Basic 1

BASIC I
OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE
MATERIAL PROPERTY OF BENNET MEXICANA S.A. DE C.V. TO BE USED ONLY FOR TOP QUALITY TRAINING
INTRODUCTION
EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS is a program designed for

those students who already know the basis of the language, in syntax
mainly, and need to improve their skills in business communication.
Since this is a course focused on covering the communication needs
of business people, the grammar structures are presented, practiced
and applied in context. Students are led through a number of
exercises in which grammar points are recycled and reinforced.
Perfect tenses and important grammar points will enable the
participants to express their ideas more accurately. CDs show a
complete combination of structures so students continue improving
their oral comprehension abilities.
TEACHER’S ROLE
A good teaching performance requires knowledge, ability, common sense and

communication skills. You can become a good teacher through a great dedication to these
activities. First of all, the English teacher's role is to generate an atmosphere of competition
among the group, so they feel motivated to improve their fluency, syntax, pronunciation
and oral comprehension. Therefore you must stimulate the initiative, self-confidence and
responsibility of the students participating in your courses.
It has to be clear for all teachers that at these times students who take their courses in
companies cannot and do not want to waste their time in long English programs. In other
words: they want results more than classes.
The teacher's success when performing determines the success or failure of probably the
entire program. A student can only become an English speaker whenever these three
factors meet:
a) a proven method
b) a qualified teacher, and
e) his/her own will to learn
TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 2

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING
These principles constitute the guidelines which the professor must follow all the time going
from one lesson or topic to the following. They have an enormous importance because
they define the different activities the teacher develops in class. Some of the most
important teaching principles are:
a) Do not assume the students understand just because they hear
you. You must verify their understanding by asking detailed
questions.
b) Be aware that presenting a topic is very different than making
the students master the topic. They will have the complete
command of the topic only if they practice constantly under your
supervision.
c) Create a competitive but friendly atmosphere in the classroom.
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING FORMULAS
Grammar has long been problematic for students when learning a

foreign language. Theory has represented an obstacle for those who
want to approach English through schematic methods. That has
even been used as an attractive way to sell the students courses
"without grammar". They say students will learn having vocabulary
and by practicing only. Practicing is important but if students don't
handle structures properly their ideas won't be expressed correctly.
Making students apply the elements of every pattern (formula) will enable them to start
"thinking" in English as they have long been told. Even more, they will not have to be
concerned about grammar concepts which sometimes they don't even remember in their
own language. Little by little students begin learning this mental process and developing
the capacity to structure complete sentences either in affirmative, negative or interrogative
form. This represents a challenge for both teacher and student because they will have to
use their creativity in order to construct logical and meaningful sentences.
Once the 'students have understood this process, it's necessary that the instructor begin
forming combinations. Introducing these combinations will empower students to become
effective speakers. Through constant practice of a series of combinations either in Basic or
Advanced courses, students will acquire solid learning foundations. They will also have the
confidence to express themselves in any situation. Careful use of the index will focus
attention on those areas with which students are having difficulty.

MOST FREQUENTLY USED COMBINATIONS
INTERMEDIATE COURSES
F12: The shareholders haven’t reviewed the new reports yet / because (connector) /
F16: the manager wants them to see them at next meeting.
F14: The plant manager had seen him using that machine / that’s why (connector) /
F16: he asked him to train the others.
F18: If Kimberly Clark invested in that technology, they would have a better production.
F12: We wonder why they have waited so long to do it.
F21: The projects have been analyzed by IBM experts / and (connector) / they say /
F6: they are going to inform the committee next week.
The above combinations are applying only 2 formulas but you must use 3 or more
so your students develop fluency when speaking.
STUDENTS
The Compact Discs recorded in different degrees of fluency allow you to work by yourself,
taking you through different narrations and accents especially at Intermediate and
Advanced levels. So the more you listen to them, the more you will develop your
comprehension. By listening to the narrations as you progress through each topic, you
should be able to understand them more easily, above all when listening to native English
speakers. You will soon become used to their natural pronunciation.
HABITS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE TEACHERS

1. Always correct syntax mistakes using fingers without hesitation.
2. Make the student repeat the sentence 3 times without reading.
3. Never accept 3 or 4 word answers ("telegrams"), make the students give
a complete explanation.
4. Use the blackboard to explain all ideas, a clean blackboard is a symptom
of a low teacher's performance.
5. Keep a sharp ear all the time so you can correct either pronunciation or
grammar mistakes.
6. Do not give the students any down time, keep them occupied at all times
with exercises and examples.

INDEX
BASIC I
INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1. TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ................................................................................................................... 7
NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS......................................................................................................................... 9
2. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE............................................................................................................................... 11
S… ? or ES… ? ............................................................................................................................................... 12
3. OBJECT PRONOUNS ..................................................................................................................................... 14
4. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE............................................................................................................................... 15
NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................... 15
NEGATIVES .................................................................................................................................................. 17
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 18
I PROMISE / I APOLOGIZE ............................................................................................................................ 20
5. THERE IS, THERE ARE ................................................................................................................................... 21
NEGATIVES .................................................................................................................................................. 22
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 23
LISTENING 1 – EPSILON TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................24
QUESTIONS ON THE LISTENING ......................................................................................................... 25
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ............................................................................................................................ 26
6. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................................................................................... 27
7. SIMPLE PRESENT VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ............................................................................................. 28
NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................... 29
8. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE .......................................................................................................... 30
MORE EXAMPLES ON PRESENT CONTINUOUS ............................................................................................ 31
LISTENING 2 – JOB INTERVIEW...........................................................................................................34

9. WOULD ........................................................................................................................................................ 37
10. FUTURE TENSE........................................................................................................................................... 38
WILL AND SHALL – TO BE............................................................................................................................. 38
WILL AND SHALL – OTHER VERBS ................................................................................................................ 39
WILL AND SHALL - NEGATIVES ..................................................................................................................... 40
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 41
11. FUTURE TENSE........................................................................................................................................... 42
GOING TO .................................................................................................................................................... 42
12. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS........................................................................................................................ 43
LISTENING 3 - CITIBANK .....................................................................................................................44
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES .............................................................................................................. 47
13. GOOD AND WELL....................................................................................................................................... 48
14. INDIRECT OBJECT....................................................................................................................................... 49
LISTENING 4 – TRAVEL EXPENSES MEETING.......................................................................................50
15. VERBS WITH CAN AND MAY ...................................................................................................................... 52
16. CONDITIONALS .......................................................................................................................................... 54
NEGATIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 56
17. AUXILIARY VERBS ...................................................................................................................................... 57
NEGATIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 57
QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 58
18. HAVE TO, MUST ......................................................................................................................................... 59
19. IMPERATIVE............................................................................................................................................... 60
20. CONTRACTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 61
AFFIRMATIVE............................................................................................................................................... 61
21. MODALS .................................................................................................................................................... 62
22. LINKING WORDS ........................................................................................................................................ 63
23. MAY ........................................................................................................................................................... 65

INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
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1. TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
A.- Supply the correct form of the Present Tense of To Be as in the

example.
Ex. She __________ a good secretary.

She is a good secretary
1. They _________ the new suppliers.

I am
2. I _________ an engineer.
You are
3. John ___________ absent from work today.
He is
4. We _________ supervisors.
She is
5. The news today _________ good.
It is
6. The production _________ sufficient. We are
7. Henry and John __________ managers. You are
8. She and I __________ employees. They are
9. I _________ busy today.
10. He ___________ a businessman.
11. You ____________ a lawyer.
12. Today _____________ Wednesday.
13. She and John ____________ good technicians.
14. The plant manager _____________ busy with the inventory.
15. You __________ the new receptionist.

NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS
Form the negative of To Be by placing not after the verb.

I am an employee.
I am not an employee.
Form questions with To Be by placing the verb before the subject.

They are absent from work today.
Are they absent from work today?
Why are they absent from work today?
A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative as in the

example.
Ex. She is in the sales department now.

She is not in the sales department now
1. You are diligent.
2. He and she are co-workers.
3. He is very prompt.
4. These procedures are effective.
5. She is a clever woman.
6. They are members of the Board of Administration.
7. He is a good decision maker.
8. Elaine is a Procter and Gamble executive.
9. The personnel are very motivated today.
10. The supervisor’s office is on the first floor.
11. It is cold today.
12. She is in her office.
13. It is a good idea.
14. The stamps are in my desk.
15. He is a smart man.

B.- Change the sentences in Exercise A from statements to questions as in
the example.
Ex. She is in the sales department now.

Is she in the Sales Department now?

2. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The Simple Present Tense describes an action which goes on every day or all the time.
I calculate It works
You attend We decide
He presents You research
She analyzes They print
A.- Give the correct form of the Present Tense for the verb in parentheses.
Ex. She _________ (read) the reports every day.

She reads the reports every day.
1. We _______ (come) to work by bus.
2. I always __________ (walk) to the office.
3. You and I __________ (review) invoices every afternoon.
4. I __________ (visit) five prospects every day.
5. Helen ___________ (work) very hard.
6. I ___________ (like) training new employees.
7. The accountant ___________ (prepare) financial reports.
8. Mr. Smith ___________ (work) for Eastern Airlines.
9. Gene generally __________ (sit) at this desk.
10. We always ___________ (reject) those materials.
11. Many employees __________ (ride) the bus to work.
12. They ___________ (make) important decisions.
13. We always ____________ (travel) by car to the plants.
14. You _________ (attend) the seminars all the time.
15. He ___________ (speak) to the union leaders every semester.

S… ? or ES…?
S… ? or ES… ?
Add s to form the 3rd person singular of most verbs. Add es instead of s in the following
cases:
a) When the verb ends in O

go - goes do - does
b) When the verb ends in S, SH, CH, X or Z

reach - reaches wash - washes fix - fixes
c) When the verb ends in Y (here, letter y is changed to i before adding es if it is preceded
by a consonant).*
study - studies cry - cries marry - marries
A.- Give the correct form of the Present Tense for the verb in parentheses.
Ex. Pat _______ (go) there twice a week.

Pat goes there twice a week.
1. Herb _________ (do) the work of two people.
2. I always ___________ (try) to arrive everywhere on time. (*)
3. George always _________ (try) to do the same thing.
Play, say and stay
4. The supervisor __________ (wish) to speak with you.
are exceptions to
5. Mr. Walker __________ (teach) accounting and mathematics.
the rule!
6. They ________ (go) to the factory twice a week.
7. We ________ (watch) television almost every night. Add only S when
8. Mary _________ (play) the piano very well.(*) there is a vowel
9. He _________ (study) administration there. preceding final y.
10. He _____________ (watch) the deliveries everywhere.
11. The mother __________ (kiss) both boys good-bye every morning.
12. I often ___________ (supply) these products.
13. Helen also __________ (catch) a cold very often.
14. She___________ (do) all the work.
15. She ________ (carry) her documents in a briefcase.

B.- Change the subject in each of the following sentences from I to He or
She. Use the correct form of the verb:
Ex. I like checking all my documents.
He likes checking all his documents/
She likes checking all her documents
1. I work hard.
2. I’m a good employee.
3. I own a computer.
4. I’m an engineer.
5. I enjoy my responsibilities
6. I rent all the furniture of the company.
7. I always go to work by bus.
8. I try to analyze all the options.
9. I promote the services.
10. I support my clients very well.
C.- Change the subject in each of the following sentences from I to They.
Use the correct form of the verb:
Ex. I like checking all the documents.
They like checking all the documents
1. I want to learn Excel.
2. I have a new quotation.
3. I review the sales reports.
4. I wish to learn accounting.
5. I read a book every night.

3. OBJECT PRONOUNS
3. OBJECT PRONOUNS
I - me It - it
You - you We - us
He - he You - you
She - her They - them
A.- Replace the underlined word or words by the correct object pronoun.
Ex. I see Mr. Park during coffee break every morning.

I see him during coffee break every morning
1. I sit near Grace and Frances during the meetings.
2. All the supervisors like Jane very much
3. I often see you and your boss at the plant.
4. He always goes to the congresses with his employees.
5. I know both clients very well.
6. Frank always waits for Al and me after work.
7. He drives Sue and Cal to work every morning.
8. I visit the factory every Monday.
9. I also sit directly in front of Marsha.
10. He writes a lot of letters to his supervisors.
11. This tool belongs to William.
12. I know the program very well.
13. The director relies on her assistant.
14. I understand Miss Thomas.
15. He always speaks to his employees in English.


We use the present simple to talk about facts or things in general. We are not thinking only
about now.
We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is
generally true. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking or
not:
• Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
• I usually go away on weekends.
• The earth travels around the sun.
Remember that when the subject is he / she / it we add s or es to the verb.

Don’t forget the s.
• I work… but he works… They teach… but my sister teaches…
We use do / does to make questions and negative sentences.
Do I / we / you / they work? I / We / You / They don’t work.

Does he / she / it come? He / She / It doesn’t come.
‘Would you like a cigarette?’ ‘No, thanks. I don’t smoke.’

What does this word mean? (not ‘What means this word?’)
Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.
In the following examples do is also the main verb:

What do you do?' (= What's your job?) 'I work in a shop.’
He's so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help me. (Not 'He doesn't anything.')
We use the Present Simple when we say how often we do things:

I get up at 8 o'clock every morning. (not ' I'm getting ')
How often do you go to the dentist? (not 'How often are you going?')
Ann doesn't drink tea very often.
In the summer John usually plays tennis once or twice a week.

A.- Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs:
meet - cause - want - review - close - drink

live - open - speak - take place - arrive
1. Ann ________________ German very well.
2. I never _______________ after 8 am.
3. The swimming pool ___________ at 9 o'clock and _________ at 18:30.
4. Bad driving __________________ many accidents.
5. My parents _______________ in a very small flat.
6. The Olympic Games _______________ every four years.
7. Jane _______________ tea very often.
8. The auditors _____________ this quarter's reports.
9. My team ___________ every Monday morning.
10. His client _________ to get a discount.

NEGATIVES
NEGATIVES
Form the negative of the simple present tense by putting do not or does not before the
verb. The contracted forms don't and doesn't are generally used.
Example with the verb “to know”
I do not know ( I don’t know) It does not know (It doesn’t know)
You do not know (You don’t know) We do not know (We don’t know)
He does not know (He doesn’t know) You do not know (You don’t know)
She does not know (She doesn’t know) They do not know (They don’t know)
Note that after does not (doesn't) the verb does not have the s of the 3rd person singular
affirmative statements form.
A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both
the full form and the contracted form.
Ex. I work on the tenth floor.
I do not work on the tenth floor / I don't work on the tenth floor
1. Martha likes reviewing my reports.
2. You make good decisions.
3. The plane leaves at ten o'clock.
4. He knows everyone in the office
5. I feel good.
6. He takes the material from the stock every day
7. She always comes to work late.
8. They live in Chicago
9. We need a fan in this room.
10. Janet and I work together
11. I understand everything he says.
12. She wants to visit our plant in San Francisco
13. It rains in the summer.
14. The workers play in the park every afternoon
15. Gina and James make mistakes in reviewing invoices.

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
Form questions in the Simple Present Tense by placing do and does before the subject.
Example with the verb “to study”

Do I study? Does it study?
Do you study’ Do we study?
Does he study? Do you study?
Does she study? Do they study?
Include questions that begin with question words like where, why, when, how, and what.
Valerie travels alone.
Does Valerie travel alone? Why does Valerie travel alone?
A.- Supply do or does to complete these present tense questions.
Ex. Where ______ Sam work?

Where does Sam work?
1. How often ____________ you review the checking accounts?
2. What time ___________ the plane leave?
3. What language besides English ___________ your supervisor speak?
4. What time ___________ you get up every morning?
5. What time ____________ you leave the office?
6. When ___________ they deliver the products?
7. How well _________ Edna perform?
8. Where _______ you usually meet Louis after work?
9. How much _________ it cost to fly from Havana to Madrid?
10. How often ________ it rain during the month of April in your country?
11. How much ______ you generally pay for those services?
12. How long _________ your meeting last?
13. What time _______ your meeting begin and what time does it end?
14. Where _________ you live?
15. How ____________ you get the raw material?

B.- Change the following statements to questions as in the example.
Ex. Patricia does business with them.

Does Patricia do business with them?
1. They enjoy their new activities.
2. That company buys a lot of merchandise from us.
3. It looks like rain.
4. He holds a meeting once a week.
5. The committee meets on the third floor.
6. He seems to be very busy.
7. This capital belongs to her.
8. You need the annual budget.
9. You perform well.
10. He often goes out of the office.
11. I take the Number 65 bus to my new job.
12. They sell lots of merchandise there.
13. The store opens at nine o'clock.
14. It closes at five-thirty.
15. He and I analyze the projects.

C.- Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the
question word in parentheses.
Ex. They have a supplier in Boston. (Where)

Where do they have a supplier?
1. The ceremony begins at eight o'clock. (What time)
2. They stop the production every night. (When)
3. The travel agent speaks English poorly. (How well)
4. Those tools cost $8.95. (How much)
5. They travel by plane. (How)
6. He comes here once a week. (How often)
7. She performs well. (How)
8. Francine wants to learn English in order to get a better job. (Why)
9. They meet on the corner every morning. (Where)
10. We hold a meeting twice a month. (How often)
11. The banker goes to the office daily. (Where)
12. We get five new clients every month. (How many)
13. They get two appointments every day. (What)
14. He drives a Ford. (What kind of car)
I PROMISE / I APOLOGIZE
I PROMISE / I APOLOGIZE
Sometimes we do things by saying something.
For example, when you promise to do something you can say: “I promise … “
When you suggest something you can say: “I suggest...”
We use the Present Simple (promise/suggest etc.) in sentences like this:

• I promise I won't be late. (not 'I'm promising.')
• 'What do you suggest I do?' 'I suggest that you...'
• In the same way we say: I apologize.../I advise.../I insist...!/I agree.../I refuse....

5. THERE IS, THERE ARE
5. THERE IS, THERE ARE
THERE IS
We use there is with singular nouns to express that something exists.
There is a letter for me on the desk.
There is another candidate for that position.
THERE ARE
We use there are with plural nouns to express that something exists.
There are other American banks in the city.
There are seven factories in this area.
A.- Complete the following sentences using there is or there are and
complete the idea.
1. __________________ a stapler on your desk and . . . . .

2. __________________ some more telephones to repair that’s why . . . . .
3. __________________ a person in the accounting department now but . . . . .
4. __________________ a chance for me to obtain the job because . . . . .
5. __________________ other products manufactured with this plastic so . . . .
6. __________________ a new fax machine at the office but . . . . .
7. __________________ two more printers then . . . . .
8. __________________ five secretaries in your department and . . . . .
9. __________________ an architect participating in the project so . . . . .
10. __________________ good chances to obtain the contract if . . . . .
11. __________________ a possibility of buying those items in the United States but . .
12. __________________ a lot of people looking for our products but . . . . .
13. __________________ a problem with refurbished machines then . . . . .
14. __________________ only one gear available now so . . . . .
15. __________________ another report to review tomorrow that’s why . . . . .

NEGATIVES
NEGATIVES
The negative forms of THERE IS and THERE ARE are formed by placing NOT after the
verb. The contracted forms ISN’T and AREN’T are generally used.
A.- Change the sentences of last exercise from AFFIRMATIVE to

NEGATIVE. Use the contracted form.
1. __________________ any stapler on your desk.
2. __________________ any more telephones to repair.
3. __________________ any person in the accounting department.
4. __________________ any new fax machine at the office.
5. __________________ two more printers.
6. __________________ five secretaries in your department.
7. __________________ any architect participating in the project.
8. __________________ any good chances to obtain the contracts.
9. __________________ any possibility of buying those items in the United States
10. _________________ many of people looking for our products.
11. _________________ any problem with refurbished machines.
12. _________________ any single gear available now.
13. _________________ any other report to review tomorrow.
14. _________________ any other option for my clients.
15. _________________ many drills in the production department.

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
IS THERE?
We use is there to ask questions with singular nouns.
Is there a window in the office?
Is there a police officer on the corner?
ARE THERE?
We use are there to ask questions with plural nouns.
Are there any more buildings in that zone?
Are there any other clients to visit?
A.- Complete the following sentences using Is there or Are there.
1. How many books __________________ in that library?

2. __________________ a new employee working here?
3. __________________ any more invoices ready for us?
4. Why __________________ only five machines working?
5. __________________ any other person waiting for me?
6. __________________ any new interesting project for our firm?
7. __________________ any more reports to present?
8. How much money __________________ in our checking account?
9. __________________ any other options at the moment?
10. __________________ telephones in each office?
11. __________________ a new message for the plant manager?
12. __________________ enough chairs for the participants?
13. __________________ some good seats available now?
14. How many new clients __________________ this month?
15. __________________ any other client to visit today?
16. __________________ some other things to do tomorrow?
17. __________________ a good restaurant near here?
18. __________________ any more checks to write?
19. __________________ sufficient information to work with?
20. How many visitors __________________ outside?

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
LISTENING 1
LISTENING 1 – EPSILON TECHNOLOGIES
EPSILON TECHNOLOGIES
My name is Susan Richardson. I am an __________ graduated at New York University I

work for Epsilon Technologies, a very important company which has operations in more
than 25 countries __________ all over the world. We are not present in certain markets
because our plans are only considering places where the demand is good enough to
________ us to establish a small __________ as minimum, that's why the company is
building facilities in Europe and South America now. We produce machinery for the
___________ industry, it doesn't ______ we are __________ for all brands. We would like
to supply all the automakers of course, but we can't do it. At this time, I am ___________
some very important information for my boss because he is having visitors from Chicago.
They are preparing a new __________. I understand they will have meetings today,
tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, for that reason I would be very happy if they invite
me to participate in one of those reunions. I don't know, and I am not sure if they will call
me but I think I can __________ because I have experience in these kinds of projects.
There are some other business areas I am planning to explore next year.

QUESTIONS ON THE LISTENING
TEACHER: Be sure to ask them to give you their oral answer, and then, they can
write it down.
1. Where does Susan Richardson work?
_________________________________________________________
2. Where does that company have operations?
__________________________________________________________
3. Is Epsilon Technologies building a factory in the United States?
__________________________________________________________
4. Are they suppliers for all brands?
__________________________________________________________
5. Where are the visitors from?
__________________________________________________________
6. Is Susan participating in the meetings?
__________________________________________________________
7. Why does she think he can cooperate in the meetings?
__________________________________________________________
8. What’s she planning to do next year?
__________________________________________________________

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
This is a drill on the vowel sound in the words book, put, cook (/u/), as contrasted with the
vowel sound found in the words school, lose, room.
/uw/
1. good It’s good.
good book It’s a good book.
put books Put your books on the table.
good cook book Is that a good cook book?
/uw/
2. shoe It’s my shoe.
you lose, shoe Did you lose a shoe?
choose fruit Please choose some fruit.
you choose, toothpaste Did you choose that toothpaste?
3. school book It’s his school book.

rooms full All our rooms are full.
who good-bye Who said good-bye?
4. book room It’s your book in your room?

put shoes Did you put your shoes on?
cook fruit Does she cook fruit?

6. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
6. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form the present continuous tense by placing the appropriate form of to be before the
Present Continuous (ing form) of the main verb. Contracted forms are generally used.
I am working It is working
You are working We are working
He is working You are working
She is working They are working
The Present Continuous Tense describes an action that is going on at the present moment.
The union is negotiating with the company now.
It's beginning to rain.
A.- Complete the following sentences with the present continuous tense
form of the verbs in parentheses.
Ex. The customers ____________ (wait) for our new models.
The customers are waiting for our new models.
1. The company _____________ (open) new branches that´s why . . . . .
2. The secretaries _____________ (plan) to present it to you but . . . .
3. We ___________ (organize) the new telemarketing department and . . . . .
4. Look! It _______________ (begin) to fail so . . . . .
5. Listen! Someone ____________ (close) the files but . . . . .
6. General Electric _____________ (find) new markets in the East Coast then . .
7. Philip Morris ____________ (invest) in other businesses because . . . . .
8. Chrysler ___________ (do) business in Europe now and . . . . .
9. The clients _____________ (begin) to send their requirements that´s why.
10. John ____________ (have) a new training program now then . . . . .
11. Kellogg’s ___________ (need) another supplier because . . . .
12. At present, they ____________ (face) a hard time within South America.
13. For the time being, Mr. Collins ______________ (act) as manager of this
department that´s why . . . . .
14. AlI the big stores _____________ (have) sales this month because . . . .
15. Our accountants ____________ (analyze) those situations then . . . .

7. SIMPLE PRESENT VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
7. SIMPLE PRESENT VS. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Note the difference between the Simple Present Tense and the Present Continuous Tense.
The Present Tense describes actions that occur every day or all the time, while the
Present Continuous Tense describes actions that are happening now.
Our plant sends merchandise every other week. (Present)

Our plant is sending merchandise every other week. (Present continuous)
A.- Supply the Simple Present Tense or the Present Continuous Tense as
required by the meaning of the sentence.
Ex. Mr. Hansen often _____________ (travel) to Atlanta on business.
Mr. Hansen often travels to Atlanta on business
1. Our department ___________ (meet) two times every week.
2. Mr. Cole ____________ (supervise) operations at present. He__________
(substitute) for Mr. Russell, who is our regular supervisor.
3. Our process __________ (start) every hour. Look! I believe it__________ (start)
now.
4. The competition ____________ (launch) new products now. I believe that it
always___________ (launch) in this season of the year.
5. Listen! This printer ___________ (make) a very strange noise.
6. Jay never ____________ (come) to work on time.
7. At this moment I ____________ (read) your reports.
8. The production lines always ____________ (advance) this way.
9. For the time being, while Mr. Press is away, Ms. Brennan_________ (acts) as
manager of our department.
10. Klein's _____________ (have) a big sale on shoes today.
11. Kurt seems to be very busy. I guess he _____________ (check) the financial
statements.
12. I ____________ (get) raw material from this supplier.
13. Ed usually _____________ (stay) in a hotel when he____________ (come) to town,
but tonight he ____________ (stay) with us.
14. The sun always _____________ (rise) in the east. Look! It ___________ (rise) now.
15. General Motors ____________ (build) a new plant on Hollywood Boulevard.

Form Present Continuous Tense Negatives by placing not after the auxiliary to be.
Contracted forms are generally used.
Our Human Resources Department is recruiting personnel.
Our Human Resources Department is not recruiting personnel.
Form Present Continuous Tense Questions by placing the auxiliary to be before the
subject.
They are contracting secretaries. Are they contracting secretaries?
A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
Ex. The production is rising.

The production is not rising. The production isn’t rising
1. It is beginning to work.
2. The machine is getting old.
3. She is working on the fourth floor at present.
4. The shareholders are visiting our facilities today.
5. Exxon is researching that matter.
6. The accountants are reviewing the invoices.
7. Wal-Mart and PepsiCo are organizing the contest.
8. Everybody is requiring those products.
9. It is presenting lots of problems.
10. I am making decisions all the time!
11. The manual is costing more than what we expected.
12. AlI the counselors are having daily meetings.
13. The analysts are writing a series of articles on the economic situation.
14. They are planning to open a new office in Spain soon .
15. He is looking for the information that he lost.
B.- Change the sentences in Ex. A to questions.
Ex. The production is rising.

B. Is the production rising?

8. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE
8. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE
The Present Continuous Tense of verbs like come, leave, arrive, return and go is often
used to describe future action. An adverb of time usually accompanies such usage.
Xerox is starting operations in Moscow next week.
IBM is opening two new plants here in September.
A.- Complete the following sentences by using the Present Continuous

Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
Ex. When __is__ your boss __deciding__ (decide) about the purchase?
1. My supervisor ___________ (come) to visit me next week.
2. What time __________ you ____________ (go) to the meeting this afternoon? Ron
says that he _____________ (go) at nine o’clock.
3. Panasonic _____________ (buy) that technology next week.
4. When __________the accountant ____________ (come) to see you?
5. My boss says that he ____________ (Ieave) for San Antonio on the fifteenth.
6. I ______________ (go) to the auction as soon as I finish work.
7. Mr. Schwartz ________________ (arrive) on Pan Am Flight 109 this evening.
8. Where _____________ you____________ (go) on your vacation? __________your
wife________ (go) with you?
9. Mr. Zane____________ (Ieave) for Utah in the morning.
10. Some clients ______________ (come) to visit our plant tomorrow.
11. She _____________ (go) to Denver on Wednesday, but her husband
_________not____________ (go) until next week.
12. On what bus _______________ your friend __________ (arrive)?
13. He __________ (come) in on a TraiIways bus, which arrives at eight o’clock.
14. Mr. WyIer ____________ (fly) to DalIas on Saturday
15. I _____________ (leave) for Houston in the morning.

MORE EXAMPLES ON PRESENT CONTINUOUS
MORE EXAMPLES ON PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Study this example situation:
Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work.
She is driving to work.
This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished.
Am/is/are – ing is the present continuous:
I am (I’m) driving.
He / She / It is (He’s, She’s, It’s) working.
We / You / They are (We’re, You’re, They’re) eating.
I am doing something = I'm in the middle of doing something.

The action is often happening at the time of speaking:
• Please don't make so much noise. I'm working. (not 'I work')
• 'Where's Margaret?' 'She's having a bath.' (not 'she has a bath')
• Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more. (not 'it doesn't rain')
• (At a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not 'do you enjoy')
• I'm tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodnight!
But the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example:
Tom and Ann are talking in a café. Tom says:
“I’m reading an interesting book at the moment.
I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.”
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking.

He means that he has started it but not finished it yet.
He is in the middle of reading it.

We use the present continuous when we talk about temporary things happening in a period
around now (for example, today / this week / this evening, etc.)
• 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.' (not 'you work hard today')
• 'Is Susan working this week?' 'No, she's on holiday.'
We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now:
• The population of the world is rising very fast (not 'rises')
• Is your English getting better? (not 'does your English get better')
A.- Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct
form.
come - get - happen - look - make - start - stay - try - work
Ex. You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'
1. I ________________ for Christine. Do you know where she is?
2. It _______________ dark. Shall I turn on the light?
3. They haven't got anywhere to live at the moment. They _________________with

friends until they find somewhere.
4. Are you ready, Ann? Yes, I _____________________.
5. Have you got an umbrella? It ____________________ to rain.

B.- Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.
1. ___________________________ to me or to Helen? (you/talk).
2. Why _________________ at me like that? What's the matter? (you/look).
3. Jenny is a student at a university.' 'Is she? What _____________? (she/study).
4. __________________ to the radio, or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen) .
5. How is your English? _______________________better? (it/get).
C.- Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative
(I'm not doing).
1. I'm tired. I _____________________ (go) to bed now. Good night!
2. We can go out now. It ______________________ (rain) any more
3. How is your new job? 'Not so good at the moment. I _______________ (enjoy) it
very much.'
4. Catherine phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She
5. ________________ (have) a great time and doesn't want to come back.
6. I want to lose weight, so this week I _____________________ (eat) lunch.

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISE
LISTENING 2 – JOB INTERVIEW
LISTENING 2
JOB INTERVIEW
- Hello?
- Yes, I am ________ Smith
- Sure, I have time now
- Yes, I am currently working for a Consulting Firm, but the job you are _______ sounds
really interesting, please, tell me more…
- Ok, uhu…
- Sure! I have that kind of experience! Would you let me tell you a little _______ my
career?
- I am still studying, but my professional career ________ back in 2001. Nowadays I am in

charge of visiting ________, planning the projects we will present, following up on
possible clients, supervising a team of three junior consultants and calculating the
__________ quota every ________, and next year I am getting a promotion. Then, I will
also be in charge of our offices in South America…However, the ________ position you
are describing is an excellent opportunity.
- Of course! I can meet you for an __________! I will send my resume, so you can see
what an excellent professional you would be hiring!
- See you on Monday! One last question, can I call you tomorrow morning to _________
the time of our meeting? The thing is that we are having visitors next week and I don`t
know at what time I will be __________ to visit you.
- Ok thank you, I will talk to you soon.

write it down.
1. Who is calling Rachel?

____________________________________________________________
2. Does she have time to speak?

____________________________________________________________
3. Does she have that kind of experience?

____________________________________________________________
4. When does her career start?

_____________________________________________________________
5. Is she getting a raise next year?

_____________________________________________________________
6. What will she send?

_____________________________________________________________
7. Why will she call tomorrow morning?

_____________________________________________________________

This is a drill on words which have several syllables. The syllable printed in CAPITAL
letters is said louder than the others. Practice saying these words and sentences.
1. eleMENTary Do you think elementary education is interesting?

eduCAtion
INteresting
2. elecTRONics An electronics engineer is a specialist.

enginEER
SPEcialist
3. therMOMeter The thermometer in the refrigerator is broken.

reFRIGerator
4. ARCHitecture Is architecture a profession?

proFESSion
5. HOSpital Our hospital has a new laboratory.

LABoratory
6. underSTAND Do you understand the Italian translation?

iTALian
transLAtion
7. ocCAsionally He occasionally wears pajamas.

paJAmas

9. WOULD
9. WOULD
We use “would” for:
I would buy it (if I had the money).

CONDITIONS I would pass the exam (if I studied, but I don’t have time).
I would be thin (if I didn’t ate so much, but I love food).
Would you like to go to the cinema?

INVITATIONS Would you like to eat pizza today?
Would you like to read it again?
A.- Correct the following sentences with “WOULD”.
1. Would you to like study at the library today?

2. I will buy a Ferrari if I got the lottery, but I don´t buy lottery tickets!
3. Would she likes to explain the class to us?
4. Would you like to ate pizza today?
5. I said I would helped you.
6. I would never said that.
7. I would studies hard.
8. Would you like deliver your presentation first?
9. Would you like review the report again?
10. I will tell my boss (if I were you)
B.- Translate the following sentences into English using “WOULD”.
1. ¿Me harías un favor?

2. ¿Llegarías a tiempo a la junta?
3. ¿Estudiarías más la presentación?
4. ¿Quisieras comprar las refacciones hoy?
5. ¿Le harían mejoras al presupuesto?
6. ¿Aprenderías de tu error?
7. ¿Le dirías a tu jefe?
8. ¿Aceptarías a ese proveedor?
9. ¿Cúando necesitarías la información?
10. ¿Me darías la información?

10. FUTURE TENSE
WILL AND SHALL – TO BE

10. FUTURE TENSE
The Future Tense of “to be” is will be or shall be. The contracted form (P/N + 'll ) is
generally used.
WILL AND SHALL – TO BE
Example with verb “to be”:
I shall be (I’ll be) It will be (It’ll be)

You will be (You’ll be) We shall be (We’ll be)
He will be (He’ll be) You will be (You’ll be)
She will be (She’ll be) They will be (They’ll be)
A.- Change the following sentences to the future tense, using will or shall.
Ex. I am in the Accounting Department.
I shall be in the Accounting Department because . . . .
1. She is our new supervisor that´s why . . . .
2. Ms. Koboski and you are in the warehouse so . . . . .
3. They are good lawyers and . . . .
4. This is your quotation for that reason . . . . .
5. There are two candidates in the room but . . . .
6. We are very tired after a long research and . . . .
7. I am forty three years old then . . . .
8. The supplier is happy to see you and . . . .
9. Business is very good because . . . . .
10. The sales goals are easy to you because . . . .

WILL AND SHALL – OTHER VERBS
WILL AND SHALL – OTHER VERBS
The Future Tense is formed by using will or shall and the Simple Form of the verb. The
contracted form (P/N + 'll ) is generally used.
Example with verb “to go”:
I shall go (I’ll go) It will go (It’ll go)

You will go (You’ll go) We shall go (We’ll go)
He will go (He’ll go) You will go (You’ll go)
She will go (She’ll go) They will go (They’ll go)
A.- Complete the following sentences with the future tense using will or
shall and the verbs in parentheses. Use both the full form and the
contracted form.
Ex. The accountant _______ (call) you tomorrow.
The accountant will call you tomorrow. He’ll call you tomorrow.
1. They _________ (see) us in the morning.
2. I __________ (give) you that information tomorrow.
3. She _________ (help) you with that work.
4. Mary _____ (clean) off the table right away.
5. The stores _____ (close) early today.
6. I _________ (leave) the tip.
7. Helen __________ (find) the accounts which you need.
8. You ________ (spend) a lot of money there.
9. John ______ (do) well in that job.
10. The telemarketing operators _____ (reach) their objectives.

WILL AND SHALL - NEGATIVES
WILL AND SHALL - NEGATIVES
Form the negative of the Future Tense by placing not after will or shall. The contracted
form of “will not” is won't.
Example with verb “to try”:
I shall not try (I won’t try) It will not try (It won’t try)
You will not try (You won’t try) We shall not try (We won’t try)
He will not try (He won’t try) You will not try (You won’t try)
She will not try (She won’t try) They will not try (They won’t try)
the full form and the contracted form.
Ex. The container will arrive on time.
The container will not arrive on time. It won't arrive on time.
1. We shall tell our boss about it but . . . .
2. I shall be back in an hour that´s why . . . .
3. The weather will be cool tomorrow so . . . .
4. He will be able to meet us later for that reason . . . .
5. These tasks will be easy to everyone in the department because . . . .
6. We shall buy into the stock again and . . . .
7. You will get tired of that work because . . . .
8. We shall finish the reports before Wednesday so . . . .
9. I shall do well in that job if . . . .
10. They will sign the contract tomorrow then . . . .

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
Form Future Tense Questions by placing will or shall before the subject even when a
question word is used.
Will you move? When will you move? Where will you move?
Ex. With verb “to go”
Shall I go? Will it go?

Will you go? Shall we go?
Will he go? Will you go?
Will she go? Will they go?
A.- Change the following sentences to questions.

Ex. The shareholders will arrive on Wednesday.
Will they arrive on Wednesday?
1. I'll be back at three o'clock.
2. The engineers will be working until six o'clock.
3. It'll cost $20.75 to fix the truck.
4. The plant will close down because of the lack of raw material.
5. It will take them two months to repair the machinery.
6. She'll meet us in the factory.
7. They'll pay their bill next week.
8. The meeting will begin at eight o' clock.
9. It'll last an hour.
10. She'll leave a message for him on the table.
B.- Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with

question words.
Ex. 1. The shareholders will arrive on Wednesday.
When will they arrive?

11. FUTURE TENSE
GOING TO
11. FUTURE TENSE
Another way (in addition to shall / will + the simple form of the verb) to express the Future
Tense is to use the appropriate form of to be going to, and the Simple Form of the verb.
The contracted forms are generally used.
Ex. With verb “to see”
GOING TO
I am (I’m) going to see It is (It’s) going to see

You are (You’re) going to see We are (We’re) going to see
He is (He’s) going to see You are (You’re) going to see
She is (She’s) going to see They are (They’re) going to see
A.- Complete the following sentences with the going to form of the Future
Tense, using the verbs in parentheses. Use both the full form and the
contracted form.
Ex. They _______________ (hire) him next week
They are going to hire him next week.
They're going to hire him next week.
1. The accountant ______________ (calculate) the payroll tomorrow but . . . .
2. The plant supervisor_______________ (modify) the process on Tuesday if . . . .
3. They_______________ (accept) our quotation immediately but . . . .
4. We______________ (get) raw material overseas if . . . .
5. She _______________ (decide) what to do but . . . .
6. We _______________ (go) to Canada to review their performance if . . . .
7. You_______________ (have) excellent production by using this machine but . . .
8. They _________________ (go) to Europe by plane if . . . . .
9. Our committee _________________ (make) important decisions tonight but . . .
10. It ________________ (be) difficult to reach him at this late hour if . . . .

12. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives modify nouns.
a large tree an open door
Adverbs modify verbs. They tell how we do something.

He speaks slowly They work rapidly.
We can form many adverbs by adding ly to an adjective.

Soft softly
Careful carefully
Easy (y to i) easily
We can use a few words like: fast, hard, late, and low, as either adjectives or adverbs
without any changes in form.
He is a hard worker He works hard
A. Supply the appropriate form of the adjective or adverb.

Ex. She is a (careful) employee. She always does her homework (careful).
She is a careful employee. She always does her work carefully.
1. The worker hits the iron____________ (hard).
2. Come ______________ (quick). We need your help.
3. You should speak_____________ (slow) to foreign visitors.
4. The old machine works very _____________ (slow).
5. Pam is a very_________________ (slow) learner.
6. Her brother, on the other hand, learns_____________ (rapid).
7. Mr. Gonzalez has a_____________ (permanent) work visa.
8. He hopes to remain in this country____________ (permanent).
9. This is an________________ (easy) task.
10. I can do all of these businesses______________ (easy).
11. Ada works very______________ (hard) in her new job.
12. You type very_____________ (fast).
13. We are both______________ (serious) employees.
14. We both study finance very___________ (serious).
15. I agree with you________________ (complete) on that business.

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
LISTENING 3 - CITIBANK
LISTENING 3
CITIBANK
My name is Douglas Layton and I would like to start my __________ speaking about what
we are doing in the Customer Service Department at Citibank. First of all, I want to tell you
I am a __________ manager responsible for attending the needs of over 50 operators. Our
operators have long experience because they are on constant ______ which prepares
them for all kinds of ________. The area concentrates calls from all over the country. We
know most of the customers don't like to speak with a machine; they want ________ who
can answer their questions immediately. I can tell you they would prefer to have a branch
right on the corner of their house. The clients are ________ asking us for help about their
________, their credit cards, or loans, and that's why we have to have all that information
ready to use it. But if one of the operators doesn't give correct __________, the client is
going to have problems and we can lose a client.
Next year the bank is going to __________ more people for this area, that's why I am
checking on line resumes to ______ candidates for the positions we are going to open.

write it down.
4. How does Douglas start his presentation?
_____________________________________________________________
5. How many operators does he attend?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why do operators have long experience?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What are clients always asking about?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What happens if an operator doesn't give correct information?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What is Citibank going to do next year?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What is Douglas going to do to find candidates?
_____________________________________________________________
11. Are there many new positions available?
_____________________________________________________________

This is a drill on the vowel sound in the words up, mother, son as contrasted with the
vowel sound in the words not, stop, hot.
/a/
1. shopping problem Shopping is a problem.
not cotton It’s not cotton.
drop clock Don’t drop that clock!
/ä/
2. brother hungry My brother is hungry.
one duck I saw one duck.
does son, come Does your son come today?
/ë/
3. bother brother Don’t bother your brother.
stop studying I’m going to stop studying soon.
modern mother Is she a modern mother?
/h/
4. hungry hot I’m hungry and hot.
mother shopping Is your mother shopping?
but not But it’s not.
Quick Exercise: Say these sentences out loud.

1. My brother got up at 7 o'clock.
2. Does the bus stop here?
3. What color is that cotton?

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A.- Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the

adjective or adverb in parentheses. Be sure to include the word than.
Ex. This machine is ___faster____ (fast) __than___ the old one.
1. The warehouse is much ____________ (big) _____________ what we expected.
2. This budget is ___________ (accurate) ______________ the last one.
3. This manual is _____________ (good) ____________ the last one we used.
4. This quiz is ______________ (easy) _____________ the last one.
5. This machinery is______________ (expensive) _______________ others.
6. Mr. Chen is_____________ (dependable) ________________Mr.Greene.
7. With the new administration we are trained _______________ (often) ___________
we used to be.
8. They travel for business_______________ (frequently) ____________us.

13. GOOD AND WELL
13. GOOD AND WELL
Good is an adjective and must modify a noun.
She is a good analyst.
Well is usually used as an adverb.

She works well.
Well is occasionally used as an adjective. It is used as an adjective only when it means to

be in good health, or to indicate a degree of performance.
John was sick, but now he is well.
Those accountants do math very well.
A.- Supply good or well in the following sentences.

Ex. He does his work __well___.
1. He uses the computer very _____________.
2. He is a ___________ pianist.
3. Our meeting today was very _____________.
4. I was sick for a few days, but now I am ___________ again.
5. How do you feel? __________ thank you.
6. This new machine works ____________.
7. It is really a very ___________ machine.
8. We congratulated him on his ____________ work.
9. Ray plays tennis__________.
10. His brother is also a _____________tennis player.
11. The meeting last night was really___________.
12. She speaks French ________________.
13. Everything that she does, she does _____________.
14. His sister is also a ______________dancer.
15. The weather today is very ______________.

14. INDIRECT OBJECT
14. INDIRECT OBJECT
If the indirect object follows the direct object, we use the preposition to or for. If the indirect
object precedes the direct object, we do not use a preposition.
He gave me money to me. He gave me money.
I bought a present for you. I bought you a present.
A.- Restate the following, placing the indirect object before the direct object.
Ex. He sent several samples to her.
He sent her several samples.
1. She brought the wires to me.
2. She sent photocopies to them.
3. He told the whole story to us.
4. I prepared a special report for Victoria.
5. We wrote several balance sheets for them.
6. I took the copies to her.
7. Exxon Oil sold its property to a Japanese firm.
8. The shareholders gave a part of the business to each manager.
9. Don't show these models to anyone.
10. He bought several new programs for the office.
B.- Restate the following, putting the indirect object after the direct object.
Ex. She gave me the money.
She gave the money to me.
1. I sent her many samples.
2. Please hand me that report.
3. Don't tell her the rest yet.
4. You made your sister a sweater.
5. Don't show Flo these things.
6. He wrote me a letter on Wednesday.
7. She told us the whole story.
8. The supervisor gives us a lot of feedback.
9. You made me a promise that you must keep.
10. You gave your boss the papers last week

ORAL COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
LISTENING 4
LISTENING 4 – TRAVEL EXPENSES MEETING
TRAVEL EXPENSES MEETING
Hello __________, thanks for taking the time to attend this brief meeting. We are going to
talk about travel ________. As you know, world markets are facing economic troubles that
are affecting every company including this company. For that reason my team and I are
developing a new control ______ to avoid __________ expenses, for example: nobody can
buy first class tickets. No employee will sign his own authorization documents because this
is what is happening at this moment.
From now on, every single ________ is going to be authorized electronically by the
employee's supervisor and the Area Director. Also each area has only 5 business trips per
year, so you have to plan in advance. Try to have the meetings through other means, for
example ________ conferences, telephone calls, etc.
If the trip is absolutely necessary we would have to analyze how much the ________ is
allowed to spend, including his personal expenses and dinner with clients. The employee
who exceeds the pre-approved ________ will have to pay from his or her salary the
exceeded ______. You probably are thinking “these are extreme measures”, but if we all
want to keep our jobs, we have to follow corporation orders. We know you will understand
this new policy doesn't ________ the rest of your benefits. If you have questions or
suggestions call me or send me an e- mail.

write it down.
4. What's the meeting about?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What is happening with world markets?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why do they want to control expenses?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Can an employee buy a first class ticket?
_____________________________________________________________
8. How many trips per year are they authorizing?
_____________________________________________________________
9. How can they avoid trips?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What happens if a person exceeds the budget?
_____________________________________________________________
11. Does the new policy affect other benefits?
_____________________________________________________________

15. VERBS WITH CAN AND MAY
15. VERBS WITH CAN AND MAY
We use Can and May as follows:
A.- Check the following requests and decide which answer would be better
in each case.
1. May I go?
a. Yes, certainly.
b. You may go if you wish.
2. May I help you?
a. Yes, please.
b. I'd appreciate it.
3. Can I go?
a. Yes, certainly.
b. You can go if you'd like to.
4. I can go, can't I?
a. Yes, if you want to.
b. Yes, of course.
5. I can come tomorrow, can't I?
a. Yes.
b. I'd be glad to see you.

6. Can you speak English?
a. Yes, I can.
b. I can speak pretty well now.
c. My English is getting better and better.
7. Could you speak it last year?
a. No, I couldn't.
b. I couldn't speak a word of it last year.
8. He can speak French, can't he?
a. Yes, of course.
b. French is his native language.
9. Can she play the piano?
a. No, she can't.
b. She can't play any musical instruments.
10. You can speak Chinese, can't you?
a. Yes, I can.
b. I can speak a little.
c. I like studying foreign languages.
11. Can you use chopsticks?
a. No, I can't.
b. I try, but I'm not very good at it.
c. I use a knife, a fork, and a spoon when I'm home.
12. Can't they speak Italian?
a. No, they can't.
b. They don't know a word of Italian.
13. If they had time, could they learn it?
a. Oh, yes.
b. If they had time, they could learn it.
c. They could learn any foreign language if they had time.
14. You couldn't go yesterday, could you?
a. No, I couldn't.
b. I had an examination at school.
15. You may go tomorrow, isn't that right?
a. Yes, I may go tomorrow.
b. I don't know yet.
16. Mary may go too, isn't that right?
a. I don't know.
b. She may go.
c. And then again, she may not.
d. Maybe she will, and maybe she won't.
e. We’ll see.

16. CONDITIONALS
16. CONDITIONALS
PRESENT
FUTURE
A.- Write the correct form of the verbs in the blanks below.
1. (to be) If the questions _______________ difficult, we can ask the teacher.
2. (to save) Lee will go to Disneyland if he _______________ enough money.
3. (to buy) If I _______________ a lottery ticket, I might win the lottery.
4. (to have) My friend usually walks to school if he ____________ enough time.
5. (to start) If the movie _______________ at eight, we will be late!
6. (to have) We can go waterskiing if Jeff’s boat _______________ gas.
7. (to pass) The class will have a party if the students all _________ their tests.
8. (to be ) If there ________milk in the refrigerator, I’ll have milk with my cake.
9. (to eat) If my sister _______________ all of the cake, I will get angry.
10. (to tell) My mother always punishes my sister if she ______________a lie.

B.- Write the correct form of the verbs in the blanks below.
1. (should + raise) If you know the answer, you _______________ your hand.
2. (will + visit) Leslie ________ San Francisco if she saves enough money.
3. (might + win) If I buy a lottery ticket, I _______________ the lottery.
4. (to drive) My brother usually _______ to school if he has gas in his car.
5. (can + take) If the camera has some film, we __________ some pictures.
6. (to build) My sister always ___________ a snowman if there is enough snow.
7. (will + bake) My mom _________________ a cake if she has enough flour and
sugar.
8. (to drink) If there is milk in the refrigerator, Jack always ___________ it with his
cookies.
9. (will + be) If Demi divorces Bruce, their children ______________ sad.
10. (to punish) My mother always _____________ my sister if she tells a lie.
11. (not + must + miss) If there’s a test tomorrow, we ______________ miss class.
12. (not + will + pass) We _______________ the subject if we miss the test.
13. (not + will + be able to)If we fail the class, we _______________ find a good job.
14. (not + will + get) If I don’t get a good job. I________ probably ______ married.
15. (not + will + have) If I don’t get married, I _________________ a family.
16. (not + will + be) I ___________________ happy if I don’t have a family.
17. (not + will + want) If I am not happy. I _________________ to live anymore.
18. (not + will + be) If I don’t want to live anymore, my life __________ happy and
valuable.
19. (not + will + fail) If I don’t want a sad life, I ____________ that test tomorrow.
20. (not + will + be) And finally, if I don’t start studying RIGHT NOW, I ___________
ready!

NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE
A.- Complete the following conditionals using contractions.
1. (not end) If the world _________ tomorrow, we’ll have to go to work as

usual.
2. (not come) If the pizza ______________ soon, we can eat a sandwich instead.
3. (not be) If there _____ any milk in the refrigerator, I’ll go to the supermarket.
4. (not snow) If it _______________ tomorrow, we can’t go skiing.
5. (not rain) My dad will paint the garage if it _______________ on Saturday.
6. (not go) If we _______________ to work, we won’t get paid.
7. (not buy) We can’t go if we _______________ a ticket.
8. (not go) I will call you if she ____________ to the movies, and then we can go out
together.
9. (not be) We should go jogging if it ______________ raining outside.
10. (not ring) If the phone __________________ this afternoon, I can take a nap.

17. AUXILIARY VERBS
NEGATIVE
17. AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary verbs such as can, may, must and should, accompany main verbs. Form their
negatives by placing not after the auxiliaries. The contracted forms can't, mustn't and
shouldn't, are generally used, but note that no contraction is used with may.
NEGATIVE
She can speak English.
She cannot speak English. She can’t speak English.
We must go there.
We must not go there. We mustn’t go there.
the full form and the contracted form (except for may).
Ex. We can make those calculations later.
We cannot make those calculations later. We can’t make those calculations later.
1. You may check the budget later that´s why . . . .
2. McDonald’s should calculate that risk because . . . .
3. The union may decide it tomorrow then . . . .
4. They can invest in real estate business . . . .
5. We must analyze it little by little if . . . .
6. This program can reduce the costs easily but . . . .
7. It should be applied immediately otherwise . . . .
8. We must do the same thing here if . . . .
9. She can give you her opinion about it but . . . .
10. He can consider our proposal only if . . . .
11. You should visit your clients frequently and . . . .
12. Philips may hire more engineers that´s why . . . .
13. You can see it now but . . . .

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
With auxiliary verbs and “to be”, we form questions by placing the auxiliary or “to be” before
the subject. This rule applies even when the question begins with words like where, when,
why, how, or what.
They should sign the contract now. Should they sign the contract now?
When should they sign the contract
James is in our plant. Is James in our plant?
Where is he?
A.- Change the following sentences to questions that begin with the question
words in parentheses.
Ex. James can review the documents later. (When)
When can he review the documents?
1. The engineers could wait here. (Where)_________________________________
2. You may filter the water here. (Where) _________________________________
3. He is very interested in this business. (How much) ________________________
4. I can understand these reports very well. (How well) ______________________
5. You should be here at three o'clock. (What time) _________________________
6. We should buy those shares. (Why) ___________________________________
7. He can meet you in the factory. (Where) ________________________________
8. This is a very important investment. (How important)_______________________
9. They are in the warehouse. (Where) ___________________________________
10. I should tell her about the new business. (Why) __________________________
11. You must be here at one o'clock. (What time)____________________________
12. Karen should sit near the shareholders. (Where)__________________________
13. He is a very serious person. (What kind of person)________________________
14. It is three o'clock. (What time)_________________________________________
15. Both engineers are absent from work today. (Why) ________________________

18. HAVE TO, MUST
18. HAVE TO, MUST
Have to and must express necessity or strong obligation. Have to is the more commonly
used term.
Your boss must tell you what to do. Your boss has to tell you what to do.
This machine must work tonight. This machine has to work tonight.
A.- Substitute have to with must in the following sentences, and complete
the sentences.
Ex. He must deliver the products at once.
He has to deliver the products at once.
1. They must stay there at least an hour because ___________________________
2. You must send the merchandise by airmail otherwise ______________________
3. He must have more practice in a laboratory if ____________________________
4. They must help her with that negotiation for that reason ____________________
5. You must speak to him about it today because ___________________________
6. He must spend more time on his reports but _____________________________
7. You must write them a letter so _______________________________________
8. We must start before the production process finishes because ______________
9. We must sell at least ten new groups every month so ______________________
10. I must take this package to the post office and ____________________________
11. You must insure all your assets because _______________________________
12. Roger must give you a receipt but _____________________________________
13. They must spend more time on their planning otherwise ____________________
14. You must pay more attention to what the manager says if ___________________
15. You must help her in every possible way because _________________________

19. IMPERATIVE
19. IMPERATIVE
The imperative form expresses a command or request. The subject you (singular or plural)
is understood but not expressed.
Come back later. (You) come back later.
Wait outside.
The negative of the imperative form uses don't.

Don't come back later.
Don't wait outside.
“Please” used at the beginning or end of an imperative sentence makes it more polite.
Please come back later. Wait outside, please.
A.- Give the imperative form of the following sentences.

Ex. (to sit) __Sit__ there.
1. (to give) __________ this to your boss.
2. (to open) __________ the file.
3. (to close) __________ the door.
4. (to wait) __________ in the outer office.
5. (to call) __________ him in the morning.
6. (to let) __________ him talk with her.
7. (to turn) __________ off the light.
8. (to put) __________ your feet on the chair.
9. (to drop) __________ this in the mailbox.
10. (to leave) __________ your documents there.
B.- Give the negative imperative form of the sentences in the previous
exercise.
Ex. (Sit) _______ there.
Don't sit there.

20. CONTRACTIONS
AFFIRMATIVE
20. CONTRACTIONS
These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken English.
AFFIRMATIVE
I am I’m I will I’ll
You are You’re You will You’ll
He is He’s He will He’ll
There is There’s
She is She’s She will She’ll
There are There’re
It is It’s It will It’ll
We are We’re We will We’ll
They are They’re They will They’ll
Note that the following types of contractions with objects or proper nouns as subjects of the
sentence appear in spoken English but generally not in written English.
The telephone is ringing. The telephone’s ringing.
A.- Give the contracted forms of the verbs in these sentences.

Ex. She is a good employee.
She’s a good employee.
1. They are waiting for us in the Accounting Department.
2. I shall be back before noon.
3. She is very busy.
4. It is producing lots of funnels.
5. She will surely finish the work today.
6. We are old suppliers.
7. They are planning to start operations next week.
8. It is almost three o'clock.
9. The project is beginning next month.
10. You will get more clients if you give good service.
11. Our shipments are leaving the station just now.
12. There is a good business opportunity.
13. They will be on sale all summer.
14. He is an excellent decision maker.
15. This product is something all companies need.
16. I am interested in investing in the stock market.
17. There is nothing to do now.
18. He will know what to answer to the customers.
19. It will be another chance to start the business.

21. MODALS
21. MODALS
A.- Express the following ideas in a different way using the modals:
Must / Mustn’t
Should / Shouldn’t
Ex: I recommend that you come to the party. Could / Couldn’t
May / Will
You should come to the party.
1. In Quebec you are obliged to fasten your seatbelt; however, passengers in the back seat
aren't obliged to.
_______________________________________________________________
2. It's not a good idea to shop on Saturday afternoon, because the stores are very
crowded.
_______________________________________________________________
3. It is forbidden to smoke anywhere near the factory.
_______________________________________________________________
4. He's uncertain whether to go to Florida or to Bermuda for his vacation.
_______________________________________________________________
5. I promise to mail the parcels for you.
_______________________________________________________________
6. It’s not obligatory to have car insurance, but it's a good idea.
_______________________________________________________________
7. I'm not able to run five miles this year, but I was able to last year.
_______________________________________________________________
8. I don't recommend that you park in a no parking zone; the police will possibly give you a
ticket.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Is it necessary to me to finish this work before I leave today?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Do you recommend that I leave a tip?
_______________________________________________________________

22. LINKING WORDS
22. LINKING WORDS
What, where and when are normally used at the beginning of a question but they can also
be used to link two or more ideas:
WHAT
I don't know what she is doing.
Do you know what time it is?
That supplier has what you need to improve the quality of your products.
A.- Write five sentences using what to link ideas.
1. ___________________________________________________ .
2. ___________________________________________________ .
3. ___________________________________________________ .
4. ___________________________________________________ .
5. ___________________________________________________.
WHERE
My boss needs to go where they are meeting in this moment.
I have no idea where they get the information.
Does the accountant know where they keep those invoices?
A.- Write five sentences using where to link ideas.
1. ___________________________________________________ .
2. ___________________________________________________ .
3. ___________________________________________________ .
4. ___________________________________________________ .
5. ___________________________________________________.

WHEN
The project will start when we get the credit from the bank.
Do you know when they deliver the merchandise?
If they are present when I get there, I will let them know.
A.- Write five sentences using when to link ideas
1. ___________________________________________________ .
2. ___________________________________________________ .
3. ___________________________________________________ .
4. ___________________________________________________ .
5. ___________________________________________________.
Read carefully the following examples where other words are used to link ideas:
Magnetic tape is cheap but it is very slow because tape drives are slow,
so we use it only for backups.
We use but to show a contrast, because to show that the next idea is a reason, and so to
show a result. Other words and phrases used in this way are: however (contrast),
therefore (result), and for this reason (result).
 Magnetic tape is cheap. However, it is slow to use.
 Magnetic tape is slow. Therefore, we use it only for backup.
 Magnetic tape is slow. For this reason, we use it only for backup.
A.- Write five sentences using linking words.
1. ___________________________________________________ .
2. ___________________________________________________ .
3. ___________________________________________________ .
4. ___________________________________________________ .
5. ___________________________________________________.

23. MAY
23. MAY
May indicates permission.
You may open the files now. (You are permitted to open them.)
May also indicates possible future action.

He may start the project tomorrow. (He hasn't decided yet.)
A.- Change each of these sentences to introduce may.
Ex. It is possible that Chrysler will accept our quotation.

It may accept it.
Perhaps she'll help us with this work.
She may help us with this work.
1. It is possible Clark will be at the meeting tonight.
2. Perhaps Loretta will lend us the information.
3. Perhaps she will call you later.
4. Possibly Frank will offer to participate in the quality control program.
5. Possibly the inflation will decline next quarter.
6. It is possible that the firm agrees.
7. It is possible you will make a lot of money later.
8. Perhaps they will not present any new model.
9. It is possible that we will be late for the meeting.
10. Perhaps he will not want to go with us.

B.- Answer each of these questions using may. Also add I'm not sure at the
end of your answer:
Ex. Will Banamex lend us money to start it up?
It may lend us money to start it up. I'm not sure.
1. Will Nissan get all its certifications?
2. Will the plant manager be back by noon?
3. Will May drive us to the plant?
4. Are you going to the meeting today?
5. Are you going to Europe on your vacation?
6. Will Tommy wait for us after the auction?
7. Will you see Liz tomorrow?
8. Will Citibank lend us the money that we need?
9. Will the CEO travel to the headquarters?
10. Will the payroll have any change?

GRAMMAR STRUCTURES
OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT (BE)
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am very busy today.
You are my workmate.
He is an engineer.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you hungry now ?
Where is she from ?
Are they in a meeting ?
NEGATIVE:
AM NOT
P/N + ARE NOT (aren´t) + C
IS NOT (isn’t)
EXAMPLES: I am not sick.
He isn’t an employee.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 8 & 9). IF POSSIBLE, START
USING WH QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE STUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS.
|
2. SIMPLE PRESENT
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I have a job in this company.

He needs a new budget.
They live in the suburbs.
INTERROGATIVE:
DO
Wh___ + P/N + VSF + C ?
DOES
EXAMPLES: Where do you get the raw material ?
Does she want to come with us ?
Do they accept credit card ?
NEGATIVE: DO NOT (don’t)

P/N + + VSF + C
DOES NOT (doesn’t)
EXAMPLES: They don’t know the new project.
He doesn’t want a printer.
I don’t work on Saturdays.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 11 & 12, 15-18) IF POSSIBLE, START
USING WH QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE SUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS.
|
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am opening the windows.
We are organizing the new office.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + VERB +ING + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you calculating the taxes ?
Why is he moving the furniture ?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
VERB
P/N + AREN’T + + C
+ING
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not taking any medicine.
He isn’t giving his reports.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 30-33) BASIC III (PAGES 19-21) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
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4. WOULD
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WOULD + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I would like to have an opportunity.
She would return early today.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Would your clients pay the new price ?
What would you do in this case ?
NEGATIVE:
WOULD NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(wouldn’t)
EXAMPLES: We wouldn’t negotiate with that union.

It wouldn’t be difficult for us.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGE 37) TEACH
STUDENTS HOW THIS STRUCTURE CAN BE USED AS IN FORMULA 11.
|
5. FUTURE (WILL)
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WILL + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: He will call us tomorrow.
The representatives will have a reunion on Monday.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ WILL + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Will you accept my invitation ?
Why will your manager ask about it ?
NEGATIVE:
WILL NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(won’t)
EXAMPLES: The shareholders won’t come next week.
He won’t believe you.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGES 38-41) DEVELOP
|
6. FUTURE (GOING TO)
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO VSF + C
IS
EXAMPLES: They are going to need another table.
Mr. Connors is going to talk to the suppliers.
INTERROGATIVE: AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + GOING TO VSF + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: When are you going to give me my money ?
Why is the company going to open the new plant ?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
P/N + AREN’T + GOING TO VSF + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: We aren’t going to play soccer today.
Mr. Jameson isn’t going to accept any excuse.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGE 42) DEVELOP
|
7. SIMPLE PAST (TO DO)
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VS PAST + C
EXAMPLES: I saw the information yesterday.

He visited his friends the day before yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE: ?
Wh___ DID + P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Did they sign the contract ?

Why did Mr. Williams go to the park ?
Did your boss tell you what to do ?
NEGATIVE:
P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mr. Simpson didn’t calculate the budget.

We didn’t start the course last week.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC II (PAGES 11-19) BASIC III
(PAGES 15-18) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
|
8. SIMPLE PAST (TO BE)
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: I was really tired.

The statistics were correct.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Why was he in the office ?
Were you with him during the meeting ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + + C
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: She wasn’t a bad person with me.

You weren’t aware of that.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 8-10) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
9. PAST CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + VERB +ING + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: The sales department was breaking records.

They were eating cake this morning.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + VERB +ING + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Was she following your orders ?
What were you doing in her house ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: Your brother wasn’t driving the car.

They weren’t analyzing the projects.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 26-31) BASIC III (PAGE 57)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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10. IDIOMATIC FUTURE CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: The user and I are going to be reviewing the programs.

The attorney is going to be reading the documents.
INTERROGATIVE:
AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES:
Where are you going to be travelling next month?
Is the machine going to be working all day?
NEGATIVE: AM NOT
P/N + AREN’T + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not going to be using that credit card.

IBM isn’t going to be producing it anymore.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 63 & 64) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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11. IDIOMATIC FUTURE IN PAST
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + WERE + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mike was going to help them.

He told me the banks were going to authorize the credit.
INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ WERE + P/N + GOING TO + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Were you going to open that file ?

What was she going to do yesterday ?
NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + WEREN’T + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: The accountant wasn’t going to attend that meeting.

Silvia said the boys weren’t going to have vacations
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGE 42) DEVELOP QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
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12. PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE: HAVE
P/N + + VPP + C
HAS
EXAMPLES: This product has had some changes.
We have taken that medicine.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE
Wh___ + P/N + VPP + C ?
HAS
EXAMPLES: How have you been lately ?
What has the supervisor done to avoid it ?
NEGATIVE: HAVEN’T
P/N + + VPP + C
HASN’T
EXAMPLES: The manager hasn’t said anything.
We haven’t broken the rules of the game.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC III (PAGES 31 & 32)
INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 8& 9) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
13. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: HAVE BEEN
P/N + HAS BEEN
+ VERB +ING + C
EXAMPLES: Your customers have been looking for you.
Douglas has been helping me.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE
Wh___ + P/N + BEEN + VERB +ING + C ?
HAS
EXAMPLES: What have you been doing all week ?
Have you been buying the material there ?
NEGATIVE: HAVEN’T
P/N + + BEEN + VERB +ING + C
HASN’T
EXAMPLES: The children haven’t been doing their homework.
The supervisor hasn’t been participating this year.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 10)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
|
14. PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + HAD + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: His boss had seen him doing that.
That had been very difficult.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ HAD + P/N + VPP + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you heard about this software ?

What had the customer done before ?
NEGATIVE:
P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: The market hadn’t reacted so good.
She hadn’t worked for ten years.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 11)
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15. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE:
HAD
BEEN
EXAMPLES: The salesmen had been attending customers.

We had been waiting for that loan.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ HAD + P/N + BEEN + VERB +ING + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you been taking those pills ?
Had you been offering that product ?
NEGATIVE:
VERB
P/N + HADN’T + BEEN + +ING + C
EXAMPLES: The maid hadn’t been doing anything.

The printers hadn’t been working well.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 12 & 13)
|
16. SUBJUNCTIVE
AFFIRMATIVE: WANT, NEED,
P/N + + N/A + TO VSF + C
MAKE, ASK,
USE THIS STRUCTURE IN PAST, FUTURE,
REMIND, TELL, PRESENT, PAST PERFECT AND WOULD.
ADVISE, EXAMPLE: I DIDN’T WANT YOU TO
KNOW SHE HASN’T TOLD US TO DO IT
PROMISE, WARN,
LIKE, PERSUADE,
ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES: The administration needs us to improve the results.
We want you to come earlier.
INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ DO, DOES, + P/N + WANT, NEED, + N/A + TO VSF + C ?
DID, WILL, MAKE, ASK,
WOULD, REMIND, TELL,
ADVISE, PROMISE,
DIDN’T, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
WARN, LIKE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
HAVE * PERSUADE,
HAS * ALLOW, ENABLE,
HAD * EXPECT
EXAMPLES:
What do you want me to do ?
When does the client need you to visit ?
|
16. SUBJUNCTIVE
NEGATIVE:
P/N + DON’T + WANT, NEED, + N/A + TO VSF + C
DOESN’T MAKE, ASK,
DIDN’T REMIND, TELL,
WON’T ADVISE, PROMISE, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
HAVEN’T * WARN, LIKE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
HASN’T * PERSUADE,
HADN’T * ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES:
Mr. Philips doesn’t want his project to be postponed.
They didn’t want anybody to know about it.
SPECIAL P/N + WANT, NEED, + N/A + NOT TO VSF + C

NEGATIVE: MAKE, ASK,
REMIND, TELL,
ADVISE, PROMISE,
WARN, LIKE,
PERSUADE,
ALLOW, ENABLE,
EXPECT
EXAMPLES: I asked the lawyer not to say anything.

Linda reminded me not to make so much noise.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 41 & 42)
AND INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 28-30) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
17. CONDITIONAL FUTURE POSSIBLE
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF + P/N + VSP + C , P/N + WILL + VSF + C
EXAMPLES:
If the clients accept the price , they will place the order immediately.
If she has the information , she will call us tomorrow.
INTERROGATIVE:
WILL + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?

EXAMPLES:
Will you finish on time if I help you ?
Will they attend the meeting if you invite them ?
NEGATIVE:
DON’T WILL
IF + P/N + + VSF + C , P/N + + VSF + C
DOESN’T WON’T
EXAMPLES:
If we don’t answer the letter , she will understand.
Even if he doesn’t give the address , I won’t have problem.
NOTE: DEVELOP CONVERSATION (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) AMONG THE STUDENTS. SHOW THEM THAT IF AND
IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.
|
18. CONDITIONAL PRESENT UNREAL
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF + P/N + VPAST + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C

EXAMPLES:
If AT&T invested here , the companies would have better results.
If I had time , I would help them.
INTERROGATIVE:
WH__ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?
EXAMPLES:
Would your clients complain if you increased prices ?
What would they say if they knew the problem ?
NEGATIVE:
IF + P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C
EXAMPLES:
If the PC didn’t have a good quality , nobody would buy it.
If it *weren’t for him , they would be sick
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 43-45)
INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
|
19. CONDITIONAL PAST UNREAL
AFFIRMATIVE:
IF+ P/N + HAD+ VPP+ C , P/N + WOULD + HAVE + VPP + C
EXAMPLES:
If that container had arrived on time , we would have finished it.
If it had been more expensive , they would have bought anyway.
INTERROGATIVE:
WH__ WOULD+ P/N+ HAVE+ VPP+ C + IF + P/N+ HAD+ VPP+ C ?
EXAMPLES:
What would you have done in case he had destroyed it ?
Would you have accepted it if they had offered you more ?
NEGATIVE:
WOULD
IF + P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C , P/N + WOULDN’T + HAVE + VPP + C
EXAMPLES:
If the survey hadn’t stopped , we would have gotten all the information.
If it hadn’t been so late , we could have gone to the movies.
SPECIAL CASE:
HAD WOULD
+ P/N + VPP + C , P/N + + HAVE +VPP + C
HADN’T WOULDN’T
EXAMPLES:
Had you told me , I would have helped you.
Hadn’t she invited us , we wouldn’t have come today.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, SHOW THEM HOW WHETHER IF AND IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.
|
20. SAY AND TELL
1. SAY SOMETHING TO SOMEBODY (P/N)
EXAMPLES: Say what happened to your mom.
My client said something wrong to the credit and collect department.
2. SAY TO SOMEBODY (P/N) SOMETHING
EXAMPLES: I didn’t say to anybody what she saw.

Don’t
say to me what you will do.
3. TELL SOMEBODY (P/N) SOMETHING
EXAMPLES: Will you tell me the truth?
Tell us what you know.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 48-52)
|
21. PASSIVE VOICE
AM
PRESENT: P/N + ARE + VPP + (by) C
IS
EXAMPLES: The cars are assembled by our plants overseas.
It is said they will come soon.
WAS
PAST: P/N + + VPP + (by) C
WERE
EXAMPLES: I was told it would be more difficult.
The books were written In English.
FUTURE: P/N + WILL BE + VPP + (by) C

EXAMPLES: Your grades will be sent by the teacher.
The project will be authorized immediately.
AM
CONTINUOUS: P/N + ARE + BEING + VPP + (by) C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am being visited by our customers.
They are being controlled by a new system.
NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGE 11) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
|
22. EITHER/NOR NEITHER/NOR
AFFIRMATIVE: EITHER ______________ OR __________________
EXAMPLES: Either you come tomorrow or I will make you come.

Either Tony or Marco are going to help you.
NEGATIVE: NEITHER ______________ NOR __________________
EXAMPLES: Neither Cynthia nor Martha came to the meeting.

Neither my computer nor my printer were available.
SPECIAL USAGE:
Neither do I. So do I.
ASK QUESTIONS SO Neither am I. ASK QUESTIONS SO So am I.
THEY ANSWER Neither can I. THEY ANSWER So can I.
“Me neither.” Neither did I. “Me too.” So did I.
Neither will I. So will I.
NOTE: 1. EXPLAIN BOTH WORDS (EITHER AND NEITHER) HAVE TWO PRONOUNCIATIONS EACH
2. EXPLAIN EITHER IS THE OPPOSITE OF TOO AND ALSO. GIVE 20 EXAMPLES
3. EXPLAIN ME NEITHER AND ME TOO ARE OPPOSITE, GIVE 20 EXAMPLES
|
INFINITIVO PRESENTE SIMPLE PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL
to accept accept accepted accepted aceptar

to achieve achieve achieved achieved lograr
to add add added added agregar
to admit admit admit admitted admitir
to agree agree agreed agreed acordar
to allow allow allowed allowed permitir
to announce announce announced announced anunciar
to annoy annoy annoyed annoyed irritar
to answer answer answered answered contestar
to appear appear appeared appeared aparecer
to arise arise arose arisen surgir
to argue argue argued argued discutir
to ask ask asked asked preguntar
to assume assume assumed assumed asumir
to attack attack attacked attacked atacar
to attend attend attended attended asistir
to avoid avoid avoided avoided evitar
to be am is are was were been ser-estar
to beat beat beat beaten golpear
to become become became become llegar a ser
t o begin begin began begun empezar
to believe believe believed believed creer
to bend bend bent bent doblar
to bite bite bit bitten morder
to bleed bleed bled bled sangrar
to blow blow blew blown soplar
to bother bother bothered bothered molestar
to break break broke broken romper
to bring bring brought brought traer
to build build built built construir
to burn burn burned burned quemar
to burst burst burst burst reventar
to buy buy bought bought comprar
to call call called called obtener
to cancel cancel cancelled cancelled llamar
to care care cared cared cancelar
to carry carry carried carried cargar
to catch catch caught caught cachar
to cause cause caused caused causar
to change change changed changed cambiar
to choose choose chose chosen escoger
|
to clap clap clapped clapped aplaudir

to close close closed closed cerrar
to come come came come venir
to commit commit committed committed cometer
to compare compare compared compared comparar
to connect connect connected connected conectar
to consider consider considered considered considerar
to contain contain contained contained contener
to continue continue continued continued continuar
to control control controlled controlled controlar
to cost cost cost cost costar
to cover cover covered covered cubrir
to create create created created creado
to cry cry cried cried llorar
to cut cut cut cut cortar
to dare dare dared dared atreverse
to decide decide decided decided decidir
to describe describe described described describir
to design design designed designed diseñar
to dial dial dialed dialed marcar (tel.)
to dig dig dug dug excavar
to discover discover discovered discovered descubrir
to discuss discuss discussed discussed comentar
to do do - does did done hacer
to draw draw drew drawn dibujar
to dream dream dreamed-dreamt dreamed-dreamt soñar
to drink drink drank drunk beber
to drive drive drove driven conducir
to drop drop dropped dropped dejar caer
to earn earn earned earned ganarse
to eat eat ate eaten comer
to enjoy enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
to enter enter entered entered entrar
to excuse excuse excused excused disculpar
to expect expect expected expected esperar
to explain explain explained explained explicar
to express express expressed expressed expresar
to face face faced faced enfrentar
to fail fail failed failed fracasar
to fall fall fell fallen caer
to feed feed fed fed alimentar
|
to feel feel felt felt sentir

to fight fight fought fought pelear
to fill fill filled filled llenar
to find find found found encontrar
to finish finish finished finished terminar
to fly fly flew flown volar
to follow follow followed followed seguir
to forbid forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
to force force forced forced forzar
to forget forget forgot forgotten olvidar
to forgive forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
to fry fry fried fried freír
to get get got gotten conseguir-obtener
to give give gave given dar
to go go - goes went gone ir
to grow grow grew grown crecer
to guess guess guessed guessed adivinar
to handle handle handle handle encargarse de
to hang hang hung hung colgar
to hate hate hated hated odiar
to have have - has had had tener
to hear hear heard heard oír
to help help helped helped ayudar
to hide hide hid hidden esconder
to hit hit hit hit golpear
to hold hold held held sostener
to hope hope hoped hoped esperar
to hug hug hugged hugged abrazar
to hurt hurt hurt hurt lastimar
to imagine imagine imagined imagined imaginar
to improve improve improved improved mejorar
to include include included included incluir
to increase increase increased increased aumentar
to join join joined joined unir
to keep keep kept kept guardar-cumplir
to knock knock knocked knocked golpear
to know know knew known saber-conocer
to lay lay laid laid poner
to learn learn learned-learnt learned-learnt aprender
to leave leave left left dejar-salir
to lend lend lent lent prestar
|
to let let let let permitir

to lie lie lied lied mentir
to lie lie lay lain acostarse
to light light lighted – lit lighted - lit prender
to like like liked liked gustar
to listen listen listened listened escuchar
to live live lived lived vivir
to look look looked looked ver
to lose lose lost lost perder
to love love loved loved amar
to make make made made hacer
to mark mark marked marked marcar
to marry marry married married casarse
to mean mean meant meant significar
to measure measure measured measured medir
to meet meet meet met conocer
to move move moved moved mover
to need need needed needed necesitar
to note note noted noted anotar
to notice notice noticed noticed notar
to observe observe observed observed observar
to obtain obtain obtained obtained obtener
to offer offer offered offered ofrecer
to open open opened opened abrir
to operate operate operated operated operar
to order order ordered ordered ordenar-pedir
to overtake overtake overtook overtaken rebasar
to pass pass passed passed pasar
to pat pat patted patted acariciar
to pay pay paid paid pagar
to permit permit permitted permitted permitir
to place place placed placed colocar
to plan plan planned planned planear
to play play played played jugar
to plug plug plugged plugged enchufar
to point point pointed pointed señalar
to pray pray prayed prayed rezar
to prefer prefer preferred preferred preferir
to prepare prepare prepared prepared preparar
to present present presented presented presentar
to prevent prevent prevented prevented prevenir
|
to proceed proceed proceeded proceeded proceder

to produce produce produced produced producir
to program program programmed programmed programar
to prove prove proved proved demostrar
to pull pull pulled pulled jalar
to put put put put poner
to raise raise raised raise elevar
to reach reach reached reached alcanzar
to react react reacted reacted reaccionar
to read read read read leer
to receive receive received received recibir
to recognize recognize recognized recognized reconocer
to reduce reduce reduced reduced reducir
to regret regret regretted regretted lamentar
to remember remember remembered remembered recordar
to rent rent rented rented rentar
to reply reply replied replied responder
to report report reported reported reportar
to represent represent represented represented representar
to rescue rescue rescued rescued rescatar
to rest rest rested rested descansar
to return return returned returned regresar
to ride ride rode ridden montar
to ring ring rang rung sonar
to rise rise rose risen subida
to rob rob robbed robbed robar
to rub rub rubbed rubbed frotar
to run run ran run correr
o save save saved saved salvar
to say say said said decir
to scare scare scared scared asustar
to see see saw seen ver
to seem seem seemed seemed parecer
to sell sell sold sold vender
to send send sent sent enviar
to serve serve served served servir
to shake shake shook shaken sacudir
to shape shape shaped shaped moldear
to shave shave shaved shaved rasurar
to shine shine shone shone brillar
to shoot shoot shot shot dispara
to shop shop shopped shopped comprar
to show show showed showed mostrar
to shrink shrink shrank shrunk encoger
|
shut shut shut shut cerrar

sing sing sang sung cantar
sit sit sat sat sentarse
sleep sleep slept slept dormir
slip slip slipped slipped deslizar
smell smell smelled smelled oler
smile smile smiled smiled sonreír
sound sound sounded sounded sonar
speak speak spoke spoken hablar
spell spell spelled spelled deletrear
spend spend spent spent gastar
spill spill spilled spilled derramar
split split split split dividir-partir
stand stand stood stood poner de pie
stare stare stared stared mirar
start start started started comenzar
stay stay stayed stayed quedarse
steal steal stole stolen robar
step step stepped stepped pisar
stick stick stuck stuck pegar
sting sting stung stung picar-insecto
stink stink stank stunk apestar
stop stop stopped stopped detener
strike strike struck struck golpear
stroke stroke stroked stroked acariciar
study study studied studied estudiar
suggest suggest suggested suggested sugerir
support support supported supported apoyar
suppose suppose supposed supposed suponer
surprise surprise surprised surprised sorprender
swear swear swore sworn jurar
sweat sweat sweated sweated sudar
sweep sweep swept swept barrer
swim swim swam swum nadar
swing swing swung swung columpiar
take take took taken tomar-llevar
talk talk talked talked hablar
teach teach taught taught enseñar
to tear tear tare torn romper
to tell tell told told decir
to think think thought thought pensar
|
to throw throw threw thrown Aventar

to tie tie tied tied Amarrar
to treat treat treated treated Tratar
to try try tried tried Probar-tratar
to turn turn turned turned Voltear
to understand understand understood understood Comprender
to use use used used Usar
to visit visit visited visited Visitar
to wait wait waited waited Esperar
to wake wake woke waken Despertar
to walk walk walked walked Caminar
to want want wanted wanted Querer
to watch watch watched watched Observar
to wear wear wore worn Llevar puesto
to win win won won Ganar
to wind wind wound wound Dar cuerda
to wish wish wished wished Desear algo
to work work worked worked Trabajar
to worry worry worried worried Preocuparse
to wound wound wounded wounded Herir-Lastimar
to wrap wrap wrapped wrapped Envolver
to write write wrote written Escribir

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BASIC I

OUR COURSE MAKES THE DIFFERENCE

EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS is a program designed for

A good teaching performance requires knowledge, ability, common sense and

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 2

THE IMPORTANCE OF USING FORMULAS

Grammar has long been problematic for students when learning a

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 3

HABITS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE TEACHERS

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 4

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 5

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 6

To “Add note”, please complete the following steps:

1.- Double left click on the answer line to select it.

3.- Type the answer, comment or notes in the field.

*Use the same process for all the answers.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 7

A.- Supply the correct form of the Present Tense of To Be as in the

Ex. She __________ a good secretary.

1. They _________ the new suppliers.

10. He ___________ a businessman.

11. You ____________ a lawyer.

12. Today _____________ Wednesday.

13. She and John ____________ good technicians.

14. The plant manager _____________ busy with the inventory.

15. You __________ the new receptionist.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 8

Form the negative of To Be by placing not after the verb.

Form questions with To Be by placing the verb before the subject.

A.- Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative as in the

Ex. She is in the sales department now.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 9

Ex. She is in the sales department now.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 10

Ex. She _________ (read) the reports every day.

2. I always __________ (walk) to the office.

3. You and I __________ (review) invoices every afternoon.

4. I __________ (visit) five prospects every day.

5. Helen ___________ (work) very hard.

6. I ___________ (like) training new employees.

7. The accountant ___________ (prepare) financial reports.

8. Mr. Smith ___________ (work) for Eastern Airlines.

9. Gene generally __________ (sit) at this desk.

10. We always ___________ (reject) those materials.

11. Many employees __________ (ride) the bus to work.

12. They ___________ (make) important decisions.

13. We always ____________ (travel) by car to the plants.

14. You _________ (attend) the seminars all the time.

15. He ___________ (speak) to the union leaders every semester.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 11

a) When the verb ends in O

b) When the verb ends in S, SH, CH, X or Z

Ex. Pat _______ (go) there twice a week.

TOP QUALITY TRAINING | 12

2. I’m a good employee.

6. I rent all the furniture of the company.

7. I always go to work by bus.

8. I try to analyze all the options.

9. I promote the services.

10. I support my clients very well.

1. I want to learn Excel.

2. I have a new quotation.

3. I review the sales reports.

4. I wish to learn accounting.

3. The swimming pool ___ at 9 o'clock and _ at 18:30.