Taquio, Narz Josef July 25, 2019

Villamor, Ace Concept Paper

Loque, Ruth
Robotics
(A concept Paper)

Technologies now a days have become more popular to the society. Almost all works that

are done involves technology. For instance, large companies like Best Buy uses a robot named

Chloe wherein it operates like a vending machine, only instead of dispensing sweets she dispenses

iPhone chargers and plug adapters. Also Adidas has opened a robotic manufacturing plant in

Germany wherein it eliminates the six week shipping time from suppliers in Asia to Europe Sharp

C. (2017). Among the branches of technology like robotics contributed in a lot of ways whether in

the fields, scenarios, and environment. But what is robotics, where does robotics is use and what

are the risks in the use of robotics?

What is robotics?

In terms of technology, there are a lot of innovative technologies that was used in different

fields like medical, education, industrial and others. One of those innovative technologies that was

invented was robots wherein this term came from the word “robotics”.

Robotics is a part of engineering that concerns with the design, construction, operation,

and application of robots (Rouse, 2015 & Vexrobotics, n.d). Rouse (2015) also added that robotics

connects with electronics, artificial intelligence, mechatronics and bioengineering. It is a machine

that is capable of performing complex tasks and can take the place of humans. With the creation

of robotics there was also the 3 laws which are: Robots must never harm human beings, Robots

Page 1 of 15
must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1, and robots must protect themselves

without violating the other rules. It is also a machine that is man-made and that it can perform like

a human, it can be operated remotely, automatically by themselves or both (Verxrobotics, n.d).

Furthermore, Owen-Hill (2017) stated that robotics is in the branch of technology wherein it is

programmable and caries out series of actions. The factors of robotics include: The interaction of

robots to the physical world through sensors, programmable, and are usually autonomous or semi-

autonomous. It also includes a little in artificial intelligence.

Robots these days are a high piece of technology compared to before. But when was

robotics invented? According to Beal (n.d) the word “robot” was invented by Karl Capek in his

play R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots), and it came from the czech word robota which means

forced labor. In addition, before robotics was created, there was the invention of automation which

was proved by an ancient greek engineer hero of Alexandria through his two texts, Pneumatica

and Automata which shows the different kinds of machines. Now that were in the 20th century,

this has become more advanced and is now called robotics. And the word robotics was accidentally

made in 1941 in a story titled “Liar!” by Isaac Asimov (History of robotics, n.d).

In the invention of robots, researchers have invented many unique components of robots,

but these are the important ones as stated by Samiksha (n,d) which are: endeffector which is

expected to perform normal tasks same as the palm and finger of the human arm, the locomotion

device which is like the muscles of the robots, the controller wherein it is like the brain of the

robot, the sensors which supplies data to the controller, and manipulator where in same as a human

arm that is able to move with its joints, robotics can also perform the same thing by using a

manipulator consisting of several joints. The joints of the robots are also called axes and many

robots doesn’t only have one single type of axes, here are the are six main types of robotics that

Page 2 of 15
has different joint configuration according to RobotWorx (n.d) which are: Cartesian wherein it

have three joints that uses the cartesian coordinates which are x, y, and z, SCARA which is used

in assembly and features two parallel joints, cylindrical wherein it has at least one rotary and one

prismatic joint, delta a spider like robot which is used in food, pharmaceutical, and electronic

industries, polar which is also called spherical robots, and vertically articulated wherein it can have

two to ten or more rotary joints.

Each type has a different arrangement of joints which results to performing different kinds

of tasks in different fields. Each robot has its own unique feature. They also vary in different size,

shape and capabilities, however they also share some functionalities (RobotWorx, n.d). There are

15 different types of robots as stated by IEE (n.d), and they are: aerospace wherein it includes all

kinds of flying robots and can also in space, consumer which is use just for fun or to help you with

tasks and chores, disaster response wherein it performs dangerous jobs in the aftermath of a

disaster, drones which is used for long-duration surveillance, education wherein it is use at home

or in classrooms and that is mostly used for teching, entertainment which is designed to evoke an

emotional response, exoskeletons are used for physical rehabilitation and for enabling a paralyzed

patient walk again, humanoids are robots that is designed to look like people, industrial robots

which consists of a manipulator arm designed to perform repetitive tasks, medical which is used

in healthcare applications, military and security which is used for military purposes, research

wherein it is primarily intended to help researchers, self-driving cars, and telepresence wherein it

allow you to be present at a place without actually going there.

All in all robotics was the study of robots that was discovered in the ancient era but it is

only customized in this generation. In addition robots may be just a machine but it works like

human.

Page 3 of 15
What are the uses of Robotics to?

A. Industry

Economy of every country is valued by the government since economy shows how well or

poor the country of every individual. So when the robot rises it contributed a lot in the economy

mostly in the industry of every country.

Robots discovery in the industry proposed 3 purpose of robots in the industry and the first

one is due to the lack of workers in the industrial factories (Fujiwara, 2018). Second is according

to Mendes (2014) and RobotWorx (2019) the purpose of robots in the industry was to perform or

handle risky or dangerous jobs that are present in the workplace. And lastly the robots purpose

was to ensure productivity of products in its minimal cost to meet the expectations of costumers

(Lawton, 2018).

As the automation of robot rises the uses of robots was boosted in every industrial company

just as what Bouchard (2014) stated saying that robots are now used in factory for manufacturing

applications. These applications can be assembling, palletizing, painting, welding, and handling

tasks such as picking and packing (Lohrey, 2017 & Hagele, et al., 2007). Aside from the used of

robots in manufacturing, robots are also used to ensure the safety of workers by handling the

difficult and dangerous works that are present in factories as stated by RobotWorx (n.d.), Hagele,

et al., 2007, and Beal (n.d.). In addition Matthews (2018) and Lawton (2018) said robots in the

industry are used to reduced waste and produce high quality products with efficient productivity.

When there are uses, there are also benefits that robots gives in the industry. There are 4

benefits of robotics and these are robots are capable of performing difficult task and robots can

work in different environment due to its flexibility (RobotWorx, 2019). Next is the robots

increased the companies competitiveness that is helpful for every workers as stated by McKewen

Page 4 of 15
(2016). And the last benefits of robots are robots reduced product damage and it perform quiet

operation with accuracy (MHI, 2019).

To give more ideas regarding the robots in the industry here are some example of robots in

the industry. First is the redundant robot (Bouchard, 2014), second is the Yamaha’s Motobot

(Schmidt, 2018) and lastly is the Cartesian Robot (Industrial Automation, 2018). These robots are

used for handling, testing vehicles and knowing the applications need by configuration.

Over all robotics was guaranteed as helpful in the industry, thus this only means that robots

really perform efficient works in the industry such as in the factories, car companies and other

branches of industry.

B. Medical field

Aside from the usage of robots in the industry, robots are also used in the medical field. In

the medical field lot of doctors and surgeons are being helped by robots to make the hospital free

for everyone who need treatment.

In the medical field robots was intentionally made to perform complicated operations

(Schmidt, 2018). Furthermore Kevin- F (2019) stated that robots are bound to improve diagnostic

capabilities of every hospital and to ensure that the patients would be comfortable within the

hospital facilities. Another purpose of robots is that robots are purposely design for laboratories

and surgery uses as stated by All on Robots (2019). Last but not the least purpose of robots was to

reduce medications for patients and to minimize the entry of patients in the hospital (Soffar, 2019).

Since robots are intended to be used by surgeons and researchers, here are the usage of

medical robots. Crawford (2016) said that the use of every robots in the hospital is to accommodate

the patients and doctors either in medication or assistance. To accommodate doctors and patients

the robots are used to transport medical supplies, help surgeons in operations and lastly help the

Page 5 of 15
patients and the medical workers within the facilities as stated by the following Matthews (2018),

Reik (n.d.), and RobotWorx (2019). In addition to the given usage of robots Veerabhadram (2011)

said that robots are used to maintain cleanliness in the hospital facilities and also used to prepare

meals for patients.

With the uses and purpose of medical robots, benefits can be identified and there are 3

benefits stated by RobotWorx (2019), UC Health (2019), and Adena (2019). For RobotWorx

(2019) the benefits of robots is that the procedures in operations are now less invasive and the

recovery of each patients are now less painful. The UC Health (2019) discussed that the benefits

of robots in the field of medical are shorter hospitalization, reduced pain and discomfort for patient,

faster recovery and others. And lastly the benefits of robots according to Adena (2019) are it

reduces human failure and blood loss and it help the doctors in the operation.

To gain more view with the benefits of robots in medical here are some examples from

Tomlinson (2018). First is the daVinci robot wherein it is use to perform operation which provide

the reduction of infections and bleeding of wounds. Next is the Antibacterial Nanorobots, this

robot function in clearing bacterial infections from the blood of its patients. Aside from Tomlinson,

Len Calderone (2018) stated that one example of robot is the CyberKnife robot. The CyberKnife

robot was specialized in removing tumor using radiation therapy that is beneficial for its patients.

Medical robots are really helpful to everyone since medicine is very crucial to every

individual in the society. And also medical robots are really needed in medical field in order for

them to minimize patients that are coming in the hospital.

C. Education

Page 6 of 15
 Education this days are now evolving to technology education wherein projectors, smart

TV and others are used in the classroom. Due to this robots which are part of technology is now

used in education.

Robots in the field of education didn’t just show up instead it was invented in purpose. The

common purpose of robots in education is for teaching purposes only mostly in the course of

technology (gwsRobotics, n.d.). Moreover Morgan (2015) stated that the main purpose of robot is

to reduce the effort and time of every students in their given subject. In addition Lynchmarch

(2017) and Soffar (2015) said that the purpose of robots in education are to improve creativity and

engineering skill of students and also to increase the innovative thinking of the students that are

helpful in their studies.

Mostly the purpose of robots in the education focuses on the student so for further

information the uses of robots in education is mostly for learners or students. Purdue University

(2019) and Shearer (2018) once said that the use of robots are to teach and assist children with or

without disabilities. In addition robots are used to provide technology education to make the robot

as a peer or tutor of students in mathematics, ICT and others subjects of the student.

Aside from the purposes and uses of robots, robots also give benefits like it enhance

communication skill (Maurer, 2016), develop teamwork and leadership skill of students (India

First Robotics, 2019), and lastly the benefits of robotics is that it promote creative way of problem-

solving and language development (Roybi Robot, n.d.).

Here are some examples of robots in the field of education that shows the benefits and uses

of robots. According to Robots and Androids (n.nd.) there are 2 example of robots that are used in

education these are the Androbot’s Topo by Nolan Bushnell and the Vex Robotic. This 2 robots

Page 7 of 15
are used for communication, performing task in education, and evaluating the needs of every

students. Another example of robot by Pelletier (n.d.) is the Sphero robot which was used by

middle and high schoolers for them to learn.

Now robots are really helpful in education since robots are used for the learners to learn

and for the learners to be entertained for them to be motivated and to be more participative in

learning. Overall robots are really helpful not only to learners but also for educators

What are the Risks in robotics?

Robots has a lot of benefits but why not think that aside from the benefits there are dangers

that can be encountered just by using robots in workplace. These dangers that came from robots

can harm or injure humans whether it is accidentally or not.

Humans can encounter risks that is cause by robots, according to Zurich (2016) as

businesses become more and more automated, business processes are bound to be more efficient.

Robots, nowadays are evidently increasing in public and private workplaces. Whether or not

costumers are using robots, it is a fact that health and safety issues regarding robots, should always

be considered. Tegmark (2016) also stated that the AI/robots are programmed to do something

devastating. Autonomous weapons are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person these

weapons could cause massive casualties. To avoid being confronted by the enemies, these weapons

are designed to be inaccessible to those who possess no operation knowledge. One example of

incidents regarding robots is Robert Williams was the first to be killed by a robot wherein he was

crushed to death by a one tonne robot. And the court concluded that he was struck on the head due

to lack of safety measures (Tucker, 2018).

Page 8 of 15
 Just as stated robots really causes harm and risks to every individual either it is intentional

or accident. However the accidents regarding robots are not all done by robots instead it can be

human error. So think carefully before using robots to avoid such accidents.

With all of these in mind readers may say that robotics is part of engineering that follow 3

laws, also robotics portray the different benefits of robots in the different field of industries

however robots are still machine that can harm humans even though it has a lot of benefits. But

that doesn’t mean to remove the existence of robot in the economy since robots are still beneficial

to every individual. One person may think that the presence of robots in the workplace may be

hazardous, however don’t just think practically but instead think critically since the modern world

is now living in technology. To every individual robots are bound to be the helpers of human but

don’t let robots perform activities that are bound to harm other people.

Page 9 of 15
 References

Acer. (2017). How Robotics Improves Education at School. Retrieved from eu-

acerforeducation.acer.com/innovative-technologies/how-robotics-improves-education-at-

school/

Adena. (2019). 5 Benefits of Robotic Surgery. Retrieved from

https://www.adena.org/media/newsdetail.dT/5-benefits-of-robotic-surgery

All on Robots. (2019). Medical robots today and tomorrow. Retrieve from

www.allonrobots.com/medical-robots.html

Barden. (2017). Pros and Cons of having robots in the workplace. Retrieved from

https://recruitloop.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-having-robots-in-the-workplace/

Beal. (n.d). robotics. Retrieved from https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/robotics.html

Bindaya, V. (2015). Robotics project ppt. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/uundavallishreya/robotics-project-ppt?next_slideshow=1

Bouchard, S. (2014). Industrial robots: What are the different types?. Retrieved from

https://blog.robotiq.com//bid/63528/what-are-the-different-types-of-industrial-robots

Bright Hub Engineering. (2019). Robotics in the medical field. Retrieved from

https://www.brighthubengineering.com/robotics/95856-use-of-robotics-in-the-medical-

field/

Calderone, L. (2018). Advancement of robots in medicine. Retrieved from

https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/article/2018/05/advancement-of-robots-in-

medicine/11948/

Crawford, M. (2016). Top 6 Robotic Applications in Medicine. Retrieved from

www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/top-6-robotic-applications-in-medicine

Page 10 of 15
Fujiwara, H. (2018). Why Japans leads industrial robot production. Retrieved from

https://ifr.org/post/why-japans-leads-industrial-robot-production

gwsRobotics. (n.d.). Robots in Education. Retrieved from www.gwsrobotics.com/robotss-

education

Hagele, M., Nilsson, K., & Pires, J. N. (2007). Industrial Robotics. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226964084

History of robotics. (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/automation-

electronics/history-of-robotics/

IEE. (n.d). Types of robots. Retrieved from https://robots.ieee.org/learn/types-of-robots

India First Robotics. (2019). Benefits of Robotics In Education. Retrieved from

indiafirstrobotics.com/benefits-of-robotics-in-education/

Industrial Automation. (2018). 6 Majors Types of Industrial Robots Used in the Global

Manufacturing 2018. Retrieved from https://blog.technavio.com/blog/major-types-of-

industrial-robots

Javatpoint. (n.d). components of robots. Retrieved from https://www.javatpoint.com/components-

of-robot

Kapila, V. (n.d). Introduction to robotics. Retrieved from https://mecchatronis-poly.edu

Kevin-F. (2019). Robotics in Medical Field. Retrieved from

www.brighthubengineering.com/robotics/95856-use-of-robotics-in-medical-field/

Lawton, J. (2018). The Role Of Robots In Industry 4.0. Retrieved from

https://www.forbes.com/sies/jimlawton/2018/03/20/the-role-of-robots-in-industry-4-

0/#6c47e68d706b

Page 11 of 15
Lohrey, J. (2017). How are robots used in the industry?. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com-

how-does-4572605-robots-used-industry-html

Lynchmarch, M. (2017). Five Reasons To Teach Robotics In Schools. Retrieved from

https://www.thetechedvocate.org/five-reasons-to-teach-robotics-in-schools/

Matthews, K. (2018). 6 Industries that Have Been Improved by Robotic Automation. Retrieved

from https://blog.robotiq.com/6-industries-that-have-been-improved-by-robotic-

automation

Maurer, K. (2016). The Top Five Unexpected Benefits of Robotics in the Classroom. Retrieved

from https://www.gettingsmart.com/2016/11/unexpected-benefits-of-robotics-in-the-

classroom/

McKewen, E. (2016). Uncovering the Benefits of Robots in Manufacturing [Part 2 of 2]. Retrieved

from www-cmtc-com.cdn.amppproject.org/v/s/www.cmtc.com/blog/benefits-of-robots-

in-manufacturing

Mendes. (2014). Different purposes of robots. Retrieved from

https://prezi.com/utortur1rrmc/different-purposes-of-robots/

MHI. (2019). Industrial Robots. Retrieved from www.mhi.org/fundamentals/robots

Morgan, K. (2015). Important Role of Robots in Educating People. Retrieved from

https://www.rrobotlab.com/blog/important-role-of-robots-in-educating-people

Owen-hill. (2017). What’s the difference between robots and artificial intelligence?. Retrieved

from https://blog.robotiq.com/whats-the-differene-between-robotics-and-artificial-

intelligence

Page 12 of 15
Pelletier, M. (n.d.). Robotics in Education: Constructing, Coding, and Competing. Retrieved from

https://www.educationalworld.com/robotics-education-constructing-coding-and-

competing

Purdue University. (2019). The Use Of Robotics And Simulators In The Education Environment.

Retrieved from online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/robotics-

simulators-education-environment

Riek, L. D. (n.d.). Healthcare Robotics. Communications of the ACM, 60(11), 68- 78. doi:

10.1145/3127874

Robotics Chief. (2018). Why do we build robots, what is the purpose?. Retrieved from

https://www.quora.com/why-do-we-build-robots-what-is-the-purpose

Robots and Androids. (n.d.). Educational Robots. Retrieved from www.robots-and-

androids.com/educational-robots.html

RobotWorx. (2019). Benefits of Using Robotics. Retrieved from

https://www.robots.com/articles/benefits-of-using-robotics

Robotworx. (n.d). What are the main types of robots?. Retrieved from

https://www.robots.com/faq/what-are-the-main-types-of-robots

RobotWorx. (n.d.). Industrial Robot Applications. Retrieved from

https://www.robots.com/applications

Rouse, M. (2015). Robotics. Retrieved from https://whatis.techtarget.com/defenition/robotics

Roybi Robot. (n.d.). 3 Ways Educational Robotics can Benefit Learning Outcomes. Retrieved from

https://meduim.com/roybi-robot/3-ways-educational-robotics-cn-benefit-learning-

outcomes-70187beb133d

Page 13 of 15
Safestart. (2017). Common manufacturing hazards when working with robots. Retrieved from

https://safestart.com/news/7-common-manufacturing-hazards-when-working-robots/

Schmidt, S. (2018). 5 Major Industries That Will Be Changed by Robots. Retrieved from

https://blog.marketresearch.com/5-major-industries-that-will-be-changed-by-robots

Shearer, S. (2018). Are Robots the Future of Education?. Retrieved from abilitynet.org.uk/news-

blogs/are-robots-future-education

Smiksha, S. (n.d). Robots: 5 important components of robots. Retrieved from

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/robots/robots-5-imoortant-components-of-

robots/5692

Soffar, H. (2015). The importance and uses of the educational robotics for students. Retrieved from

www.online-sciences-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.online-

sciences.com/robotics/the-importance-and-uses-of-the-educational-robotics-for-the-

students/

Soffar, H. (2019). The importance and uses of robots in medicine. Retrieved from

https://www.online-sciences.com/robotics/the-importance-and-uses-of-robots-in-

medicine/

Soffar. (2019). Laboratory robotics uses advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved from

https://www.onlinescience.com/robotics/ laboratory-robotics-uses-advantages-and-

disadvantages

Soffar. (n.d). Disadvantages of using robots in our life. Retrieved from https://www.online-

sciences.com/robotics/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-robots-in-our-life/

Page 14 of 15
Stevens, C. J., Shahid, S., Dong, J., Mubin, O., & Al Mahmud, A. (2013). A Review of the

Applicability of Robots in Education. Technology for Education and Learning, 1- 7.

doi:10.2316/Journal.209.2013.1.209-0015

Stojkovic, A. (2017). The Use of Robotics in Education. Retrieved from

novakdjokoicfoundation.org/use-robotics-education/

Techopedia. (n.d). Robotics. Retrieved from

https://www.techopedia.com/defenition/32836/robotics

Tomlinson, Z. (2018). 15 Medical Robots That Are Changing the World. Retrieved from

https://intrestingegineering.com/15-medical-robots-that-are-changing-the-world

Vexrobotics. (n.d). What is robotics?. Retrieved from

https://www.vexrobotics.com/vexiq/education/iq-curriculum/its-your-future/what-is-

robotics

Tucker. (2018). Death by robot: the new mechanised danger in our changing world. Retrieved

from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/25/death-by-robot-mechanised-

danger-in-our-changing-world

UC Health. (2019). Benefits of Robotic Surgery. Retrieved from

https://www.uchealth.com/services/robotic-surgery/patient-information/benefits/

Veerabhadram, P. (2011). Applications of Robotics in Medicine. International Journal of Scientific

and Engineering Research, 2(8), 1- 5.

Vexrobotics. (n.d). What is robotics?. Retrieved from

https://www.vexrobotics.com/vexiq/education/iq-curriculum/its-your-future/what-is-

robotics

Page 15 of 15