WRITING HUB

Literary Fiction Genres

Description

These genre lists, along with descriptions and examples, are presented by Writing to
Publish for research, educational, trivia-browsing, and other purposes. The prose
subgenres we've listed here are in red, and sub-subgenres in (parentheses).
Clarifications are in {braces}, and major categories in larger print. Genres that spring
from non-English sources, which have become popular in translation, are usually
in italics. Genres and subgenres that haven't seen wide use in decades are marked by
an *asterisk.

Some of the broader genres listed here might be thought of as 'descriptive' or

'functional' categories instead, and there is no real agreement on which is which.
There is plenty of overlap between subgenres (as with American West Romances and
Romantic Westerns), and we've chosen to be a thorough as possible. Astute observers
will encounter several different classification systems.
In practice, a novel's (or short story's) genre is often fixed by its cover and marketing,
while the work itself could fairly belong to two or more genres.

This page is focused upon literary and genre fiction only, with a companion page that
is more comprehensive. It's a fun exercise to list several examples from each category,
by fame or personal favorites.

LIST’S
Here's a list of all written genres, fiction and nonfiction, prose and poem and practical,
as seen in a variety of lengths and formats. (In the case of broadcasts, movie scripts,
sermons, etc., they are normally written down before being spoken aloud.)

Full Genre List

Here are some basic definitions.

Fiction Genre Definitions

Here's a list of keywords particular to each genre.

Indicative Words

Major Categories:

Children's

Fantasy

Horror

Mystery

Romance

Science Fiction

Short Fiction

Thriller/Suspense

Westerns

Young Adult

List of Fiction Genres:

♦ Ab-to-Ch genre definitions and examples

Absurdist
Adventure (cliffhanger, Milesian*, Robinsonade, swashbuckler)
African-American
Airport novels
Allegorical
Alternative History
Americana (road trip)
Asian-American
Autobiographical Fiction
Bizarro
Campus (varsity)
Canadiana
Chick Lit (hen or matron lit, ethnic)

Children's Literature
Children's subgenre definitions and examples

By Children
Early Readers
Middle or Junior Readers (chapter books)
Picture Books
Pop-Up Picture Books
Second Person POV
Traditional Stories

♦ Cl-to-Fa genre definitions and examples

Classic Inspirational
Coming of Age (bildungsroman)
Commercial Fiction {a high-concept 'catchall' designation}
Constrained
Coterie or Cult Novel
Crime (gang or mafia, gentleman thief, Newgate novels*, renegade cops, sensation
novel*, etc.)
Decadent
Detective
Dickensian*
Drama or Realistic (over-the-top) {a modern-setting 'catchall' designation}
Economic or Financial
Ecotopian or Cli-Fi
Erotica (Chinese, contemporary, early works, faux memoirs, fetish and BDSM)
Epistolary
Existentialist
Experimental (anti-novel*)
Fable or Apologue (legend, parable)
Fairy Tales {traditional}
False Autobiography or Fake Memoirs {if exposed}
FanFic

Fantasy
Fantasy subgenre definitions and examples

Alternate Worlds
Arthurian
Bangsian
Celtic
Christian
Comedic
Contemporary
Court Intrigue
Culinary
Dark
Dying Earth
Erotic
Fantasy of Manners or Mannerpunk
Feghoot
Heroic
High or Epic Fantasy
Historical
Historical High Fantasy
Juvenile
Low Fantasy
Math
Media tie-in (Buffy novels, etc.)
Medieval
Military
Mythic (mythopoeia, mythpunk)
Portal
Prehistoric
Quest
Romantic
Science Fantasy
Series
Shenmo
Superhero
Sword & Sorcery
Urban Fantasy (nerd outfoxes supernatural)
Vampire (Dracula, Nosferatu, power player, sexy youth)
Wuxia

♦ Fo-to-Ho genre definitions and examples

Folklore (contemporary, international, old European)
Frame story
Frat Lit or Fratire
Gothic Fiction
Historical
Historiographical Metafiction
Holiday (vacation)
Hollywood

Horror
Horror subgenre definitions and examples

Aliens
Creepy Kids
Cross Genre
Cutting Edge
Dark Fantasy
Dark Fiction
Erotic
Extreme (splatterpunk, grindhouse or visceral)
Fabulist
Gothic (English gothic, southern gothic)
Hauntings
Holocaust
Humorous
Lovecraftian (Cthulhu mythos, etc.)
Media tie-in (Dark Shadows novels, etc.)
Mind Control
Noir
Supernatural (demons, zombies, etc.)
Paranormal {investigators}
Psychological (surreal)
Quiet or Soft
Rampant Animals
Rampant Technology
Satanic Bargains
Suspense or Dark Suspense (thriller)
Weird
♦ Hu-to-Mu genre definitions and examples

Humor or Comedy (black or dark comedy, comedy of humours*, comedy of manners,

romp, screwball, sentimental*, slapstick)
Hysterical Realism
Inspirational
Interactive (hypertext)
Invasion Literature
Lab Lit {realistic scientists}
Lad or Guy Lit
Latino or Hispanic (transborder)
Literary Fiction {a quality-writing 'catchall' designation}
Magical Realism
Mainstream or Blockbuster {a mass market 'catchall' designation}
Maritime or Nautical (journey, marooned)
Melodrama
Military Action or War Stories (fictional settings, real settings; near future)
Minimalist
Musical

Mystery
Mystery subgenre definitions and examples

Amateur Investigator
Bumbling Detective
Caper (heist)
Child in Peril (woman in peril)
Cozy
Culinary
Doctor Detective
Furry Sleuth
Handicapped {previously called "defective detectives"*}
Hard-boiled (literary, noir, tart noir)
Historical (Chinese, Elizabethan)
Inverted or Howdunit {reader already knows}
Legal (courtroom)
Locked Room or Puzzle
Police Procedural (forensic, futuristic, serial killer, stalker, etc)
Private Detectives (female PI)
Romantic
Serials or Series
Supernatural
Third World
Whodunit

♦ My-to-Ro genre definitions and examples

Mythology
Neuronovel
Nouveau roman*
Novela del dictador
Novel of manners*
New Adult
Pastiche
Philosophical
Picaresque
Postcolonial (postcolonial gothic)
Prehistoric
Prison Literature
Proletarian*
Prompt Stories (designated first line, precise theme, three-six-nine, etc.)
Psychological
Pulp {in magazines, etc.}
Regional
Retail
Roman à clef
Roman a These*
Romantic*

Romance
Romance subgenre definitions and examples

Accidentally Pregnant
Action
Americana
American West (precolumbian)
Baby Love
Bodice Ripper
Christian (Amish, contemporary, historical)
Civil War
Colonial America
Contemporary
Exotic Locales
Family Saga
Futuristic (other planets)
Glitz or Glamor
Gothic
Historical (Elizabethan, Georgian, Medieval, Tudor, Viking, etc.)
Indigenous or Primitive
Inspirational or Spiritual (New Age)
Lesbian
Medical
Men's
Multicultural
Paranormal
Regency
Romantic Suspense
Romentics
Ruritanian*
Sensual, Spicy, or Romantica
Sweet or Gentle
Time Travel

♦ Sa-to-Ta genre definitions and examples

Saga or Epic (family, *gaweda, mock, roman fleuve)

Satire or Lampoon (burlesque or travesty, farce, Horatian, Juvenalian, parody, etc.)

Science Fiction
SF subgenres A-F definitions and examples

Age Regression
Alien Invasion
Alternate Histories
Apocalyptic (asteroid hit, gonzo apocalypse, nuclear war, pandemic, etc.)
Artificial Intelligence
Astrobiology
Astrosociobiology
Bigger Than Worlds
Biopunk
Biorobotics
Christian
Clerical {religious orders}
Communalness
Cosy Catastrophe
Cybernetic Revolt
Cyberpunk {numerous subtypes and spinoffs}
Cyberspace
Cyborg
Detective (robotic police, telepathic investigation, etc.)
Dying Astronaut
Dying Earth
Dystopian (crowded world, gilded cage, jaded society, theocracy, etc.)
Edisonade*
Environmental
Erotica
Exotic Ecosystems {unusual life forms}
Extraterrestrial Life
Firm Science
First Encounters
First Landings (Mars, other planets; return to Moon)
Frontier (asteroid miners, rough colony, theme park)

SF subgenres G-P definitions and examples

Galactic Empire
Gay
Gendanken
Generation Ship
Gothic
Hard
Historic
Hollow Earth
Hopepunk
Horrific
Hyperspace
Immortality
Invisibility
Kaiju or Monster
Kēhuàn or Chinese
Lesbian
Light or Humorous
Lost Worlds (mysterious islands)
Math
Media tie-in (game-based, Star Trek novels, etc.)
Microbiological
Military
Mind Transfer
Multiverse
Mundane
Mythological {advanced technology reduxes}
New Wave
Nanopunk
Occupational (accountants, drivers, plumbers, sales reps, etc.)
Parallel Universe
Pastoral or Small Town
Planes of Existence (altered consciousness)
Planetary Romance
Post-apocalyptic
Postcyberpunk
Posthumanism
Progenitive
Pulp

SF subgenres R-X definitions and examples

Recursive {self-referential}
Religious (alien faiths, Hindu, Islamic, Jewish, etc.)
Restored Eden
Retro-futurism
Robot
Science Fantasy
Science Tales
Scientific Romance*
Shapeshifting
Shrinking/Enlarging Humans (endless, episodic, giantess)
Social
Soft
Space Opera (noir)
Sports
Spunky Heroine
SpyFi
Steampunk (clockpunk, gaslamp or gaslight, weird west, etc.)
Sword and Planet
Synthetic Biology
Terraforming
Time Travel (timepunk)
Transhumanism
Undersea
Utopian (19th century visions*, ideological, New Age, etc.)
Voyages Extraordinaires*
Wetware Computer
World-building {unusual solar systems}
World Government
Xenofiction

Semi-fiction
Sentimental*

Short Fiction
Short Fiction subgenre definitions and examples

55 Fiction
Drabble
Flash
Microfiction
Pinhead
Six Word
Twitterfic {Under 140 characters}

Slave Narrative
Slipstream
Speculative Fiction {encompasses SF, Fantasy, and Horror}
Sports
Spy (contemporary, historical)
Stream of Consciousness
Tall Tale

Thriller or Suspense
{Formerly Action}

Thriller subgenre definitions and examples

Aviation
Comedic
Conspiracy
Disaster
Ecothriller
Espionage
Exploration
Legal
Medical
Mercenary
Paranormal or Supernatural
Political
Psychological
Religious
Romantic
Survivalist
Technothriller
Treasure Hunter

♦ Tr-to-Ve genre definitions and examples

Tragedy (revenge, romance, tragicomedy)

Transrealism
Travelogue {fictional account}
Urban or Hip-hop Lit
Upmarket {'literary' to 'blockbuster' crossover}
Verse Novel

Westerns
Western subgenre definitions and examples

Australian
Black Cowboy (buffalo soldier)
Bounty Hunter
Cattle Drive
Civil War
Contemporary Indians
Cowpunk {outrageous cross-genre}
Doctor and Preacher
Eurowestern
Gunfighter
Humorous or Parody
Indian wars
Land Rush
Lawmen (Texas Rangers)
Mexican wars (Texan independence)
Mormon
Outlaw
Prairie Settlement
Prospecting (gold rushes)
Quest
Railroad
Range wars (sheepmen)
Revenge
Romance
Town-tamer
Trapper or Mountain Man
Wagon Train
Women

Young Adult
YA subgenre definitions and examples

Amateur Sleuth
Christian (Jewish)
Fantasy (comedic, scary)
Gay Teen (lesbian)
Historical
Other
Realistic Life
Science Fiction

Fiction Genre Definitions

Here are basic definitions for each major fiction genre, plus some informative links.

We've included subgenre definitions for each of the nine big categories of 'genre'
fiction, and some examples of each. We have recently done the same for the 'literary'
and smaller genres, plus the wider descriptive categories.

Children's is defined by its own name. These books are for little kids, from toddlers
on up to about eleven years of age, and usually feature characters in that age range
(and/or childlike animals). They are usually big on pictures, and simple in word and
theme. Familiar (if faraway) scenes, and gentle (or not) moral lessons, are paramount.

Children's subgenre definitions (All)

Fantasy is many things to many people. These tales contain at least one 'fantastic'
element; something that it's not 'grown up' to believe is real. The setting may be our
own Earth or some imaginary realm. Often the characters (humans, and/or elves and
more) can do magical things, thanks to some innate 'talent' or arcane secrets. Those of
good character usually win through, if only in the long run.

Fantasy subgenre definitions (All)

Horror is the mood this genre seeks to invoke. From subtle anxiety to blood-
splattered scenes, in these stories, something is just not right. Candor, teamwork, and
chastity often aide the protagonists as they face sickly goo, unwanted penetration, and
incipient insanity. In the end, the evil element (whether human or monstrous or
paranormal) often wins, or (especially in its modern Hollywood form), is not
decisively vanquished.

Horror subgenre definitions (All)

Mystery is what makes this genre interesting. There is a puzzle: an unsolved murder
or serious crime, or some unexplained event, and both protagonist and reader get to
figure it out, step by careful step. In virtually all cases, they do succeed. (These tales
almost never feature a blue-collar type investigator, or a foolish criminal.)

Mystery subgenre definitions (All)

Romance might be between a hunky sailor and a fair maiden, or a cynical vampire
and a scrappy werewolf, but after a lot of sparks and trials, that is what they will
secure. The settings and intensity may vary, but the overall 'finding happiness
together' formula is familiar indeed. (Ideally, careful research has ensured detailed
accuracy.)

Romance subgenre definitions (All)

Science Fiction is as big as, nay larger than, all of time and space. The scene might be
a distant galaxy, or the far future, or a familiar downtown. (Rarely, a small town.)
There is always something new and different; be it a handy invention, an alien visitor,
or anything you can imagine -- so long as it's scientifically plausible. (Or, at least, it
does not egregiously violate known science and physical laws.)

Science Fiction subgenre definitions (A - F) (G - P) (R - X)

Short Fiction is defined by its length. (Technically, its word count.) Brief yet
satisfying tales are a challenge to write, and authors such as O Henry and HH Munro
grew famous for their work. There are enough varieties of 'short-short' fiction (with a
lower word count than the conventional short story) to justify a special major
category.

Short Fiction subgenre definitions (All)

Thrillers (also Suspense), formerly called Action (or Adventure) stories, is a genre
defined by extraordinary situations that summon an emotional thrill. The time might
be the past or near future, and the setting exotic or familiar. In every case the
characters are swept beyond a humdrum life, by their career or some unforeseen
circumstance. Perils will surge, and blows are traded, but the hero wins in the end.
(Often the author has special 'inside' knowledge -- or if not, as with arcane
conspiracies, it sure seems like it.)

Thriller subgenre definitions (All)

Westerns is the only major genre defined by a specific time and place. Almost all are
set west of the Missouri River, while some extend into Alaska or Mexico. Usually
these take place between about 1800 and 1890. A few depict the early settlement of
the Appalachians in the late 1500s, while a handful reach clear back to pre-Columbian
(thus, pre-horse) times. The rugged hero (of any gender or ethnic type) will always
endure, and face down adversity.

Western subgenre definitions (All)

{The American South, both antebellum and modern, hosts many fine tales, but these
have not risen to full genre status.}

Young Adult tales are written for folks from about twelve to eighteen years of age.
The protagonist is always of that age, as are most of the characters. He or she can live
a bizarre magical life, or a dreary suburban one. There are few limits on the 'issues'
dealt with, and readers will identify with the character's inner travails as well. (Adults
will enjoy the better ones.)

YA subgenre definitions (All)

{As seen on our List page, each of these has a gazillion 'sub' and 'sub-sub' genres.
Science Fiction, with the widest range of possibilities, has by far the most.}

Mainstream (also Blockbuster) (All)

These novels are done in big print runs, and with a large advertising budget. Often
they are very long. On the cover, a famous author's name may be in bigger print than
the particular story title. (Sometimes, plausibility and careful editing will take a back
seat.)

Then we have 'literary,' as opposed to 'genre,' fiction. The distinction is wide and
multi-faceted, and yet blurred, perhaps at the same time. It's said that one appeals with
a 'quality' writing style, and the other with a common 'grabber' story. (Artistic merit
versus cheap thrills?)
In the USA and Europe, this is darned near a social-class distinction!

Literary (All)
This esteemed line of fiction emphasizes the prose itself. The author is recognized as a
brilliant wordsmith, regardless of the tale's subject, no matter how mundane. Often the
protagonist lives an emotionally intense (if rather unpleasant) life, based upon
someone's actual experiences.

Experimental (All)
This type of fiction deliberately goes against convention, concerning style and
phrasing, etc. The aim may be to "push the envelope," if not to "shock the
bourgeoisie." The number of books actually sold is supposed to be irrelevant.

Notes .1

Paalala po:
>> Hangga't maaari "short" lang po talaga ang mga ipapaskil namin. Bigyan ko kayo ng konting
guidelines.
- Ang #SobrangShortStories / flash fiction o tinatawag na dagli sa tagalog ay naglalaman lamang ng
iisang scenario at may kicker sa dulo o 'yung twist.
- Ang twist ay kadalasang hindi hayag na literal at hahayaan n'yo lang na mag-isip ang readers kung
ano nga ba ang nangyari sa dulo ng inyong #SobrangshortStories. Hindi n'yo kailangang
magpaliwag sa mambabasa sa bawat detalye ng kuwento.
- Panatiling "compact" ang bawat pangungusap. Magagawa ninyo ito sa tamang pagpili ng mga
salitang gagamitin at pagsasama-sama ng mga payak na detalye sa loob lamang ng lima hanggang
sampung pangungusap.
- Iwasan ang pagiging cliche ng inyong kwento. Hinihikayat ko ang mga manunulat na mag-explore
sa iba't ibang genre ng literatura at mas maging creative sa paglalabas ng inyong mga plot.
Tamang format sa pagsumite:"story"(c) name of author
Kung nais ninyong magsulat ng sanaysay, maikling kwento, nobela o tula, narito po ang kapit-bahay
naming pahina --> PAPEL (Promote and Publish Excellent Literature).Marami pong salamat!
>> Hindi lahat ng naisumite ay ipapaskil namin. Kapag "seen" na kayo ng ilang araw, ibig-sabihin
kailangan n'yo pang paghusayan sa susunod. May mga #SobrangShortStories na cliche.
Suggestion: Tigilan na muna ang mga plot twist na bakla pala o tomboy ang kausap o karelasyon at
ang incest stories, pati na rin ang mga martir na umaattend ng kasal ng mga mahal nila. Masyado
nang marami ang nagsasubmit ng mga ganitong kuwento.
>> Hindi namin ipapaskil ang mga istoryang kinopya mula sa Reddit, Creepypasta, mga libro, at iba
pa. Ang layunin ng pahinang ito ay hikayatin ang mga umuusbong na mga manunulat at
mambabasa na lumikha ng mga kalidad na kuwento at i-promote ang Panitikang Pilipino.
Sige pa, paganahin at palawakin nyo pa imaginasyon nyo. Good luck! Sulat lang nang sulat!
SSS Admins

DIALOGUE TAG VS. ACTION TAG

Ver.1
DIALOGUE TAGS VS. ACTION TAGS VS. ADVERBIAL TAGS

Marami nagkakamali rito. May nagtatanong din kung ano-ano nga ba ang mga iyan So, 'to na nga
sasabihin ko na lahat ng nalalaman ko ukol diyan.

•Dialogue tags

From the word itself "dialogue" haha. Common sense na lang haha. Halimbawa nito ay;

*sabi, aniya, wika, sambit at marami pang iba haha.

"Matagal na rin 'yon." Sabi ni Susan.

"Tila yata ay uulan." Sambit ni Maria.

Very wrong!!

"Matagal na rin 'yon!" wika ni Susan.

"Tila yata ay uulan," sambit ni Maria.

Kapag dialogue tag ang kasunod, ALWAYS kuwit or may padamdam ito (!), small letter ang "sabi" o 'di
kaya "wika".

Ps. (Pagpasensyahan niyo na mga ineng haha)

*Always naka-quote ang dialogue

•Action tags

Mga salitang nagpapahayag ng aksiyon. Halimbawa nito ay;

*Kinuha, Tinulak, Tumakbo at marami pang iba *

"Talaga ba? Ang hirap sa'yo masyado kang papansin!" Kinuha ko agad ang bag na nasa tagiliran ko at
tinapon ito sa kanya. Bwesit!

"Tawagan mo siya para malaman mo." Tumakbo na agad ako. Sa wakas nahatid ko na ang mensahe!

Ps. Unlike sa dialogue tags, kapag action tags nakatuldok ang dulo ng dialogue at naka-big letter ang
kasunod na letra at kung (!) naman ang dulo still, naka-big letter pa rin ang kasunod na letra.

Ang hirap palang mag-explain haha!

•Adverbial tags.

Minsan napagkakamalan itong dialogue tags, may koneksyon naman kasi ang dalawa kaya 'di na ako
nagtataka.

Ang adverbial tags from the word "adverb". Ito ay mga salitang naglalarawan sa dialogue tag.
Halimbawa nito ay;

*pabulong niyang wika, naiiyak niyang sambit, pautal-utal niyang sabi at marami pang iba.*

" M-Mahal kita Ma-Maria," pautal-utal na sambit ng binata.

"May pagkain sa refrigerator, dalian mo!" pabulong niyang wika.

Ps. Same parin sa Dialogue tags. Kuwit or padamdam (!) Then always small letter 'yong kasunod na letra.

Ver.2
#TipNgBayan

Dialogue Tag vs Action Tag

(Usage, formats and sorts)

Marahil isa ito sa mga basic subalit bahagyang nakalilitong teknikal na dapat isaalang-alang sa
pagsusulat, partikular sa mga dialogue(s)
Action vs Dialogue tagging: Saan ba nagkakaiba at paano ito gamitin?

A. Dialogue tag

[Format: "(Sinabi)(COMMA)" (paraan ng pagsasabi, in small caps]

Ang dialogue tag ang magbibigay ng ideya sa reader kung PAANO SINABI ang isang linya.

Example: "Imposible iyan," sabi ni Tonyo.

"Marahil nga," putol ni Panyang.

"Dumapa ka!" utos ni Ama.

"Weh?" pagtataka nito.

(Same rule applies sa ? at ! ,)

2. Action Tag

[Format: "(Dialogue)(PERIOD)" (Separated action, in Uppercase or new sentence)]

Action tag ang magsasabi ng isang ginawang kilos NA NAKAHIWALAY SA DIALOGUE.

Example:

"Marahil." Humigop ng tsaa si Mang Tobeng.

"Imposible." Napailing na lamang siya.

"Dapa!" Inabot ni Ama ang sinturon.

"Weh?" Bumaling ng pagtalikod si Ara.

(Same rule applies sa ? at !)

With those, mas maari mong malaro kung paano mabi-visualize o mai-imagine ng readers ang mga
eksenang involve ang mga dialogue(s).

Sana makatulong!

Ver.3
One little thing that drives many editors crazy is incorrect punctuation of
dialogue and action beats.
Let’s start with a definition:
A dialogue tag is a speaker verb such as “Tina said.” It tells your readers which
character is speaking.
An action beat is something a character does.
Example:
“I should be going.” Tina edged toward the door.
 While dialogue tags and action beats can have the same function—identifying
the speaker—they aren’t punctuated the same.

PUNCTUATING DIALOGUE
 If a line of dialogue is followed by a dialogue tag, use a comma (or a question
mark or exclamation mark) before the closing quotation mark. If the first word
of the dialogue tag is a pronoun such as he or she, lowercase it.
Example:
Correct: “I have no idea,” she said.
Correct: “Stop!” she shouted.
Correct: “Are you out of your mind?” she asked.
Wrong: “I have no idea.” She said.
 If the dialogue tag precedes the line of dialogue, use a comma before the
opening quotation mark. Lowercase the dialogue tag (unless it’s a name, of
course).
Example:
Correct: She opened the door and called, “Hello? Anyone home?”
 If the dialogue tag is inserted in the middle of a sentence, use a comma before
the first closing quotation mark and after the dialogue tag. Lowercase the
dialogue tag.
Example:
Correct: “I wouldn’t have forgotten the appointment,” she said, “if you had
reminded me in time.”
 If the dialogue tag follows a complete sentence and the character continues
speaking after the tag, use a period after the dialogue tag.
Example:
Correct: “I have no idea where Thomas is,” she said. “I haven’t seen him all
day.”
PUNCTUATING ACTION BEATS
Unlike dialogue tags, action beats are always separated from the dialogue by
periods.
Verbs such as smiled, grinned, laughed, etc., are action beats, not dialogue
tags, so please don’t use commas to separate them from a line of dialogue.
Example:
Correct: “This looks weird.” She squinted down at her steak. “Can BBQ sauce
go bad?”
Wrong: “This looks weird,” she squinted down at her steak. “Can BBQ sauce
go bad?”
 THE SHORT VERSION
Use commas with dialogue tags and periods with action beats, and your editor
will love you forever (or at least not curse your name)!
Ver.4
Dialogue Tag vs. Action Tag
Ano nga ba ang dalawang ito?
—Sa sarili kong pag-intindi ganito 'yan.
Dialogue Tag - sinasabi mo kung sino yung nagsabi o yung nagsalita. From the word itself
dialogue tag. Itinuturo mo kung sino ang nagsabi no'n.
Halimbawa: "Ang cute mo naman Yan," nakangiting wika ni Nay.
Action Tag - sinasabi mo naman dito kung ano yung ginawa ng isang tao o ng mismong
nagsalita pagkatapos ng kaniyang dialogue.
Halimbawa: "Papatayin kita Aeolius." Tumayo si Yan at kumuha ng dildo.
Ano ba ang pinagkaiba nilang dalawa?
—Una sa lahat, sa paliwanag pa lang, marami na silang pinagkaiba pero sa parteng ito mas
papalawakin natin ang ating perspektib tungkol sa bagay na 'to.
Madali lang nating malalaman na dialogue tag ang ginamit kapag direkta nitong tinuturo
kung sino ang nagsalita ng partikular na dialogue.
Kadalasang ginagamit na mga salita bilang palatandaan ay: sabi ni, wika ni, sigaw ko,
tanong ko, sagot ko at marami pang iba. Ang punto rito, basta't itinuturo o ipinapakita kung
sino ang nagsalita matutukoy na natin yun kaagad bilang isang dialogue tag.
Pero (oo may pero)
Sa dialogue tag hindi tayo sumusunod sa capitalization rules. Kahit sabihin nating ang dulo
ng naka-quote na pangungusap ay nagtatapos sa tandang pananong at tandang padamdam,
hindi natin susundin ang capitalization rule. Pero bakit silang dalawa lang? Bakit hindi
kasama ang tuldok? Dahil hindi naman talaga ito kalimitang ginagamit at hindi talaga
applicable o nababagay ang tuldok kung gumagamit tayo ng dialogue tag.
Halimbawa: "Mamatay ka ng hayop ka!" sigaw ni Ana sa demonyo niyang kinakasama.
Hindi ko rin alam kung ano ang paliwanag diyan pero ganiyan ang rule. Hindi mo
puwedeng isulat ang dialogue tag na magsisimula ka sa uppercase letter.
—Ikalawa, patungkol naman sa Action Tag.
Madali lang itong intindihin. Unang dapat tandaan, walang koneksyon ang tag sa sinabi ng
karakter, o hindi sila magka-ugnay.
Halimbawa: "Pagod na 'ko sa 'yo, itigil na natin 'to." Mabilis na tumayo si Reese at naglakad
palayo.
See? Walang koneksyon, pero naiintindihan mo yung konteksto. Basta ang tatandaan niyo
lang, hindi niyo sasabihin o babanggitin kung sino ang nagsalita. Ipapakita mo kung ano ang
ginawa niya pagkatapos magsalita, o pupuwede ring ang nangyari sa paligid niya
pagkatapos niyang magsalita.
Pagdating naman sa capitalization rules sinusunod ito ng Action Tag, bakit? Dahil
magkaibang pangungusap ang makikita mo rito at hindi ito pupuwedeng basta-basta
nalang pag-isahin. Madalas na ginagamit na bantas dito ay: tuldok, tandang pananong,
tandang padamdam.
—
Tungkol naman sa kung bakit mas advisable ang kuwit sa dialogue tag kaysa sa tuldok ay
dahil, magkaugnay na pangungusap naman ang makikita mo sa dialogue tag. At sa totoo
lang, mas pinapalawak nito ang paliwanag tungkol sa nabanggit na dialogue, kaya kung
tuldok ang gagamitin mo bilang panapos ng isang dialogue ibig sabihin no'n ay wala ng
kaugnayan ang susunod na pangungusap na literal na mali.
—
Kung may tanong ka o bagay na hindi naintindihan, comment mo lang. Tapos try kong
sagutin 'yan.
Another note: Kung pangalan ang simula ng dialogue tag it should be in capital. Sa English
kasi gano'n, halimbawa, Yan said, etc. Baka ma-misunderstood niyo.

ADVERBIAL DIALOGUE TAG

Adverbial Dialogue Tag
Since na-encounter ko ito kahapon. Obviously, mali yung info tungkol dito na isa siya sa mga
tags (Action at Dialogue). Para hindi kayo malito, isa lang din siyang dialogue tag. Ibig sabihin,
type lang siya ni Dialogue tag, kaya nga siya tinawag na Adverbial Dialogue Tag.
Paliwanag ko lang kaibahan niya kay Dialogue tag.
Si dialogue tag ganito . . .
“I love you, Rodrigo,” wika ni Juan. (
Juan Silangan
)
Tinutukoy lang natin kung sino ang nagsabi nung partikular na dialogue.
Si Adverbial Dialogue Tag naman ganito . . .
“I love you, Rodrigo,” buong pagmamahal na sambit ni Juan.
Tinutukoy natin kung sino ang nagsabi at kung paano niya sinabi ang partikular na dialogue.
—
Anong pagkakaiba nila?
Si Dialogue tag sinasabi niya lang kung sino ang nagsalita. Kung kaninong partikular na
dialogue yun.
Si Adverbial Dialogue tag naman sinasabi niya kung sino ang nagsalita at kung paano niya
binigkas ang dialogue. Kung galit ba, kung buong saya, o kung malungkot. Yun ang punto ni
Adverbial Dialogue tag.
—
Pros and Cons
Pros
Mas madali mong mapapabatid sa mambabasa kung ano ba ang dapat na emosyon ng mismong
dialogue. Kasi nga nao-orient mo sila kung paano ba yon sinabi ng partikular na karakter.
Cons
Hindi siya palaging oks. Kung palagi kang aasa sa Adverbial Dialogue Tag, panigurado hindi mo
mapagyayabong ang malikhaing pagsulat mo. Ang dahilan kung bakit? Hindi mo kayang
ipabatid kung ano ba talaga ang saloobin ng karakter mo.
—
Bonus.
Dialogue tag:
“Putangina mo, Juan! Isa kang bakla! Salot ka sa lipunang ginagalawan nating lahat!” si Basilyo.
Adverbial Dialogue tag:
“Putangina mo, Juan!” buong galit na wika ni Basilyo.
Sestina
SESTINA

This poem was invented noong 12th century. Meron siyang six stanzas having six lines kada stanza,
followed by an evoi (final/concluding stanza) with three lines. Each words at the end of each line is
repeated in a different order from stanza to stanza, so hindi kailangan ng rhyme scheme dito (unless
consistent yung rhyming ng bawat words na kahit i-jumble mo sila magra-rhyme pa rin). Meter naman,
dati iambic pentameter ginagamit but ngayon kahit wala na. Depende na sa iyo kung gaano kahaba
bawat lines ninyo.

Bale ganito yung format niya:

Stanza 1: A, B, C, D, E, F

Stanza 2: F, A, E, B, D, C

Stanza 3: C, F, D, A, B, E

Stanza 4: E, C, B, F, A, D

Stanza 5: D, E, A, C, F, B

Stanza 6: B, D, F, E, C, A

Envoi: iba-ibang format ginamamit dito. Pwedeng ECA or ACE, pero may iba rin akong nababasang
nagva-vary pa rin like EDA. Basta ang rule dito, dapat two words yung ma-apply mo each line.

See pic below for better instruction kung bakit naging ganiyan yung arrangement.

Example:

[words used—

A: wander

B: masks

C: strife

D: peace

E: life

F: death]

LIFE OF A WANDERER

—B. Wisdom

Since I learned to walk, I started to 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓

around different paths that I knew of different 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔

which people wear to win their greatest 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆—

a fight for ultimate fulfillment and 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆;

Something everyone looks for their entire 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆,

willing to do everything even if the cost is 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉.

But everyday I hear numerous stories of 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉;

stories of voyagers who stopped to 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓,

and of people who have lost their grip of 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆;

The truth slipped through their broken 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔,

Shattering more every fragments of 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆,

bringing forth another face of 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆.

What is it to love about winning a 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆,

when every roads you cross, you'd wish for 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉?

Is it really worth to fight for 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆,

when all you do in life is just 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓,

get tired and cry—all in secrecy behind your 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔

for all you know is you have to act strong to win in 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆.

But there is one thing I knew of 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆:

of all the places I've been to and all the 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆

I've fought, I've learned to not hide behind thick 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔,

because we'll never really get away with 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉

so we must find little things to love while we 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓

for with love and happiness, certainly we can die in 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆.

And truly we aim to leave the world in 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆,

knowing we did everything to live the 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆

we dreamt of as someone who loves to 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓,

someone brave and strong who won every 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆—

Never did lose; lips arched as you face 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉;

A smiling face genuinely beautiful without wearing 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔.

Take away all your inhibitions, take off your 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔

The one you must first seek is inner 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆:

one deep in you that begs for help, in the verge of 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉

That way you will know what is there to 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆;

that you don't always have to bleed on every 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆

and that you won't always get lost everytime you 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓.

Do not fear 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉 for it makes you compromise your 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆;

No need to hide behind your 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔 to avoid meeting bitter 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒆;

And soon enough you'll find 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒆, keep on moving forward for you are born to 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓.

for more reads, visit

Forms of verse: Sestina - Victoria and Albert Museum

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/forms-of-verse-sestina/

https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.wikihow.com/Write-a-Sestina%3famp=1

And para mas ma-gets niyo yung format, if may time kayo at hindi niyo gets 'yang sinulat ko sa baba, u
can watch this vid

https://youtu.be/OCm4UoEWUPQ

Rin vs. Din/Raw vs. Daw

Rin vs Din/Raw vs Daw

Basagin kaagad natin ang kalituhang dulot ng rin/raw at din/daw. Parehas lang sila ng pakahulugan.

Rin = Din

Raw = Daw

Hindi mo masasabing mali ang paggamit nito kung hindi mo oobserbahan ang pormal na pagsusulat. Sa
simpleng diyalogo, walang mali kung gagamitin mo palagi si rin, o baka naman trip mo si din. Tulad nga
ng sinabi ko sa itaas, parehas lang sila. Walang lumalamang, walang nalulugi. Siniseryoso ang paggamit
ng mga ito kung pormal ang iyong ginagawang pagsusulat.

Wastong paggamit ng Rin/Raw

Kung nalilito ka pa rin kung kailangan mo gagamitin si rin/raw madali lang yan.

Kung ang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig (a, e, i, o, u), w at y. Rin/Raw ang ating gagamitin.

Halimbawa:

“Gusto ka raw makausap ni Eduardo.”

“Pinapasabi rin ni Basilyo na kailangan niya ng load dahil naghihirap na siya.”

Wastong Paggamit ng Din/Daw

Kung sa rin, kailangan nating abangan ang mga patinig (a, e, i, o, u), w at y. Sa paggamit naman ng rin at
din, simple lang. Oobserbahan lang natin kung ang salitang susundan niya ay nagtatapos sa katinig (mga
letra sa alpabeto liban sa a, e, i, o, u, w, at y).

Halimbawa:

“Papautangin din kita. Maghintay ka, Cecilia.”

“Ang tanging gusto lang daw ni Vincent ay makita ka.”

Bonus! Bonus! Bonus!

May mga pagkakataong hindi kaaya-aya ang dating kapag sinunod natin ang rule.

Halimbawa:

“Pari rin pala ang ama ni Miguel.”

Medyo hindi kaaya-ayang basahin ang parteng “Pari rin” kumpara sa “Pari din” pero sumasalungat tayo
sa rule.

Katulad ng . . .

“Sa susunod daw wag ka nang umutang kung hindi mo naman kayang magbayad.”

“Sa susunod daw . . .” Hindi talaga siya oks. Kaya nga bonus natin ito. Toinks.

Bali idadagdag natin ito sa rule.

Kung ang salitang sinusundan ng din at daw ay nagtatapos sa tunog na basta may d (XD) mas maganda
kung rin ang gagamitin. Ganon din sa raw at din. Kung sa tingin mo hindi kaaya-ayang pakinggan ang
pangungusap na nagawa mo dahil diyan, mas maganda kung ikaw na mismo ang mamili upang
maipabatid nang magaan at maayos ang naisulat mong pangungusap.

Uulitin ko.

Walang mali sa paggamit ng rin at din/raw at daw. Kahit pagpalitin mo sila, ayos lang dahil parehas lang
sila ng kahulugan. Hindi rin nagbabago ang ipinaparating ng pangungusap. Kung hindi ka naman
nagsusulat nang pormal at nakikipag-usap lang. HINDI. KA. KAILANMAN. MAGKAKAMALI. NG.
PAGGAMIT. SA. MGA. SALITANG. YAN.

Sherq lang den to nabasaq lang.

ALAMIN:

Ano ang pinagkaiba ng Din at Rin? Tamang paggamit, Halimbawa, Saan, Kailan ginagamit?

Kailan ginagamit ang din o rin? daw o raw? dito o rito? Kailan nagiging R ang D?
 Papalitan lamang ng R ang D kapag ang sinundang salita ay nagtatapos sa A, E, I, O, U at malapatinig
na W at Y.

Halimbawa:

•Siya RIN ba ang magtuturo sa atin sa Filipino?

•May gusto RAW si Jeffrey kay Maria.

•Maraming makokolektang kabibe RITO.

•Sabay-sabay (malapatig) RIN silang nagsidatingan.

•Pagsayaw (malapatinig) RIN ang kaniyang hilig.

Kung hindi nagtatapos sa Patinig at Malapatinig na W at Y ang sinundang salita, mananatili ang D.

Halimbawa:

•Sa wakas at nagising DIN nang maaga si Buboy.

•Isang malaking ahas DAW ang nakita nila sa gubat.

•Tiyak na maraming mahuhuling hipon DITO.

Espesyal na kaso ng DIN at RIN.

Kapag nagtatapos sa RA, RE, RI, RO, RU AT RAW, RAY ang sinundang salita, D ang gagamitin sa halip
na R.

Halimbawa:

•May pari DIN sa sementeryo.

•Namalengke si Marie DOON sa kabilang bayan.

•Ilang araw DAW hindi pumasok si Beka sa trabaho.

Malalalim na salitang Filipino

Mga salitang Filipino na malalalim at hindi karaniwang ginagamit:
A
adhika - nais o gusto
agam-agam -pangamba
agamahan - relihiyon
agapayang kabit - koneksiyong paralel
agapayang salikop - sirket na paralel
agbarog - arkitekto
agham - siyensiya
aghamtao - antropolohiya
aghimuan - teknolohiya
agimatan - ekonomika, ekonomiks
agsikapin - inhenyero
aligin - baribulo
alipugha - iresponsable
alisbahabaybata - histerektomiya
alunig - resonasya
angaw - milyon
angkan - pamilya
anluwage - karpintero
awanggan - inpidad
awanging tubo - tubong bakum
B
bagwis - pakpak
bahagdan - porsyento
bahagimbilang - praksyon (fraction)
bahagimbilang (hatimbilang) - praksiyon
balamban - membrano
balidasig - akselerasyong negatibo
balikhaan - regenerasyon
balintataw - imahinasyon
balintuna - laban o kabaliktaran
balisultag - imbolusyon
balisuplingan - reproduksiyon
balnian - magnetika
bandos - kometa, kometin
banoy - agila
basisig - lakas na sentripugalo
batalan - lababo
bathalaan - teolohiya
batidwad - telegrama
batlag - kotse
batnayan - pilosopiya
batubalani (bato-balani) - magnet (batong magnesyo)
bilnuran - aritmetiko
binhay - kagaw
buhagsigwasan - niyumatika
buhalhal - busalsal; bulagsak
bumukal - dumaloy
buntabay - satelayt, kampon
buntala (bungang-tala) - planeta
burok - pula
butang - materya
buturan - nukleonika
buumbilang - (whole number) lahat
buumbilang - intedyer
buyo - akit; himok
D
dagap - kabuoan
dagibalniing liboy - kulot na elektromagnetiko
dagikapnayan - elektrokemistri
dagilap - radyoaktibidad
dagindas - elektroda
dagisik - elektrono
dagisikan - elektronika
dagitab - koryente, elektrisidad
dagsa - momento
dagsin (balani) - grabidad
dakbatlag - trak
daklunsod - metropolis
daksipat - teleskopyo
daktinig - pang-ulong hatinig
dalas - prekwensiya
dalubaral - iskolar
dalubbanwahan - agham pampolitika
dalubbatasan - batas na agham
dalubhalmanan - botanya
dalubhasa - eksperto
dalubhasaan - kolehiyo, instituto
dalubhayupan - zoolohiya
dalubibunan - ornitolohiya
dalub-isipan - sikolohiya
dalublahian - etnonolohiya
dalubsakahan - tagalog sa agriculture
dalubsakahan - agrikultura
dalubsakit-babae - hinekolohiya
dalubtalaan - astronomya
dalubtauhan - antropolohiya
dalubulnungan - sosyolohiya
dalubwikaan - linggwistika
dalwikaang - bilinggwal
damikay - polinomyal
dantaon - siglo
dantay - impulsa
danumsigwasan - hidraulika
dasig - akselerasyon
datay - nakaratay
dawit - industansiya
dihaying - walang organikong kimika
disaluyan - di-konduktor
duhagi - api; dusta
duhakay - binomyal
duhandas - diyoda
dumagat - halkon, palkon
dumatal - dumating
durungawan - bintana
duyog - elipsa
G
gaso - gaslaw; harot
gilis - hipotenusa
ginapas - inani
gipalpal - punong-puno
gitisig - lakas na sentripetal
H
habyog - torka
hagibis - belodidad
hagway - proporsiyon
hambinging bigat - espesipikong bigat
handulong - daluhong; sugod
hanggaan - limitasyon
hatimbutod - mitosiso
hatinig - telepono
hatintaon - semestre
haying - organikong kimika
haykapnayan - biyokimika
hayliknayan - biyopisika
haynayan - biyolohiya
haynayanon - biyolohista
hibo - hikayat
himatay - apopleksya
hinuha - haypotesis
hinuhod - sang-ayon
humahalimuyak - nagsasabog ng amoy na mabango
humihigop - basyo
hunain - teorem
I
ibay - lango; lasing
ibutod - nukleolus
imbot - hangad; sakim
initan - kumpas
initsigan - termodinamika
inunan - plasenta
ipagbabadya - sasabihin
iring - ayaw, tanggi
isakay - monomial
ishay - bakterya
isigan - dinamika
itinatangis - iniiyak
K
kaalkahan - alkalinidad
kaasdan - akididad
kabatas - tagapagpatupad ng batas
kabisa - andar
kabtol - lipat
kabuuran - nukleo, nukleyus
kaginsa - ginsa-hindi inaasahan
kalampi - kalakip; kasama
kalawakang araw, sangkaarawan - sistemang solar
kapakumbabaan - kababaang-loob
kapbisa - metabolismo
kapnayan - kimika
kapnayang kayarian - strukturang kimikal
kapnayanon - kimiko
kapsira - katabolismo
kapyari - anabolismo
kasagwilan - resistibidad
katiktik - detektiba
katipan - syota
katoto - kaibigan
kauukilkil - katatatanong
kawas - bawas
kinipkip - dinala sa kamay
kubyertos - kutsara o tinidor
kumakandili - nagmamalasakit
kuntadurya - akwant
L
lahatan - pangkalahatang kimika
laksa - libo
laktod - maikling paligid
lalik - torno
lanyos - lambing
lapang - piraso; hati
lapya - plano
larang - ekwilibryo
laumin - integral
libay - babaeng usa
liboy - dayulon
libuyhaba - habang dayulon
liknayan - pisika
lilimiin - iisipin
linab - grasa
lukong - concave
lulan - kapasitansiya
lulos - hakbangan
lunduyang-saliksik - sentrong pananaliksik
lunos - lungkot
M
magpahingalay - magpahinga
mahumaling - magkagusto
makabuntala - asteroyd
malabuntala - planetoyd
malasaluyan - semikonduktor
mamangha - magtaka
manukala - suhestiyon
mapakilangkap - maisama
mapalisya - magkamali
mapalugmok - mapadapa
mapaluwal - mapalabas
mapaniil - abusado
marahuyo - maakit
masimod - matakaw
matarik - makakapiling
matarok - maunawaan
matatap - malaman
matitimyas - matatamis o magaganda
mayamungmong - madahon
mikhay - mikroba
mikhaynayan - mikrobiyolohiya
miksipat - mikroskopyo
miktataghay - mikroorganismo
miktinig - mikropono
mulapik - atomo
mulatik - molekula, molekyul
mulhagi - elemento (matematika)
mulhay - protosowa
mulpikan - atomikong pisika
mulsakitin - patogeniko
N
naapuhap - nahanap
nabuslot - nahulog sa butas
nag-aalimpuyo - nangangalit
nag-aalimpuyo - nangangalit
nagahis - natalo
nag-apuhap - nag-isip, naghanap
naghamok - naglaban
nagkukumahog - nagmamadali
nagugulugudan - bertebrado
nakadatal - nakarating
nalilingid - natatago
namamangha - nagugulat
namamanglaw - nalulungkot
namanatag - namayapa
nanambitan - nakiusap
nangaduhagi - nangatalo
nangamba - nag-alala
nangungulimlim - dumidilim
nanunudyo - temtasyon
napagbulay - bulay-napag-isip-isip
naraig - natalo
nasindak- natakot
natalos - nalaman
natanto - nalaman
nautas - napatay
nawawaglit - nawawala
nililo - dinaya
P
pag-inog - ebolusyon (siklo ng buhay)
pagniniig - interaksyon
palaasalan - etnika
palabaybayan - ortograpya
paladutaan - heolohiya
palamara - masama
palapusuan - kardiolohiya
palasantingan - aestetika
palasigmuan - mekanismo
palasihayan - kitolohiya
palatangkasan - teoriyang nakatakda
palatumbasan - teoriyang ekwasyon
palaulatan - estadistika
pamilang - numeral
panakda - numerator
panakwil - resistor
panandaan - alhebra
panawit - induktor
panghadlang - insuleytor, insulador
pangibayo - amplipayer
panlulan - kapasitor, kapasidor
pantablay - pangkarga
panulatan - sulat
panuos - kompyuter
pariugat (parisukat-ugat) - ugat ng kwadrado (ugat-kwadrado)
parurunan - pupuntahan
piging - party
pinangulag - pinatayo
pitak - bahagi
pook-sapot - website
punyal - itak
pusong - payaso
R
rabaw - balat (ibabaw)
ragandang - darang
ramilyete - pumpon ng bulaklak
refran - kasabihan; salawikain
rueda - gulong
S
sabansain - nasyunalista
sagadsad - dausdos; tuloy-tuloy
sakwil - resistansiya
salanggapang - walanghiya
salapsap - pagbalat ng prutas gamit ang kutsilyo
saliding saloy - alternatibang kasalukuyan
saligwil - transistor
salikop - sirkwit
salinlahi - henerasyon
salipawpaw - eroplano
saloy - kasalukuyan
salumpuwit - upuan
saluyan - konduktor
sanlibutan - galaksiya
sansinukob - uniberso
sanyo - baribulo
sapantaha - hinala
sayad - ilalam
sigwasan - mekanika
sihay - selula
siskin - matatag
simpan - ngat; sinop
sinamomo - isang uri ng halaman
sinsay - awit; pigil-pigil
sipnayan - matematika
subyang - tinik
sugaan - optika
suglamuman - potosintesiso
sukatan - kwantitatibang kimika
sukgisan - heometriya
sulatroniko - email
sunurang kabit - seryang koneksiyon
T
tablay - elektrikong singil
taborete - upuan
tadlong - perpendikular
tagil, tagilo - piramide, piramid
takap - hamon
talaksan - papeles
talinghaga - misteryo
talipandas - makapal ang mukha
talukay - trinomyal
talundas - triyoda
tampalasan - malupit
tangkakal - tanggol; ligtas
taol - kombulsiyon
tapapetso - panakip sa dibdib
tatsihaan - trigonometriya
tayahan - kalkulo
tigal - intertya
tigilan - istatika
tika - mithi
tikop - kirkumperensiya
timbulog - isperikal
tingirin - diperensiyal
tingkala - unawa; isip
tipanan - lugar kung saan sila nagtatagpo
tsubibo - ferris-wheel
tugoy - oskilasyon
tugoysipat - oskilaskopa
tulig - tuliro; taranta
tumahan - tumira
tumalima - sumunod
tumangan - humawak
tumbasan - ekwasyon
tungayaw - talak
tunugan - akustika
tuwang - tulong
tuwirang saloy - idirektang kasalukuyan
U
ulyabid, ulay - bulate
umagapay - sumabay
urian - kwalitatibang kimika
W
wani - ayos; husay; kalinisan
wilik - mamalya
Y
yamo - imbot; sakim
From https://www.nonstopteaching.com (PNU LET REVIEWER)

Some common plural errors

SOME COMMON PLURAL ERRORS:

1. Identical Plural

— we have a lot of plural words na identical lang sa singular form nila. Meaning, they are words na both
singular and plural in form so hindi na natin kailangang dagdagan ng "s" or "es" sa dulo para gawing
plural.

Here are just some:

Food not Foods

Stuff not Stuffs

Information not Informations

Furniture not Furnitures

Equipment not Equipments

Shrimp not Shrimps

Sheep not Sheeps

Salmon not Salmons

Offspring not Offsprings

Gold not Golds

Silver not Silvers

Moose not Mooses

Fish not Fishes

Additional information:

http://www.englishteachermelanie.com/when-is-it-ok-to-use-foods-and-fruits/
http://myenglishgrammar.com/list-1-singular-and-plural-nouns/the-singular-and-plural-forms-of-some-
nouns-are-the-same.html

https://www.vappingo.com/word-blog/101-words-that-are-both-plural-and-singular/

2. Compound Nouns

— sa compound nouns, ang pinu-pluralize dapat ay ang ROOT noun, hindi yung buong word mismo:

Runners-up not Runner-ups

Mothers/Fathers/Sisters/Brothers-in-law not Mother/Father/Sister/Brother-in-laws

Additional information: https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-plural-

compound-nouns.php

it's like in general. food when generally referring to the kinds of food as a group of something to eat, for
example, present in the table.

this must not absolute na hindi na kailangan lagyan ng "s" gaya ng sabi rito, right? may another rule ba
that breach this rule?

even the word "people", more often than not needs to have "s". (search lang sa qoura to confirm)

SUB-VERB AGREEMENT
SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT,

A REVIEW

Agreement means “the state of being in accord” or conformity. In grammar, it means “correspondence
in person and number.” Thus, when a subject agrees with its predicate, both subject and predicate verb
have the same person and number.

This is already taught during our elementary days but marami pa ring nalilito. Probably because it's basic
kaya madalas hindi na masyadong napagtutuunan ng atensyon. You know, we usually become careless
on basic and minor things. But this is very important. So ayon, review na lang ito. I hope y'all can apply
the knowledge you'll gain here to your works (especially if you're writing prose).
Rules:

1. A verb must agree in number with its subject. A singular subject takes a singular (with "-s" or "-ies")
verb. A plural subject takes a plural (without "-s" or "-ies") verb.

Singular: The boy studies.

Plural: The boys study.

Singular: I am a student.

Plural: We are students.

Singular: She is a popular singer.

Plural: They are popular singers.

2. Compound subjects joined by "and" usually require a PLURAL verb. Why? Because they are more than
one in quantity.

Example:

• The manager and the employees ATTEND regular meetings.

EXCEPTION: If the nouns joined by "and" are considered as ONE UNIT, the verb is SINGULAR.

Example:

• Bread and butter IS her breakfast.

3. Singular subjects joined by "or" or "nor" take a SINGULAR verb.

Examples

• Either Susy or Cindy IS in the office.

• Neither Ben nor Connie IS the sponsor of the game.

Note: When ONE OF THE SUBJECTS joined by "or" or "nor" is SINGULAR and one is PLURAL, the verb is
made to agree with the subject NEARER the verb.

Plural Subject Closer:

• Either the teacher or the STUDENTS ARE in the gymnasium. [subjects: teacher (singular) and students
(plural). Mas malapit 'yong plural subject sa verb so your verb must agree with it.]

Singular Subject Closer:

• Either my parents or my BROTHER WATCHES the store at lunchtime. [subjects: parents (plural),
brother (singular). The singular subject is nearer than its verb so the verb must conform with it.]

4. If the subject consists of two nouns, and each of these is PRECEDED by the article "THE", verb must be
PLURAL. But if the SECOND NOUN is NOT PRECEDED by "THE", verb must be SINGULAR.

Examples
• THE cook and THE helper ARE left in the restaurant. (subjects: cook and helper. Both of them are
preceded by the article "the" so they must take a plural verb.)

• THE cook and HELPER IS left in the restaurant. (subjects: cook and helper. Only the subject cook is
preceded by the article "the" and the second subject is not. So the verb must be singular.)

5. Indefinite Pronouns- each, either, neither, one, everybody, another, anybody, everyone, nobody,
everything, somebody and someone are SINGULAR and they require a SINGULAR VERB.

• Everybody IS required to attend the program.

• Everything IS in order.

Note: do not be confused by words or phrases which come BETWEEN the indefinite pronoun and the
verb.

• EACH of the GIRLS IS expected to participate in the program.

6. Indefinite Pronouns- all, both, several, many, few, take a PLURAL VERB.

• Many ARE invited to attend the party.

• Both ARE interested in winning.

7. The expression "A number of" is PLURAL; "THE number of" is SINGULAR.

• A number of delegates ARE in the museum.

• THE number of thefts IS alarming.

8. "MANY" is PLURAL. "MANY A" is SINGULAR.

• MANY REFUSE to attend the seminar.

• MANY A participant in the play PREFERS to ad-lib.

9. Nouns denoting QUANTITY, FRACTION, PERCENTAGE, CURRENCY, take a SINGULAR verb, but if they
are FOLLOWED by the phrase "OF THE," the OBJECT of the phrase DETERMINES the NUMBER OF THE
VERB.

• Fifty percent PREFERS the Chinese cuisine for the party.

• Fifty percent OF THE EMPLOYEES PREFER Filipino dishes. (employees= plural; verb= plural)

• Fifty percent OF THE POPULATION IS composed of teenagers. (population= singular; verb= singular)

10. Nouns ending in "s" but singular in meaning are singular.

• Physics IS a difficult subject.

• Mathematics IS my favorite subject.

11. Nouns in PAIRS take a PLURAL verb, EXCEPT if the expression "A PAIR OF" is used.

• THE PANTS ARE printed with a logo.

• A PAIR OF PANTS IS sold at a low price.

12. A COLLECTIVE NOUN taken as ONE UNIT takes a SINGULAR verb. It is PLURAL IF EVERY MEMBER OF
THE GROUP is thought of as an individual doing his own task.

• The jury DECIDES on the case.

• The jury SIGN the letter.

13. Expressions like: TOGETHER WITH, AS WELL AS, INCLUDING PLUS, IN ADDITION TO, ACCOMPANIED
BY (intervening words, AFTER the subject) DO NOT EFFECT the number of the subject.

• The CONTESTANT, TOGETHER WITH the trainor, IS given a permit to travel around the city.

• The STUDENT, AS WELL AS the teachers, SINGS in the program.

Source: High School Subjects for SELF-STUDY by Andrew V. Murray, Volume I, 2010 Edition.

FILIPINISMS
FILIPINISMS:

(reposted for PAPLOL thread)

Filipinisms are so-called "English" words/phrases na dito lang sa Pilipinas naimbento/ginagamit based on
it's different definition. Most are literally translated from Filipino to English, while yung iba,
grammatically incorrect but paulit-ulit na nating nagagamit at naririnig kaya nagmistula na itong
tama/normal para sa atin. When applied to conversations with native English speakers, these actually
cause confusion. Here are some examples:

➸ Come again?

- common expression na ginagamit natin to say “could you repeat that?” Instead of saying “come again”,
it is better to say “I am sorry I didn’t get that”, “Excuse me?”, “I am sorry, would you please say that
again?”

➸ It’s for free!

- misuse of the word “for” ; it should be “It’s free!” or “It’s free of charge!”

➸ Open the light/computer/TV

- transliteration of “buksan ang ilaw/kompyuter/TV.” Pag sasabihin mo 'to sa native English speakers,
baka kumuha sila ng screw driver tapos literal na bubuksan yung appliances. Sayang naman. So instead
of “open/close” use the verb “switch/turn on/off.”

➸ He/She was salvaged.

- dito sa atin ang meaning ng salvage eh minurder, but try to check your dictionary— the meaning's
totally its opposite: the word “salvage” means “to save somebody or something.” so instead of using the
word, you could simply say “He/She was assassinated.”
➸ Where are you studying?

- transliteration ulit ng “saan ka nag-aaral?” pag tinanong mo 'to sa Americans or Brits, they might
simply answer you with the literal place where they study – library, bed room, or even coffee shops. But
siyempre hindi naman talaga 'yon yung gusto nating makuhang sagot because we were referring kung
saang school sila nag-aaral. Hence, it should be corrected by saying, “Where do you go to school? or
Which school do you go to?”

➸ “I'll pass by your home before I go to the office.”

- transliteration ulit ng “daanan kita”, pass by, dadaan ka lang, hindi hihinto. So the appropriate term
should be “drop by”

➸ CR/Comfort Room

- walang ganiyan sa english dictionary. You could use either: rest room, powder room, bathroom,
shower room, toilet.

➸ Bottomless

- hindi rin siya recognized sa kanila, you could use the word “refillable” instead.

➸ Hand carry

- carry-on luggage

➸ “Sorry, ma'am I'm late. It's so traffic today!”

- the word traffic is misused. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, traffic is a noun which means:
all the vehicles driving along a certain road or in a certain area. So the appropriate excuse would be
“Sorry, ma'am I'm late. Traffic is heavy!”

➸ “fill up this form”

- must be “fill out this form”

➸ Aircon

- air conditioner, AC

➸ Fall in line

- stand in line, line up, get into line, make a line

➸ Ref

_ refrigerator; fridge

➸ Rubber shoes

- sneakers; trainers, running shoes

➸ Those redundant stuff we usually say like “ATM Machine” “repeat again” “one child only”, etc
➸ “ate, pa Xerox!” Xerox, my friend, is a photocopying machine brand.

***

If you have something to add, or something to correct, feel free to leave your comment below.

References:

http://simpleenglishielts.blogspot.com/2014/03/filipinism-words-that-must-be-avoided.html?m=1

Screenshots: http://americanenglish.ph/using-filipinisms-a-native-english-speakers-pet-peeve/

NOTES.2
Thoughts

Sa pagbisita ko rito sa SSSHub... napapansin ko minsan, sa pag-e-scroll down ko, e, kayraming mga
akdang kaunti lang ang likes at kung minsan... walang comment. Sa bawat araw na nagdaraan, alam
kong maraming aspiring writers ang pumapasok sa grupong 'to. Nagpapaskil ng kanilang akda upang
mapuna. Ang iba sa kanila'y alam kong bihasa na. Pero bakit nga kaya... mas napapansin pa rin ang mga
akda ng mga writers na kung tawagin ng iba ay "Class S"? Sila itong may mga maraming comment,
walang pagpupuna kundi mga komento lamang na "Sheeet! Lupet!" "Wow!" "Galing!" pero sa ibang
akda, hindi man lang nila ito maialay. May maraming likes din, kakapost pa lang... 30 likes na. Bakit nga
kaya?

May mga palagay ako kung bakit nga ba ganoon... na namamayagpag ang mga akda ng mga writers na
"Class S" /daw/.

•Marahil marami silang friends dito. Karamihan ng nandito ay mga silent readers. Kung sakaling
mapadpad sa NF nila, basahin man nila o hindi.. like(!) na agad 'yan, automatically. Lalo na kung ang
writer na ito ay tinuring ng iba na "Senpai".

•Kapag tinawag na "senpai" aakalain ng iba na /admin/ 'yon, o kaya /magaling na manunulat/. Tipong
naka 50+ entries na sa Sobrang Short Stories. Legend kumbaga.

Pero sa totoo lang... maaari rin naman kayong maging "Class S", e. (Kung meron nga talagang ganoon.)

Paano?

Kung ikaw ay isang writer na 'di pansinin ang gawa. Subukan mong mag-critic nang mag-critic ng gawa
ng iba. Yes! Noon, 'di rin ako pansinin, critic lang din ako nang critic sa #Savelit hanggang sa napansin na
ang makapal kong kilay do'n. Natuto na nga ako, nakilala pa ako... as Lil_Makilay02! Dejk! Nakilala ang
mga akda ko. Bakit? Kasi kapag nakikita kang nag-ki-critic... "Ay, siguro magaling 'to." "Siguro admin 'to."
"Siguro Class S na manunulat 'to." 'yan agad iisipin nila. Kaya kapag nagpaskil ka ng gawa... babasahin ka
agad.

Tulad sa One Punch Man. Tinatrabaho nila ang kanilang mga ranks para umangat. Pero 'di ibig sabihin
no'n na kapag umangat ka, e lalaki na ang ulo mo. Gagawin mo lamang ito alang-alang sa mga
anak[akda] mo. Para mabasa sila. Pero suklian mo ang mga 'yon, basahin mo't i-critic ang mga gawa ng
iba.
Magkritikan tayo dito mga kapatid. Kung 'di n'yo macritic ang isang akda... kahit magcomment na lang
kayo na "Naks, ang galing!" Maa-appreciate na rin ng mga baguhang writers 'yon. Especially do'n sa mga
silent readers ng SSSH.

"E, Makilay... 'di ko naman kailangan sumikat para lang mabasa ang mga akda ko."

Hindi naman talaga. Pero 'wag na tayong magplastikan. Trinatrabaho rin ang "pangalan". Sa paanong
paraan? Sa paggawa ng mga akdang talaga namang masasabi mong bahagi 'tunay na letiratura'. At sa
PAGTULONG sa baguhang manunulat.

Ang nais lang naman talaga natin, makilala ang mga akda natin. Ang nais lang naman natin,
maipalaganap ang totoong letiratura. Sama-sama tayo mga kapatid... iboto natin si Espermarya WP
bilang ambassador ng Sobrang Short Stories Hub! Dejk!

"Narito na muli ang Sobrang Short Stories,

'Di nag-atubili na ating mabago ang,

Kanilang pagtingin sa mga taong humahawak ng...

Lapis, papel, kahit maputik ay humahakbang,

Lumalakas sa bawat tinta na pumapatak,

Bawat tunog ng palakpak sa'tin tumatatak,

Pero 'di tumataas,

Ating mga paa,

Nakatuntong sa lupa dahil alam mo na...

Tayo'y nasa Pinas,

May pila sa bigas,

Tila lamang sikat...

Ang akda ay butas,

Para 'di mautas,

Dapat ay marahas,

Ating tinta,

Kahit papano'y matikman ang lakas!"

Magkritikan tayo!

Hello and good afternoon, mga ka-SSS!

Sa mga nakadaan na sa second stage ng screening, please wait for ate
Rara
's third stage. Bale apat 'yung stages. Hehe. Good luck sa inyo!
Anyways, wala lang. Nais ko lang magbigay ng kaunting Writing Tips on how to write an
effective flash fiction/Sobrang Short Story. (Based on... experience? Hehe)
Ayon.
● admin *toot*, paano po ba maiiwasan na masabihan ng "cliche" at "predictable" ang
story?
— may dalawa akong sagot diyan. Creative twist/kicker, and smooth-sailing narration.
Creative twists... iisipan mo ng kakaibang kaisipan 'yung kinakatha mo, out of the box.
'Yung mga madalas nang naiisip ng tao, ilagpas mo ro'n 'yung limitasyon ng sulat mo—kaya
kaakibat ng salitang "sulat lang nang sulat" ang mga salitang "basa lang nang basa!" para
mahasa ang utak mo sa mga kadalasang nangyayari sa kuwento. Unspoken rule ng
manunulat 'yan.
'Wag din hayagan ang sulat, tandaan ang kasabihang, "Show; don't tell."
Pero laging tatandaan: 'wag isakripisyo ang coherence ng kuwento para lang gumanda ang
twist nito. Para lang masabing kakaiba, 'wag mong isaalang-alang ang lakas ng katawan ng
isinusulat mo, para lang sa tinatawag na kaibahan.
Sa smooth-sailing narration (dito ako madalas napupunta kapag sulatan), lalahukan mo ng
angkop at wastong figures of speech, pati imageries and techniques 'yung kuwento.
Maalwan basahin kahit "cliche" o gasgas na. Magaan, tinalo ng paglalahad mo ang
kagasgasan ng tema mo.
Ayun. Sulat lang nang sulat, mga ka-SSS!
—admin *mehehe no*