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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Background of the Study

Paper is one of the most important products that is used for many purposes

especially, for the students who are studying and doing their everyday school works.

Increasing the demand for paper leads to rapid environmental destruction.

However, this present environmental issue can be resolved by using non- timber

resources for making paper. Although, the major source of fiber for paper production is

from wood plant, a rise in environmental issues such as water and air pollution,

overflowing landfills and the global climate change has led to many governments

increasing regulations.

The amount of paper and paper products used is so enormous that the

environmental impact of the pollution caused by it is also very significant. Therefore,

great efforts are require to ensure that the environment is protected during the production,

use and recycling/disposal of this enormous volume of material.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2017) has found that

recycling paper cause 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making

virgin paper. Paper pollution refers to environmental pollution caused by the production,

use and recycling of paper.  Paper pollution causes severe adverse effects to the quality of

air, water and land.  Discarded paper is a major component of many landfill sites.  Paper

recycling is also a source of pollution due to the sludge produced during deinking. Trees

store carbon dioxide, which was release when cutting them down, burning them or

making them into pulp for paper production.

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Due to the rising of environmental issues brought by the production of paper from

wood trees, many alternatives have been introduced to replace the main sources of wood

in pulp and paper industry. Using wood as a raw material for paper production causes

deforestation and the subsequent possibility of a limited timber resources crisis. In the

past four decades, the use of paper has risen by 400%. Deforestation has become a major

problem, both in developing and developed areas. These are air pollution, water

pollution, paper waste, chlorine and chlorine-based materials, and greenhouse gas

emissions (Shisia, 2018).

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or locally known as “tigbao nga pula”

(Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) is one of the most widely grown plants and it is

tropical and subtropical, perennial grass to produce multiple stems, typically 3 to 4

meters high and about 5 cm in diameter. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when

mature contributes about 75% of the entire plant. A mature stalk is typically composed of

11 to 17% of fibre, 12 to 16% of soluble sugars (Gibbons, n.d.).

Moreover, this plant was abundant in the community of Brgy. Dumolog. This

plant can grow anywhere and the people of Brgy. Dumolog do not know what benefits

and products they could get out of it. They commonly ignore it and usually cut it because

it became a hindrance on street lane. Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga

pula” is growing fast than the other trees and plants that grows for a number of years.

This plant can help minimize or lessen the cutting of trees that will probably result to the

destruction of the environment, and the Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga

pula” will serve as an alternative ingredient for the production of paper.

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“Tigbao nga pula” could be considered relatively as new source of fiber in paper

manufacturing industry. It might be an alternative way to reduce environmental problems

including the cutting of trees. It can be a source of paper production because “tigbao nga

pula” fiber is a natural fiber obtained from the fiber-rich parts of the plant.

Thus, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a paper from Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’). It sought to

determine its paper potential level in terms texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile

strength.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is shown in figure 1 below. As seen

below, the independent variables were the three (3) different treatments of Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’):

Treatment A (100% bast fiber); Treatment B (100% leaf fiber) and Treatment C (50%

bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber). The dependent variable was the potential level of the

aforementioned three treatments and control in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM,

and tensile strength.

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Different Treatments of Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke Sugarcane Plant
or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum
officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’)
Potential Level in terms of
Treatment A: 100% Bast Fiber
Treatment B: 100% Leaf Fiber
Texture
Treatment C: 50% Bast Fiber + 50%
Folding Endurance
Leaf Fiber
GSM
Tensile Strength
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Control: Manila Paper

Figure 1 presents the schematic diagram showing the different treatments of Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’),

control and their potential level in terms texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile

strength.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed, in general, to develop and evaluate an alternative paper from

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’) bast and leaf fibers.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the paper potential level of treatment A [100% of Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast fiber] in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

2. What is the paper potential level of treatment B [100% of Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) leaf fiber] in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

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3. What is the paper potential level of treatment C [50% of Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) bast fiber and

50% leaf fiber] in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

4. What is the paper potential level of the Control (Manila paper) in terms of

texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

5. Is there a significant difference in the paper potential level of treatments A, B

and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum

‘Peles Smoke) and the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, folding endurance,

GSM, and tensile strength?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the paper potential level of treatments A, B

and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum

‘Peles Smoke) and the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, folding endurance,

GSM, and tensile strength.

Significance of the Study

Papers are vital for the paper production which leads to rapid environmental

destruction. However, this present environmental issue can be resolved by using non-

timber resources for making paper. Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula”

is considered as hindrance in every sideways of the highway roads. Since paper could be

produced also from plant fiber, the utilization of “tigbao nga pula” can be possible. Thus,

this study aimed to develop and evaluate the different treatments of the alternative paper
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from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum

‘Peles Smoke’) in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength. The

results of this study may be beneficial to the paper manufacturers, students, teachers,

community, Local Government Unit (LGU), Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR), and future researchers.

Paper Manufacturers. Through the results of this study, the paper

manufacturers will gain additional information about other alternative sources of fiber

aside from trees for paper production. By this, they may use “tigbao nga pula” or other

plants as raw materials for making paper that they can supply to the market without or

with less significant environmental impact.

Students. The results of this research will help the students because they will

enable them to make paper with the use of “tigbao nga pula”. Since, the Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “Tigbao nga Pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) was

abundant in their locality which means they can also do it for themselves without

spending too much money and also it was not expensive and burden to them.

Teachers. This study might also be beneficial to them because they are the one

who can also use paper in writing, printing and some important matters. By means of this

experiment, a new product will help them to be more resourceful and they will be

enlightened by the uncommon plant that can produce a paper.

Community. This study will also be beneficial to them, because by this study

they can get a new source of income for their daily needs and by earning, they can

usefully use Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke for another product. Aside from it, it will

lessen paper garbage.

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Local Government Unit. This study might also be beneficial to them because

they play a major role in a community's development, they provide the links between the

people and government, address its community's problems and concerns, through this

study they can gain a new knowledge on how to lessen the cutting trees of making a

paper. Since, that this study will help them to promote advocacy that instead of cutting

trees for making a paper they can use alternative plant to produce a paper and that is the

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga Pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’).

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. They can also benefit in

this study through lessening the cutting of trees because there will be an alternative

material that they can use by making or producing paper because they are the one who is

responsible for governing and supervising the exploration for a new product.

Future Researchers. The future researchers will also benefit, they can get more

knowledge about this study of how to make paper from “tigbao nga Pula”. This study can

serve as a foundation and a springboard of reference for future related studies.

Definition of Terms

In view of this study, the following terms were used and defined conceptually and

operationally.

Fiber – refers to a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used to

make cloth, paper, etc. (Merriam Webster, 1892).

In this study, “fiber” referred to the thread or filament obtained from the bark bast

and leaf of “tigbao nga pula” which is used for making paper.
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Folding Endurance – refers to the durability of paper when repeatedly folded

under constant load; determining how many times the paper fold until it breaks (Taylor,

n.d.).

In this study, “folding endurance” referred to the maximum number of folds a

paper can make until it breaks and measured by folding the paper repeatedly using hands.

GSM - refers to the “grams per square meter” which allows print buyers and print

suppliers to know exactly about the quality of paper that is being ordered. The higher the

GSM number, the heavier the paper (Banana Print, 2018).

In this study, “GSM” referred to how heavy or light the paper is and measured by

obtaining the paper’s weight using a digital weighing scale and area using a foot ruler and

getting the quotient of the two. GSM is expressed in grams per square meter (g/m2).

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke – refers to an ornamental, but edible

sugarcane. The strap-like leaves begin deep green and immediately turn a dark smoke

purple and it is a dwarf, smaller cane variety better suited to patio container growing than

the more common commercial cane (Urban Tropicals, 2019).

In this study, “Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke” referred to an abundant grass

locally known as “tigbao nga pula”, growing anywhere in Brgy. Dumolog and in which,

bast and leaf fibers are used for the production of paper in this study.

Potential – refers to having or showing the capacity to become or develop into

something in the future (Oxford Dictionary, 2010).

In this study, “potential level” referred to the degree of capacity of Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke to be an alternative source of fiber for paper making in terms of

texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength.

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Tensile Strength – refers to the maximum stress to break a strip of paper sheet

(Pulp Paper Mill, 2014).

In this study, “tensile strength” referred to the maximum workload carried by the

paper until it breaks divided by its area. It is expressed in kilogram per centimeter square

(kg/cm2).

Texture – refers to the characteristic physical structure given to a material, an

object, etc., by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of its parts (Dictionary.com,

2019).

In this study, “texture” referred to the smoothness or roughness of a paper surface

evaluated through a sensory test.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an alternative paper from

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’) bast and leaf fiber.

This study was conducted at Dumolog National School during the school year

2019-2020, 1st semester.

The study was limited to the use of “tigbao nga pula” bast fiber and leaf fiber.

Three (3) treatments and the control (manila paper) were used in this study. Treatments

were A (100% of bast fiber), B (100% of leaf fiber), C (50% of bast fiber and 50% leaf

fiber). Each treatment and the control were replicated three (3) times.

This study adopted a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) type of experimental

research. The independent variables of this study were the three (3) different treatments
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of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’): Treatment A (100% bast fiber); Treatment B (100% leaf fiber); Treatment C

(50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) and the Control (manila paper) while the dependent

variable was the potential level of the aforementioned three treatments and control in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.

Two testing methods were used to evaluate the potential of the paper s. Sensory test

was used to evaluate the texture. 30 people composed of 15 teachers and 15 students were

purposively selected as panel of evaluators because of their expertise and availability.

Laboratory test, conducted at Dumolog National High School and under the close

supervision of two (2) Science teachers, was used to measure the folding endurance,

GSM and tensile strength of the papers.

The study used statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and ANOVA of

four independent samples. The inferential statistics was set at 0.05 level of significance.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background Information of Paper

Paper is a material that has been around for about 2000 years. It was developed in

China in the first or second century AD, and it is made by pressing together the moist
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fibers of cellulose derived from plants and then dried to result in flexible sheets. This, in

turn, has accelerated information duplication and exchange, and led to the cultural and

technological advancements that have seen in the last two millennia (for better or worse)

(Bako, 2016).

According to The Gale Group, INC. (2010), accepted in the USSR, paper is

divided into 11 classes:

(1) Paper for printing (including typographic paper, offset papers, illustration paper for

deep impressions, cartographic paper, and coated paper), which is distinguished by great

smoothness and whiteness and absorbs printing ink well. This class also includes

newsprint of cheaper fibrous materials without sizing, without fillers, or with a lower

proportion of fillers, as well as wallpaper.

(2) Paper for writing (including writing, letter, envelope, and postcard paper); it is

distinguished by good sizing, low absorbency, and great smoothness. Paper of the first

two classes is made from unbleached and bleached sulfate and sulfite cellulose, as well as

with the use of rag pulp and ground wood.

(3) Drafting and drawing paper (includes drawing, drafting, transparent drafting, and

tracing paper), which is usually made without fillers or with a low content of fillers and is

well sized; the transparency of some of the kinds of this paper is achieved by thorough

moistening and calendering under great pressure from the rolls. This paper is made from

unbleached sulfate cellulose; for certain types of paper an admixture of wood, rag, and

cotton pulp is used.

(4) Electrical insulating paper (includes capacitor tissue paper, cable paper, telephone

cable paper, and insulating winding paper); it is distinguished by high mechanical

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durability, and good nonconductor qualities. It is usually made of unbleached sulfate

cellulose of low ash content and high purity and without fillers or paper-sizing

substances.

(5) Cigarette paper (mouthpiece paper, cigarette tissue paper, cigarette paper, smoking

paper), which exhibits a great variety in composition, properties, and production

technology. The raw material for this class of paper is bleached or unbleached sulfite

cellulose with admixtures of bleached wood pulp or wastes from flax or hemp production

(combings).

(6) Absorbing paper (filter, blotting, and impregnating paper), which is used in the

production of hard-fiber paper, parchment, sanitary and hygienic products, and so on; it is

highly porous and absorbs liquids well.

(7) Paper for equipment (telegraph tapes, Creed tapes, punched-card paper, and so on),

which has an especially high degree of mechanical strength. It is made of unbleached

sulfite or sulfate cellulose, the latter in the case of paper for accounting machines, with an

admixture of wood pulp in some instances.

(8) Sensitized paper (base paper), which is photographic base paper that is used to make

photographic paper, sensitized paper for photostatic copies, and so on; it has a high

degree of mechanical strength, good sizing, and a number of other special properties. It is

made of bleached or unbleached sulfite or sulfate cellulose.

(9) Transfer paper (transfer and carbon base paper and so on), which is specially

processed.

(10) Wrapping paper, used for the packaging of food products and industrial goods

including bag paper; paper for packaging tea, matches, bottles, and fruit; vegetable
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parchment; lightproof paper; and base paper for paraffin paper and reinforced paper. It is

made of solid fibrous materials, as well as of industrial wastes; some kinds of paper of

this class are bituminized, paraffined, or laminated (laminated structure paper

production).

(11) Industrial and technical paper for different uses, which is the broadest class of paper,

including ammunition paper, abrasive paper, diffuser paper, and paper for sound

recordings and spinning. This class also includes so-called long-fibered paper (tissue

waxing paper, asbestos, glass paper, and other kinds of paper), which are made of cotton

fiber, asbestos, and artificial fibers through the usual method of paper production, as well

as through so-called dry formation. This paper has high elasticity and mechanical

strength. (The Gale Group, INC. 2010).

Importance of Paper

Paper is extremely important to us now. It’s still a major way that our culture

stores information. And while the benefits of digital storage are many, paper still offers

some advantage like ease of storage, no need for file conversions, and the fact that it can

be produced sustainably (although it often is not unfortunately). It also holds a special

place in history, and many of our latest discoveries about the past are made by

investigating the written remains of culture that has preserved until now (Bako, 2016).

The invention of paper was of high importance for the social development of the

human kind. Keeping information, especially for contractual obligations, was vital for the

development of trade. Governing a country or an empire became so much easier, when

laws and instructions could be written on paper (or any other information carrier) and
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could be distributed throughout the country or empire. Without paper the reformation (a

religious movement in the 16th century lead by Marten Luther and John Calvin) would

not have been possible. One of the most important reasons the reformation could succeed

is the fact that the bible was no longer exclusively for the religious clergy, the ordinary

people could have access to Gods words. Paper as information carrier lead to education,

which helped to develop communities and industry. There used to be alternatives for

paper, but none of them was so cheap and accessible in such huge quantities as paper

(Oakley, 2018).

Papers are used for writing purpose and printing purpose. books are created using

papers and newspapers etc.Now most of them used computers for creating notes but if

computer get damaged also disappeared, where the note in paper permanent and reading

is a good habit and its increase our knowledge level, reading lots of book is good habit

but Reading things in computer decrease power of eye. Papers are made from some kind

of trees (Oakley, 2018).

Paper Making

Papermaking, formation of a matted or felted sheet, usually of celloluse fibres,

from water suspension on a wire screen. Paper is the basic material used for written

communication and the dissemination of information. In addition, paper and paperboard

provide materials for hundreds of other uses, such as wrapping, packaging, towelling,

insulating, and photography. Papermaking can be traced to about AD 105, when Ts’ai

Lun, and official attached to the Imperial court of China, created a sheet of paper using

mulberry and other best fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. In its slow
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trave; westward, the art of papermaking reached Smarkand, in Central Asia, in 751; and

in 793 the first paper was made in Baghdad during the time of Harun ar-Rashid, with the

golden age of Islamis culture that brought papermaking to the frontiers of Europe

(Britannica, n.d.)

The Manufacturing Process

Making pulp

1. Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to wood pulp. In the

mechanical process, logs are first tumbled in drums to remove the bark. The logs are then

sent to grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it between huge

revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove foreign objects. In the chemical process,

wood chips from de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This is done in huge

vats called digesters. The chips are fed into the digester, and then boiled at high pressure

in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve into pulp in the

solution. Next the pulp is sent through filters. Bleach may be added at this stage, or

colorings. The pulp is sent to the paper plant (Bell, 1992).

2. The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing process called,

appropriately enough, beating. Inside a large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of

machine beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be added such as chalks, clays,

or chemicals such as titanium oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other

qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at this point. Sizing affects the way

the paper will react with various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be too

absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing such as starch makes the paper
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resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a sheet of paper, rather than

sinking in). A variety of sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available depending on the

eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a printed design, such as gift wrapping,

requires a particular formula of sizing that will make the paper accept the printing

properly (Bell, 1992).

Pulp to paper

3. In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp is fed or pumped into

giant, automated machines. One common type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which

was invented in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine on a moving

belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is squeezed through a series of rollers, while

suction devices below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a water-mark, a

device called a dandy moves across the sheet of pulp and presses a design into it (Bell,

1992).

The paper then moves onto the press section of the machine, where it is pressed

between rollers of wool felt. The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated

cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may have from 40 to 70

drying cylinders (Bell, 1992).

Finishing

4. Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels, where it will be further

processed depending on its ultimate use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by

passing through metal rollers called calendars. A particular finish, whether soft and dull

or hard and shiny, can be imparted by the calendars (Bell, 1992).

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The paper may be further finished by passing through a vat of sizing material. It

may also receive a coating, which is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds

chemicals or pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings and fillers from

earlier in the process. Fine clay is often used as a coating. The paper may next be

supercalendered, that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for a final time.

Then the paper is cut to the desired size (Bell, 1992).

Paper Making from Plant

Paper made from local, native plants - brome grass, little bluestem, and iris leaves

- is different from paper that we usually encounter, and it's the result of a fun and creative

process. Bast fiber (from the woody stalks of some plants) makes the strongest paper and

is most commonly used by papermakers, but it’s also more time-consuming to harvest

and process, so one might move on to this fiber after trying grasses and leaves. Not all

plants make good pulp strong enough to hold together into a sheet of paper, and some

plant fibers are usable but require many hours of beating by hand or with special

machinery to break down the fibers. A good guideline for usable material is if the plant

stands over 2 feet tall on its own, it most likely contains enough cellulose to make paper

(Quillen, 2017).

According to Rotz (n.d.), making paper can also be done as a form of art, turning

leaves and seeds into unique textures, colors and patterns. These are: Paper from leaves:

All plants have some fiber in them, but certain plants have more fiber, which provides

strength and elasticity to paper. Leaves laboratory of fibrous plants such as iris, yucca,

corn, skins of onions and rice can be used to make paper.

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Paper from stalks: Plants with stringy stalks such as sunflowers, bamboo, wetland

reeds and rushes can also be used to make paper.

Other fibers: fiber that resides next to the outer bark of trees can be used to make

paper; so can cotton fibers that surround cotton seeds. Cotton fibers produce some of the

highest quality paper.

Common Burdock: can be use to make paper, and the entire stem, root and leaves

can be cooked for fibrous pulp.

Cooking plants fiber: Live plants have to be immediately cooked in order to

soften the fiber bonds and turn them into paper pages.

Blending Fibers: Blending and beating fibers after cooking is necessary in order

for them to intertwine and soak up water. As plant fiber is beaten to a pulp, the water-

filled fibers interlock and turn into a solution that can be dried into paper pages.

Properties of Paper

Texture

Paper textures play a big role in how a printed work looks when complete. It can

affect everything from how bright a color looks, to how the ink fills the paper, and how a

printed material feels in your customer’s hands. Textured paper has a silky smooth

surface structure has been designed to maintain the natural characteristics of a smooth

high-white art paper whilst maintaining the necessary natural aesthetics demanded by

artist (Aron, 2011).

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According to the cutpasteandprint (2014) papers with a felt texture are often

described as appearing soft, and appear with a woven or textile like finish. The surface of

the paper can be used to great effect when printing images and is used in menus,

stationery, and when someone is looking for an artistic flourish to match a design or

image. A few of the more common textures available:

1. Wove paper is very smooth and doesn’t have watermarking or any type of ribbed

detailing. During the paper-making process the paper maker uses a brush with woven

wires that creates this smooth surface. This is what is used by most printing paper. It’s

important to note that if a pack of paper does not specifically say the type of finish it

has, you can assume it is wove finish (cutpasteandprint, 2014).

2. Smooth paper is created by running paper through sets of rollers. The paper pulp is

flattened over and over again by rollers creating one ream of smooth paper

(cutpasteandprint, 2014).

3. Vellum is a type of finish applied to all purpose paper. It has an egg shell look and

feel and is very durable. This style of paper appears to be smooth but has a subtle

roughness making it a little rougher then smooth paper. Vellum paper is made naturally

from pure cellulose fibers. It is also recyclable and acid-free (cutpasteandprint, 2014).

Paper smoothness is a very important property for letterpress and gravure but has

little effect on offset. As smoothness decreases, solids and halftones get sandy and rough

in appearance but type is hardly affected (PocketPal, n.d.).

Paper with wove, or smooth finish is one that has no specially manufactures texture.

Often, a paper with a smooth surface does not carry a finish designation. If there is no

finish called out on the package, you can assume it has a wove finish (Neenah, n.d.).
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Folding Endurance

Folding endurance is a paper property that refers to the ability of a paper to be

folded repeatedly without tearing. The number of folds it can withstand before it breaks is

its folding endurance. Folding endurance varies according to grain direction, and is

greater against the grain. In the Schopper method, a metal blade repeatedly folds a strip

of paper back and forth between several rollers until it breaks. In the MIT method, an

oscillating folding head repeatedly folds a paper sample back and forth until it breaks.

The MIT method allows greater variability in the paper samples, and the tension can be

adjusted based on the thickness of the sample (Solopress, 2018).

Folding endurance is enhanced by increased paper fiber refining, being a function

of the interlacing of the bonds between the paper fibers. Non-fibrous additives such as

fillers, sizing, and coatings to the papermaking furnish or finished paper surface reduce

folding endurance. Moisture loss also considerably decreases folding endurance. The

degree of folding endurance desired depends on the end-use requirements of the paper.

The procedures that increase folding endurance also work to the detriment of other,

perhaps more desirable paper properties (Taylor, n.d.).

One early work by Taylor (n.d.) the folding endurance test measures the amount

of folding that paper will endure before its tensile strength falls below a standard value of

one kilogram force. When end-use requirements call for repeated folding, as in the case

of map, record, and currency papers, in which the requirement is one of durability or

resistance to wear over a prolonged period, the folding endurance test is particularly

useful. When the paper or board is required to survive only a few comparatively severe
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folds, a manual test indicating "fold ability" rather than a "folding endurance" test would

be more meaningful.

Fold endurance measures the durability of paper when repeatedly folded under

constant load; determining how many times the paper can be folded until it breaks.

Strength properties can thereby serve as indicators of the permanence of paper, even

when the nature of the chemical changes responsible for the deterioration remains

unknown. Careful monitoring of strength properties can also be used for evaluating the

effectiveness of treatments for aging (Caulfield, 1988).

Grams Square Per Metre (GSM)

According to Zwack (2016) the higher GSM papers weigh more for a set surface

area that means they are either thicker or more compressed.

When choosing your printed product, it’s important to consider paper weight and

the type of paper. Both will play a big part in the look and feel of the final result. The

right paper can help create that crucial first impression before you r customer even stars

to read the messaging. The quality of the paper you choose will also be a reflection of

your company. It is you who are setting the standard for a great service with excellent

products, reinforce those values with promotional materials that mirror your attention to

quality. Paper is measured in grams per square metre (GSM. The higher the GSM, the

heavier and thicker the paper, meaning you can find the right one for a number of

different applications, (Solopress, 2018).

It is easier to understand what different paper thickness might feel like if you start

with an awareness of the thickness of a standard piece of paper. For example, a typical
 22

office paper, used in copier or printer, would be around 90gsm. Common GSM paper

weights are: 80gsm, 90gsm, 100gsm, 120gsm, 130gsm, 150gsm, 170gsm (Solopress,

2018)

GSM is the most commonly=used unit across regions for measuring paper

thickness. So, it’s important that businesses understand what this means when ordering

printed products. It doesn’t matter whether you are organizing flyers, business cards, or

custom packaging materials. It’s very like that GSM will be how printers categorize the

type of paper used in the manufacturing process (Owens, 2019).

Tensile Strength

Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area.

For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported

just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the International System of Units (SI), the

unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the SI prefix

mega); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square metre (N/m²). A United States

customary unit is pounds per square inch (lb/in² or psi), or kilo-pounds per square inch

(ksi, or sometimes kpsi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-pounds per square inch are

commonly used in one country (USA), when measuring tensile strengths (Williams &

Krasow, 1973).

The tensile strength of paper is measured by applying a tensile force parallel to

the plane of the paper and great enough to induce failure or rupture. In the case of paper

or other thin webs, tensile strength is then defined as the breaking force (load) per

standard width of the specimen. This practice differs from that adopted in other
 23

engineering fields and material science where one defines the tensile strength as breaking

force per unit cross-sectional area (Williams & Krasow, 1973).

The tensile strength of paper and paperboard, being defined as the breaking force

per standard width, will still depend on basis weight. All else being the same, the tensile

strength will be greater for paper of higher basis weight. Tensile strength is, therefore,

not a material property and tells us nothing about the inherent strength of a particular

paper grade. A simple measure of inherent strength is obtained by dividing tensile

strength by basis weight. In this way, the tensile strength per unit basis weight. Different

paper grades can be compared on this basis as to their inherent strength. The tensile

strength test of paper sheet is like to the other materials test, but the method of expressing

is different. For most cases the tensile strength is generally expressed in terms of load per

unit cross-sectional area, whereas in paper industry it is stated in terms of load per unit of

the test specimen. If the tensile strength of paper is lower, then the quality of the paper is

lowered and it in need to be increased by improving different factor. (Williams &

Krasow, 1973).

Several types of tensile strength testing apparatus are available, working on

horizontally or vertically oriented specimen. There are five types of tensile strength tester

apparatus used in paper industry such as rigid crosshead type, inclined plane type,

hydraulic type and spring type. Among them, pendulum type tensile strength test is most

commonly used (Pulp Paper Mill, 2014).

When evaluating the tensile strength, the stretch and the tensile energy absorption

for these parameters can be of equal or greater importance in predicting the performance

of paper, especially when that paper is subjected to an uneven stress such as gummed
 24

tape, or a dynamic stress such as when a sack full of granular material is dropped. This

test method may be used in place of the similar method for tensile strength and stretch (T

404) which uses a different type tensile testing machine. These methods are not strictly

comparable in that different instrument types are used, but when similar testing

conditions are used, they may give similar results. This test method permits four tests

(tensile breaking strength, tensile energy absorption, elongation at break, and tensile

stiffness) to be run simultaneously on the same test specimen. This test method also gives

more detailed requirements for the apparatus (standardizing on the constant-rate-of-

elongation apparatus) and more detailed instructions for the procedure. Tensile strength is

the one of the important properties for describing the mechanical performance of the

material, especially for the newly prepared composite material. A universal testing

machine was used to determine the tensile strength of the test composite specimen

(Bajpai, 2018).

The general relationship between fiber morphology and paper strength properties

has been studied for various wood species. The importance of plant materials, fiber

dimensions, and their derived values (slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel

ratio) on pulp and paper mechanical strength is well documented. Under certain

conditions, tearing resistance depends strongly on fiber length, whereas others report that

increases in raw material fiber length enhances the tearing strength of hardwood pulps

(Khan, 2019).

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or

ultimate strength, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to

elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce

 25

size. In other words, tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart), whereas

compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together). Ultimate tensile

strength is measured by the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being

stretched or pulled before breaking. In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength,

compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently. Some materials

break very sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a brittle failure (Khan,

2019).

The tensile strength of materials is one of the most important physical properties of

the materials. The tensile strength of the materials contributes greatly to its quality as well

as its life. The strength of the materials depends on of many different factors that affect it.

Here are some of the factors that are responsible for the increase or decrease in the tensile

strength of material.

Molecular Structure

The molecular structure of material has a great impact on the tensile strength of the

materials. The molecular structure is responsible for the intermolecular forces that are

formed in the material. These intermolecular forces are responsible for binding the

different molecules of the materials together hence whenever there is a change in the

molecular structure, the tensile strength of the material differs greatly.

Temperature

The temperature at which the material is being used, also has a great impact on the

temperature. High temperatures make the materials soft. When the temperature is
 26

increased, up to some point, the tensile strength increases but beyond that temperature the

tensile strength and elasticity of the materials especially metals starts decreasing. The

ductility and malleability of the metals increase with the increase in temperature. The

temperature also causes changes in the molecular structure. This also a reason for the

impact of temperature on the tensile strength.

Composition

The composition of the materials is also greatly responsible for the tensile strength of the

materials. For example, pure iron is weaker and has lesser tensile strength whereas the

alloys made from iron and other materials are very much stronger. The reason behind this

is that different compositions have different molecular structures and different levels of

intermolecular bindings hence the tensile strength of these materials is also affected.

In order to evaluate the tensile strength of material, tensile testing is performed on a

material with the use of a tensile test machine. The instrument exerts a tensile force on the

test specimen to determine the maximum amount of force it can bear prior to failure.

There is a load cell provided with the instrument that records the force applied to the

specimen for accurate measurement and testing results. In addition to the tensile strength,

the machine can is also used for determining the young’s modulus, yield strength and

percentage elongation in the specimen. The instrument is best for assessment of different

materials and makes necessary implements for better quality and strength.

Presto offers one of the best tensile testing machine digital that is used for the test

procedures in different industries such as textiles, polymers, plastics, metals, etc. for the

accurate assessment of materials and products

 27

Tigbao nga Pula

“Tigbao nga Pula” has a lot of qualities that can be used in landscape work. It

produces handsome purple foliage and purple stems. It makes an excellent accent plant

where a tall slender grass is needed for background or accent. It height is about 8-10 feet,

the spreading is 2-3 feet. The Hawaiian Goddes Peles Smoke from Polynesia makes a

dramatic pot plant with long elegant purple leaves ranked on the woody segmented

maroon canes-long a premiere favourite for collectors with a greenhouse desiring the

visual design effect to this plant. This is best known as Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s

Smoke’ in Hawaii where thick stemmed clumps become stunning permanent garden

statements (Glass House Works, 2019).

Leaf fibre can have cellulose contents as high as 70% (Smole et al., 2013), though

they also have low lignin contents compared to wood. Due to their length, the properties

of the fibres may change over the course of the fibre. However, pineapple and banana

leaves give fibres of much shorter length that are also high in cellulose and low in lignin

content (Jones and Popescu,, 2017).

According to Yusof, et.al. (2011) Experiments using pineapple leaf fiber as raw

material in paper production have been conducted to assess the advantages in terms of

mechanical properties, especially tensile strength, tearing strength and thickness of the

paper.

They are annually renewable crops, growing in 90 to 100 days. The fiber is

around the outside of the plant and comprises one-third of the weight. 
 28

Fibres have a lower lignin content than wood fibres; consequently, the cellulose

content is higher (as shown in Table 2.1). The cellulose in bast fibres also tends to be

more crystalline (80–90%) than that of wood fibres (50–70%) (Jones and Popescu,,

2017).

In addition to being grown commercially for ethanol, molasses and sugar

production, (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’) is planted as an ornamental grass.

Use a single plant as a specimen or group multiple plants together for vertical interest,

greenery and texture in a border landscape. It will survive the winter in U.S. Department

of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 and above, but in USDA zone 9, you must plant it

at just the right time (Raine, 2018).

Synthesis

Paper is a thin, flat sheet or tissue made usually from plant fiber but also from

rags and other fibrous materials. It is use principally for printing and writing on but has

many other applications. The term also includes various types of paperboard, such as

cardboard and wallboard.

Commonly, papers can be made out of tree and different kinds or species of

plants, may it be local or native. There are some plants that is rich in fiber that we

considered in paper making. Paper is made with additives to control the process and

modify the properties of the final product. The fibers may be whitened by bleaching, and

the fibers are prepared for papermaking by the process of refining.

 29

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a paper from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s

Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast and leaf fibers.

The research design of this study was the Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

CRD is the simplest design for comparative experiments, as it uses only two basic

principles of experimental designs: randomization and replication (Salkind, 2010).

The independent variables of this study were the three (3) different treatments of

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’): Treatment A (100% bast fiber); Treatment B (100% leaf fiber); Treatment C

(50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) and the Control (manila paper) while the dependent

variable was the potential level of the aforementioned three treatments and control in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength.

 30

Methods

Materials, Tools, and Equipment

This study utilized the following materials: 1kg of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s

Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast and 1kg of

“tigbao nga pula” leaves, 120mL sodium hydroxide, 120 mL 6% hydrogen peroxide, and

26.450L water.

The tools and equipment used were digital and mechanical weighing scales,

cooking pot, casserole, measuring spoon, mortar and pestle, mold and deckle (8.5 x 5.5),

200 mL beaker, blender, basin and rubber gloves.

Treatments Used in the Study

This study included the following treatments replicated three (3) times.

Table 1.Preparation of Treatments

Treatment A Treatment B Treatment C Control

(100% of Bast Fiber) (100% of Leaf Fiber) (50% of Bast Fiber and (Manila
50% Leaf Fiber) Paper)

R1 R2 R3 R1 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2
R3
30g of 30g of 30g of 30 g 30 g 30 g 15 g 15 g 15 g
bast bast bast leaf leaf leaf bast bast bast
fiber fiber fiber -
fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber and 15 and 15 and 15 - -
g leaf g leaf g leaf
fiber fiber fiber
50 50 50 mL 50 50 50 mL 50 50 50 mL
mL of mL of of mL of mL of of mL of mL of of - - -
water water water water water water water water water

Procedural Design
 31

In the conduct of this study, the researchers followed the procedural design shown

in figure 2 below.

Collecting and Preparing the Materials, Tools and Equipment

Obtaining the Bast from its Stem

Weighing the Bast and Leaves

Boiling and Rinsing the Bast and Leaves

Boiling and Rinsing the Bast and Leaf Fibers

Pounding, Weighing and Blending the Bast and Leaf Fibers

Separately

Preparing the Treatments

Evaluating the Paper Potential

Figure 2 presents the flow chart showing the procedures in preparing and evaluating the

paper from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum

officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’).

Collecting and Preparing the Materials, Tools, and Equipment

 32

The Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum

officinarum Pele’s Smoke) stems and leaves were collected from the area of Brgy.

Dumolog, Roxas City specifically, from areas where it is abundant. The “tigbao nga

pula” stems and leaves were rinsed with clean water to remove the dirt and dust present

in the plant parts. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide were bought from the

hardware and pharmacy, respectively. All the tools and equipment such as digital and

mechanical weighing scale, measuring spoon and 200 mL beaker were borrowed from

school and the other tools and equipment such as cooking pot, casserole, knife, mortar

and pestle, mold and deckle (8.5 x 5.5), blender and basin were barrowed from the house

of one of the

researchers. These tools and equipment are thoroughly cleaned before using. In

performing this procedure, researchers used gloves and apron to keep the researchers safe

and the cleanliness of the product.

 33

Figure 3 shows the collection and preparation of materials, tools and equipment.

Obtaining the Bast from its Stem

 34

The stems of “tigbao nga pula” were cut into 4 pieces lengthwise. After that, they

were cut into shorter length and the soft layers of the stem were shredded using a knife to

obtain the bast.

Figure 4

shows the process of obtaining the bast from its stem.

Weighing of Bast and Leaves

Once ready, the bast and leaves were separately weighed 1 kg using a mechanical

weighing scale.
 35

Figure 5 shows the process of weighing bast and leaves.

Boiling and Rinsing of Bast and Leaves

The accurately weighed bast and leaves were boiled separately into cooking pot

with 4 L of water and 3 tbsp. of sodium hydroxide within 1 ½ hours, sodium hydroxide

was added to extract the fiber from the bast and leaves. After which, the boiled bast and

leaves were separately rinsed until the fiber comes out. The mixture used in boiling the

bast and leaves was disposed properly to avoid contamination.

 36

Figure 6 shows the process of boiling and rinsing of bast and leaves.

Boiling and Rinsing of Bast and Leaf Fibers

The bast and leaf fibers were then separately boiled into casserole with 120 mL

6% solution hydrogen peroxide within 1 ½ hours. After boiling, the fibers were

separately rinsed to reduce the chemical content and to lighten the color. Again, the

solution used in boiling the bast and leaf fibers was disposed properly to avoid

contamination.

Figure 7 shows the process of boiling and rinsing of bast and leaf fiber.
 37

Pounding, Weighing and Blending the Bast and Leaf Fibers

Using the mortar and pestle, the bast and leaf fibers were separately pounded until

the texture becomes fine. After which, the fibers were separately and accurately weighed

using the digital weighing scale based on the required amount for the preparation of each

treatment.

Treatment A Treatment B Treatment C

(100% of Bast Fiber) (100% of Leaf Fiber) (50% of Bast Fiber and
50% Leaf Fiber)
R1 R2 R3 R1 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3
30g 30g 30g 30 g 30 g 30 g 15 g bast 15 g bast 15 g bast
fiber and fiber and fiber and
15 g leaf 15 g leaf 15 g leaf
fiber fiber fiber

All the weighed fibers were separately added with a 50 mL of water and blended

using a blender until reaching the pulpy consistency.

 38

Figure 8 shows the

process of pounding, weighing and blending the bast and leaf fibers.

Preparing the Treatments

To prepare the treatments, the blended bast and leaf fibers were separately poured

into a basin filled with 2L of water and slowly tilted, side-by-side, until the fibers were

scattered evenly.

Once scattered evenly, the mold and deckle was obliquely submerged into the

basin until it catches the mixture. Then, the mold and deckle was gently removed from

the basin

and allowed water to drain completely. After which, the deckle was gently removed by

tilting it to the back of the mold. The paper was air dried for a day. When it is completely

dried, it was removed from the molder. This process was repeatedly done until all the

treatments and their replications were completely made. Note: The remaining mixture

was
 39

disposed properly to avoid contamination.

 40

Figure 9 shows the preparation of treatments and the finished products.

Likewise, the control (manila paper) was cut into a size the same as the treatment for

evaluation purposes.

Evaluating the Paper Potential

To test the paper potential of three (3) treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and the

control (manila paper) with three replications each, two testing methods were conducted.

The first was the sensory test to evaluate the potential level of the papers in terms of

texture. The second was the laboratory test to evaluate the potential level of the papers in

terms of folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.

Before subjecting the papers to the two testing methods, all 12 samples of papers

were randomly labeled as Paper 1, Paper 2, Paper 3, Paper 4, Paper 5, Paper 6, Paper 7,

Paper 8, Paper 9, Paper 10, Paper 11 and Paper 12. Papers 1, 4, and 7 were Treatment A

(100% bast fiber), Papers 2, 5 and 8 were Treatment B (100% leaf fiber), Papers 3, 6 and
 41

9 were Treatment C (50% of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) and Papers 10, 11, and 12

were the Control (manila paper).

Sensory Test

All the twelve samples of papers underwent the sensory test for the paper

potential in terms of texture.

There were 30 evaluators composed of fifteen (15) teachers and fifteen (15)

students who evaluated the texture of all papers. They were selected using the purposive

sampling technique.

A researchers-made evaluation score sheet was used to evaluate the texture of the

ropes which is responded using a five-point hedonic scale below.

Score Description Indicator

5 Excellent very fine and smooth
4 Good fine and smooth
3 Average slightly fine and smooth
2 Fair coarse and rough
1 Poor very coarse and rough
 42

Figure 10 shows the sensory evaluation of paper in terms of texture.

Mean scores of the three (3) treatment of “tigbao nga pula” and the control

(manila paper) with three replication each, were separately obtained and interpreted using

the scale below.

Scale Description
4.21-5.00 Very High Potential
3.41-4.20 High Potential
2.61-3.40 Moderately Low Potential
1.81-2.60 Low Potential
1.00-1.80 Very Low Potential

Laboratory Test

Also, all the same twelve samples of papers used in sensory test were subjected to

laboratory test for the paper potential in terms of folding endurance, GSM and tensile

strength.
 43

The laboratory test was conducted at Dumolog National High School under the

close supervision of two (2) Science teachers.

Folding Endurance

To determine the folding endurance, the maximum number of folds was obtained.

To do this, each paper was manually and repeatedly folded until it breaks.
 44

Figure 11 shows the laboratory testing of papers in terms of folding endurance.

GSM

To determine the GSM of each paper, the formula mass divided by area was used. The

mass of the paper was determined using a digital weighing scale and expressed in grams

(g). The area was measured by multiplying the length with the width of the paper and

expressed in square meter (m2). Foot ruler was used to measure the length and width.
 45

Figure 12 the laboratory testing of the papers in terms of GSM.

Tensile Strength

Tensile strength was determined using the formula workload divided by area. The

workload refers to the mass (kg) of load the paper can carry until it breaks while the area

refers to the length multiplied by width (cm 2) of the paper

that was tested. To get the workload, the weights and setup

were prepared as shown in figure below. The setup

includes an improvised paper rack made of an iron rod

horizontally connected with clamps in two (2) iron stands,

binder clips and pencil to hold the paper, and improvised

weight carrier. Once the setup was ready, weights were

slowly and gradually added to the weight carrier until each

paper breaks. Total workload of each paper was computed

by adding the total mass each paper carried and the mass

of the weight carrier, binder clip and pencil used in the

setup and expressed in kilogram (kg) unit.

Figure 13 shows the set up

in testing the tensile

strength of the papers.

Finally, mean scores for

each factor of the three

 46

replications of the three (3) treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and the control (manila

paper) were separately obtainedand interpreted using the scale below.

Scale Description
Folding Endurance GSM Tensile Strength
5.61-7.00 40.81-51.00 0.021-0.025 Very High Potential
4.21-5.60 30.61-40.80 0.016-0.020 High Potential
2.81-4.20 20.41-30.60 0.011-0.015 Moderately Potential
1.41-2.80 10.21-20.40 0.006-0.010 Low Potential
0-1.40 0-10.20 0.001-0.005 Very Low Potential

Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to conduct of the study, a permission was obtained from the School Head of

Dumolog National High School. After the approval, the experimentation will be carried

out and the needed replications of all the treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and control

(manila paper) were prepared and randomly labeled. Once ready, all the paper samples

were subjected to sensory and laboratory tests under the close supervision of two (2)

Science teachers. After the sensory and laboratory tests, data were gathered, tabulated,

analyzed and interpreted according to the research design described in this chapter using

the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.

Data Analysis Procedure

The data gathered were subjective to descriptive and inferential analysis.

Mean. This test was employed to determine the paper potential level in terms of

texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength of the three (3) treatments of

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’) and the control (manila paper).

 47

Standard Deviation. This test was employed to determine the homogeneity and

heterogeneity of the paper potential level in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM,

and tensile strength of the three (3) treatments of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or

“tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) and the control (manila paper).

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Set at 0.05 alpha level, this was used

to determine if significance difference existed in the paper potential level in terms of

texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength of the three (3) treatments of

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’) and the control (manila paper).

 48

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Potential Level of Treatment A [100% from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or

“tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast fiber]

Tables 2 shows the potential level of Treatment A [100% from Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast fiber] as

paper in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength.

As reflected in the table, treatment A has moderately low potential in terms of

texture (M = 2.81, SD = .82), GSM (M = 29.83, SD = 0E-7) and tensile strength (M =

0.014, SD = .00). However, it has very high potential in terms folding endurance (M =

7.00, SD = 0E-7).

Table 2. Mean Scores and Standard Deviation of Treatment A (100% Bast Fiber) in terms
of Texture, Folding Endurance, GSM and Tensile Strength
Category M SD Verbal Interpretation
Texture 2.81 .82 Moderately Low Potential
Folding Endurance 7.00 0E-7 Very High Potential
GSM 29.83 0E-7 Moderately Low Potential
Tensile Strength 0.014 .00 Moderately Low Potential
________________________________________________________________________
 49

Mean Score Description

Texture Folding Endurance GSM Tensile Strength
4.21-5.00 5.61-7.00 40.81-51.00 0.021-0.025 Very High Potential
3.41-4.20 4.21-5.60 30.61-40.80 0.016-0.020 High Potential
2.61-3.40 2.81-4.20 20.41-30.60 0.011-0.015 Moderately Low Potential
1.81-2.60 1.41-2.80 10.21-20.40 0.006-0.010 Low Potential
1.00-1.80 0-1.40 0-10.20 0.001-0.005 Very Low Potential

The “moderately low potential” in texture, GSM and tensile strength of Treatment

A (100% bast fiber) indicates that the texture of the paper is slightly fine and smooth. The

Treatment A (100% bast fiber) GSM is slightly thick, compressed and massive and its

tensile strength is slightly strong and not so powerful to carry heavy loads. However, the

“very high potential” in terms of folding endurance indicates that the Treatment A (100%

bast fiber) has an excellent durability and it can be folded for many times without

breaking. This is due to the reason that the bast fiber is not well-blended and well-pound

that results to a not fine and smooth texture, slightly strong tensile strength and slightly

thick, compressed and massive.

The results relate with the following literatures, fibres have a lower lignin content

than wood fibres; consequently, the cellulose content is higher (as shown in Table 2.1).

The cellulose in bast fibres also tends to be more crystalline (80–90%) than that of wood

fibres (50–70%) (Jones and Popescu,, 2017).

Paper textures play a big role in how a printed work looks when complete. It can

affect everything from how bright a color looks, to how the ink fills the paper (Aron,

2011). If the tensile strength of paper is lower, then the quality of the paper is lowered

and it in need to be increased by improving different factor. (Williams & Krasow, 1973).

Folding endurance is enhanced by increased paper fiber refining, being a function of the

interlacing of the bonds between the paper fibers (Taylor, n.d.). The higher the GSM

number, the heavier the paper (Banana Print, 2018).

 50

Potential Level of Treatment B [100% Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao

nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) leaf fiber]

Data in Table 3 present the potential level of Treatment B [100% Hawaiian

Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) leaf

fiber] as paper in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.

As reflected in the table, the texture of treatment B has high potential (M = 4.09,

SD = .72). But, it has very high potential in terms folding endurance (M = 6.00, SD = 0E-

7), GSM (M = 41.98, SD = 1.91) and tensile strength (M= 0.022, SD = .00).

Table 3. Mean Scores and Standard Deviation of Treatment B (100% Leaf Fiber) in terms
of Texture, Folding Endurance, GSM and Tensile Strength
Category M SD Verbal Interpretation
Texture 4.09 .72 High Potential
Folding Endurance 6.00 0E-7 Very High Potential
GSM 41.98 1.91 Very High Potential
Tensile Strength 0.022 .00 Very High Potential

Mean Score Description

Texture Folding Endurance GSM Tensile Strength
4.21-5.00 5.61-7.00 40.81-51.00 0.021-0.025 Very High Potential
3.41-4.20 4.21-5.60 30.61-40.80 0.016-0.020 High Potential
2.61-3.40 2.81-4.20 20.41-30.60 0.011-0.015 Moderately Low Potential
1.81-2.60 1.41-2.80 10.21-20.40 0.006-0.010 Low Potential
1.00-1.80 0-1.40 0-10.20 0.001-0.005 Very Low Potential

The “very high potential” in folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength of

Treatment B (100% leaf fiber) indicates that the folding endurance of the paper has an

excellent durability and it can be folded for many times without breaking. The Treatment

B (100% leaf fiber) GSM is very thick, compressed and massive and its tensile strength is

very strong and powerful in carrying heavy loads. However, the “high potential” in terms

of texture indicates that the Treatment B (100% leaf fiber) is fine and smooth. This is due
 51

to the reason that the leaf fiber is naturally fined and the product underwent a rigid and

careful processes.

The results relate with the following literatures, Leaf fibre can have cellulose

contents as high as 70% though they also have low lignin contents compared to wood

(Jones, and Popescu, 2017).

According to Zwack (2016) the higher GSM papers weigh more for a set surface

area, that means they are either thicker or more compressed. Papers with a felt texture are

often described as appearing soft, and appear with a woven or textile like finish. The

surface of the paper can be used to great effect when printing images and is used in

menus, stationery, and when someone is looking for an artistic flourish to match a design

or image (Cut Paste and Print, 2014). Folding endurance of a strip of paper gives a

measure of the resistance offered by the strip to the application of external pressure in the

form of multiple and repeated, before breaking, the sheet of paper to a tearing force that it

is subjected to, tearing resistance depends on the degree of fiber refining and the quality

and quantity of fillers used (Spectro, 2017).

Potential Level of Treatment C [50% of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao

nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber]

Table 4 presents the potential level of Treatment C [50% of Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) bast fiber and

50% leaf fiber] as paper in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.
 52

In terms of texture, treatment A has moderately low potential (M = 2.82, SD

= .89). It has very high potential in terms of folding endurance (M = 6.00, SD = 0E-7),

GSM (M = 49.71, SD = 3.31) and tensile strength (M = .02, SD = .00).

Table 4. Mean Scores and Standard Deviation of Treatment C (50% of Bast Fiber and
50% of Leaf Fiber) in terms of Texture, Folding Endurance, GSM and Tensile Strength
Category M SD Verbal Interpretation
Texture 2.82 .89 Moderately Low Potential
Folding Endurance 6.00 0E-7 Very High Potential
GSM 48.61 3.31 Very High Potential
Tensile Strength 0.021 .00 Very High Potential
________________________________________________________________________
Mean Score Description
Texture Folding Endurance GSM Tensile Strength
4.21-5.00 5.61-7.00 40.81-51.00 0.021-0.025 Very High Potential
3.41-4.20 4.21-5.60 30.61-40.80 0.016-0.020 High Potential
2.61-3.40 2.81-4.20 20.41-30.60 0.011-0.015 Moderately Low Potential
1.81-2.60 1.41-2.80 10.21-20.40 0.006-0.010 Low Potential
1.00-1.80 0-1.40 0-10.20 0.001-0.005 Very Low Potential

The “very high potential” in folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength of

Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) indicates that folding endurance of the

paper has a very strong durability and it can be folded for how many times without

tearing or breaking. The Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) GSM is very

thick, compressed and massive and its tensile strength is very strong and powerful in

carrying heavy loads. However, the “moderately low potential” in terms of texture

indicates that the Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) is slightly smooth and

fine. This is due to the reason that the leaf and bast fibers is slightly fined in term of

texture and the product underwent an exact and careful process that results to the very

high potential in terms of folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength.

The results relate with the following literatures. Bast and leaf fibers are

multicellular. The fiber ultimates are small and short, but in bundles they provide the

reinforcement to stems and leaves. Extraction of the fibers starts with retting, which is a
 53

biological or chemical attack on the non-fibrous tissues, and is followed by mechanical

beating and further textile processing (Jones, and Popescu, 2017).

The strength of paper determined by following factors: strength of the individual

fibers of the stock, the average length of the fiber, the inter fiber bonding ability of the

fibre, which is enhance by the beating and refining action and the structure and formation

of the sheet (Britannica, 2020). The higher the GSM, the heavier and thicker the paper,

meaning you can find the right one for a number of different applications (Solopress,

2018). The procedures that increase folding endurance also work to the detriment of

other, perhaps more desirable paper properties (Taylor, n.d.). As smoothness decreases,

solids and halftones get sandy and rough in appearance but type is hardly affected

(PocketPal, n.d.).

Potential Level of the Control (Manila paper)

Table 5 shows the potential level of the Control (manila paper) in terms of

texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.

In terms of texture (M = 5.00, SD = .00), folding endurance (M = 7.00, SD = 0E-

7), GSM (M = 50.00, SD = 0E-7) and tensile strength (M = 0.173, SD = 0E-7, the control

was very high potential.

Table 5. Mean Scores and Standard Deviation of the Control (Manila Paper) in terms of
Texture, Folding Endurance, GSM and Tensile Strength
Category M SD Verbal Interpretation
Texture 5.00 .00 Very High Potential
Folding Endurance 7.00 0E-7 Very High Potential
GSM 50.00 0E-7 Very High Potential
Tensile Strength 0.173 0E-7 Very High Potential
________________________________________________________________________
Mean Score Description
Texture Folding Endurance GSM Tensile Strength
4.21-5.00 5.61-7.00 40.81-51.00 0.021-0.025 Very High Potential
 54

3.41-4.20 4.21-5.60 30.61-40.80 0.016-0.020 High Potential

2.61-3.40 2.81-4.20 20.41-30.60 0.011-0.015 Moderately Low Potential
1.81-2.60 1.41-2.80 10.21-20.40 0.006-0.010 Low Potential
1.00-1.80 0-1.40 0-10.20 0.001-0.005 Very Low Potential

The “very high potential” in texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength

of Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) indicates that the texture of the paper

was a very fine and very smooth. The Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber)

indicates that folding endurance of the paper has a very strong durability and it can be

folded for how many times without tearing or breaking. The Treatment C (50% bast fiber

and 50% leaf iber) GSM is very thick, compressed and massive and its tensile strength is

very strong and powerful in carrying heavy loads. This is due to the reason that the paper

underwent a standard machine process.

The results relate with the following literatures. Often, a paper with a smooth

surface does not carry a finish designation. If there is no finish called out on the package,

you can assume it has a wove finish (Neenah, n.d.).

When evaluating the tensile strength, the stretch and the tensile energy absorption

for these parameters can be of equal or greater importance in predicting the performance

of paper, especially when that paper is subjected to an uneven stress such as gummed

tape, or a dynamic stress such as when a sack full of granular material is dropped (Bajpai,

2018).

When end-use requirements call for repeated folding, as in the case of map,

record, and currency papers, in which the requirement is one of durability or resistance to

wear over a prolonged period, the folding endurance test is particularly useful (Taylor,

n.d.).
 55

The higher the GSM, the heavier and thicker the paper, meaning you can find the right

one for a number of different applications (Solopress, 2018)

Difference in the Potential Level of Treatment A, B, and C of Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “Tigbao nga Pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) and the

Control (Manila paper)

Presented in table 6 are the results on the significant difference in the potential

level of Treatment A, B, and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula”

(Saccharum officinarum Smoke Pele’s) as paper and the Control (manila paper)

In general, data show that there is a significant difference in the potential level

of treatment A (100% of bast fiber), treatment B (100% of leaf fiber), treatment C (50%

of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) and the control (manila paper) in terms of texture

where F(3,116) = 68.71 with p = 0.000 < 0.05, GSM where F(3,8) = 148.98 with p =

0.000 < 0.05 and tensile strength where F(3,8) = 25.21 with p = 0.000 < 0.05, while there

is no significant

difference, existed in the potential level of treatment A (100% of bast fiber), treatment B

(100% of leaf fiber), treatment C (50% of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) and the control

(manila paper) in terms of folding endurance where F(3,8) = *.

Table 6. Analysis of Variance in Potential Level of Treatment A, B, and C of “Tigbao

nga Pula” and the Control (Manila paper) in terms of Texture, Folding Endurance, GSM
and Tensile Strength
________________________________________________________________________
Category SS df MS F Sig.
________________________________________________________________________
Texture
Between Groups 102.01 3 34.00 68.71 .000**
Within Groups 57.41 116 .495
Total 159.42 119
 56

Folding Endurance *
Between Groups 3.000 3 1.000
Within Groups .000 8 .00
Total .000 11
GSM
Between Groups 763.17 3 254.39
148.98 .000**
Within Groups 14.64 8 1.830
Total 777.81 11
Tensile Strength
Between Groups .000 3 .000 25.208 .000**
Within Groups .000 8 .000
Total .000 11
________________________________________________________________________
**p<0.05 level of significance – significant
*p>0.05 level of significance – not significant

This indicates that the texture, GSM and tensile strength of treatment A (100%

of bast fiber), treatment B (100% of leaf fiber), treatment C (50% of bast fiber and 50%

of leaf fiber) and the control (manila paper) vary with each other. This further describes

that all the treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and the control (manila paper) are equally

potential for the production of paper in terms of texture, GSM and tensile strength.

But, the folding endurance of all the treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and the

control (manila paper) is the same with each other. The differences in the texture, tensile

strength and GSM of the Treatment A, B, C and control were caused by the heterogeneity

in properties of ingredients used and the fiber content and amount. The similarities in

folding endurance of the different treatments are rooted from the uniform processes

employed in preparing the different treatments.

More so, table 7 presents the Post Hoc analysis in the potential level of

Treatment A, B, and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula”

(Saccharum officinarum Smoke Pele’s) as paper and the Control (manila paper). Based
 57

on the results, there is no significant difference in the potential level of treatment A

(100% of bast fiber and treatment C (50% of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) in terms of

texture. Also, there is no significant difference as to the GSM between Treatment C

(50% of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) and the Control (manila paper). The same result

was obtained as to tensile strength between Treatment A (100% bast fiber) and the

Control (manila paper), Treatment B (100% leaf fiber) and Treatment C (50% of bast

fiber and 50% of leaf fiber), Treatment C (50% of bast fiber and 50% of leaf fiber) and

the Control (manila paper).

Table 7. Post Hoc Analysis in Potential Level of Treatment A, B, and C of “Tigbao nga
Pula” and the Control (Manila paper) in terms of Texture, GSM and Tensile Strength
Dependent (I) (J) Mean Std. Error Sig. 95%
Variable GROUP GROUP Difference Confidence
(I-J) Interval
Lower
Bound
T_B -1.27800* .18164 .000 -1.7515
T_A
T_C -.01133 .18164 1.000 -.4848
Control -2.18900 *
.18164 .000 -2.6625
T_A 1.27800* .18164 .000 .8045
T_B T_C 1.26667 *
.18164 .000 .7932
Control -.91100* .18164 .000 -1.3845
Texture
T_A .01133 .18164 1.000 -.4622
T_C T_B -1.26667* .18164 .000 -1.7402
Control -2.17767 *
.18164 .000 -2.6512
T_A 2.18900 *
.18164 .000 1.7155
Control T_B .91100* .18164 .000 .4375
T_C 2.17767 *
.18164 .000 1.7042
GSM T_B -12.1512667* 1.1046500 .000 -15.688745
T_A T_C -18.7792333* 1.1046500 .000 -22.316711
Control -20.1742000* 1.1046500 .000 -23.711678
T_A 12.1512667* 1.1046500 .000 8.613789
T_B T_C -6.6279667* 1.1046500 .001 -10.165445
Control -8.0229333* 1.1046500 .000 -11.560411
T_A 18.7792333* 1.1046500 .000 15.241755
T_C T_B 6.6279667* 1.1046500 .001 3.090489
Control -1.3949667 1.1046500 .608 -4.932445
Control T_A 20.1742000* 1.1046500 .000 16.636722
 58

T_B 8.0229333* 1.1046500 .000 4.485455

T_C 1.3949667 1.1046500 .608 -2.142511
T_B -.0083333* .0011193 .000 -.011918
T_A T_C -.0078667* .0011193 .000 -.011451
Control -.0032333 .0011193 .078 -.006818
T_A .0083333* .0011193 .000 .004749
T_B T_C .0004667 .0011193 .974 -.003118
Control .0051000* .0011193 .008 .001516
Tensile Strength
T_A .0078667* .0011193 .000 .004282
T_C T_B -.0004667 .0011193 .974 -.004051
Control .0046333* .0011193 .014 .001049
T_A .0032333 .0011193 .078 -.000351
Control T_B -.0051000* .0011193 .008 -.008684
T_C -.0046333* .0011193 .014 -.008218

The results relate with the following literatures, fibres have a lower lignin content than

wood fibres; consequently, the cellulose content is higher (as shown in Table 2.1). The

cellulose in bast fibres also tends to be more crystalline (80–90%) than that of wood

fibres (50–70%). Leaf fibre can have cellulose contents as high as 70% though they also

have low lignin contents compared to wood. Bast and leaf fibers are multicellular. The

fiber ultimates are small and short, but in bundles they provide the reinforcement to stems

and leaves. Extraction of the fibers starts with retting, which is a biological or chemical

attack on the non-fibrous tissues, and is followed by mechanical beating and further

textile processing (Jones, and Popescu, 2017).

Indeed, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the

paper potential level of treatments A, B and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or

“tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’) and the Control (manila

paper) in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength is hereby

accepted in terms of folding endurance but rejected in terms of texture, GSM and tensile

strength.
 59

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Problem, Method and Findings

Generally, the study aimed to develop and evaluate an alternative paper from

Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s

Smoke’) bast and leaf fibers. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the paper potential level of treatment A [100% Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’) bast fiber] in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

 60

2. What is the paper potential level of treatment B [100% Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’) leaf fiber] in

terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

3. What is the paper potential level of treatment C [50% Hawaiian Goddess

Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’) bast fiber

and 50% leaf fiber] in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

4. What is the potential level of the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture,

folding endurance, GSM, and tensile strength?

5. Is there a significant difference in the paper potential level of treatments A, B

and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum

‘Pele’s Smoke’) and the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, folding endurance,

GSM, and tensile strength?

In view of the aforementioned statement problem, the following was

hypothesized: There is no significant difference in the paper potential level of treatments

A, B and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum

officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) and the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, folding

endurance, GSM, and tensile strength.

This study was conducted at Dumolog National School during the school year

2019-2020, 1st semester.

The study was limited to the use of “tigbao nga pula” bast fiber and leaf fiber.

Three (3) treatments and the control (manila paper) were used in this study. Treatments

were A (100% of bast fiber), B (100% of leaf fiber), C (50% of bast fiber and 50% leaf

fiber). Each treatment and the control were replicated three (3) times.
 61

This study adopted a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) type of experimental

research. The independent variables of this study were the three (3) different treatments

of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles

Smoke’): Treatment A (100% bast fiber); Treatment B (100% leaf fiber); and Treatment

C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) while the dependent variable was the potential

level of the aforementioned treatments in terms of texture, folding endurance, GSM and

tensile strength.

Two testing methods were used to evaluate the potential of the paper s. Sensory test

was used to evaluate the texture. 30 people composed of 15 teachers and 15 students were

purposively selected as panel of evaluators because of their expertise and availability.

Laboratory test, conducted at Dumolog National High School and under the close

supervision of two (2) Science teachers, was used to measure the folding endurance,

GSM and tensile strength of the papers.

The study used statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and Analysis of

Variance (NOVA). The inferential statistics was set at 0.05 level of significance.

Findings

The findings of the present study were the following:

1. The paper potential level of treatment A [100% Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s

Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bast fiber] in terms

of texture, GSM and tensile strength is “moderately low potential” while in terms of

folding endurance, it is “very high potential”.

 62

2. The paper potential level of treatment B [100% Hawaiian Goddes`s Pele’s

Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) leaf fiber] in terms

of texture is “high potential” and in terms of folding endurance, GSM and tensile

strength, it is “very high potential”.

3. The paper potential level of treatment C [50% Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s

Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke) bast fiber and 50%

leaf fiber] in terms of texture is “moderately low potential” while “very high potential” in

terms of folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength.

4. The potential level of the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, folding

endurance, GSM, and tensile strength is “very high potential.”

5. There is a significant difference in the paper potential level of treatments A, B

and C of Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum

‘Peles Smoke) and the Control (manila paper) in terms of texture, GSM and tensile

strength. However, there is no significant difference in terms of folding endurance.

Conclusions

In view of the findings presented, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Treatment A (100% bast fiber has very high potential folding endurance but,

has moderately low potential texture, GSM and tensile strength. Therefore, the pure bast

fiber of “tigbao nga pula” can be used to produce paper but, has neither high nor low

texture, GSM and tensile strength qualities. Considering its folding endurance, the paper

produced from the bast fiber has excellent quality.

 63

2. For Treatment B (100% leaf fiber), its potential level is very high in terms of folding

endurance, GSM, and tensile strength and high potential in terms of texture. Thus, the

leaf fiber of “tigbao nga pula” is great for paper production with excellent quality in

folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength but, when it comes to texture, the paper

produce from leaf fiber has good quality only.

3. Treatment C (50% bast fiber and 50% leaf fiber) has very high potential folding

endurance, GSM and tensile strength and has moderately low potential texture. As a

result, the equal combination of bast and leaf fibers of “tigbao nga pula” is also great for

producing paper with excellent quality in folding endurance, GSM and tensile strength

but considering the texture, the paper has neither high nor low texture quality.

4. The control (manila paper) has very high potential in all factors. Instead, it

commercially produced and utilized for various purposes.

5. The different treatments of “tigbao nga pula” and the control (manila paper) are

significantly different in texture, GSM and tensile strength but the same in folding

endurance. Therefore, the pure bast fiber, pure leaf fiber and equally combined bast and

leaf fibers are as good paper alternatives as the manila paper and can equitably compete

with the manila paper when introduced to the market considering their folding endurance

quality. However, the manila paper has still the best quality compare with the three

treatments of “tigbao nga pula” in terms of texture, GSM and tensile strength. Thus, the

manila paper is the most marketable among others.

Recommendations
 64

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

advanced:

1. Since the pure bast fiber of “tigbao nga pula” has moderately low potential in

most of the evaluated factors/ properties, improvement in the methods of processing the

fiber into paper should be taken into consideration. New and effective methods may be

discovered and followed and addition of other materials and additives may be considered

to improve the quality of the paper and its properties.

2. Given the very high potential of majority of the measured properties, the pure

leaf fiber of “tigbao nga pula” should be further enhanced especially, when it comes to

the texture so that it can be absolutely considered as excellent alternative for paper

production. Technology- based methods may be adopted to ensure refinement in the

paper texture. Paper manufacturers may verify. The potential of the “tigabao nga pula”

leaf fiber and venture for commercial production of paper out of this leaf fiber.

3. With the very high potential also of equally combined bast and leaf fibers in

most properties measured, it should be subjective also to more advanced and technology-

based methods to ensure high product quality especially with its texture.

Paper manufacturer may also consider the mixture of bast and leaf fibers of

“tigbao nga pula” for the commercial production of paper out of it.

4. Since the manila paper has very high potential in all given properties,

paper manufactures of this kind of paper should maintain the its excellent quality to gain

feedbacks from the consumers. A product evaluation survey may be conducted also to

monitor the satisfaction level of the consumers for further enhancement of the product.
 65

5. Since the different treatments of paper from “tigbao nga pula” cannot be

compared the Manila paper, in most of the properties, the quality of “tigbao nga pula”

papers should be improved by discovering new and more effective techniques or methods

in processing the fiber into paper making it comparable with manila paper and other

commercial papers.

Studying the process of producing manila paper should be taken into

consideration so that it will become the basis for Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or

“tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) the production of paper from

“tigbao nga pula” fiber. Addition of other materials that will enhance the quality of the

product may also be tried.

6. Future researchers may conduct another related study that will further

improve the paper from “tigbao nga pula” fiber especially, its color and texture and

testing the other factors or properties that were covered by this study.

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 69

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Retrieved from

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/keyword_fiber.html

Yusof, Y., Ahmad, M. R., Wahab, M. S., Mustapa, M. S. & Tahar, M. S. (2011).

Producing paper using pineapple leaf fiber. Advanced Materials Research, (383).

pp. 3382-3386. Retrieved from http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/3923/

APPENDIXES
 70

APPENDIX A:
 71

COMMUNICATION

LETTERS

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Roxas City
DUMOLOG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas City

September 11, 2019

CECILIA C. BORNALES
Principal III

Dear Madam:

Greetings!

We are the Grade 12 students of General Academic Strand who are currently conducting a capstone project
entitled “Development and Evaluation of Paper from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “Tigbao
nga Pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) Bast and Leaf Fibers” which generally aims to
develop and evaluate a paper from Hawaiian Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “tigbao nga pula” (Saccharum
officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’) bark bast and leaf fibers. This study is a major requirement for Senior High
School.

In this regard, we would like to solicit your permission to allow us to conduct our study in the school.
 72

Rest assured that any information given to this undertaking will be treated confidentially and for research
purpose only.

We are hoping for your consideration and favourable response on this matter.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

JORINE A. DELA CRUZ EDSON A. SOBERANO

LOVENIA JANE B. PAGAYONAN GEMVER V. AMARILLO

CHRISTIAN B. ALBASON JACINTO V. ESLABON

JEFFBEEK A. FERNANDO RANDIE A. ARROBANG

Researchers

Noted by:
ADONIS P. BESA
Practical Research Teacher

Approved by:
CECILIA C. BORNALES
Principal III

APPENDIX B:
 73

DATA GATHERING

INSTRUMENT

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Roxas City
DUMOLOG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas City

Dear Respondent,
We are currently conducting a study entitled “Development and Evaluation of Paper from Hawaiian
Goddess Pele’s Smoke or “Tigbao nga Pula” (Saccharum officinarum ‘Peles Smoke’). We are soliciting your time
to answer the items honestly. Please do not leave any item unanswered for it is important for the completion of this
research undertaking. Rest assured that all data provided will be kept confidential. Thank you very much for your
utmost cooperation.
Jorine A. Dela Cruz
Lovenia Jane B. Pagayonan
Christian B. Albason
Jeffbeek A. Fernando
Edson A. Soberano
Gemver V. Amarillo
Jacinto V. Eslabon
Randie A. Arrobang
Researchers

SENSORY EVALUATION SCORE SHEET

 74

Name (optional): _________________________Date Evaluated: ____________________

Signature: ____________________

Directions: Evaluate the given ropes as to their texture by simply checking the appropriate response that corresponds to
your judgements.
Criteria Poor Fair Average Good Excellent
1 2 3 4 5
Texture very coarse and coarse and slightly fine and fine and smooth very fine and
rough rough smooth smooth
Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

Paper 4
Paper 5

Paper 6

Paper 7
Paper 8

Paper 9

Paper 10

Paper 11

Paper 12

Comments:______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

APPENDIX C:

STATISTICAL
 75

ANALYSIS

Mass Grams
GSM ¿ ¿
Area m2

Treatment 1 2 3 Mean

A 29.8258 29.8258 29.8258 29.8258

B 39.7678 43.0817 43.0817 41.9771

C 49.7097 46.3957 49.7097 49.7097

Control 49.7097 46.3957 49.7097 49.7097

Folding Endurance

Treatment 1 2 3 Mean
 76

A 7 7 7 7

B 6 6 6 6

C 6 6 6 6

Control 7 7 7 7

Work Load kg
Tensile Index (at break) ¿
Area cm2

Treatment 1 2 3 Mean

A 0.0115 0.0166 0.0141 0.0141

B 0.0233 0.0215 0.0224 0.0224

C 0.0215 0.0224 0.0219 0.0219

Control 0.0173 0.0173 0.0173 0.0173

Control = 5.2253kg Area = 301.752cm2

Treatment 1 2 3

A 3.4753kg 5.0203kg 4.2478kg

B 7.0428kg 6.4953kg 6.76905kg

C 6.4953kg 6.7478kg 6.62155kg

ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

 77

Between Groups 850.681 3 283.560 77.458 .000

GSM Within Groups 29.286 8 3.661

Total 879.967 11

Between Groups 3.000 3 1.000 . .

FD Within Groups .000 8 .000

Total 3.000 11

Between Groups .000 3 .000 25.208 .000

TS Within Groups .000 8 .000

Total .000 11

Texture

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 102.013 3 34.004 68.706 .000

Within Groups 57.411 116 .495

Total 159.424 119

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
 78

Tukey HSD

Dependent (I) (J) Mean Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

Variable GROUP GROUP Difference (I-J) Lower Bound Upper Bound

T_B -12.1512667* 1.5622228 .000 -17.154054 -7.148479

T_A T_C -19.8839000* 1.5622228 .000 -24.886687 -14.881113

T_D -21.1742000* 1.5622228 .000 -26.176987 -16.171413

T_A 12.1512667* 1.5622228 .000 7.148479 17.154054

T_B T_C -7.7326333* 1.5622228 .005 -12.735421 -2.729846

T_D -9.0229333* 1.5622228 .002 -14.025721 -4.020146

GSM
T_A 19.8839000* 1.5622228 .000 14.881113 24.886687

T_C T_B 7.7326333* 1.5622228 .005 2.729846 12.735421

T_D -1.2903000 1.5622228 .841 -6.293087 3.712487

T_A 21.1742000* 1.5622228 .000 16.171413 26.176987

T_D T_B 9.0229333* 1.5622228 .002 4.020146 14.025721

T_C 1.2903000 1.5622228 .841 -3.712487 6.293087

T_B -.0083333* .0011193 .000 -.011918 -.004749

T_A T_C -.0078667* .0011193 .000 -.011451 -.004282

T_D -.0032333 .0011193 .078 -.006818 .000351

T_A .0083333* .0011193 .000 .004749 .011918

T_B T_C .0004667 .0011193 .974 -.003118 .004051

T_D .0051000* .0011193 .008 .001516 .008684

T_A .0078667* .0011193 .000 .004282 .011451

T_C T_B -.0004667 .0011193 .974 -.004051 .003118

T_D .0046333* .0011193 .014 .001049 .008218

T_A .0032333 .0011193 .078 -.000351 .006818

T_D T_B -.0051000* .0011193 .008 -.008684 -.001516

T_C -.0046333* .0011193 .014 -.008218 -.001049

 79

Dependent Variable: Texture

Tukey HSD

(I) Group (J) Group Mean Difference Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

(I-J) Lower Bound Upper Bound

T_B -1.27800* .18164 .000 -1.7515 -.8045

T_A T_C -.01133 .18164 1.000 -.4848 .4622

T_D -2.18900* .18164 .000 -2.6625 -1.7155

T_A 1.27800* .18164 .000 .8045 1.7515

T_B T_C 1.26667* .18164 .000 .7932 1.7402

T_D -.91100* .18164 .000 -1.3845 -.4375

T_A .01133 .18164 1.000 -.4622 .4848

T_C T_B -1.26667* .18164 .000 -1.7402 -.7932

T_D -2.17767* .18164 .000 -2.6512 -1.7042

T_A 2.18900* .18164 .000 1.7155 2.6625

T_D T_B .91100* .18164 .000 .4375 1.3845

T_C 2.17767* .18164 .000 1.7042 2.6512

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

GSM

Tukey HSD

GROUP N Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2 3
 80

T_A 3 29.825800

T_B 3 41.977067

T_C 3 49.709700

T_D 3 51.000000

Sig. 1.000 1.000 .841

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

TS

Tukey HSD

GROUP N Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2

T_A 3 .014067

T_D 3 .017300

T_C 3 .021933

T_B 3 .022400

Sig. .078 .974

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

GSM_A 3 29.8258 29.8258 29.825800 0E-7

FD_A 3 7.0000 7.0000 7.000000 0E-7
TS_A 3 .0115 .0166 .014067 .0025502
GSM_B 3 39.7678 43.0817 41.977067 1.9132811
FD_B 3 6.0000 6.0000 6.000000 0E-7
 81

TS_B 3 .0215 .0233 .022400 .0009000

GSM_C 3 46.3957 49.7097 48.605033 1.9133388
FD_C 3 6.0000 6.0000 6.000000 0E-7
TS_C 3 .0215 .0224 .021933 .0004509
GSM_D 3 50.0000 50.0000 50.000000 0E-7
FD_D 3 7.0000 7.0000 7.000000 0E-7
TS_D 3 .0173 .0173 .017300 0E-7
Valid N (listwise) 3