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Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861

www.elsevier.com/locate/solener

Correlations for solar air heater duct with dimpled shape

roughness elements on absorber plate
Muneesh Sethi a, Varun b,⇑, N.S. Thakur c
a
School of Engineering and Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol (Solan) 173212, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur 177 005, India
c
Centre for Excellence in Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur 177 005, India

Received 26 December 2011; received in revised form 7 June 2012; accepted 25 June 2012
Available online 21 July 2012

Communicated by: Associate Editor Yanjun Dai

Abstract

An experimental investigation has been carried out for a range of system and operating parameters in order to analyse the effect of
artificial roughness on heat transfer and friction characteristics in solar air heater duct which is having dimple shaped elements arranged
in angular fashion (arc) as roughness elements on absorber plate. Duct has an aspect ratio (W/H) of 11, relative roughness pitch (p/e)
range of 10–20, relative roughness height (e/Dh) range of 0.021–0.036, arc angle (a) range of 45–75° and Reynolds number (Re) ranges
from 3600 to 18,000. A considerable increase in heat transfer and friction loss has been observed. The experimental data have been used
to develop Nusselt number and friction factor correlations as a function of roughness parameters and operating parameters.
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Dimple shaped; Heat transfer; Nusselt number; Solar air heater

1. Introduction
The use of artificial roughness on a surface is an effective
technique to enhance heat transfer to fluid flowing in ducts.
This roughness can be provided by sand blasting, fixing
wires, wire mesh or by providing roughness in the form
of ribs, dimples, protrusion etc. reported by Dippery and
Sabersky (1963), Sheriff and Gumley (1966), Saini and
Saini (1997), Saini and Verma (2008), Hans et al. (2009)
and Bhushan and Singh (2011). Several investigations have
been carried out to study the effect of artificial roughness
on heat transfer and friction factor used in compact heat
exchanger by Elyyan et al. (2008) and Webb (1994), gas
turbine cooling by Moon et al. (2000), Amro et al. (2007)
and in solar air heaters by Momin et al. (2002), Varun
et al. (2008), Singh et al. (2011), Lanjewar et al. (2011),
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: varun7go@gmail.com (Varun).
Jaurker et al. (2006) and Layek et al. (2007). The ribs
destroy the laminar sublayer and create turbulence in the
flow. The turbulence leads to increase in pumping power
which is required for flow of air in the duct. Therefore
roughness is created in such a region which is near to the
absorber plate i.e. laminar sublayer only.
The roughness was first used in solar air heater and
resulted in better heat transfer in comparison to that in con-
ventional solar air heater by Prasad and Mullick (1985).
Prasad and Saini (1988) studied the effect of roughness
and flow parameters on heat transfer and friction factor
for transverse ribs. It was observed that maximum heat
transfer occurred near to the reattachment points. The max-
imum enhancement in Nusselt number and friction factor
was reported to be 2.38 and 4.25 times respectively over
smooth duct. Verma and Prasad (2000) has been carried
out experimental study for thermohydraulic optimisation
of the roughness and flow parameters for Reynolds number
(Re) range of 5000–20,000, relative roughness pitch (p/e)

0038-092X/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.024
 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861
Nomenclature
Ac surface area of absorber plate (m2)
Ao area of orifice meter (m2)
Cp specific heat of air (J/kg K)
Cd coefficient of discharge
d print diameter of dimple (m)
Dh hydraulic diameter (m)
W width of duct (m)
H height of duct (m)
W/H aspect ratio of duct
L length of test section in duct (m)
e dimple depth (m)
e/Dh relative roughness height
p pitch (m)
p/e relative roughness pitch
f friction factor
k thermal conductivity (W/m K)
V mean flow velocity in duct (m/s)
h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
range of 10–40 and relative roughness height (e/Dh) range
of 0.01–0.03. The optimal thermohydraulic performance
was reported to be 71%. Karwa et al. (1999) has been exper-
imentally investigated the effect of repeated rectangular
cross-section ribs on heat transfer and friction factor for
duct aspect ratio (W/H) range of 7.19–7.75, p/e value of
10, e/Dh range of 0.0467–0.050 and Re range of 2800–
15,000. The enhancement in the Stanton number was
reported to be 65–90% while friction factor was found to
be 2.68–2.94 times as compared to smooth duct. Gupta
et al. (1997) experimentally investigated the effect of e/Dh,
inclination of rib with respect to flow direction and Rey-
nolds number (Re) on the thermohydraulic performance
of a roughened solar air heater. The detailed studies on
roughness geometries used in solar air heater ducts are also
available in Varun et al. (2007), Hans et al. (2009) and
Bhushan and Singh (2010).
The application of artificial roughness in the form of dim-
ples on absorber plate is attractive roughness geometry for
solar air heater due to its less complicated manufacturing
process (spherical indentation). Because of this characteris-
tic, dimples do not add extra weight to the absorber plate
(Saini and Verma, 2008). Moon et al. (2000) investigated
the effect of channel height on the heat transfer and friction
factor in a dimpled channel. The thermal performance of
dimpled surface was superior to that of continuous ribs.
The heat transfer enhancement with concavities can be
achieved with a relatively low pressure penalty. Elyyan
et al. (2008) carried out a detailed heat transfer and flow
study on a dimpled plate and identified increment in the heat
transfer is due to the formation of vortex structures.
Many performance studies on roughened solar air hea-
ter have also been carried out to compare the performance
2853
Nu Nusselt number
Re Reynolds number
DPo pressure drop across orifice plate (Pa)
DPd pressure drop across duct (Pa)
m mass flow rate of air (kg/s)
Qu useful heat gain (W)
to air outlet temperature (K)
ti air inlet temperature (K)
tpm mean temperature of absorber plate (K)
tam Mean temperature of air (K)
Greek Symbols
a arc angle (°)
a/60° relative arc angle
q density (kg/m3)
b ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter
parameters among different roughness geometries used in
solar air heaters (Mittal et al., 2007; Sharma and Varun,
2010; Sethi et al., 2010). Sethi et al. (2010) has computed
the effective efficiency for four types of discrete geometries
(roughness elements) used in solar air heaters (V-shaped,
dimple shaped, W-shaped and metal grit ribs). It has been
observed that dimple shaped roughness element shows the
best performance among all. Sharma and Varun (2010) has
also computed exergy efficiency for continuous types of
roughness elements i.e. transverse ribs, angled ribs, wedge
shaped ribs, rib-grooved and arc shaped wire. Among these
five types of roughness elements arc shaped wire shows the
best performance. As the above literature shows that the
dimple shaped elements and angular arc perform better
among all the roughness geometries which has been used
in solar air heaters. Therefore, this present investigation
has been carried out with the objective of extensive exper-
imentation on dimple shape roughness element for identifi-
cation of optimum positioning of the dimples to maximise
heat transfer coefficient and minimise friction penalty. To
achieve the stated objective, dimple shaped elements were
arranged in angular fashion (arc) to use the benefit of both
shape and pattern (optimal configuration) on the underside
of the absorber plate of a solar air heater. Thus experimen-
tation data has been collected to see the effect of roughness
parameters on heat transfer and friction characteristics.
Using this experimental data, correlations for Nusselt num-
ber and friction factor have also been developed.
1.1. Roughness parameters
Dimple shaped roughness elements have been generated
on the absorber plate to create roughness in the duct. A
2854 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861
Fig. 1. (a) Diagram of the absorber plate. (b) Pictorial view of the absorber plate.
Table 1
Values of flow and roughness parameter.
S. No. Parameter Range
1 Aspect ratio (W/H) 11
2 Relative roughness height (e/Dh) 0.021–0.036
3 Relative roughness pitch (p/e) 10–20
4 Arc angle (a) 45–75°
5 Ratio of dimple depth to print diameter (e/d) 0.5 (fixed)
6 Reynolds number 3600–18,000
schematic and pictorial view of roughness geometry is
shown in Fig. 1a and b. Rib roughness parameters in
non dimensional form have been expressed as, relative
roughness pitch (p/e), relative roughness height (e/Dh) and
arc angle (a). The dimples were produced by spherical
indentation on the underside of the absorber plate. The
range of rib roughness parameters and operating parame-
ters is given in Table 1. The following procedure has been
adopted to study the friction and heat transfer characteris-
tics of roughened duct. For studying the effect of e/Dh, p/e
and a on heat transfer and friction characteristics, 27
roughened plates were experimentally investigated at vari-
ous mass flow rates.
2. Experimental program and procedure
An experimental setup has been designed and fabricated
to study the effect of roughness element on heat transfer and
fluid flow characteristics in rectangular duct. The range of
parameters is decided on the basis of practical consider-
ations of system and operating conditions. Experimental
setup consists of wooden channel that includes three
sections namely entry section, test section and exit section.
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown
in Fig. 2. The duct is having dimensions for inner cross-sec-
tion as 2300 mm  330 mm  30 mm. The test section has a
length of 1500 mm and the length of entry and exit section
was provided as 530 mm and 270 mm respectively. These
lengths were taken as per the ASHRAE Standard 93-77
(1977). An electric heater having size of 1500 mm 
330 mm was fabricated by combining series and parallel
loops of heating nichrome wire on a 5 mm thick asbestos
sheet. A mica sheet of 1 mm thick was placed on the
nichrome wire to get uniform radiations between the electric
heater and absorber plate. The heat flux may be varied from
0 to 1200 W/m2 with the help of a variable transformer
which is connected across it. A 100 mm thick layer of glass
wool as an insulating material and a 12 mm thick wooden
panel was provided in order to minimise the heat loses from
the top side of the electric heater. A 2 mm aluminium sheet
having roughness on its underside was provided as absorber
plate. The mass flow rate of air was measured by means of a
calibrated orifice meter connected with a U-tube manome-
ter. Control valves were provided to control the flow. Cali-
brated T type thermocouples were used to measure the
temperature of air and absorbing plate temperature at dif-
ferent locations. A digital milli-voltmeter was used to indi-
cate the output of the thermocouples. The pressure drop
across the test section was measured with the help of a
micro-manometer.
For each experimental run, initially all the instruments,
viz. micro-manometer, milli-voltmeter, U-tube manometer,
voltmeter and ammeter were checked for their correctness
 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861 2855

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

and all joints were carefully checked to avoid any air leak-
age. Data was recorded under quasi-steady state (when
there is no appreciable change in temperature for 10–
15 min) conditions for the air temperature at different
points on the duct and temperature of absorber plate at
12 different locations. In the beginning quasi-steady state
was attained in 2–3 h. After that it will take 1–1.5 h to
attain quasi-steady state. At this state pressure drop across
orifice meter and across test section has been measured.

3. Data reduction

Quasi-steady state values of plate and air temperature at

various locations in the plate/duct and the pressure drops Fig. 3. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of Nusselt
(orifice and duct) have been obtained for given heat flux number for a smooth plate.
and mass flow rate of air. The heat transfer rate to air, Nus-
selt number and friction factor have been computed from
the experimental data. Following equations have been used
for the evaluation of relevant parameters:
 1=2
2qðDP o Þ
m ¼ C d Ao ð1Þ
1  b4
Qu ¼ mCpðto  ti Þ ð2Þ
Qu
h¼ ð3Þ
Ac ðtpm  tam Þ
hDh
Nu ¼ ð4Þ
k
Dh ðDP d Þ
f ¼ ð5Þ Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of friction factor
2LqV 2 for a smooth plate.
Uncertainty analysis as proposed by Kline and McClin-
tock (1953) has been used for the prediction of uncertainty For the validation of experimental data, experimental
associated with the experimentation. For all roughened data have been collected on smooth absorbing surface.
plates investigated the maximum estimated uncertainties The average values of Nusselt number and friction factor
in Reynolds number (Re), Nusselt number (Nu) and fric- for smooth duct have been calculated. Figs. 3 and 4 show
tion factor (f) were 2.27%, 4.91% and 4.37% respectively. the comparison of the experimental values of Nusselt num-
ber and friction factor for smooth surface with the predicted
4. Results and discussion values of the Nusselt number and the friction factor from
Dittus–Boelter and modified Blasius correlation respec-
The effect of flow and roughness parameters on heat tively (Varun and Mittal, 2006). It can be seen from the
transfer and friction characteristics for flow of air in a rect- plots that the values are comparable.
angular channel are presented and discussed in the present Figs. 5–7 have been drawn to represent the Nusselt num-
section. ber derived from the experimental test results as a function
2856 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861
Fig. 5. Variation of the Nusselt number with the Reynolds number for
different values of p/e and for fixed e/Dh = 0.036 and a = 45°.
Fig. 6. Variation of the Nusselt number with the Reynolds number for
different values of alpha and for fixed e/Dh = 0.036 and p/e = 10.
Fig. 7. Variation of the Nusselt number with the Reynolds number for
different values of e/Dh and for fixed a = 45° and p/e = 10.
of roughness and operating parameters. It has been
observed that under the given operating conditions, Nus-
selt number (Nu) is a strong function of relative roughness
height (e/Dh), relative roughness pitch (p/e) and arc angle
(a). It is observed that Nu increases monotonously with
the increase in Reynolds number. However, for dimpled
absorber plate the values of Nu are considerably higher
than those obtained for smooth absorber plate due to the
fact that dimples on absorber plate result in enhancement
of heat transfer coefficient. Augmentation in heat transfer
Fig. 8. Flow over a dimple (Elyyan et al., 2008).
coefficient may be attributed to vortex generation, flow sep-
aration and vortex shedding as shown in Fig. 8. In the fully
turbulent region the mean flow stream lines show the exis-
tence of two vortical structures, which together forms the
re-circular region inside the dimple cavity as reported by
Elyyan et al. (2008). Hwang et al. (2008) reported that
due to decrease in Reynolds number the low heat transfer
region inside the dimple becomes wider and inside the dim-
ple this low heat transfer region appears due to flow sepa-
ration and recirculation.
Fig. 5 shows the Nusselt number as a function of Rey-
nolds number (Re) for relative roughness pitch (p/e) values
of 10, 15 and 20 and for a fixed value of arc angle (a) and
relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 45° and 0.036 respec-
tively. The plot has been prepared to compare the Nusselt
number for a duct having dimple shape roughness arranged
in angular fashion (arc) for different values of relative
roughness pitch (p/e). It can be seen from Fig. 5 that for dif-
ferent values of relative roughness pitch (p/e), Nu monoto-
nously increases with the increase of Re. It is seen from
the Fig. 5 that Nusselt number has been found maximum
corresponding to relative roughness pitch (p/e) value of
10. Due to separation of flow at the dimple, reattachment
of free shear layer occur for p/e of 10 and maximum heat
transfer occurs in the vicinity of the reattachment region
(Saini and Verma, 2008). As the distance between the dim-
ples (relative roughness pitch) increases the number of vor-
tices formation may get reduced due to which the
enhancement in heat transfer is reduced.
Fig. 6 shows the Nusselt number (Nu) as a function of
Reynolds number (Re) for arc angle (a) values of 45°, 60°
and 75° and for a fixed value of relative roughness pitch
(p/e) and relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 10 and 0.036
respectively. The values of Nusselt number increases with
the increase of arc angle (a) but up to 60°. After that the
value of Nusselt number starts decreasing with the further
increase in arc angle (a). It is observed that as the flow
 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861 2857

releases from the dimple, curvature induces helicity to the

mean stream lines. These generated vortices affect the
downstream dimples located in diagonal direction. These
vortices come in contact with the main stream flow and
transported to the surface which increases heat transfer.
Fig. 7 shows the variation in the Nusselt number (Nu) as
a function of the Reynolds number (Re) for relative rough-
ness height (e/Dh) values of 0.021–0.036 and for a fixed
value of relative roughness pitch (p/e) and arc angle (a)
of 10° and 45° respectively. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that
for different values of relative roughness height (e/Dh), Nu
monotonously increases with the increase in Re. It is seen
that Nu increases with increase in relative roughness height,
Fig. 10. Variation of friction factor with the Reynolds number for
(e/Dh) and has been found maximum corresponding to rel- different values of alpha and for fixed e/Dh = 0.036 and p/e = 10.
ative roughness height of 0.036. This is due to the reason
that heat transfer coefficient is low at the leading edge of
the dimples and high at the trailing edge. Larger relative
roughness height produced more reattachment of free
shear layer which creates the strong secondary flow (Kore
et al., 2011). Hence, the heat transfer increases with the
increase in dimple height and maximum occurs at e/Dh of
0.036.
Figs. 9–11 represent effect of system and operating
parameters on friction factor. It can be observed that fric-
tion factor decreases monotonously with increase in Rey-
nolds number. However, values of friction factor are
higher for roughened absorber plate as compared to those
obtained from smooth absorber plate. Fig. 9 shows the fric-
tion factor as a function of Reynolds number for relative
Fig. 11. Variation of friction factor with the Reynolds number for
roughness pitch (p/e) values of 10, 15 and 20 and for a fixed
different values of e/Dh and for fixed p/e = 10 and a = 45°.
value of arc angle (a) and relative roughness height (e/Dh) of
45° and 0.036 respectively. The maximum value of friction
factor occurs at relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 10. This (p/e) and relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 10 and 0.036
is due to the reason that maximum number of reattachment respectively. It is seen that friction factor corresponding
points is formed at relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 10 which to arc angle (a) at about 60° has been found maximum while
in turn increases the friction penalty. As the relative rough- for angle of attack (a) at 45° is found to be minimum. It is
ness pitch (p/e) goes on increasing the number of dimples get because of the reason that maximum number of dimples
reduced which in turn results in lower friction penalty. come into the contact of flow at about 60°. As the angle
Fig. 10 shows the variation of friction factor as a function increases beyond this value some of the dimple does not
of Reynolds number for arc angle (a) values of 45°, 60° take part in flow due to the creation of hindrance in the for-
and 75° and for a fixed value of relative roughness pitch mation of vortices. Similarly, the variation of friction factor
for different values of relative roughness height (e/Dh) has
been plotted in Fig. 11. The maximum value occurs at rela-
tive roughness height (e/Dh) of 0.036, this is because of the
increase in dimple depth which leads to formation of strong
recirculation zone of the flow which creates strong second-
ary flow and the power requirement to flow air through the
duct increases sharply (Kore et al., 2011).

5. Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor

It has been discussed in the earlier section that the Nus-

selt number and friction factor are the strong functions of
flow parameters and the roughness dimensions. The func-
Fig. 9. Variation of friction factor with the Reynolds number for different tional relationships between the Nusselt number and fric-
values of p/e and for fixed e/Dh = 0.036 and a = 45°. tion factor can therefore be written as
2858 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861

Nu ¼ NuðRe;P =e; a; e=Dh Þ ð6Þ

f ¼ f ðRe;P =e; a; e=Dh Þ ð7Þ
Correlations have been developed as a function of system
and operating parameters on same lines of Saini and Saini
(1997).

5.1. Correlation for Nusselt number

All the values of the Nusselt number which we get from

the experimentation were plotted against Reynolds number
as shown in Fig. 12. A regression analysis to fit a straight
line through these points is given by:
Fig. 13. Plot of Nu/Re1.1386 versus p/e.
Nu ¼ A0 Re1:1386 ð8Þ
where A0 is a function of  other parameters
 i.e. relative
roughness pitch (p/e). A0 ¼ Nu=Re1:1386 is plotted as a
function of relative roughness pitch (p/e) as shown by
Fig. 13. A regression analysis to fit a straight line through
these points is given by
 
Nu
¼ B0 ðp=eÞ0:047 ð9Þ
Re1:1386
where B0 is the function of the parameter a/60.B0 is plotted
as the function of a/60 on log–log scale shown by Fig. 14.
A regression analysis to fit a second order polynomial is
given by:
!
Nu
ln 0:047
¼ C 0 þ C 1 lnða=60Þ Fig. 14. Plot of ln{Nu/(Re1.1386(p/e)-0.047)} versus ln(a/60°).
Re1:1386 ðp=eÞ
2
þ C 2 ½lnða=60Þ ð10Þ
This equation can be expressed as:
Nu
¼ C 0 ða=60Þ0:0048
Re 1:1386
ðp=eÞ0:047
h i
2
 exp 0:7792½lnða=60Þ ð11Þ

where C0 is the function of relative height roughness (e/Dh).

C0 is plotted as the function of relative height roughness
(e/Dh) as shown in Fig. 15. A regression analysis to fit a
straight line through these points is given by:
Fig. 15. Plot of {Nu/Re1.1386(p/e)-0.047(a/60°)0.0048exp[0.7792(ln(a/
60°))2]} versus e/Dh.

Nu
h i
0:047 0:0048
Re 1:1386
ðp=eÞ ða=60Þ exp 0:7792ðlnða=60ÞÞ2

¼ D0 ðe=Dh Þ0:3629
ð12Þ

The values of the coefficients are

A0 ¼ 1:7  103 ; B0 ¼ 1:9  103 ; C 0 ¼ 6:2409;

3
Fig. 12. Variation of the Nusselt number with the Reynolds number. D0 ¼ 7:1  10
 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861 2859

Fig. 16. Variation of friction factor with the Reynolds number. Fig. 19. Plot of {Nu/Re0.223(p/e)-0.059(a/60°)0.0042 exp[0.4801(ln(a/
60°))2]} versus e/Dh.

Fig. 17. Plot of (f/Re0.223) versus (p/e). Fig. 20. Comparison of the experimental and predicted value of the
Nusselt numbers.

Fig. 18. Plot of ln[f/(Re0.223(p/e)0.059)] versus ln(a/60°).

Fig. 21. Comparison of the experimental and predicted value of the
friction factor.
The values result in the following correlation for the Nus-
selt number.
0:3629 A01 ¼ 1:575  101 ; B01 ¼ 1:84  101 ;
Nu ¼ 7:1  103  Re1:1386  ðe=Dh Þ
0:047 0:0048 C 01 ¼ 1:672; D01 ¼ 4:869  101
 ðp=eÞ  ða=60Þ
 expb0:7792ðlnða=60ÞÞ2 c ð13Þ
The final correlation for the friction factor can be written
5.2. Correlation for friction factor as

A similar procedure has been followed to develop the f ¼ 4:869  101  ðe=Dh Þ0:2663  Re0:223
correlation for the friction factor. The values of the coeffi- 0:059 0:0042
 ðp=eÞ  ða=60Þ
cients are the function of flow parameter and roughness 2
parameter as show in Figs. 16–19.  expb0:4801ðlnða=60ÞÞ c ð14Þ
2860 M. Sethi et al. / Solar Energy 86 (2012) 2852–2861
The comparison of experimental and predicted values of
the Nusselt number and the friction factor are presented in
Figs. 20 and 21 respectively. The plot between experimental
and predicted value of the Nusselt number shows that the
deviation is ±8% which is in a good acceptable limit. The
plot between experimental and predicted value of the fric-
tion factor shows the deviation is ±8% which is also in
an acceptable limit.
6. Conclusions
An extensive experimental study has been carried out to
predict the heat transfer and flow characteristics of a solar
air heater having roughened duct provided with dimple
shaped roughness arranged in angular fashion as on the
absorber plate. It can be concluded that heat transfer can
be enhanced effectively by providing this type of roughness
element on the absorber plate. Nusselt number and friction
factor are the strong function of system and operating
parameters.
1. Nusselt number increases whereas friction factor
decreases with the increase in Reynolds number. Values
of friction factor and Nusselt number are higher as com-
pared to the smooth ones.
2. The maximum value of Nusselt number has been found
corresponding to relative roughness height of 0.036, rel-
ative roughness pitch of 10 and arc angle of 60°.
3. The statistical correlation for Nusselt number and fric-
tion factor has been developed as a function of Reynolds
number and roughness geometry parameters. In the
range of studied parameters, the maximum deviation
for Nusselt number and friction factor has been found
to be ±8% and ±8% respectively.
Acknowledgements
This work has been carried out in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur (HP), India. The authors acknowledge the Lab
Technician Mr. Devraj Thakur for their support. Authors
also thanks to Mr. Gaurav Bharadwaj and Mr. Maneesh
Kaushal student of Thermal Engineering for their support
during experimentation work. The authors also acknowl-
edge the anonymous reviewer for his valuable comments.
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