Karyl Anne C.

Abarientos STEM 11-A

THE HISTORY OF TABLE TENNIS

Like most other sports, table tennis had humble beginnings as a “parlor game,”
open to anyone with access to a table, paddle, and ball. The game began in the 1880s,
when lawn tennis players adapted their game to play indoors during the winter.

Ping-Pong is a trademark name for table tennis and associated equipment. The
name “Ping-Pong” was invented by the English firm J. Jaques and Son at the end of the
1800s and later trademarked in the United States by Parker Brothers, the board game
company.

Table tennis is played on a flat table divided into two equal courts by a net fixed
across its width at the middle. The object is to hit the ball so that it goes over the net
and bounces on the opponent’s half of the table in such a way that the opponent cannot
reach it or return it correctly. The lightweight hollow ball is propelled back and forth
across the net by small rackets (bats, or paddles) held by the players.

The game quickly caught on, and as early as 1901, tournaments were being
conducted with over 300 participants. The Ping-Pong Association was formed but was
renamed The Table Tennis Association in 1922.

In 1902 a visiting Japanese university professor took the game back to Japan,
where he introduced it to university students. Shortly after, a British salesman, Edward
Shires, introduced it to the people of Vienna and Budapest, and the seeds were sown
for a sport that now enjoys popularity all over the world.

Table tennis was firmly on the map, and on April 24, 1927, the English Table Tennis
Association was born, under the chairmanship and direction of Ivor Montague, son of Lord
Ewatthling. The first world championships were held in 1927 and were won by a Hungarian, Dr.
Jacobi.

The 1950s saw the game turned upside down by the invention of the sponge or
sandwich rubber, this new material for bats, which, up until now, had been a relatively
simple affair with a universal thin covering of pimpled rubber.

Today, the sport both in England and abroad is very well established and is
growing each year. The culmination of this has been its recognition as an Olympic
Games sport, being featured for the first time in the 1988 games in Seoul. Television
coverage of the men’s singles final attracted an incredible worldwide audience of 2
billion.
 RULES IN TABLE TENNIS

BASIC RULES OF TABLE TENNIS AS PER THE ITTF

The Table

`The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall be rectangular, 2.74m
long and 1.525m wide, and shall lie in a horizontal plane 76cm above the floor. The playing surface
shall not include the vertical sides of the tabletop. The playing surface may be of any material and
shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard ball is dropped on to it from a height of
30cm. The playing surface shall be uniformly dark coloured and matte, but with a white side line,
2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each 1.525m edge. The
playing surface shall be divided into 2 equal courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end
lines, and shall be continuous over the whole area of each court. For doubles, each court shall be
divided into 2 equal half-courts by a white centre line, 3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines;
the centre line shall be regarded as part of each right half-court.

The Net Assembly

The net assembly shall consist of the net, its suspension and the supporting posts, including
the clamps attaching them to the table. The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end
to an upright post 15.25cm high, the outside limits of the post being 15.25cm outside the side
line. The top of the net, along its whole length, shall be 15.25cm above the playing surface. The
bottom of the net, along its whole length, shall be as close as possible to the playing surface and the
ends of the net shall be attached to the supporting posts from top to bottom.

The Ball

The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40mm. The ball shall weigh 2.7g. The ball shall
be made of celluloid or similar plastics material and shall be white or orange, and matt.

The Racket

- The racket can be any size, shape or weight but the blade shall be flat and rigid.

- The surface covering material shall be matt and bright red on one side and black on the other.

- At least 85% of the blade thickness shall be of natural wood.

Definitions
- A rally is the period which the ball is in play.

- A let is a rally of which the result is not scored.

- A point is a rally of which the result is scored.

- The server is the player due to strike the ball first in the rally.

- The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.

- The ball shall be regarded as passing over or around the net assembly if it passes anywhere other
then between the net and the net post or between the net and the playing surface.

The Service

Service shall start with the ball resting freely on the open palm of the server's stationary free
hand. The server shall then project the ball near vertically upwards, without imparting spin, so that it
rises at least 16cm after leaving the palm of the free hand and then falls without touching anything
before being struck. As the ball is falling the server shall strike it so that it touches first his or her
court and then, after passing over or around the net assembly, touches directly the receiver's court;
in doubles, the ball shall touch successively the right half court of server and receiver. From the start
of service until it is struck, the ball shall be above the level of the playing surface and behind the
server's end line, and it shall not be hidden from the receiver by the server or his or her doubles
partner or by anything they wear or carry. As soon as the ball has been projected, the server’s free
arm and hand shall be removed from the space between the ball and the net.

The space between the ball and the net is defined by the ball, the net and its indefinite
upward extension. It is the responsibility of the player to serve so that the umpire or the assistant
umpire can be satisfied that he or she complies with the requirements of the Laws, and either may
decide that a service is incorrect. If either the umpire or the assistant umpire is not sure about the
legality of a service he or she may, on the first occasion in a match, interrupt play and warn the
server; but any subsequent service by that player or his or her doubles partner which is not clearly
legal shall be considered incorrect. Exceptionally, the umpire may relax the requirements for a
correct service where he or she is satisfied that compliance is prevented by physical disability.

The Return

The ball, having been served or returned shall be struck so that it passes over or around the
net assembly and touches the opponents court, either directly or after touching the net assembly.

The Order of Play

In singles the server shall make a first service and the receiver shall make a return
and thereafter alternately shall each make a return.

In doubles, the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then make a return, the
partner of the server shall then make a return, the partner of the receiver shall then make a return
and thereafter each player in turn in that sequence shall make a return.

A Point

Unless the rally is a let, a player shall score a point

if an opponent fails to make a correct service;

if an opponent fails to make a correct return;

if, after he or she has made a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net
assembly before being struck by an opponent;

if the ball passes over his or her court or beyond his or her end line without touching his or her court,
after being struck by an opponent;

if an opponent obstructs the ball;

if an opponent deliberately strikes the ball twice in succession;

if an opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface does not comply with the
requirements of 2.4.3, 2.4.4 and 2.4.5;

if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, moves the playing surface;

if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, touches the net assembly;

if an opponent's free hand touches the playing surface;

if a doubles opponent strikes the ball out of the sequence established by the first server and first
receiver;

as provided under the expedite system (2.15.4).

if both players or pairs are in a wheelchair due to a physical disability and

his or her opponent does not maintain a minimum contact with the seat or cushion(s), with the back
of the thigh, when the ball is struck;

his or her opponent touches the table with either hand before striking the ball;

his or her opponent's footrest or foot touches the floor during play.

as provided under the order of play (2.8.3).

A Game

A game shall be won by a player or pair first scoring 11 points unless both players or pairs
score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead
of 2 points.

A Match

A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games.

 THE HISTORY OF BADMINTON

Badminton has its origins in ancient civilisations in Europe and Asia. The ancient
game known as battledore (bat or paddle) and shuttlecock probably originated more
than 2000 years ago.
In the 1600s battledore and shuttlecock was an upperclass pastime in England
and many European countries. Battledore and shuttlecock was simply two people hitting
a shuttlecock backwards and forwards with a simple bat as many times as they could
without allowing it to hit the ground.
Modern badminton can be traced to mid-19th century British India. It was created
by British military officers stationed there. A net was added to the traditional English
game of battledore and shuttlecock. As it was popular in the British garrison town of
Poona, the game came to be known as "Poona" or "Poonai" Initially, woollen balls were
preferred by the upper classes in windy or wet conditions, but ultimately shuttlecocks
took over the role of a "ball." This game was taken by retired officers who got back to
England. It was introduced as a game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his
stately home 'Badminton' in Gloucestershire, England where it became popular. Hence,
the origin of the name "Badminton."
In March 1898, the first Open Tournament was held at Guildford and the first 'All
England' Championships were held the following year.
The International Badminton Federation was formed in 1934 with nine founder
members, England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Holland, Canada, New Zealand
and France. India joined as an affiliate in 1936.
The first major IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (world men's team
championships) in 1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased with the
addition of the Uber Cup (women's team), World Championships (individual events),
Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Junior Championships and the World Grand Prix
Finals.
Badminton is a relatively new Olympic sport. It was a demonstration sport at the
1972 Munich Olympics. Badminton eventually became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in
1992. Only the singles and doubles were introduced for the first time in the Olympic
Games. Mixed doubles was included in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and
badminton is the only sport that has mixed doubles event in the Olympics.
Only five countries have won gold medals at the Olympics since badminton was
introduced in 1992 - China, Indonesia and Korea, England and Denmark.
 THE LAWS OF BADMINTON

The Laws of Badminton and Competition Regulations in the BWF Statutes provide the detail on
every aspect of the game of badminton.
Below is a brief overview - simplified rules.
Scoring System

o A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points.

o Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored.
o The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
o At 20 all, the side which gains a 2-point lead first, wins that game.
o At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.
o The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Interval and Change of Ends

o When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have a 60 second interval.
o A 2-minute interval between each game is allowed.
o In the third game, players change ends when the leading score reaches 11 points.

Singles

o At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even, the server serves
from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the server serves from the left
service court.
o If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then serves again from the alternate
service court.
o If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the new server. They
serve from the appropriate service court – left if their score is odd, and right if it is even.

Doubles

o A side has only one ‘set’.

o The service passes consecutively to the players as shown in the diagram.
o At the beginning of the game and when the score is even, the server serves from the right
service court. When it is odd, the server serves from the left court.
o If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the same server serves
again from the alternate service court.
o If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The receiving side
becomes the new serving side.
o The players do not change their respective service courts until they win a point when their
side is serving.

If players commit an error in the service court, the error is corrected when the mistake is discovered.
In a doubles match between A & B against C & D. A & B won the toss and decided to serve. A to
serve to C. A shall be the initial server while C shall be the initial receiver.