FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Foundation is the element of a structure which transfer the forces from the superstructure into the ground. Foundations
are categorized as shallow or deep.

Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering in the design of foundation
elements of the structures.

Foundation Engineer must possess multi-disciplinary knowledge in the following areas:

 Structural Capacity of the sub-structure such as spread footing, combined footing, mat, pile, etc. as it interacts with
the complex behavior of the soil.
 Geotechnical Capacity of the soil as the substructure transmit the load into it thus, a Foundation Engineer must
fully understand the soil engineering properties.
 Construction of foundation should be fully understood by the Foundation Engineer as to the methodology,
workability, and economy of the foundation.

SPREAD FOOTING
A footing carrying a single column is called a spread footing, since its function is to "spread” the column load laterally to the
soil so that the stress intensity is reduced to a value that the soil can safely carry.
Spread footings can be classified as wall and column footings. A wall footing is simply a strip of reinforced concrete, wider
than the wall, that distributes its pressure. Single column footings are usually square, sometimes rectangular, and
represents the simplest and most economical type.

Column at center Column at edge Column at corner

DESIGN PROCEDURES:
A. PROPORTIONING OF FOOTING
B. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FOOTING

A. PROPORTIONING OF FOOTING
1. Compute net soil pressure,

But in design, the depth of soil, and the thickness of concrete, are unknown, so we need to approximate

Where:
ℎ
1
2
!!"# $! "&! ' " !!"# $! $ &( ' &)*
+ ')ℎ ", "&!
)ℎ& -( ", "( )
+ ')ℎ ", ,"")&(
 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

1
ΣHI 0J ↑

? E E F 1 0
F ? ? ? ? 1 0

E 1
0
D
?

E 1
?

2. Determine the required footing dimensions

1
./0 ," ,"")&(

1
.2 / ," ) ( ! ,"")&(
Where:
1 134 144 ," $ & "5$&( )&"(
. (+ 2 )ℎ ,"")&( +&5 ( &"(

B. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FOOTING

3. Convert service load to factored loads, 16 and compute for ultimate soil pressure, 6
16 1.20 2 1.6022 2010 &2015 <=>1
16
; ? ", ,"")&(
6
?

4. Solve for the effective depth of footing, A

a. For square footing, use two-way shear or punching shear
b. For rectangular footing, use one-way shear or beam shear then immediately check for punching shear OR just
compute for the effective depth required by beam shear and punching shear then choose the larger of the two.

5. Determine the total depth, BC of the footing.

6. Compute the required steel area for bending and check development length

7. Compute column bearing and use dowels if bearing stresses are exceeded. Also, check development length of
dowels.

8. Design Details

CODE PROVISIONS:
414.4.3.1.1 For footings supporting circular columns or regular polygon-shaped columns or pedestals, it shall be
permitted to assume a square section of equivalent area for determining critical sections.

413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be selected such that the total effective depth of bottom reinforcement
is at least 150mm.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

SHEAR:
1. PUNCHING SHEAR or TWO-WAY SHEAR
 414.4.3.4.1 For two-way shear, critical sections shall be located so that the perimeter LM is a minimum but
need not to be closer than A/O to location defined in table 414.4.3.2.1
 414.4.3.4.2 For square or rectangular columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas, critical section for two-
way shear shall be permitted to be calculated assuming straight sides.

Nominal shear strength, P is the lesser of:

2 1 1
Q1 S Q TU, V $ +S (+ TU, V $ +
R 6 3
Where, R is the ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area.

DESIGN STRENGTH: PXY / P6Y

ZP / P6Y

Or

16 P6Y 16 6?
2 1
PY ZP )ℎ ! ",: Q1 S Q TU, V $ +S
R 6
1
(+ TU, V $ +
3
Where: ? &)& !
PY ZP $ ' &5 ) ", &) ! )&"(
Z 0.75

NOTE: the shape of critical section FOLLOWS the

+ shape of the column

Square: ? # + Y
$ 4 # +
^
? + Y
_
Circle:
6
$ ` +
Rectangle: ? $ + +
$ $ 2+

# + +

+ # + + +
2 2 2 2

+
2
$ $ +
+
2
+ +
2 2

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

2. BEAM SHEAR or ONE-WAY SHEAR

 414.4.3.3.1 For one-way shear, critical sections shall be located from + from the location defined in table
414.4.3.2.1

Nominal shear strength, P :

1
TU, V $+
6

2
!4 +
$ .

Pa

6 +
.

P6a
+ !4 + ΣHI 0J ↑
P6a Pa
P6a . !4 +
!4 6
1
Pa ZP Z Tb, ′ $+
6
Z 0.75
!4 +
NOTE: for circular column or for other
regular polygons, convert it to its
+ equivalent square column

!D +
For rectangular footing in the short direction:
$ 2

2 Pa

6 +
!D +
!D
+

.
ΣHI 0J ↑ P6a
P6a Pa
P6a 6 2 !D +
1
Pa ZP Z Tb, ′ $+
6
Z 0.75

NOTE: for circular column or for other

regular polygons, convert it to its
equivalent square column

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

FLEXURE
 414.4.3.2.1 The critical section for de shall be located in accordance with table 414.4.3.2.1

TABLE 414.4.3.2.1 Location of Critical Section

SUPPORTED MEMBER
Column or Pedestal
Column with steel base plate
Concrete Wall
Masonry Wall
LOCATION OF CRITICAL SECTION
Face of column or pedestal
Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base plate
Face of the wall
Halfway between the center and face of the masonry wall

2 1 1
nm l ∗! 6. !4 Y
!4 2 m4 4 2

! FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTING:

.
1 1
 LONG DIRECTION
nm lm4 ∗ !4 6. !4 Y
2 2

1 1
 SHORT DIRECTION
nm l ∗! 62 !D Y
2 mD D 2
FOR FOOTING, IT IS ALWAYS TENSION FAILURE:
,q
6

n p$+ Y ,q r1 0.59p t uv
!4 ,′
+ nm Zn
Z 0.90 &, w 0.375
6
+)
lm4 !4 .
FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTING:
+ +
6
 For long direction:
 For short direction: + +

+ + + + +x
Where: +x $ +& 5 )

DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR ONE WAY AND TWO-WAY FOOTINGS

A. One-way footings
 413.3.2.2 Reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width of one-way footings.

B. Two-way footings
 413.3.3.2 In square two-way footings, reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of
footing in both directions.
 413.3.3.3 In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed in accordance with a and b:
a. Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width of the footing.
b. For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement, fg hg , shall be distributed
uniformly over a band width equal to the length of the short side of footing, centered on the centerline of the
column or pedestal. Remainder of reinforcement required in the short direction, i fg hj , shall be

O
distributed uniformly outside the center band width of the footing.
fg ; #ℎ R & )ℎ )&"( ", !"( )" ℎ" ) &+
k i

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

|}~ •€• ‚MMƒ„}… †‡M •€• ‚MMƒ„}…

• ) &+ > () > () . (+ • ) &+ > ()

. (+ ., 5 . (+

ˆ~„}‰MŠC~‹~}ƒ B„jƒŠ„Leƒ„M} ‰MŠ ƒ‡M ‡€• Š~Cƒ€}…eŒ€Š ‰MMƒ„}…

REINFORCEMENT LIMITS
 409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement ? ,z{ shall be provided at every section where
tension reinforcement is required by analysis.
 409.6.1.2 The minimum steel ratio shall be the greater of the following:
U, V 1.40
&
4 ,* ,*
 409.6.1.3 If ? provided at every section is at least one third greater than ? required by analysis, section
409.6.1.1 and 409.6.1.2 need not be satisfied

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE BARS:

 424.4.1 Reinforcement to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided in one-way slabs in
the direction perpendicular to the flexural reinforcement
 424.4.3.2 The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross concrete area
shall satisfy the limits if Table 424.4.3.2

TABLE 424.4.3.2
Minimum Ratios of deformed Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Area to Gross Concrete Area
Reinforcement Type ,q , n1 Minimum steel ratio
w 420
0.0018 ∗ 420
Deformed bars 0.0020

/ 420 ,q
Deformed bars or welded wire
Greater of:
reinforcement
0.0014

CLEAR COVER
 420.6.1.3.1 The specified concrete cover for cast-in-place non-prestressed concrete members cast against
and permanently in contact with the ground is 75mm.

SPACING and CLEAR SPACING

 425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least
the greatest of 25mm, +x and 4/3 MSA.
 *** In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced
farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm.

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS IN TENSION

TABLE 425.4.2.2
Development length for deformed bars and deformed wires in tension
For bar diameters 20mm
CONDITION For bar diameters 25mm and above
and below

or lap spliced NOT LESS THAN +x and

 Clear spacing of bars or wires being developed

 Clear cover at least +x and

 Stirrups or ties throughout +x not less than • • ,q • • ,q
t u +x t u +x
2.1T U, V 1.70T U, V
code minimum
OR

or lap spliced at least 2+x and

 Clear spacing of bars or wires being developed

 Clear cover at least +x

• • ,q • • ,q
t u +x t u +x
1.40T U, V 1.1T U, V
OTHER CASES

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

TABLE 425.4.2.4
Modification Factors for development length of Deformed bars and deformed wires in tension
MODIFICATION FACTOR CONDTION VALUE OF FACTOR

Lightweight, T
Lightweight condition 0.75
Normal weight concrete 1.0

reinforcement with clear cover less than 3+x or

Epoxy coated or zinc and epoxy dual-coated

clear spacing less than 6+x

1.50

Epoxy, • Epoxy-coated or zinc and epoxy dual coated

1.20
reinforcement for all other conditions
Uncoated or zinc-coated (galvanized)
1.0
reinforcement
25 mm Z and larger bars
Size, •
1.0
20 mm Z and smaller bars and deformed wires 0.80
More than 300mm of fresh concrete placed below
Casting Position, •
1.30
horizontal reinforcement
Other 1.0

? & +
 425.4.10.1 Reduction of development lengths shall be permitted by the use of ratio of

? ' "•&+ +

NOTE: if !‘ z{ “ !‘ I {’ x’ , provide standard hooks

• • • ,q
!‘” t u +x
4.17 T U, V
? & +
!‘” !
z{
? ' "•&+ + ‘”

!‘ I {’ x’ 75 55

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

BEARING ON FOOTING

# 4*

2* # 2*

1
2

*•+ +

# 4*

 All forces acting at the base of a column shall be transferred into the footing by bearing on concrete and by
reinforcement, dowels and mechanical connectors.
 The bearing strength of concrete, , shall not exceed:
?Y ?Y
, • Z0.85, V 0 ; 0 •2
?a ?a
Where: Z 0.65
?a "! 5( " )ℎ !" + +
?Y ''" )&(

16
 The actual bearing stress can be calculated as:
,
?a
6 ’

 If the computed bearing stress is higher than , , it will be necessary to carry the excess force with dowels or with
column bars extended into the footing.
—, , ˜ ∗ ?a
? ‘ –’ / ? z{
6 ’
,q

If the computed bearing stress is lower than , , provide minimum area of dowels
 ? z{ {z6z 0.005?a

or
 Not less than 4 bars for square and rectangular columns or
 Not less than 6 bars for columns with spiral reinforcements or
The difference in bar diameter between column bars and dowels is not more than 4mm

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DOWELS

 425.4.9.1 The development length !‘ for deformed bars and deformed wires in compression shall be the

0.24,*
greater of the following:
" 0.043,q +x " 20055
TU, V

? & +
 425.4.10.1 Reduction of development lengths shall be permitted by the use of ratio of

? ' "•&+ +

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 DESIGN OF SPREAD FOOTING

EXAMPLES:
1. A square footing is supporting a 500mm diameter circular column carrying a dead load of 650kN and live load of 800kN
and a 100mm thick concrete above the natural grade line. The bottom of the footing rests 1.50m below the ground. The
allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 170 kPa. Take , V 28 n1 , ,q 415n1 and {’ 16.20 -</5™ .

2. A 0.50m by 0.50m column carry a dead load and live load of 600kN and 700kN. The bottom of the footing is at 1.30m
below the ground. Take 185 -1 , , V 28 n1 , ,q 415n1 , {’ 16.70 -</5™ and . 2.505. Design the
footing completely.

3. A wall footing is to support a 300mm wide reinforced concrete wall with a dead load of 290kN/m and a live load of 220
kN/m. The bottom of the footing is 1.20m below the final grade. Assume the soil weighs 15.74 kN/m3 and the allowable
soil pressure is 190 kPa, fc’=21MPa, fy=415MPa. Use 16mm diameter temperature bars. Design the footing completely.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
1. A 400mm square tied column supports a dead load of 890kN and a live load of 710kN. A square footing is designed to
support this load with its base at 1.50m below the ground surface. Allowable soil pressure is 240kPa. Assume the soil
weighs 15.74 kN/m3, fc’=28 MPa and fy=415MPa. Design completely.

ANSWERS:
. 2.805
+ & + $* ' ( ℎ&( ℎ 0.446851106 5
+ & + $* $ 5 ℎ 0.352951255 5
60055; + 487.5055
nm 566.7428571 -< 5
p z 6 ‘ 0.002327658
( 10 $

2. A 450x600mm interior column carries a dead load of 850kN and live load of 800kN. A rectangular footing is required to
carry the column such that the short side is 2.80m. Assume base of the footing is 1.60m below the ground surface.
Allowable bearing pressure of soil is 190 kPa. fc’=28 MPa, fy=415 MPa, weight of the soil is 16.50 kN/m3.

ANSWERS:
2 3.805
+ & + $* ' ( ℎ&( ℎ 0.421044013 5
+ & + $* $ 5 ℎ !"( +& )&"( 0.388255272 5
+ & + $* $ 5 ℎ ℎ" ) +& )&"( 0.285124965 5
55055; + 462.5 55

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION:
nm 774.75328 -< 5
p z 6 ‘ 0.003574758
( 10 $

TRANSVERSE DIRECTION:
nm 567.0544419 -< 5
p z 6 ‘ 0.002126843
>š<›šl .?< : ? 4758.671048 55Y ; 10 $
•œ›=• š >š<›šl .?< : 1 ? 849.7626871 55Y ; 1$ ℎ

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO