Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature
Chinese researchers discovered that cabbage as the basic raw materials, added
different modification reagents are used to produce vegetable wrapping papers. By
examining paper morphology, flexibility and mechanical properties, a better formula for
making vegetable packaging has obtained. It can be found from experiments that
introduction gelatin or glycerin or soy protein or alginate into cabbage wrappings has led
to improved flexibility and increased mechanical strength. Adding gelatin into cabbage
has improved mechanical strength and flexibility of the cabbage papers. Introducing
sodium alginate into cabbage, there is no significant increase in paper mechanical
property but a slight increase for paper flexibility. Adding soy protein into cabbage, the
resultant paper has a little increase in flexibility but poorer paper morphology like
uneven and rude paper appearance. However, by adding gelatin and glycerin solution
into cabbage is found to result in high-quality paper whose properties are all better than
the cases for other additives. More important, the impregnation technique used for
forming cabbage wrappings has subsequently produced vegetables with excellence in
both flexibility and mechanical properties. (Yu-hua GUO, Li-jun TENG, Zhen HUANG
Food Science and Technology 1, 2010)
In the production of white paper, the wood pulp is bleached to remove any color
from the trace amounts of lignin that was not extracted in the chemical pulping process.
Paper chemicals designate a group of chemicals that are used for paper manufacturing,
or modify the properties of paper. These chemicals can be used to alter the paper in
many ways, including changing its color and brightness, or by increasing its strength
and resistance to water.
Based on the publication Cal Recycle, chlorine is used to give paper its white
appearance and to remove “lignin”, an element of wood fiber that yellows paper when
exposed to sunlight (as occurs with newsprint). Wood-based paper is brown in its
natural state, as evidenced by brown paper bags and most cardboard boxes, which are
made from unbleached paper. Both wood-based and tree-free papers are available in
the chlorine-free variety, although the percentage of wood-based papers that are
chlorine-free is very small, while the percentage of tree-free papers that are chlorine-
free is very high. Chlorine-free paper is categorized as either "totally chlorine-free"
(TCF) or "elemental chlorine-free" (ECF). TCF paper is produced with pulp that has
been bleached without any type of chlorine, or that has not been bleached at all. ECF
papers are produced from pulp that has been bleached with a chlorine derivative such
as chlorine dioxide (clo2), but without elemental chlorine (Cl). TCF papers are much
more environmentally preferable than ECF papers because chlorine derivatives—while
less harmful to the environment than elemental chlorine—still produce toxic chlorinated
organic compounds, including chloroform, a known carcinogen. These compounds are
released into waterways as effluent from the bleaching process, where they produce
environmental damage. Oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide are some bleaching
alternatives to chlorine and chlorine derivatives. Recycled papers are typically
"processed-chlorine-free" (PCF), which means that no chlorine or chlorine derivatives
were used in the recycling process, but that papers which were originally bleached with
chlorine or chlorine derivatives may have been used as feedstock. (Papers that were
originally bleached with chlorine or chlorine derivatives retain some of the chemicals in
their fibers.) Some paper recycling processes, such as those that produce white printing
and writing papers, still use chlorine or chlorine derivatives to bleach the paper whiter.
Recycled paper that is produced with chlorine or chlorine derivatives, is not PCF.
Mineral fillers are used to lower the consumption of more expensive binder
material or to improve some properties of the paper. China clay, calcium
carbonate, titanium dioxide, and talc are common mineral fillers used in paper
production.
Kaolin clay is a dominant paper filler material which is derived from kaolinite. It is
also known as china clay, since the mineral primarily found in kao-ling, china. Another
name of kaolin clay is white clay or light clay or heavy clay. The chemical formula of
kaolin clay is hydrated aluminum silicate (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O). Hydrated aluminum
silicate is also known as hydrous kaolin clay. Hydrous kaolin clay is popular paper filler
due to its low price, low abrasiveness, good availability and relatively white in color.
Before 1990s it is most uses paper filler in Europe and the United States. The sources
of kaolin clay are china, USA, Canada, Australia, UK, Brazil, Ukraine, Germany, Iran,
Bulgaria, France, Korea, India and the Czech Republic. Kaolin clay provides smooth
surface of the paper, improves opacity, gloss and printability. The particles of china clay
provide the paper high density, as a result reduces the coating penetration into the
paper. The light scattering coefficient is increased hence increase the opacity and
brightness. Less wire abrasion therefore extends life time of the wire cloth in paper
machine compare with the GCC and PCC. Improve dewatering. Kaolin clay decreases
the strength of paper and creates little foam.
Flour, finely ground cereal grains or other starchy portions of plants, used in
various food products and as a basic ingredient of baked goods. Flour made from wheat
grains is the most satisfactory type for baked products that require spongy structure. In
modern usage, the word flour alone usually refers to wheat flour, the major type in
Western countries. Wheat grains, or kernels, are composed of the starchy endosperm,
or food-storage portion, constituting about 85 percent; several outer layers that make up
the bran, constituting about 13 percent; and the oily germ, or embryo plant,
approximately 2 percent. In the production of refined flour, the purpose of
the milling process is to separate the endosperm from the other kernel portions. In the
production of whole wheat flour, all parts of the kernel are used. Wheat grains, or
kernels, are composed of the starchy endosperm, or food-storage
portion, constituting about 85 percent; several outer layers that make up the bran,
constituting about 13 percent; and the oily germ, or embryo plant, approximately 2
percent. In the production of refined flour, the purpose of the milling process is to
separate the endosperm from the other kernel portions. In the production of whole
wheat flour, all parts of the kernel are used.

Review of Related Study

In china a researcher invented an bank-note paper with banana fiber as an
alternative paper. The present invention is related to those in the papermaking banana
stalks, stems, leaves and the like (hereinafter referred to as banana fibers) based raw
materials. Thereafter, domestic (including the applicant of the present invention) and
then continue into research, a number of patents and won actuator, generally, been
found that the advantages of banana fiber, which is generally known as a conclusion:
tensile strength than Kraft pulp physical properties nearly twice, kneading resistance
force more particularly, Trials than 10 times the paper is made higher than flax, sisal
twice or more, slightly higher than abaca (Manila hemp 8000 to 9000, and 9600 of
banana fiber is ~ 11500 to the genus valuable), as bursting strength, tear strength and
other forces are paper having excellent characteristics. It also confirmed the banana
stems and leaves can be mixed pulp and paper, on the processing of raw materials a lot
of convenience than wood, bamboo. Zhongshan using fiber and pectin, wax into gum,
can reduce the amount of sizing desired glue on the paper, good water resistance, good
density of the paper were contained. ( Li Yihai 1993)
On 1966 researchers developed pupae of the cabbage looper as an alternative
paper.The number of pupae of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), harvested
per 0.18- or 0.24-liter (6- or 8-oz) rearing container decreased with the increasing
number of larvae reared per container. Pupal weights of both sexes were significantly
reduced at high larval densities; but mating, moth mortality, oviposition, and egg viability
of adults from larvae reared at high densities were not affected. Providing more surface
area within the rearing container had no effect on number of larvae that pupated. When
2, 4, 6, or 8 larvae were reared in 0.030-liter (1-oz) containers supplied with 10 or 15 ml
of medium, results were similar. High adult density in cages resulted in reduced
oviposition and increased mortality. (TJ Henneberry and AN Kishaba, (1966), Journal of
economic entomolog (p. 1490-1493)
On 1994 researchers discovered the grease resistance of corn zein coated
paper was measured as related to coating level, plasticizer addition and time. Overall
grease resistance ws normalized by time and expressed as percent area stained/hr
(%AS. hr‐1). For a 2.2 kg coating ream‐1 of paper, %AS hr‐1 was greater than both
unplasticized and plasticized 4.4 and 6.6 kg ream‐1 coating levels (p < 0.001). There
was no difference in %AS hr‐1 among 4.4 and 6.6 kg ream‐1 zein coated and
commercial polyethylene laminated paper (p:ME0.098). Plasticizer increased (p <
0.001) and creasing had no effect (p=0.71) on %AS hr‐1. Electron microscopy showed
discontinuities in zein coating at the 2.2 kg ream‐1 level. The 4.4 and 6.6 kg‐1 ream‐1
levels showed uniform coatings.( TA Trezza and PJ Vergano (1994), Journal of food
science p.912-915).
On 1963,When virgin male cabbage loopers were exposed to filter-paper strips
containing an extract from female abdomens, they exhibited a response lasting from 2
to 5 minutes. Gases of a component (or components) of these extracts emanating from
a chromatography column attracted the males and then evoked the same response.
The attractant is fairly volatile and has relatively low molecular weight. (CM Ignoffo, RS
Berger, HM Graham, DF Martin Science 141 (3584), 902-903).