import duty on
them.
________________________________________________________________.
9. Letters have been passing from one position to another between the two companies for weeks
before a meeting could be set up.
________________________________________________________________.
10. Production of the new model was limited at first, but it proved so popular that after a short time it
was manufactured in large numbers.
________________________________________________________________.

17. GOING TO
17. GOING TO
PAST TENSE
The past form of “going to” indicates an action which was planned or intended, but which
did not happen. Use the appropriate Past Tense Form of to be going to with the simple
form of the verb.
A.- Substitute the past tense form of going to for the verbs in italics.
Ex. I intended to do it yesterday, but I was too busy.

I was going to do it yesterday, but I was too busy.
1. We intended to get it, but the supplier closed earlier, that’s why . . .
2. I planned to send the information on Thursday, but couldn’t find it so . . .
3. They intended to open new branches, but their money ran out and . . .
4. We planned to invest in the stock market, but finally decided to do it here because...
5. You planned to give a better discount but then decided against it and . . .
6. They planned to negotiate the contract but then waited until October otherwise . . .
7. At first Bayer intended to produce chemical products, but finally it produced
medicines, for that reason . . .
8. I intended to rewrite my reports but didn’t have enough time because . . .
9. I planned to return your book today but forgot it at home, that’s why . . .
10. They planned to leave for Europe last week, but Mrs. Thompson was too ill to go.
11. At first she intended to put the invoices here, but later she put them in another file.
12. We planned to go to the meeting last night but were too busy then . . .
13. I intended to write to you several times, but something always interfered so . . .

18. SHORT ANSWERS
18. SHORT ANSWERS
Short answers are the most common way of answering direct questions. A short answer
consists of the subject of the sentence and an auxiliary verb or part of to be. Note that if
there is no auxiliary verb in an expected answer, the verb to do is used.
Can you use this machine? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
Does she know how to use it? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Are they coming? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Pronouns generally replace nouns in short answers.

Will Ms. Wong be here soon? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.
Did it rain yesterday? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.
A. Give affirmative short answers to these questions.
Ex. Can you hold a meeting? Yes, I can.

1. Do you have a new budget?
2. Does your boss need information?
3. Does your secretary type fast?
4. Will you be in the factory tomorrow?
5. Will the committee meet today?
6. Are you going out tonight?
7. Is it giving good results now?
8. Does it often present problems?
9. Is the computer yours?
10. Is the time up?
11. Did you check your voucher?
12. Did you go to the meeting last night?
13. Is it a reasonable price?
14. Was it acceptable yesterday?
B. Give negative short answers to the questions in Exercise A.

Ex. Can you hold a meeting? No, I can’t.

19. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
19. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
A.- Change each of the following sentences from the Past Tense to the Past
Continuous Tense. Add any words, phrases, or clauses which you may
need in order to complete the meaning of the sentence.
Ex. I reviewed the budget last night.
I was reviewing the budget last night when my friend called me.
1. I talked to our clients this morning and . . .
2. Tony gave me the results yesterday afternoon but . . .
3. She calculated the amount because . . .
4. I finished my work because . . .
5. Larry spoke to his boss about a raise and . . .
6. Syntax opened a new plant last week, that’s why . . .
7. He indicated it clearly and . . .
8. They got off the bus at Broad Street because . . .
9. We started doing business together long ago then . . .
10. Chrysler launched new models two weeks ago, that’s why . . .
11. Dr. Berger got a haircut but . . .
12. Sharon wrote an interesting proposal on the computer so . . .
13. I visited the clients last month and . . .
14. The union organized another meeting, for that reason . . .

20. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
20. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form the Future Continuous Tense by using shall be or will be and the Present Participle
of the main verb. The contracted forms are generally used.
Singular: I shall be working (I’ll be working)
you will be working (you’ll be working)
he will be working (he’ll be working)
she will be working (she’ll be working)
it will be working (it’ll be working)
Plural: we shall be working (we’ll be working)
you will be working (you’ll be working)
they will be working (they’ll be working)
The Future Continuous Tense describes an action that will be going on when another
action takes place.
I shall be studying when you return this evening.
They’ll be traveling in Germany by the time you arrive here.
A.- Supply the Future Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
Ex. If you come at noon, we _’ll be reviewing_ (review) the invoices.

1. At this time next month, we _____________ (visit) ten new clients.
2. At ten o’clock tomorrow morning, I _________________ (talk) to our prospects.
3. I _________________ (wait) on the corner for you at the usual time.
4. If you call her at six, she _____________ probably _____________ (give) the
information.
5. It ____________ probably ___________ (rain) when you get back.
6. If you come before six, I _________________ (calculate) your taxes.
7. Tomorrow afternoon at this time, we ___________ (analyze) our business plan.
8. Don’t call him after seven. He ____________ (attend) his weekly production
meeting.
9. Don’t call her now. She _____________ (take) her usual afternoon nap.
10. At this time next year, he _______________ (study) at the University of Illinois.

21. PREPOSITIONS
21. PREPOSITIONS
A.- Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition.
Ex. This machine belongs ___to___ Chrysler.

1. We all went ___________________ a walk _______________________ the park.
2. The firm bought this machinery _____________________ August.
3. We plan to trade it a new one _____________________ the spring.
4. We looked everywhere _____________________ the reports which Guy lost.
5. Nan usually sits _____________________ this desk.
6. They make a lot of errors _____________________ accounting.
7. The man walked quickly ___________________ the meeting room and sat down.
8. She spends a lot __________________ time __________________ her English.
9. We read ____________ the investment ____________ the newspaper this morning.
10. I must send a letter ________________ my boss in America.
11. She went __________________ the corner store ____________ some groceries.
12. Lea sits _______________ front ___________________ me at the meeting.
13. The boat moved slowly ______________________ the coast.
14. Everyone laughed ____________ William’s story.
15. The woman smiled ________________ me pleasantly.
16. He thanked me ___________ my interest __________ the situation of the business.
17. How much did Honda pay ______________ its new building?
18. They buy everything __________________ credit.
19. They told me all __________ their trip ________________ South America.
20. He left the office ____________ once, as soon as he heard ________ the accident.
21. Please pick ____________ those papers which are __________________ the floor.
22. He never comes _________________ business meetings ______________ time.
23. We live a long way _________________ the airport.
24. What time do you get _________________ every morning?

GRAMMAR STRUCTURES
OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT (BE)
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am very busy today.
You are my workmate.
He is an engineer.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you hungry now ?
Where is she from ?
Are they in a meeting ?
NEGATIVE:
AM NOT
P/N + ARE NOT (aren´t) + C
IS NOT (isn’t)
EXAMPLES: I am not sick.
He isn’t an employee.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 8 & 9). IF POSSIBLE, START
USING WH QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE STUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS.
|
2. SIMPLE PRESENT
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I have a job in this company.

He needs a new budget.
They live in the suburbs.
INTERROGATIVE:
DO
Wh___ + P/N + VSF + C ?
DOES
EXAMPLES: Where do you get the raw material ?
Does she want to come with us ?
Do they accept credit card ?
NEGATIVE: DO NOT (don’t)

P/N + + VSF + C
DOES NOT (doesn’t)
EXAMPLES: They don’t know the new project.
He doesn’t want a printer.
I don’t work on Saturdays.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 11 & 12, 15-18) IF POSSIBLE, START
USING WH QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE SUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS.
|
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am opening the windows.
We are organizing the new office.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + VERB +ING + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you calculating the taxes ?
Why is he moving the furniture ?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
VERB
P/N + AREN’T + + C
+ING
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not taking any medicine.
He isn’t giving his reports.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 30-33) BASIC III (PAGES 19-21) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
|
4. WOULD
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WOULD + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I would like to have an opportunity.
She would return early today.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Would your clients pay the new price ?
What would you do in this case ?
NEGATIVE:
WOULD NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(wouldn’t)
EXAMPLES: We wouldn’t negotiate with that union.

It wouldn’t be difficult for us.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGE 37) TEACH
STUDENTS HOW THIS STRUCTURE CAN BE USED AS IN FORMULA 11.
|
5. FUTURE (WILL)
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WILL + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: He will call us tomorrow.
The representatives will have a reunion on Monday.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ WILL + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Will you accept my invitation ?
Why will your manager ask about it ?
NEGATIVE:
WILL NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(won’t)
EXAMPLES: The shareholders won’t come next week.
He won’t believe you.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGES 38-41) DEVELOP
|
6. FUTURE (GOING TO)
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO VSF + C
IS
EXAMPLES: They are going to need another table.
Mr. Connors is going to talk to the suppliers.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + GOING TO VSF + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: When are you going to give me my money ?
Why is the company going to open the new plant ?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
P/N + AREN’T + GOING TO VSF + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: We aren’t going to play soccer today.
Mr. Jameson isn’t going to accept any excuse.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGE 42) DEVELOP
|
7. SIMPLE PAST (TO DO)
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VS PAST + C
EXAMPLES: I saw the information yesterday.

He visited his friends the day before yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ DID + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Did they sign the contract ?

Why did Mr. Williams go to the park ?
Did your boss tell you what to do ?
NEGATIVE:
P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mr. Simpson didn’t calculate the budget.

We didn’t start the course last week.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC II (PAGES 11-19) BASIC III
(PAGES 15-18) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
|
8. SIMPLE PAST (TO BE)
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: I was really tired.

The statistics were correct.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Why was he in the office ?
Were you with him during the meeting ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + + C
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: She wasn’t a bad person with me.

You weren’t aware of that.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 8-10) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
9. PAST CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + VERB +ING + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: The sales department was breaking records.

They were eating cake this morning.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + VERB +ING + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Was she following your orders ?
What were you doing in her house ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: Your brother wasn’t driving the car.

They weren’t analyzing the projects.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 26-31) BASIC III (PAGE 57)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
10. IDIOMATIC FUTURE CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: The user and I are going to be reviewing the programs.

The attorney is going to be reading the documents.
INTERROGATIVE:
AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES:
Where are you going to be travelling next month?
Is the machine going to be working all day?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
P/N + AREN’T + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not going to be using that credit card.

IBM isn’t going to be producing it anymore.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 63 & 64) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
11. IDIOMATIC FUTURE IN PAST
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + WERE + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mike was going to help them.

He told me the banks were going to authorize the credit.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ WERE + P/N + GOING TO + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Were you going to open that file ?

What was she going to do yesterday ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + WEREN’T + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: The accountant wasn’t going to attend that meeting.

Silvia said the boys weren’t going to have vacations
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGE 42) DEVELOP QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
|
12. PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE: HAVE
P/N + + VPP + C
HAS
EXAMPLES: This product has had some changes.
We have taken that medicine.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE
Wh___ + P/N + VPP + C ?
HAS
EXAMPLES: How have you been lately ?
What has the supervisor done to avoid it ?
NEGATIVE: HAVEN’T
P/N + + VPP + C
HASN’T
EXAMPLES: The manager hasn’t said anything.
We haven’t broken the rules of the game.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC III (PAGES 31 & 32)
INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 8& 9) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
13. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: HAVE BEEN
P/N + HAS BEEN
+ VERB +ING + C
EXAMPLES: Your customers have been looking for you.
Douglas has been helping me.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE
Wh___ + P/N + BEEN + VERB +ING + C ?
HAS
EXAMPLES: What have you been doing all week ?
Have you been buying the material there ?
NEGATIVE: HAVEN’T
P/N + + BEEN + VERB +ING + C
HASN’T
EXAMPLES: The children haven’t been doing their homework.
The supervisor hasn’t been participating this year.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 10)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
|
14. PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + HAD + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: His boss had seen him doing that.
That had been very difficult.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ HAD + P/N + VPP + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you heard about this software ?

What had the customer done before ?
NEGATIVE:
P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: The market hadn’t reacted so good.
She hadn’t worked for ten years.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 11)
|
15. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE:
HAD
BEEN
EXAMPLES: The salesmen had been attending customers.

We had been waiting for that loan.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ HAD + P/N + BEEN + VERB +ING + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you been taking those pills ?
Had you been offering that product ?
NEGATIVE:
VERB
P/N + HADN’T + BEEN + +ING + C
EXAMPLES: The maid hadn’t been doing anything.

The printers hadn’t been working well.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 12 & 13)
|
16. SUBJUNCTIVE
AFFIRMATIVE: WANT, NEED,
P/N + + N/A + TO VSF + C
MAKE, ASK,
USE THIS STRUCTURE IN PAST, FUTURE,
REMIND, TELL, PRESENT, PAST PERFECT AND WOULD.
ADVISE, EXAMPLE: I DIDN’T WANT YOU TO
KNOW SHE HASN’T TOLD US TO DO IT
PROMISE, WARN,
LIKE, PERSUADE,
ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES: The administration needs us to improve the results.
We want you to come earlier.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ DO, DOES, + P/N + WANT, NEED, + N/A + TO VSF + C ?
DID, WILL, MAKE, ASK,
WOULD, REMIND, TELL,
ADVISE, PROMISE,
DIDN’T, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
WARN, LIKE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
HAVE * PERSUADE,
HAS * ALLOW, ENABLE,
HAD * EXPECT
EXAMPLES:
What do you want me to do ?
When does the client need you to visit ?
|
16. SUBJUNCTIVE
NEGATIVE:
P/N + DON’T + WANT, NEED, + N/A + TO VSF + C
DOESN’T MAKE, ASK,
DIDN’T REMIND, TELL,
WON’T ADVISE, PROMISE, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
HAVEN’T * WARN, LIKE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
HASN’T * PERSUADE,
HADN’T * ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES:
Mr. Philips doesn’t want his project to be postponed.
They didn’t want anybody to know about it.
SPECIAL P/N + WANT, NEED, + N/A + NOT TO VSF + C

NEGATIVE: MAKE, ASK,
REMIND, TELL,
ADVISE, PROMISE,
WARN, LIKE,
PERSUADE,
ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES: I asked the lawyer not to say anything.

Linda reminded me not to make so much noise.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 41 & 42)
AND INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 28-30) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
17. CONDITIONAL FUTURE POSSIBLE
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF + P/N + VSP + C , P/N + WILL + VSF + C
EXAMPLES:
If the clients accept the price , they will place the order immediately.
If she has the information , she will call us tomorrow.
INTERROGATIVE:
WILL + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?

EXAMPLES:
Will you finish on time if I help you ?
Will they attend the meeting if you invite them ?
NEGATIVE:
DON’T WILL
IF + P/N + + VSF + C , P/N + + VSF + C
DOESN’T WON’T
EXAMPLES:
If we don’t answer the letter , she will understand.
Even if he doesn’t give the address , I won’t have problem.
NOTE: DEVELOP CONVERSATION (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) AMONG THE STUDENTS. SHOW THEM THAT IF AND
IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.
|
18. CONDITIONAL PRESENT UNREAL
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF + P/N + VPAST + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C

EXAMPLES:
If AT&T invested here , the companies would have better results.
If I had time , I would help them.
INTERROGATIVE:
WH__ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?
EXAMPLES:
Would your clients complain if you increased prices ?
What would they say if they knew the problem ?
NEGATIVE:
IF + P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C
EXAMPLES:
If the PC didn’t have a good quality , nobody would buy it.
If it *weren’t for him , they would be sick
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 43-45)
INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
19. CONDITIONAL PAST UNREAL
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF+ P/N + HAD+ VPP+ C , P/N + WOULD + HAVE + VPP + C
EXAMPLES:
If that container had arrived on time , we would have finished it.
If it had been more expensive , they would have bought anyway.
INTERROGATIVE:
WH__ WOULD+ P/N+ HAVE+ VPP+ C + IF + P/N+ HAD+ VPP+ C ?
EXAMPLES:
What would you have done in case he had destroyed it ?
Would you have accepted it if they had offered you more ?
NEGATIVE:
WOULD
IF + P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C , P/N + WOULDN’T + HAVE + VPP + C
EXAMPLES:
If the survey hadn’t stopped , we would have gotten all the information.
If it hadn’t been so late , we could have gone to the movies.
SPECIAL CASE:
HAD WOULD
+ P/N + VPP + C , P/N + + HAVE +VPP + C
HADN’T WOULDN’T
EXAMPLES:
Had you told me , I would have helped you.
Hadn’t she invited us , we wouldn’t have come today.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, SHOW THEM HOW WHETHER IF AND IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.
|
20. SAY AND TELL
1. SAY SOMETHING TO SOMEBODY (P/N)
EXAMPLES: Say what happened to your mom.
My client said something wrong to the credit and collect department.
2. SAY TO SOMEBODY (P/N) SOMETHING
EXAMPLES: I didn’t say to anybody what she saw.

Don’t
say to me what you will do.
3. TELL SOMEBODY (P/N) SOMETHING
EXAMPLES: Will you tell me the truth?
Tell us what you know.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 48-52)
|
21. PASSIVE VOICE
AM
PRESENT: P/N + ARE + VPP + (by) C
IS
EXAMPLES: The cars are assembled by our plants overseas.
It is said they will come soon.
WAS
PAST: P/N + + VPP + (by) C
WERE
EXAMPLES: I was told it would be more difficult.
The books were written In English.
FUTURE: P/N + WILL BE + VPP + (by) C

EXAMPLES: Your grades will be sent by the teacher.
The project will be authorized immediately.
AM
CONTINUOUS: P/N + ARE + BEING + VPP + (by) C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am being visited by our customers.
They are being controlled by a new system.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGE 11) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
|
22. EITHER/NOR NEITHER/NOR
AFFIRMATIVE: EITHER ______________ OR __________________
EXAMPLES: Either you come tomorrow or I will make you come.

Either Tony or Marco are going to help you.
NEGATIVE: NEITHER ______________ NOR __________________
EXAMPLES: Neither Cynthia nor Martha came to the meeting.

Neither my computer nor my printer were available.
SPECIAL USAGE:
Neither do I. So do I.
ASK QUESTIONS SO Neither am I. ASK QUESTIONS SO So am I.
THEY ANSWER Neither can I. THEY ANSWER So can I.
“Me neither.” Neither did I. “Me too.” So did I.
Neither will I. So will I.
NOTE: 1. EXPLAIN BOTH WORDS (EITHER AND NEITHER) HAVE TWO PRONOUNCIATIONS EACH
2. EXPLAIN EITHER IS THE OPPOSITE OF TOO AND ALSO. GIVE 20 EXAMPLES
3. EXPLAIN ME NEITHER AND ME TOO ARE OPPOSITE, GIVE 20 EXAMPLES
|
INFINITIVO PRESENTE SIMPLE PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL
to accept accept accepted accepted aceptar

to achieve achieve achieved achieved lograr
to add add added added agregar
to admit admit admit admitted admitir
to agree agree agreed agreed acordar
to allow allow allowed allowed permitir
to announce announce announced announced anunciar
to annoy annoy annoyed annoyed irritar
to answer answer answered answered contestar
to appear appear appeared appeared aparecer
to arise arise arose arisen surgir
to argue argue argued argued discutir
to ask ask asked asked preguntar
to assume assume assumed assumed asumir
to attack attack attacked attacked atacar
to attend attend attended attended asistir
to avoid avoid avoided avoided evitar
to be am is are was were been ser-estar
to beat beat beat beaten golpear
to become become became become llegar a ser
t o begin begin began begun empezar
to believe believe believed believed creer
to bend bend bent bent doblar
to bite bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bleed bled bled sangrar
to blow blow blew blown soplar
to bother bother bothered bothered molestar
to break break broke broken romper
to bring bring brought brought traer
to build build built built construir
to burn burn burned burned quemar
to burst burst burst burst reventar
to buy buy bought bought comprar
to call call called called obtener
to cancel cancel cancelled cancelled llamar
to care care cared cared cancelar
to carry carry carried carried cargar
to catch catch caught caught cachar
to cause cause caused caused causar
to change change changed changed cambiar
to choose choose chose chosen escoger
|
to clap clap clapped clapped aplaudir

to close close closed closed cerrar
to come come came come venir
to commit commit committed committed cometer
to compare compare compared compared comparar
to connect connect connected connected conectar
to consider consider considered considered considerar
to contain contain contained contained contener
to continue continue continued continued continuar
to control control controlled controlled controlar
to cost cost cost cost costar
to cover cover covered covered cubrir
to create create created created creado
to cry cry cried cried llorar
to cut cut cut cut cortar
to dare dare dared dared atreverse
to decide decide decided decided decidir
to describe describe described described describir
to design design designed designed diseñar
to dial dial dialed dialed marcar (tel.)
to dig dig dug dug excavar
to discover discover discovered discovered descubrir
to discuss discuss discussed discussed comentar
to do do - does did done hacer
to draw draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dream dreamed-dreamt dreamed-dreamt soñar
to drink drink drank drunk beber
to drive drive drove driven conducir
to drop drop dropped dropped dejar caer
to earn earn earned earned ganarse
to eat eat ate eaten comer
to enjoy enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
to enter enter entered entered entrar
to excuse excuse excused excused disculpar
to expect expect expected expected esperar
to explain explain explained explained explicar
to express express expressed expressed expresar
to face face faced faced enfrentar
to fail fail failed failed fracasar
to fall fall fell fallen caer
to feed feed fed fed alimentar
|
to feel feel felt felt sentir

to fight fight fought fought pelear
to fill fill filled filled llenar
to find find found found encontrar
to finish finish finished finished terminar
to fly fly flew flown volar
to follow follow followed followed seguir
to forbid forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to force force forced forced forzar
to forget forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to fry fry fried fried freír
to get get got gotten conseguir-obtener
to give give gave given dar
to go go - goes went gone ir
to grow grow grew grown crecer
to guess guess guessed guessed adivinar
to handle handle handle handle encargarse de
to hang hang hung hung colgar
to hate hate hated hated odiar
to have have - has had had tener
to hear hear heard heard oír
to help help helped helped ayudar
to hide hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit hit golpear
to hold hold held held sostener
to hope hope hoped hoped esperar
to hug hug hugged hugged abrazar
to hurt hurt hurt hurt lastimar
to imagine imagine imagined imagined imaginar
to improve improve improved improved mejorar
to include include included included incluir
to increase increase increased increased aumentar
to join join joined joined unir
to keep keep kept kept guardar-cumplir
to knock knock knocked knocked golpear
to know know knew known saber-conocer
to lay lay laid laid poner
to learn learn learned-learnt learned-learnt aprender
to leave leave left left dejar-salir
to lend lend lent lent prestar
|
to let let let let permitir

to lie lie lied lied mentir
to lie lie lay lain acostarse
to light light lighted – lit lighted - lit prender
to like like liked liked gustar
to listen listen listened listened escuchar
to live live lived lived vivir
to look look looked looked ver
to lose lose lost lost perder
to love love loved loved amar
to make make made made hacer
to mark mark marked marked marcar
to marry marry married married casarse
to mean mean meant meant significar
to measure measure measured measured medir
to meet meet meet met conocer
to move move moved moved mover
to need need needed needed necesitar
to note note noted noted anotar
to notice notice noticed noticed notar
to observe observe observed observed observar
to obtain obtain obtained obtained obtener
to offer offer offered offered ofrecer
to open open opened opened abrir
to operate operate operated operated operar
to order order ordered ordered ordenar-pedir
to overtake overtake overtook overtaken rebasar
to pass pass passed passed pasar
to pat pat patted patted acariciar
to pay pay paid paid pagar
to permit permit permitted permitted permitir
to place place placed placed colocar
to plan plan planned planned planear
to play play played played jugar
to plug plug plugged plugged enchufar
to point point pointed pointed señalar
to pray pray prayed prayed rezar
to prefer prefer preferred preferred preferir
to prepare prepare prepared prepared preparar
to present present presented presented presentar
to prevent prevent prevented prevented prevenir
|
to proceed proceed proceeded proceeded proceder

to produce produce produced produced producir
to program program programmed programmed programar
to prove prove proved proved demostrar
to pull pull pulled pulled jalar
to put put put put poner
to raise raise raised raise elevar
to reach reach reached reached alcanzar
to react react reacted reacted reaccionar
to read read read read leer
to receive receive received received recibir
to recognize recognize recognized recognized reconocer
to reduce reduce reduced reduced reducir
to regret regret regretted regretted lamentar
to remember remember remembered remembered recordar
to rent rent rented rented rentar
to reply reply replied replied responder
to report report reported reported reportar
to represent represent represented represented representar
to rescue rescue rescued rescued rescatar
to rest rest rested rested descansar
to return return returned returned regresar
to ride ride rode ridden montar
to ring ring rang rung sonar
to rise rise rose risen subida
to rob rob robbed robbed robar
to rub rub rubbed rubbed frotar
to run run ran run correr
o save save saved saved salvar
to say say said said decir
to scare scare scared scared asustar
to see see saw seen ver
to seem seem seemed seemed parecer
to sell sell sold sold vender
to send send sent sent enviar
to serve serve served served servir
to shake shake shook shaken sacudir
to shape shape shaped shaped moldear
to shave shave shaved shaved rasurar
to shine shine shone shone brillar
to shoot shoot shot shot dispara
to shop shop shopped shopped comprar
to show show showed showed mostrar
to shrink shrink shrank shrunk encoger
|
shut shut shut shut cerrar

sing sing sang sung cantar
sit sit sat sat sentarse
sleep sleep slept slept dormir
slip slip slipped slipped deslizar
smell smell smelled smelled oler
smile smile smiled smiled sonreír
sound sound sounded sounded sonar
speak speak spoke spoken hablar
spell spell spelled spelled deletrear
spend spend spent spent gastar
spill spill spilled spilled derramar
split split split split dividir-partir
stand stand stood stood poner de pie
stare stare stared stared mirar
start start started started comenzar
stay stay stayed stayed quedarse
steal steal stole stolen robar
step step stepped stepped pisar
stick stick stuck stuck pegar
sting sting stung stung picar-insecto
stink stink stank stunk apestar
stop stop stopped stopped detener
strike strike struck struck golpear
stroke stroke stroked stroked acariciar
study study studied studied estudiar
suggest suggest suggested suggested sugerir
support support supported supported apoyar
suppose suppose supposed supposed suponer
surprise surprise surprised surprised sorprender
swear swear swore sworn jurar
sweat sweat sweated sweated sudar
sweep sweep swept swept barrer
swim swim swam swum nadar
swing swing swung swung columpiar
take take took taken tomar-llevar
talk talk talked talked hablar
teach teach taught taught enseñar
to tear tear tare torn romper
to tell tell told told decir
to think think thought thought pensar
|
to throw throw threw thrown aventar

to tie tie tied tied amarrar
to treat treat treated treated tratar
to try try tried tried probar-tratar
to turn turn turned turned voltear
to understand understand understood understood comprender
to use use used used usar
to visit visit visited visited visitar
to wait wait waited waited esperar
to wake wake woke waken despertar
to walk walk walked walked caminar
to want want wanted wanted querer
to watch watch watched watched observar
to wear wear wore worn llevar puesto
to win win won won ganar
to wind wind wound wound dar cuerda
to wish wish wished wished desear algo
to work work worked worked trabajar
to worry worry worried worried preocuparse
to wound wound wounded wounded herir-lastimar
to wrap wrap wrapped wrapped envolver
to write write wrote written escribir

Basic 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BASIC III

OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS is a program designed for

A good teaching performance requires knowledge, ability, common sense and

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 2

THE IMPORTANCE OF USING FORMULAS

Grammar has long been problematic for students when learning a

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 3

HABITS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE TEACHERS

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 4

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 5

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 6

To “Add note”, please complete the following steps:

1.- Double left click on the answer line to select it.

3.- Type the answer, comment or notes in the field.

*Use the same process for all the answers.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 7

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 8

We use have got or have for illnesses, pains etc.:

In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:

For the Past we use had (usually without got)

In Past questions and negative sentences we normally use did/didn’t.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 9

“Have got” is not possible in these expressions. Compare:

In questions and negative sentences we normally use do/does/did.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 10

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 11

A.- Complete the following sentences using there is or there are.

1. ______________________ a stapler on your desk.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 12

A.- Change the sentences of last exercise from affirmative to negative.

1. ______________________ a stapler on your desk . . .

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 13

A.- Complete the following sentences using is there or are there.

1. How many books __________________________ in that library?

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 14

lived/ started / was / died are all Past Simple

enjoyed. you enjoy? enjoy.

Very often the Past Simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):

In questions and negatives we use did/didn´t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 15

The Past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:

A.- Read what Sharon says about a typical working day:

Write what Sharon did or didn’t do yesterday.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 16

A.- Put one of these verbs in each sentence:

1. Mozart ___________________________________ more than 600 pieces of music.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 17

1. It was warm, so I ___________________________________ off my coat. (take)

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 18

We usually say “I always do something” to indicate that we do it all the time.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 19

1. Water is boiling at 100 degrees Celsius.

1. Let’s go out. It ________________ (not/rain) now.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 20

C.- Finish B’s sentences. Always use -ing.

 A; I’m afraid I’ve lost my key again.

 A: The car has broken down again.

 A: Look! You’ve made the same mistake again.

 A: Oh, I’ve left the lights on again.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 21

A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

Ex. They buy computers.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 22

1. We have spoken_ (speak) about the investments several times.