HUMAN BEHAVIOR and CRISIS MANAGEMENT

By: Rico T. Musong, R.C.

Subject Code:Criminology 5Subject Course Title:Human Behavior and Crisis ManagementCourse Description: The course focuses
on understanding abnormalbehavior in relation to crime and the adoption of strategies and tacticsin dealing with potential and
actual crises. It includes the art of negotiation and the application of appropriate force during anemergency situation.
INTRODUCTION:
These subjects provide the study of behavior which areabnormal or might not be abnormal and when taken into accountmight
be a crime in itself or the cause of the commission of thecrime. Criminologist and policeman are less concern of normalbehavior
since it might not violet any legal code or disrupt thepeacefulness of the society. It is a variable from day to day and notwo
persons are exactly alike.The application of behavioral science in law enforcement isindispensable since man is considered as
the focal point in thestudy of the crime. The free will that is present in every man isdisrupted when the suffer mental
deficiencies and their relation tocrime, criminal responsibility and its determinants; application of psychiatric and psychological
techniques in negotiating forhostage/barricaded persons situation that is considered animportant matter in the study of this
subject human behavior andcrisis management.
OBJECTIVES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
– Aims to understand others
– To determine how and why people behave the way theydo.
– Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors?
– A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude,emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis,persuasion and
coercion.
Definition of terms:
Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human react to his environment.
Criminal Behavior- is intentional behavior that violates a criminal code; intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally or under
duress
Deviant Behavior- a behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has the
tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals when it violates the provision of the criminal law.
Criminal Psychiatry- a branch of psychiatry that deals with the evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal behavior.
Criminal Sociology- a branch of sociology that studies about the criminal and to its relation to the social structure or
organization of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-criminal.
Structural- studies crime as it relatives to the social structure or organization of the society.
Processual- the process on how people become criminal.
Criminal Psychology- a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavior and mental processes of the criminal.
The study of human behavior can be approached from several viewpoints, to wit:
Neurological- emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body, especially the brain and nervous
system.
Behavioral- focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be observed and measured.
Cognitive- concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways.
Psychoanalytical- emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive impulses in childhood.
Humanistic- focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation towards self-actualization
Psychology of Human Adjustment:
Most of mans behavior can be trace to his attempts to satisfy his needs. All of us have certain fundamental needs that we seek
to satisfy. These needs create tensions in the human body. When we are able to satisfy our needs, the tension disappears,
adjustment has been made.
Adjustment- is defined as the satisfaction of a need.
Three (3) Elements of the Adjustment Processes:
a need which arises
Purposive behavior- leading towards
a goal- which satisfies the need
Classifications of Human Behavior
1.Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on in the environment. Unconscious –
2.Overt - Open to public observation
•Covert - Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily seen.
3.Rational - Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion.
•Irrational – Illogical
4.Voluntary - Intentional
•Involuntary – Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried out despite an attempt to prevent
them.
5.Simple – ex. What you see is what you get.
•Complex - compound complicated behavior. ex. Drinking alcohol
Two Classification of Behavior
Normal Behavior
Abnormal Behavior
What is Normal Behavior?
-Normal behavior (adaptive or Adjusted behavior) is the standard behavior, the totally accepted behavior because they follow
the standard norm of the society.
Characteristics of normal person are:
Efficient perception of reality
Self-knowledge
Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
Self-Esteem and Acceptance
Productivity
Ability to form affectionate relationship with others
What is Abnormal Behavior?
Abnormal behavior (Maladaptive/ Malajusted behavior) is a group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectation because
they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.
A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following criteria are used to determine whether a person’s
behaviors behavior is abnormal or not:
1.Deviation from statistical norm
- the word abnormal means away from the norm; many population facts are measured such as height, weight and intelligence,
but a few are abnormally stupid, but according to this definition, a person who is extremely intelligent would be classified as
abnormal. Thus in defining abnormal we must consider more.
2.Deviation from social norms
- every vulture has certain standards for acceptable behavior; behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be
abnormal behavior. But those standards can change with time and vary from one society to another.
3.Maladaptiveness of behavior
- this third criterion is how the behavior affects the well-being of the individual and /or social group. Examples are a man who
attempts suicide; an alcoholic who drinks so heavily that he or she cannot keep a job or a paranoid individual who tries to
assassinate national leaders.
In the type of abnormality called neurosis, personal distress may be the only symptoms, because the individual’s behavior
seems normal.
Note: None of these definitions provides a complete description of abnormal behavior. The legal definition of abnormality
declares a person insane when he is not able to judge between right and wrong, but this criterion is not used by psychologists
DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1.Human behavior is motivated
motivation – driving force behind all action of an organism
2.Human behavior has multiple causes.
- Influenced by culture
3.Human behavior can be adaptive and maladaptive
•Human are social beings
•Any person depend upon each other for survival
•People need interaction
4.People play an integral part in creating their experience
5.Human lives are continuous process of change.
6.Every person is different yet the same.
7.Individual is a unique person.
Theoretical approaches about the factors that cause, maintain , alter behavior, and mental process:
1.PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
– Is based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of late personality traits and
psychological problems. It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behavior.
2.HUMANISTIC APPROACH
– Emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his/her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a
considerable amount of intrinsic worth &enormous potential for self-fulfillment.
3.BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
– Studies how organism learn new behavior or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environment
reward of punish these behavior.
4.COGNITIVE APPROACH
– Examines how we process, store, and use information, and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive,
learn, remember believe and feel.
5.BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
– Focuses on how genes, hormones & nervous system interact with the environment to influence learning, personality,
memory, motivation, emotions at coping techniques
Theories that explain motivation to Human Behavior
The Needs According to Maslow:
Human needs arise out of a person’s biological or psychological makeup. They can be biogenic needs, which are the needs of
the body which exist for the maintenance of health and protection of the body against physical injuries. These include the need
for food, air, water, rest, sex, avoidance of pain. They can also be psychogenic or sociogenic needs, such as: need for love and
affection, for security, for growth and achievement, and recognition from another human beings. According to A.H. Maslow,
there is hierarchy of needs ascending from the basic biological needs that became important only after the more basic needs
have been satisfied.
Hierarchy of needs theory
It is human nature for people to seek to know more about themselves and to strive to develop their capacities to the fullest
Most people are in a constant state of striving
Very few people fully attain a state of self-actualization
Hierarchy of Human Needs:
1.PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
•Needs such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and temperature maintenance are crucial for survival.
2.SAFETY AND SECURITY NEEDS
• The need for safety has both physical and psychological aspects. The person needs to feel safe both in the physical
environment and in relationship.
3.LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS
• The third level needs includes giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in group, and maintaining the feeling of
belonging.
4.SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
•The individual needs both self-esteem (ex. Feelings of independence, competence, and self-respect) and esteem from others
(ex. Recognition, respect, and appreciation)
5.SELF-ACTUALIZATION
•When the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual strives for self-actualization, the innate need to develop one’s
maximum potential and realize one’s abilities and qualities.
Note: Human needs cannot always be satisfied. Obstacles and difficulties sometimes stand in the way between the individual
and his goal. These obstacles may lie in the individual himself.
Reason why Some People Fail to Reach their Goal:
Unrealistic goal- when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher than his level of achievement, he is bound to fail.
Harmful or antisocial goal
Conflicting goal
Environment difficulties, including force majeure
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (Sigmund Freud)
•This theory explained that human behavior is motivated by an inner force called the human mind. This theory was introduced
by SIGMUND FREUD
•SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939) was an Austrian physician who worked as an neurologist. Early in his career, he used hypnosis to
treat people with physical and emotional problem. From his work with these patients, he began to conceptualize a theory of
human behavior.
•Freud theorized that people have two (2) basic instincts –SEXUAL and AGGRESSION. These two (2) basic instincts are not
always socially acceptable. When people exhibit behavior that is nor acceptable, they often experience punishment, guilt and
anxiety.
•Freud’s theory describes a conflict between a person’s instinctual needs for gratification and the demands of society for
socialization. For Freud, a person’s core tendency is to maximize instinctual gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt.
– Addresses the relationship among inner experience, behavior, social roles & functioning. This theory proposes that conflicts
among unconscious motivating factors affect behavior
LEVEL OF AWARENESS
– CONSCIOUS
– aware of here and now, in contact with reality.
•It functions only when the person is awake.
– PRECONSCIOUS / SUBCONSCIOUS
•Contains the partially forgotten memories that can be recalled at will. Preconscious serves as the “watchman” by preventing
unacceptable & anxiety producing memories from reaching the conscious awareness.
– UNCONSCIOUS– The largest part of the personality that is often compared to the hidden iceberg under the water that
contains memory that is forgotten & cannot be brought back to consciousness at will
ORGANIZATION OF THE MIND
Three components of personality:
•ID –represents psychological energy, or libido and it operates on pleasure principles which can be understood as a demand to
take care of needs immediately. The ID only knows that what it wants and what it wants right away regardless of the present
circumstances.
– does not care about morals, society and other individuals
– starts from birth to 6 months
– demanding, unrealistic, primitive, instinctual, uncivilized, undisciplined
•EGO –is the one that relates to the world or reality to satisfy the demands of the ID. The ego operates by reality principle &
uses problem solving based on how it judges reality. It controls the demands of & mediates between the ID and the Superego
according to the demands of the reality.
– operates on conscious level
– begins in the first 6 or 8 months of life and fairly well developed at age 2 or 3 years
– serves to control and guide actions of an individual
•SUPEREGO-is the one that rewards the moral behavior and punishes actions that are not acceptable by creating guilt. The
superego is our conscience, a residue of internalized values &moral training of early childhood.
•operates on both conscious and unconscious
•functions on MORAL PRINCIPLE
•develops around the age of 3-4 or 4-5 and fairly well developed at age 10 years
Ego Ideal– rewards the person with feeling of well-being and pride when a person conforms to the demands of the superego.
•concern with what is believe to be morally or basically right.
•Conscience– punishes the person with guilt feelings when person
– deviates from the demands of the superego.
 – concern with what is believe to be morally or basically wrong.
Biological theory(evolution)
Assumes that the natural laws that apply to plant and animal life also apply to humans
It emphasizes: the importance of biological forces in directing growth and the gradual modification of behavior as a product of
biological adaptation to the environment
Cultural theory(cultural expectations)
Assumes that individual development is predominantly a product of cultural expectations
Cultural determinism refers to the notion that culture shapes individual experience
Biological factors are relatively unimportant
There are some universal experiences across cultures (e.g..dependent children become independent adults)
but these transitions can be smooth or stressful depending upon the culture
- cultural continuity cultural discontinuity
Cognitive Development Theory
Cognition = how a person organizes and makes meaning out of experience
"Knowing" is a product of continuous interaction between the person and the environment
Moral development theory
Kohlberg
this theory is built upon Piaget's work in the field of cognitive development
moral judgment represents a naturally developing cognitive process
Piaget assumed that cognition (thought) and affect(feeling) develop on parallel tracks
Moral Judgment
Moral judgment is the "weighing" of claims of others against one's own claims Role taking ability is at the heart of moral
judgment Kolhberg determined a person's stage of moral development by administering the Moral Judgment Interview
Moral Judgment Interview
Moral Judgment Interview consists of 3 hypothetical dilemmas, each involving a character who finds himself in a difficult
situation and has to choose between two conflicting values the subject is asked how the character ought to solve the problem
and why the choice was the correct one
Psychosexual theory (psychoanalytic)
All behavior is motivated (it does not occur randomly)
There are two basic motives:
sexuality
aggression
FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
•Oral -0-18 months
– The infants pleasure is believed to center around gratification from using his mouth for sucking and satisfying hunger.
Feeling and activities are focused on &expressed by the mouth and are orally dominated.
•Anal- 18 mos. - 3 years
– Begins w/ the attainment of neuromuscular control of the anal sphincter.
– Toilet training is the crucial issue requiring delayed gratification in compromising between enjoyment of bowel function and
limitations set by social expectations for the toddler.
•Phallic -3 to 6 years
– Increased curiosity re: the genitals, questioning andself-stimulation or masturbation.
•Latent- 6 –12 years
– The child realizes that desires directed to the parent of opposite sex are not feasible, and become occupied with socializing
with peers, refining roles and relationships.
•Genital- 12 - 20 years *adult sexuality
– Develops awareness of body & sexual part.
– Represents an emergence of sexual interest w/c cannot be expressed in an overt heterosexual relationship.
SOCIAL THEORY
•The developmental theory of Erik Erikson (1963) was based on Freud’s work. Erikson expanded Freud’s theory to include
cultural and social influences in addition to biologic processes. He believed there was an interrelationship between such
variables that impact the psychosocial development of an individual throughout life.
Psychosocial theory
human development is a product of the interaction between individualneeds and abilities and societal needs and
demandsfocuses on stages of development and psychosocial crises.

As observed in the above discussion, analyzing the perpetrator’sdemand type is crucial. In fact, analyzing the types of demands
beingmade by the perpetrator is another way of understanding andclassifying a crisis incident. See Table 4. Table 4
DEMAND TYPOLOGIES
GENERAL CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONInstrumental Demand characteristics bestdescribed as “objective”,e.g., money,
transportation,food, liquor, drugs.Expressive Demand characteristics bestdescribed as “subjective”,e.g., perpetrator wants
totalk to family member,perpetrator want to make astatement to the mediaregarding delusional beliefs.Substantive Victims are
threatened toobtain concessions from athird party, the demandsmay be instrumental orexpressive.NonSubstantive Demands
are not made, or,if they are, they are trivialand not related to thereason(s) the victim(s) arethreatened. There are instrumental
demands, expressive demands,substantive demands, and nonsubstantive demands. Basically, thecrisis negotiator has
bargaining power only if the perpetrator hassubstantive demands. Substantive demands may be eitherinstrumental or
expressive. Anecdotal report suggests that one sign of imminent lethality is the determination that the perpetrator is
notdemanding anything from a third party to release the hostage/victim(Fuselier, Van Zandt & Lanceley, 1991).Finally, one last
way the crisis negotiator can classify thecrisis situation is based upon understanding hostage taker typology(Call, 1996). See
Table 5. Table 5
HOSTAGE TAKER TYPOLOGIES
GENERAL CATEGORY POSSIBLE SUBTYPESEmotionally Disturbed 1. Brain Damaged 2.Elderly/Senile 3. Depressed,Various Types
4. Paranoid,Various Types 5.Schizophrenic 6. SubstanceAbuser 7. Family DisputesPolitical Extremists 1. Reluctant Captors
2.Deliberate Hostage TakersReligious Fanatics
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Criminals 1. Antisocial PersonalityDisorder/Trapped Criminal 2.Antisocial PersonalityDisorder/KidnapperPrison Inmates

Antisocial PersonalityDisorderCombination
Objective of Crisis Management
1. Resolve without further incident.2. Safety of all participants.3. Apprehension of all perpetrators.4. Accomplish the task within
the framework of current community standards.
Theory of Crisis Management
1.Contain and negotiate.2.Protect the innocent from harm.3.Allow the passage of time so that the perpetrators can be reasoned
with throughnegotiation.4.Allow the passage of time so that the response force can avail of the following:a.Evaluate the
situation; b.Gather information;c.Explore alternative, and;d.Formulate a plan of action.
The 4P Crisis Management ModelFour stages:
1.
Prediction-
this stage involves foretelling of the likelihood of crises occurring either natural or man-made through the continuous
assessment of all possible threats and threatgroups as well as the analysis of developing or reported events and incidents.2.
Prevention-
this stage involves the institution of passive and active security measures,as well as the remedy or solution of destabilizing
factors and/or security flaws leading tosuch crisis/emergencies.3.
Preparation-
entails planning, organizing, training and stock piling of equipments andsupplies needed for such crises/emergencies.4.
Performance-
which is the actual execution or implementation of any of contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs despite the pro-active
measures.
Phases of Crisis Management
Crisis management is continuing activity that has two distinct phases:1
. The Proactive Phase
- designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence of crises at the same time prepares to handle them when they
occur. It encompasses the first3p’s of the 4p’s Crisis Management Model: prediction, prevention and preparation.2.
The Re-active Phase
- This phase covers the last of the 4 P’s, Performance, of CrisisManagement Model.41

The objectives in this stage are:

1.To ensure a high probability of success in neutralizing the perpetrator(s),2.To minimize, or cushion the adverse effects of the
crisis incident, and3.To ensure a smooth and speedy rehabilitation or return to normalcy.
The performance of crisis management action for terrorist-based crises/management is done in three stages:1.Initial action
- includes monitoring of the progress of the incident, securing the scene, protectingitself, establishing perimeter security,
evacuating innocent civilians, if possible, preventing the escape of the perpetrators, until the designated security and
tacticalelements/unit augment its units as they arrive.

4.contain and Negotiate

Negotiator Objectives and Tactics
The primary objectives of a negotiator are: prolong the situationensure the safety of the hostageskeep things calm4.foster the
growth of relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker and between hostage-taker and hostages5.making a deal6.not
making a deal
Crisis Management Techniques
1.Locate2.Isolate3.Evacuate4.Evaluate5.Eliminate
Five Categories of hostage-Takers1.Persons in Crisis
Are people who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustration, despair and problem.
2.Psychotics
Are mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of psychiatric disturbance.
3.Common Criminals
Are people who take hostages for personal, rather than ideological, reasons?
4.Prisoners
Are people who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontent regardingtheir living conditions in prison.
5.Political Terrorists
Are ideologically-inspired individuals or groups of people who take hostages becauseof political and ideological beliefs.
Mind Barriers in Dealing with Hostages-Takers
1.Law enforcers will have to discover the hostage-takers intentions.2.The demands and needs of the hostage-taker must be
determined.3.Negotiations means to talk. Stalling and taking may actually help.4.In most cases time has been found to be an
ally because of the following reasons:a.The more time elapses, the more time the hostage-taker will have to think about his
predicament. b.With little persuasion, the hostage-taker may feel downrightuncomfortable.43

c.Time reduces anxiety for as long as overt acts are committed.d.The hostage-taker can be starved out and sleep will eventually
catch up onhim.e.The hostages might even take advantage of such lapses and may attempt toescape on their own.
Reasons Why Common Criminals take Hostages
Criminals have three common demands:1.Escape2.Money3.Transportation
Characteristics of Negotiable Incidents
1.There has to be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.2.There has to be a threat of force on the part of the
authorities.3.There must be demands by the hostage takers.4.The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person
who can hurt thehostage taker but who is willing to help him.5.There must be time to negotiate.6.A reliable channel of
communication has to exist between the hostage taker andthe negotiator.7.Both the location and the communications of the
incident need to be contained toencourage negotiation.8.The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker making
the negotiation.
Crisis Management Team
1.The field commander2.A tactical Officer3.Negotiator4.A traffic/patrol supervisor5.An intelligence/recordercommunication
officer
Negotiating Team
1.Primary Negotiator (communicates, negotiates)2.Secondary Negotiator (documents, coordinates info)
3.
Tertiary Negotiator (carries out task)4.Intelligence officer5.Police Psychologist
People Involved in the SituationInside:
-hostage taker-hostage
Outside:
-Commander- Tactical team
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Negotiating Team- Police Psychologist-Patrol team-Media team

Negotiating Steps:
RULES OF ENGAGEMENTThe PNP Rules of Engagement 1997 lists the following steps tobe taken during a hostage situation:
1. There shall be an organized Crisis Management Task Group in everyRegion/ Province/ Municipality trained and ready for
deploymentanytime.2. There shall be only one ground commander in the area.3. The incident area shall be cordoned.4.
Negotiators shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to talkto the suspectswithout clearance from the negotiating
panel/ground commander.5. Any assault must be well-planned and assaulting teams alerted fordeployment incase the
negotiation fails.6. An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed atthe incidentarea.7. Proper coordination
with all participating elements shall be done tounify effortsin solving the crisis.
RULE 22 OF THE POLICE Operating Procedures
titled“Hostage situations” calls for the formation of a crisis managementtask group, isolation of the scene, and denial of entry
and exit tounauthorized persons.Section 9 of the rule outlines the procedures for hostagenegotiations:1.Stabilize and contain
the situation.2.Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker.3.Take time when negotiating.4.Allow the hostage-
taker to speak.5.Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for willbe part of the negotiations.6.Avoid directing
frequent attention to the victims when talking tothe hostage-taker.7.Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible, avoid
tricks,and be sincere.
45

8.Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial orunimportant.9.Never say “No.”10.Soften the demands.11.Never
set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline.12.Do not make alternate suggestions not agreed upon in thenegotiations.13.Do not
introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers)into the negotiation process unless their presence is extremelynecessary in
the solution of the crisis, and provide they shall beproperly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations.14.Do not
allow any exchange of hostages unless extremelynecessary; in particular do not exchange a negotiator for ahostage.15.Avoid
negotiating face to face.16.Law enforcement officers without proper training shall notbe allowed to participate in hostage
negotiations.