Overview Of The Development Of Croatian Geography

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OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY
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9 OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY
9. OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT

OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY
The development of Croatian geography is an important part of the overall development of science and edu-
cation in Croatia. No comprehensive synthesis on the development of Croatian geography has been written until
now, which is why this overview aims to stimulate further research into the development of geography in Croa-
tia. Geography in general, in Croatia and elsewhere, plays an important educational and scientific-research role.
Both in the past and today, Croatian geographers have carried out a significant social mission by making new
discoveries and sharing spatial knowledge, as an important part of human and national survival and develop-
ment. For centuries, they have contributed to mankind’s overall cultural and cognitive cycle, and are today a vital
segment of Croatian elementary, secondary and tertiary education. They are also participants in many projects
- spatial planning, landscaping, cartography, geo-informatics, science, surveying, statistics, tourism, lexicography,
publishing, state administration, local self-government, politics, journalism, the media, the armed forces, and the
preservation of natural, cultural and historical heritage, etc. Thus, they contribute both to the development of
their area of expertise and science, and to the overall development of the Republic of Croatia.
9. 1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN CROATIA UP TO

INSTITUTIONALISATION
9. 1. 1. The classical era and Middle Ages
In the early development of geographic science, during the classical era and Middle Ages, there were
no famous geographers working in what is today Croatia. However, this did not only apply to geography,
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
but to other areas, particularly the
exact sciences. Nonetheless, the
Polo brothers
Croatian area was familiar to Eu-
Marco Polo
Bolgar ropean cultural circles, thanks to
Sara the works of classical and medieval
authors, the more prominent of
Karakorum whom were Strabo, Pliny the Elder,
Baku 40°
Tabriz
and especially Claudius Ptolemy,
Baghdad Beijing
who provided a clear geographic
Lob
picture of this part of Europe in the
Basra
mid-2nd century, conceptualising
his knowledge graphically in the
form of maps. Today’s Croatian ter-
20°
ritories were naturally included on
Ptolemy’s Fifth Map of Europe.
During the Middle Ages, no sig-
nificant works described the Croa-
SEA
INA H
tian ethnic and national area. The

C H OUT
works of Herman Dalmatin (c.

S
I N 1110 - post 1143), an astronomer

DIA Colombo
N O
0 600 1200 km
C E AN 0°
and philosopher from Istria, are
partially relevant to the science of
Marco Polo’s voyage to the East geography in Croatia. He studied
526
519-572 geografija hrvatske 8_9 E.indd 526 7/2/15 8:11 AM

OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY 9
“Illyris sev Liburnia, Dalmacia, Pannonia Superior, Pannonia Inferior…” on Claudius Ptolemy’s 5th map of Europe,
Geographia, 1st/2nd century (15th century copy, excerpt)
and translated works by Abu Ma’shar (an astronomical-astrological work on the tides, later known as In-
troductiorium in astronomiam Albumasaris Abalachi, c. 1140), and Ptolemy (Planisphaerium, 1143). Her-
man Dalmatin is believed to be the author of Liber ymbrium, one of the earliest meteorological discussions
on weather forecasting, written in accordance with Arabian data on the Indian procedure for predicting
weather. He also wrote De essentis (1143), a discussion on the origins of the universe, the world, the planets,
the Earth, and life on it.
Gregory of Zadar, Archbishop of Bar, wrote Sclavorum Regnum in the 12th century, also known as the
Chronicle of the Priest of Doclea, in which he presented important geographical data and toponyms relating
to the territories of modern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
The geographical perception of the Croatian lands did not lag behind other parts of Western and South-
ern Europe. This is primarily true of the Croatian Adriatic area, as is evident on portolan maps from late
13th century onwards. Geographic descriptions of the Croatian coastline and corresponding astronomical
observations almost certainly preceded the creation of portolan maps.
The activities of the Polo family - especially Marco Polo (1254 - 1323) - Venetian citizens who were be-
lieved to hail from the island of Korčula (which would make them Dalmatians), were of special significance in
the development of geography, which was then a general scientific area dealing in various aspects of spatial
studies. As a result of their voyages, they made significant geographical discoveries. If their family heritage is
presumed to be connected to Croatia, then they should be given pride of place in an overview of the develop-
527

ment of Croatian geography. Whatever the case, the Book of Wonders of the World (1298) by Marco Polo was
extremely important in the development of late medieval geography in Europe, and in describing the regional-
geographical characteristics of Asia. Certain geographic names mentioned by Marco Polo were included in the
Catalan Atlas maps, a collection of portolans dated 1375, and in the Laurentian Portolan, dated 1351.
9. 1. 2. The modern period up to institutionalisation in the nineteenth century

The development of geographical thought was encouraged by the general development of natural and hu-
manist sciences during the early Renaissance. From then on, Croatian geographers (and cartographers) became
increasingly well known, and their works often travelled beyond the boundaries of Croatia. The basic character-
istic of these early geographical works was the description of certain natural and socio-economic occurrences
and processes in an area, while certain themes were dealt with through applying the scientific-research meth-
odology associated with the exact natural sciences, especially those not included in the research focus of current
geography (such as the shape and dimensions of the Earth, geophysical models of the tides, etc.).
The first famous Croatian geographer, although he was better known as a philosopher and physician,
was Frederik Bartolačić Grisogono (1472 - 1538) of Zadar. This versatile Renaissance thinker and fel-
low student of Nicolaus Copernicus is credited with the general development of Earth sciences, providing
the first quantitative relations between the tides, and predicting the existence of so-called nadir tides. His
Tractatus de occulta causa fluxi et refluxi maris was used throughout Western Europe, while his work on
studying the tides was continued by the philosopher and cosmologist Franjo Petrić (1529 – 1597) from
the island of Cres, particularly in Pancosmia (1593), and the philosopher, naturalist, and priest Markantun
de Dominis (1560 - 1624) from the island of Rab, whose merits in terms of his knowledge of geography
and the physics of the sea were evident primarily in the publication of Euripus seu de fluxu et refluxu maris
sententia (1624). Ivan Polikarp Severitan (Barbula) (1472 - pre 1526), born in Šibenik, wrote a work
(unfortunately lost) on the centre of the Earth. His older fellow citizen Juraj Šižgorić (1420 -1509), better
known to the general public as a poet, used a descriptive method to present his geographical knowledge of
the Croatian lands in a manuscript entitled De situ Illyriae et civitate Sibenici (1487).
Alongside the notable contributions of the ‘Zadar’ and ‘Šibenik’ circles, scientists from the Republic of Du-
brovnik also held prominent places in the development of geographical thought during the Renaissance. In the
early 16th century, Grgur Budislavić (c. 1485 - 1551) of Dubrovnik wrote De astrologia and De sphera, which,
although more a discussion of astrological and geophysical aspects, also included corresponding mathematical-
geographical discoveries. Lujo Gjurašević (c. 1520 - 1565), also of Dubrovnik, was prominent during the 16th
century. In the 22 chapters of his Cosmographiae commentaria on geography and astronomy, he discussed the
shape and size of the Earth, and was the first to provide the Croatian names for winds in the section dealing with
climate. He is also known to have written a work on the geography of Europe, which was unfortunately lost.
The development of geography and other geosciences was closely related to the development of natu-
ral sciences in Europe, especially during the period of major geographical discoveries, which resulted in
various geographical subjects being discussed in works by Croatian mathematicians and physicists. Marin
Getaldić (1568 - 1626) used many of his mathematical and physical observations to determine the size
of the Earth, which was an important geographical issue of the time. Nikola Sagroević (c. 1500 - 1573) of
Šipan developed a practical handbook on the tides, i.e. harbour tidal lags for the Western Atlantic Ocean,
for use by Mediterranean sailors (Ragionamenti sopra le varieta dei riflussi del mare oceano occidentale,
published posthumously in 1574).
Alongside these geographical texts, maps were also a good indicator of the existence and development of
geographical sciences among Croatians, as they were of key importance in the geographical interpretation
and understanding of space. Geographical observations made in the area to be depicted usually preceded
the making of maps. However, not many maps which are the obvious results of geographical observations
have been preserved. Among the oldest geographical and cartographical works made in Croatia which are
especially worthy of mention are De toto orbe, Summa totius orbis, Portolano and Del sito de Istria, by Pietro
Coppo, i.e. Petar Kopić (1469 – 1555) of Istria, who was trained by Marcus Antonius Sabellicus in Venice.
528

An especially intriguing 16th century character was Vinko Paletin (1508 - 1573) from Korčula, who
took part in the Spanish conquests in Latin America. Paletin provided a geographical description of Yucatan
in a discussion on the laws of war and the baptism of American natives (opposing the peaceful suggestions
made by Bishop Bartolomeo de las Casas), and also provided historical and geographical observations on
Mexico (in a translation of the nautical manual L’arte del navegar by Pedro de Medina). One of his important
cartographic contributions was a map of Spain, made in 1550.
Renaissance cartographers were very important in the development of geography in Croatia, by provid-
ing knowledge about the Croatian lands through the production of maps of certain areas. Cartographers
from the Šibenik circle were of special significance, such as Božo Bonifačić (1538 - 1592), the author of
many maps of the Illyrian provinces and particularly notable regional maps (for example, Zarae et Sebenici
descriptio, 1575, etc.), published in atlases by Bertelli, Camoccio, Pinargenti, Rosaccio, Franco, and Ortelius,
and Martin Rota Kolunić (1532 - 1583), who made maps of the Zadar and Šibenik areas, Zarra et con-
tade…, and Sebenico et contado…, published in Camoccio’s atlas of 1571.
Vicko Dimitrije Volčić (1563 – 1607) was also an important contributor, the author of hand-drawn na-
val charts and atlases of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coastline of Europe, and the Adriatic, works which
are now kept in Italy, Paris, Stockholm, Chicago, and Cambridge. He worked in Messina, Naples, and later in
Livorno, where he produced his famous Carta nautica (1601). He died in Naples, where he had previously
produced a portolan of the Mediterranean and Black Seas in 1593.
A special place in the development of Croatian cartography is held by Ivan Klobučarić (1550 - 1605)
from Dubašnica on the island of Krk. His opus includes a respectable number (around 500) of topographic
sketches of coastal and continental Croatia, and also of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorica, and other areas,
primarily for the requirements of the Austrian court.
Map of Krbava and Lika, 1780, by Marko Lovre Ruić
529

Stjepan Glavač (1627 - 1680) of Varaždin was the first Croatian author of a map of Croatia: Nova hacte-
nus... Partium Regni Sclavoniae et Croatiae a Christianitate etiam non possessarum Confiniumque descriptio...
(1673). On a map of the narrower part of Croatia, Glavač provided detailed geographical contents, showing
himself to be an expert on the basic geographical characteristics of the national territory.
A century later, Lovre Licini Rubčić (1725 - 1802), a Venetian surveyor in Dalmatia, made several maps
(Canal della Morlaca, 1762, etc., for the Grimani cadastre, and the NW part of the island of Pašman, in
1782), while Frane Zavoreo (c. 1762 - c. 1830), a Venetian clerk and engineer, made many topographical
maps and cadastral depictions for the needs of the administration in Dalmatia (Nuova carta topografica di
provinzia di Dalmazia..., Venice, 1787, etc). These maps of the Croatian coastal regions under Venetian rule
were preceded by a partial surveying process, especially in conjunction with the regulation of land registry
in the new acquisitions claimed by the Venetian Republic after the borders with the Ottoman Empire and
Habsburg Monarchy were redefined (the Grimani cadastre, etc.).
Colonel Danijel Orešković produced several regimental maps for the needs of the Austrian army.
Marko Lovre Ruić (1736 - 1808) of Pag was the author of a map of Krbava and Lika in 1780, which formed
part of a manuscript on the historical-geographical development of the island of Pag, including cartograph-
ic depictions of Pag.
Petar (Pietro) von Nutrizio Grisogono (1748 - 1823) of Trogir, an educator and physiocrat, wrote sev-
eral, mostly geographical, ethnological, political, and economic tracts about the area of Venetian Dalmatia,
the best known of which were Riflessioni sopra lo stato presente della Dalmazia, Florence, 1775, and Notizie
per servire alla storia natural della Dalmazia, Treviso, 1780.
Mirko Danijel Bogdanić (1762 - 1802) of Virovitica, an astronomer who worked in Austria, Hungary,
and Croatia, was engaged in the astronomical determination of geographical co-ordinates, and collaborated
in the production of a map of Hungary.
As for 17th century literature that contrib-
uted to the development of geography and geo-
graphical knowledge in Croatia, especially in
the coastal regions, the voluminous historical-
geographical De regno Croatiae et Dalmatiae
(1666) by Ivan Lučić (1604 - 1679) of Trogir
made a particular contribution. Although Lučić,
according to historians, was the founder of
critical historiography in Croatia, he was also a
crucial figure in the development of geographi-
cal knowledge, particularly of historical-geo-
graphical importance to Croatia, as is evident
from his authorship of valuable contributions
that significantly enhanced the developmental
progress of early Croatian geography. Lučić tied
the historical development of the Croatian lands
to its geographical basis, while later versions of
his works were accompanied by maps showing
“Illyricum Hodiernum”, map by Ivan Lučić and Willem Janszoon Blaeu laudable depictions of the Croatian lands.
Božo Antica, a cartographer from Dubrovnik, originally from Lastovo, was active at the turn of the 18th
century, and made two maps of the Republic of Dubrovnik (1687).
Croatia rediviva regnante Leopoldo Magno Caesare (1700), by Pavao Ritter Vitezović (1652 - 1713) is
of special significance. Based on geographical observations during his active participation in the Commis-
sion for Demarcation between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in 1699, Vitezović made
four geographical maps of Mountainous and Littoral Croatia.
The first geography textbook in Croatia was printed in Latin (Veteris et Novae geographiae, Compendiosa
Congeries, 1714), and published by Jakob Pejačević, a teacher at the Jesuit gymnasium in Zagreb. It made
an important historical contribution to the methodology of teaching geography, suited to the level of geo-
graphical and educational knowledge of the time.
530

An exceptionally crucial contributor to the development

of natural sciences in Croatia was undoubtedly Josip Ruđer
Bošković (1711 – 1787), a contemporary of Ferdinand
Konščak of Varaždin and Baltazar Adam Krčelić, important
figures in continental Croatia. Bošković’s opus included
many achievements in the fields of mathematics, physics
(especially optics) and philosophy, but also the geosciences,
particularly geophysics, geography, and geodesy. With Chris-
topher Maire, at the request of Pope Benedict XIV, he con-
ducted measurements of the length of the meridian arc from
Rimini to Rome, in order to acquire a basis for calculating
the dimensions and shape of the Earth (the cartographic-
geographic expedition lasted from 1750 to 1752), and con-
ducted a survey resulting in a map of the Papal State (1755).
He was an adherent of Newton’s opinion on the flattening of
the Earth at the poles, and also claimed that the Earth did not
have the proper form of an ellipsoid, but an irregular shape
(this was later called the geoid by J. B. Listing, who provided
an appropriate geodesic explanation).
In the later 18th and 19th centuries, the focus of develop-
ment in geographic thought in Croatia shifted toward the
continental area, which was logical, considering the im-
portance and size of the Habsburg Monarchy and the new
economic flows passing through Pannonian Croatia. A con-
temporary of Bošković, the Jesuit missionary Ferdinand
Konšćak (1703 - 1759) of Varaždin, moved to America in Part of a map of Croatia, by Stjepan Glavač, 1673
1729 and produced one of the first geographic descriptions of California. He also produced the first geo-
graphic map of the Mexican peninsula of California. During expeditions in 1746, 1751, and 1753, he explored
this peninsula systematically (as far as the mouth of the Rio Colorado), and confirmed that Baja California was
indeed a peninsula, rather than an island.
Another work which must be mentioned is that of the historian Baltazar Adam Krčelić (1715 - 1778),
De regnis Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae notitiae praeliminares, Zagrabiae, S.a. (1770), which was also im-
portant in the development of historical-geographical and political-geographical knowledge of the Croatian
historical territories.
The development of geography in Croatia was popularised in the late18th and early 19th centuries.
There were several notable authors of significant geographical works, such as the Franciscan Matija Petar
Katančić (1750 - 1825) of Osijek (Specimen philologiae et geographiae Pannoniorum..., 1790, and Istri ad-
colarum Illyrici geographia vetus, I and II, 1791; Zemllyomirje (Land Surveying), 1788, and a translation of
Elementa Geometriae Practicae by Pál Makó).
Antun Rožić (c. 1787 - 1848), a teacher from Varaždin, was prominent during the period when the gen-
eral use of Latin, German, and Italian in education was shifting towards the use of Croatian. He wrote Kratek
zavjetek zemaljskoga izpisivanja horvatske i vugerske zemlje …. (A short Geographic Review of the Croatian
and Hungarian Country …), 1823, 2nd edition 1829, 3rd edition 1839, the first “geographical” textbook writ-
ten in Croatian, and in fact a translation of a textbook he had written in Latin, published in 1821.
Somewhat later, in 1834 in Zadar, the botanist and geographer Franjo (Franz) Petter (1798 - 1853),
published Compendio geografico della Dalmazia.
In line with the progress achieved in geography and cartography, the first printed cartographic works
in Croatian began to appear: Zemljovid carevine Austrijanske (Geographical Map of the Austrian Empire) ,1847,
by Dragutin Seljan (1810 - 1848), the bilingual (Croatian and German) map Krajobraz krunovinah Hervatske
i Slavonie…(Landscape of the Crown Lands of Croatia and Slavonia…), 1851, by Josip Bermann, and the map
Zemljovid stare cjelokupne Kraljevine Hervatske (Geographical Map of the Entire Croatian Kingdom …), 1862,
by the naturalist Josip Partaš (1820 - 1865), and Franjo Kružić, who also published Zemljovidi svih zemalja u
kojima prebivaju Hrvati (Geographical Maps of All Countries Where Croats Reside).
531

Ivan Steklasa (1846 - 1921), a cartographer who made maps of many Croatian counties in Zemljovidi
županija Kraljevine Hrvatske i Slavonije (Geographical Maps of Counties in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia),
Budapest, 1870, was also very prominent.
Significant contributions were also made by Janko Tomić (1842 - 1902), the Slovenian Vjenceslav Zaboj-
Marik (1835 – 1895), Zemljopis austrijskih zemalja: za mladež narodnih učionah (Geography of Austrian
Lands: for Youth in National Schools), Zagreb, 1868, a teacher credited with defining Croatian geographical
terminology in the 19th century, Franjo Bradaška (1829 - 1904), Sravnjivajući zemljopis: za više razrede
srědnjih učionah (Universal Geography: for Upper Classes in Secondary Schools), Zagreb, 1867, and others.
In Croatian geographical works in the first half of the 19th century, the popular Croatian word zemljopis
(Earth science) was used for the first time alongside the Greek derivative geografija. The geographical works
of Dragutin Seljan were particularly significant: Početak, napredak i vrijednost Literature Ilirske. S kratkim
geografičko-statističkim opisom Ilirskih deržavah (The Beginning, Rise and Value of Illyrian Literature. With a
Short Geographical-Statistical Description of the Illyrian Countries, 1840), and Zemljopis pokrajinah ilirskih iliti
ogledalo zemlje … Prvi dio (Geography of the Illyrian Regions or the Earth’s Shape….. Part 1), 1843.
Also prominent was the contribution of Fra Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818 - 1857), a travel writer and Illyr-
ian from Banja Luka, who wrote many works: Zemljopisno-povjesno opisanje Bosne (Geographical-historical
Description of Bosnia), 1841, Putovanje po Bosni (Travels in Bosnia), 1842, Putovanje iz Dubrovnika preko Her-
cegovine u Fojnicu (Travels from Dubrovnik through Herzegovina to Fojnica), 1842, and Zemljopis i poviestnica
Bosne (The Geography and History of Bosnia), Zagreb, 1851.
During the mid-19th century, many educational institutions were also founded in the coastal area of the
country, and geodesic-cadastral surveys were conducted (preceded by the Josephine surveys of 1763 - 1787,
i.e. the Joseph II Cadastre of 1785, which did not include Istria and Dalmatia at that time; followed by the sur-
veys under Franz I (1806 to 1869), which covered the entire area of modern day Croatia, the cadastral sur-
vey of 1817, and finally the Franz-Joseph surveys of 1869 - 1887). Population censuses were also conducted
(several censuses and estimations, with the first modern census in 1857).
Modern methods of conducting population censuses and cadastral and topographic measurements char-
acterised the new statistical-geographical approach, which included comprehensive height measurements
(hypsometry). Some notable works were those by Vinko Sabljar (1796 - ?), Miestopisni riečnik kraljevinah
Dalmacije, Hervatske i Slavonije (Dictionary of Localities in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia), 1866, and
Ivan Steklasa, Zemljopis i statistika Austro-Ugarske Monarhije za srednja učilišta (Geography and Statistics
of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy for Middle Schools), 1889, etc.
From the mid-19th century, geography in Croatia used results from the German and, to a certain extent,
the French schools of geography. The period of descriptive geography was gradually phased out, whose
basic task had been to describe individual areas of Croatia, usually with no explanation of causal-conse-
quential relations between structures and the processes of various natural-geographical factors and socio-
economic bases in those areas. This was largely due to the institutionalisation of geography in Western
European education, along with the definition of topics and research methodologies in ‘modern’ geography,
primarily thanks to Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter.
An important figure in the development of Croatian geography in the 19th century was Dr. Petar Matković
(1830 - 1898) of Senj. He studied geography in Vienna, Prague, Berlin, and Göttingen. Some of his more im-
portant works were: Statistički nacrt Trojedne Kraljevine (Statistical Scheme of the Triune Kingdom),1864, Oro-
grafska razredba južno-hrvatske visočine i njezina hipsometrijska razmjera (Orographic Differentiation of the
South Croatian Highlands with a Hypsometric Survey), 1872, Hrvatska i Slavonija u svojih fizičkih i društvenih
odnošajih (Croatia and Slavonia According Their Physical and Social Relations), 1873, Geografsko-statistički
nacrt austrijsko-ugarske monarhije (Geographic-Statistical Scheme of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy), 1874,
and others. Matković introduced the so-called historical-topographic tendency into Croatian geography,
which resulted in many geographical-literary works. He attended lectures given by Ritter, one of the founders
of modern geography, and was heavily influenced by him. He worked on the development of geographical sci-
ence in Croatia. He was also the first university professor of geography in Croatia.
At the same time, there were other scientists whose work contributed to the development of geography.
The work of naturalist, and academician Živko Vukasović (1829 - 1874), Pabirci za zemljoslovje Hrvatske,
Slavonije i Dalmacije (Gleanings for the Geography of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia), was published in 1879.
532

Mijo Brašnić (1849 - 1883) was also a prominent figure, with his Županije u današnjoj Hrvatskoj, Sla-
voniji i Vojnoj krajini od g. 1102. do 1301. (Counties in Present Day Croatia, Slavonia and the Military Border
area from 1102 to 1301),1873, Močvare izmedju Murse (Osijeka) i Cibala (Vinkovaca) (Boglands Between
Mursa(Osijek) and Cibalae (Vinkovci)),1978, and Odlomci iz zemljopisa i narodopisa Hrvatske (Excerpts from
the Geography and Demography of Croatia),1870, reprint, Vinkovci 1994).
Dr. Vjekoslav Klaić (1849 - 1928) made a significant contribution to the development of Croatian geogra-
phy, primarily with his Prirodni zemljopis Hrvatske (Physical Geography of Croatia),1878, and Zemljopis zemalja u
kojih obitavaju Hrvati I-IV (Geography of the Lands in Which Croats Reside),1880 – 1883, and also as the author of
complex geographical-historical, cultural-historical, ethnographic-statistical works and several atlases. A wider
approach to understanding and interpreting geographical realities in that period was indicated by the fact that
the word zemljopis was used as the Croatian synonym for geografija, covering original and descriptive features,
as well as scientific-research ones. Similarities can be seen with other Slavic nations (the Slovenians regularly
use the term zemljopis, the Russians zemljopisanie, and the Serbs zemljopisanije). This was evidently the fruit of
endeavours to find a Croatian version of the internationally accepted word ‘geography’.
Some geographers also worked in other scientific fields, especially history (Klaić and others). It should
be pointed out that many historians also dealt with geographic issues, especially in historical-geographic
discussions focusing on the geographic characteristics of certain areas in the past (Rački, Šišić, and others),
and in doing so made their own appropriate contributions to the development of geography in Croatia.
Some Croatian explorers, especially during the 19th century, made significant contributions to world geo-
graphic discoveries. A manuscript by Jakov Šašel (1832 - 1903), a citizen of Karlovac of Slovenian heritage,
entitled Slike s Orijenta (Pictures from the Orient), records his travels in Egypt, Nubia, and Sudan. Dragutin
Lerman (1863 - 1918) of Požega was particularly noted for his exploration of the Congo basin as a member of
Stanley’s expedition and a political representative of Belgium in Eastern Congo, who carefully noted his geo-
graphical observations in Listovi iz Afrike (Pages from Africa), Požega, 1891, Novi listovi iz Afrike (New Pages
from Africa), Požega, 1894, and Afrički dnevnik 1888 - 1896 (African Diary 1888 – 1896), Zagreb1989.
Janko von Mikić Bojkamenski (1856 - 1897) spent time in Africa on four different occasions. In 1882, he
joined Stanley’s expedition to the Congo; between 1883 and 1885, he mapped the area north of Boma as far as
Stephanieville and deeper inland towards the River Congo, with the goal of plotting a railway line to Brazzaville
(it was completed in 1934). In 1884, he led an expedition into the Djoue area, accompanied by Lerman. He also
founded Rudolfstadt, in honour of the Austrian Prince Rudolf. He was decorated by the Belgian king in 1888.
Great services were also rendered by brothers Mirko (1871 - 1913) and Štefan (Stevo) Seljan (1875 - 1936)
who, on a trip around the world, explored the Ethiopian area in Africa (while Mirko was Governor of the South-
ern Province of Ethiopia, where they conducted geomorphological, climatological, and ethnographical research
around Lake Rudolf and Lake Stephanie, and also founded Seljanville), and parts of Amazonia in South America
(Sete Quedas Falls, and the then unexplored course of the River Aguapei). From 1911, they explored saltpe-
tre deposits in Chile, and also worked on a project designed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the
River Amazon. Štefan also explored manganese ore deposits in Brazil. Their many travel writings and geographic
notes are extremely interesting, especially in relation to geomorphology, climatology, and ethnography.
9. 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN CROATIA

AFTER INSTITUTIONALISATION
9. 2. 1. The period up to the end of the First World War
Not long after the institutionalisation of geography in Europe, in 1883 Dr. Petar
Matković founded the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb,
where he was the first Professor and Head of Department (1883-1893). Thus, the institu-
tionalisation of geography in Croatia began through Matković’s work. He was also Secre-
tary-General of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1884 - 1892), and founded the
Statistical Office for Croatia and Slavonia, with Milovan Zoričić. His work was continued Petar Matković
533

primarily by geographers from continental Croatia, which was logical, considering the role and importance of
Zagreb and the Department. In 1897, he initiated the founding of the Geographical Society in Zagreb.
In 1899, Matković was replaced as Head of the Department of Geography by Dr. Hinko von Cvetašin
Hranilović (1860 - 1922), who studied in Graz, Vienna, Berlin, and Oxford, and received his doctorate in Graz.
Hranilović worked in the Theory of Geography, Regional Geography, and the Karst. He was Head of the Depart-
ment from 1893 to 1918, and a professor from 1908. He wrote many books, the more prominent of which are
Prilozi sintetičko-analitičkom postupku – Geografske metode (Contributions to Synthetic-Analytic Procedure – Geo-
graphical Methods), 1893, Uvod u metodiku znanstvene geografije (Introduction to Scientific Geography Methodol-
ogy), 1896, Geomorfološki problemi iz hrvatskoga krša (Geomorphological Problems in the Croatian Karst),1901,
the first review of Croatian geography, Novi smjer naše geografije (New Direction of Our Geography), 1902, and
Zemljopisni i narodopisni opis kraljevine Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije (Geographical and Demographic Descrip-
tion of the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia),1905. With the botanist Dr. Antun Heinz (1861 - 1919) he
founded the Croatian Geographical Society in 1900, as part of the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences, which
was especially important in the development of geography as a profession and science in Croatia. This scientific
and professional society has functioned continuously, with short breaks, until the present day, but particularly
since 1947, when it was revitalised and made independent through the efforts of Academician Josip Roglić.
As well as being accomplished university teachers, geography professors were also fruitful scientists. The
naturalist Dr. Dragutin Hirc (1853 - 1921) published Lijepa naša domovina. Zemljopisne slike (Our Beautiful
Homeland. Geographical Pictures), 1891 - 93. Hranilović and Hirc published an edition of Zemljopis Hrvatske (The
Geography of Croatia), the especially significant, previously mentioned Zemljopisni i narodopisni opis kraljevine
Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije , 1905, and Prirodni zemljopis Hrvatske (Physical Geography of Croatia), 1905, and
also edited the Croatian edition of Kozenn’s Geographical Atlas (several editions, beginning in 1900).
Dr. Ivan Hoić (1850 - 1921) of Samobor, who studied in Innsbruck and Vien-
na, and was awarded his doctorate in Heidelberg in 1880, also gained prominence
through his geographical works. Hoić also wrote a work in several volumes, Slike
iz obćega zemljopisa I-V (Pictures from General Geography I-V), 1888 - 1900.
Dr. Milan Šenoa (1869 - 1961), who studied and was awarded his doctorate in
Zagreb in 1929, was Head of the Department of Geography from 1918 to 1940. He
published Pontsko-jadranska razvodnica (The Pontic-Adriatic Watershed) in 1900,
and edited the textbooks Prirodni zemljopis (Physical Geography), 1903, the Croa-
tian translation of an original work by Sir Archibald Geikie, and Astronomija (As-
tronomy) in 1905, the Croatian translation of Joseph Norman Lockyer’s original.
Adolf Vuković (1867 – ?), who wrote the methodological book Zemljopisna
obuka u nižim i višim pučkim školama (Geographical Education in Lower and Up-
per Elementary Schools), 1901, was a prominent figure in the early 20th century.
Of the late 19th century Croatian geographers from the coast, who generally
studied in Zagreb, Dr. Artur Gavazzi made significant contributions to Croatian
geography. Gavazzi was born in Split, and studied in Zagreb and Vienna, where he
was awarded his doctorate in geography. He worked in Physical Geography, espe-
Title page of “Discovering Countries”
cially Hydrogeography, and was Head of the Department of Physical Geography
by Artur Gavazzi
from 1927 to 1944 at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. Some of his more noted
works before the First World War were Rijeke Hrvatske (The Rivers of Croatia),1905, and Zemljopis Hrvatske
(The Geography of Croatia), 1909, while in the period between the two world wars, he continued his scientific
activities and published Mali zemljovid Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (A Little Map of the Kingdom of Serbs
Croats and Slovenes), 1921, Astronomska geografija (Astronomical Geography),1929, Nekoliko riječi o cilju i podjeli
geografije (A Few Words on the Purpose and Differentiation of Geography), 1930, O dubinama Jadranskog mora
(On the Depths of the Adriatic Sea), 1936, Otkrivanje zemalja (Discovering Countries), 1939, The geographer, histo-
rian, and theologian Filip Lukas (1871 - 1958), born in Kaštel Stari studied in Zadar, Graz, and Vienna. By 1918,
he had written several geographical works, such as Utjecaj prirodne okoline na stanovništvo Dalmacije (The Influ-
ence of the Natural Environment on the Dalmatian Population), 1906, Ekonomska geografija I. i II., Jadran (Eco-
nomic Geography, I and II, The Adriatic Sea), 1911, as well as the first extensive Gospodarski zemljopis (Economic
Geography), 1913, and continued to develop his scientific activities even more after 1918.
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The historian and politician Stjepan Srkulj (1869 - 1951) of Varaždin wrote Današnja Hrvatska – nje-
zin teritorijalni razvitak (Croatia Today – its Territorial Development), 1916. In the same year, Emil Jahnz
published his Mjestopisni rječnik kraljevina Hrvatske i Slavonije (Dictionary of Settlements in the Kingdoms
of Croatia and Slavonia).
The arrival of Milan Šenoa at the University in 1910 marked the next phase in anthropological-geo-
graphic research, with his Prilog k poleografiji Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije (Contribution to the Urban-
ology of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia) appearing in 1916.
Two early works by Ivo Juras (1886 - 1948) of Zadar, who studied in Zagreb, Vienna, and Graz, deserve
special attention: Pregled gospodarstva i trgovine u Dalmaciji (Review of Economy and Trade in Dalmatia),
Zadar 1910, and the textbook Zemljopis Austro-Ugarske (The Geography of Austro-Hungary), 1916.
The geo-politician Dr. Ivo Pilar (1874 - 1933), wrote Politički zemljopis Hrvatskih zemalja (Political Ge-
ography of the Croatian Lands), 1918, and Die Südslawische Frage (The South Slavic Question), 1918.
Alfons Alois Pavić (Pavich) von Pfauenthal (1839 - 1919), originally from Poljica, published a mono-
graph entitled Mosor in 1907 in Zadar.
9. 2. 2. The period between the two World Wars
During the period between the First and Second World Wars, many Croatian geographers were noted
for their scientific research work, the publication of a large number of textbooks and atlases, and work in
universities and other higher education institutions. As a result, geography definitely gained in status and
was affirmed as an important, distinct scientific discipline. The work of Dr. Milan Šenoa, mentioned earlier,
Tipovi naših gradova (Types of Our Cities), 1930, and Dr. Artur Gavazzi, as previously mentioned (Nekoliko
riječi o cilju i podjeli geografije, 1930; O dubinama Jadranskog mora, 1936; Otkrivanje zemalja 1939) was
very important. They were joined by Dr. Otto Opitz and Prof. Filip Lukas.
Dr. Otto Opitz (1903 - 1979), who studied and was awarded his doctorate in Zagreb, published many
works (Raspored padalina na Balkanskom poluotoku... (Precipitation Distribution in the Balkan Peninsula),
1936, Obličje površine (Surface Morphology), in Zemljopis Hrvatske, 1942, and encyclopaedia entries on vari-
ous geographical topics.
Professor Filip Lukas wrote many works during the inter-war period, of which the most prominent are
Geografija Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (Geography of Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), 1922,
Geografijska osnovica hrvatskoga naroda (The Geographic Basis of the Croatian Nation), 1925, and Zemljopisni i
geopolitički položaj Hrvatske (The Geographical and Geopolitical Position of Croatia), in Zemljopis Hrvatske, 1942).
Dr. Gavazzi founded the Physical Geography Institute in 1927 and became its Head, and also started
the Croatian geographical scientific journal Hrvatski geografski glasnik (Croatian Geographical Bulletin),
editing the first 10 issues between 1929 and 1939.
Croatian geographers also developed fruitful research activities. They published scientific works
through the Croatian Geographical Society, and in publications of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and
Arts, while many higher education geography textbooks were also written between the two wars.
Vid Balenović (1883 - 1970) wrote Opća geografija (General Geography), 1923, while Filip Lukas wrote
Ekonomska geografija (Economic Geography), 1923-1924.
Artur Gavazzi wrote Astronomska geografija (Astronomic Geography), 1929, while Dr. Zvonimir
Dugački (1903 – 1975) wrote Prometna geografija (Traffic Geography), 1936, etc.
As for expert work, a prominent figure already mentioned was Ivo Juras, who wrote Zemljopis Jugo-
slavije (The Geography of Yugoslavia), 1922, Jadransko more i njegove obale (The Adriatic Sea and its Coasts),
1925, and Naše more i primorje (Our Sea and Coastland), 1938.
Important geographical works were written by Lucijan Marčić (1891 - 1940), who was born in Ben-
kovac, and worked in Dubrovnik, Belgrade, and Split. He also wrote Antropogeografska ispitivanja po sje-
vernodalmatinskim ostrvima (Rab, Pag, Vir) (Anthropogeographic Explorations on North Dalmatian Islands
(Rab, Pag, Vir)), 1926, Zadarska i šibenska ostrva (The Zadar and Šibenik Islands), 1928, Stanovništvo Zadra
(The Population of Zadar), 1928, Doseljavanje i iseljavanje na zadarskim i šibenskim ostrvima (Immigration
and Emigration in the Zadar and Šibenik Islands), 1929, Zadar i okolica (Zadar and its Surroundings), 1933.
535

The geographer and priest Dr. Ivo Rubić (1897 - 1961), born in Sumartin on Brač, had a prominent
role in exploring the Adriatic and Mediterranean, as well as working in the fields of Anthropogeography,
Regional and Economic geography, and theoretical approaches to Geography. He was a full professor at
the Department of Geography in Zagreb from 1953, and was also active in Ljubljana. Some of his more im-
portant works up to the Second World War were: Naši otoci na Jadranu (Our Adriatic Islands), 1927, Split
i njegova okolica (Split and its Surroundings), 1930, Međe našeg Primorja (Borders of Our Coastland), 1936,
and Mali oblici na obalnom reljefu istočnog Jadrana (Small Forms in the Coastal Relief of the Eastern Adri-
atic), 1937. After the Second World War, Rubić continued his fruitful scientific-research activities, resulting
in many synthesised works, such as Naši otoci na Jadranu (Our Adriatic Islands), 1952, Geografija svijeta
(World Geography), 1957, Evropsko-azijsko-afrički Mediteran (The European-Asian-African Mediterranean),
1959, and textbooks, and scientific papers.
Within the single topic of Geography, separate disciplines developed. Milan Šenoa particularly devel-
oped Anthropogeography, i.e. Social Geography, Ivo Pilar developed Political Geography, and Geopolitics, in
Politički zemljopis Hrvatskih zemalja (Political Geography of the Croatian Lands), 1918, Plitvička jezera (Plit-
vice Lakes), 1924; Artur Gavazzi developed Physical Geography, and Regional Geography with Otkrivanje
zemalja, 1939), Filip Lukas developed Economic, Political, and Regional geography, and Otto Oppitz was
concerned with Physical Geography, etc.
This was reflected in the development of the Department of Geography, as two institutes were founded:
the Geographical Institute in 1922 (headed by Šenoa), which primarily dealt in Anthropogeography and
Regional Geography, and the Institute (first a department, later an institute) for Physical Geography in
1927 (headed by Gavazzi), which primarily focused on scientific-research work and Physical Geography/
Regional Geography topics.
Filip Lukas deserves special mention, as he was for many years President of Matica Hrvatska (Matrix
Croatica) (1929 - 1945), which encouraged publishing activities. With Nikola Peršić (1908 - 1965), he
published the urban-geographic work Prirast i kretanje gradskog stanovništva s naročitim obzirom na grad
Zagreb (Urban Population Growth and Trends Particularly Regarding the City of Zagreb) in 1935, and pub-
lished the textbooks Geografija Kraljevine Jugoslavije za više razrede srednjih i viših škola (The Geography of
Yugoslavia for Upper Secondary and Higher Schools),1939 and 1940 editions, Zemljopis NDH (The Geography
of the Independent State of Croatia), 1941, and edited Minerva’s Svjetski atlas (World Atlas), 1938, etc.
Dr. Stjepan Ratković (1878 - 1968), one of the founders of Narodni učitelj (The People’s Teacher) maga-
zine in Zadar in 1913, wrote interesting articles entitled Kako da pišemo geografijska imena (How to Write
Geographic Names), 1929, and Što je narod, narodnost, nacija, pleme, rasa? (What are Peoples, Ethnicities,
Nations, Tribes, and Races?), 1939, as well as the textbook Zemljopis Banovine Hrvatske (The Geography of
Banovina Hrvatska), 1940.
During the inter-war period, Dr. Josip Roglić (1906 - 1987), born in Župa Biokovska, the only recently ap-
pointed Croatian academician geographer, and a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
began his work. He studied in Strasbourg, Montpellier, Berlin, Vienna, and Belgrade, where he was awarded
his doctorate. He became a full university professor in 1945. At the beginning of his scientific career, he wrote
Biokovo – Geomorfološka istraživanja (Biokovo – Geomorphological Research), a published dissertation, 1935,
and Imotsko polje – fizičko-geografske osobine (Imotsko Polje – Physical-Geographical Features), 1938, papers
entitled Eustatički i glacioeustatički pokreti (Eustatic and Glacio-eustatic Movements), 1935, O broju i uzrocima
glacijacija (On the Number and Causes of Glaciations), 1939, and many other scientific discussions.
In the field of Anthropogeography and Medical Geography, Dr. Branimir Gušić (1901 - 1975), who
studied and was awarded his doctorate in Zagreb in 1929, published various works. Some of the more
prominent are Antropogeografska istraživanja (Anthropogeographical Research), 1931, Dinarske planine
(The Dinaric Mountains), 1932, and O geografskoj terminologiji (On Geographic Terminology), 1933.
It is very important to note that geography did not stop developing, even during the Second World War.
Although teaching activities were for the most part suspended, the major opus Zemljopis Hrvatske (The Ge-
ography of Croatia) was published in 1942, with Zvonimir Dugački as editor-in-chief. It provided the most
comprehensive review of the geographical characteristics of the territory of Croatia at the time.
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Various geographical topics were professionally and scientifically presented under many entries in Hrvatska
enciklopedija (Croatian Encyclopaedia), a huge lexicographical undertaking led by Mate Ujević. It was succeeded
by the publication of several editions of Opća enciklopedija (Universal Encyclopaedia), and Pomorska enciklope-
dija (Maritime Encyclopaedia), and other lexicographical works.
During the war, Poviestni zemljopis Europe, a Croatian edition of Gordon East’s An Historical Geography
of Europe was published, with a supplement entitled Zemljopisni uvjeti hrvatske države (The Geographical
Conditions of the Croatian State) by Josip Horvat.
9. 2. 3. The development of modern geography in Croatia after the Second World War
The development of geography in Croatia after 1945 was characterised by organisational and structural con-
solidation. When the University of Zagreb divided up the Faculty of Philosophy in 1946, Geography was trans-
ferred to the Faculty of Science. Dr. Josip Roglić headed the Geography Department from 1945 to 1963, and in
various ways encouraged the development of Geography studies in conjunction with the new Faculty of Science
of Zagreb University (where he was Dean in the academic year 1947/8) and founded the Geographic Institute in
1961 (Geografski zavod from 1959, later the Geography Department). He built up the work of the faculty’s Cen-
tral Geography Library (founded in 1910, now housing about 10,000 volumes, 15,000 maps and 2,000 journals).
In 1950, the publication of the scientific journal Geografski glasnik (Geographic Herald) resumed, and in
1955, the expert-methodical journal Geografski horizont (Geographic Horizon) was launched.
The importance which Academician Roglić attached to Geography was evident in a speech he made dur-
ing the resumption of the work of the
Z. Tanocki
Croatian Geographic Society in 1947.
“Geography is the skeletal element
of general culture, and geographic
knowledge is essential in practical
life.” (Reported by Dr. Dragutin Feletar
in 1993). His versatile scientific inter-
ests were embodied in a large number
(over 200) of scientific and expert pa-
pers in the areas of Geomorphology
and Geography of the Karst, and he
was the first to submit theories on lit-
toralisation on the Croatian Adriatic:
Neki osnovni problemi krša (Some Basic
Problems of the Karst ), 1956, Geograf-
sko izučavanje reljefa (The Geographic
Study of Relief), 1964, Litoralizacija i
njeno značenje (Littoralisation and its Building which houses the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University
Significance), 1967, Osnovi kartografije of Zagreb
(Basics of Cartography), 1967, Prilog hrvatskoj krškoj terminologiji (A Contribution to Croatian Karst Terminol-
ogy), 1974, etc. He became a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences of Arts in 1968.
Dr. Ivo Rubić worked alongside Academician Roglić in the Geography Department of Zagreb Univer-
sity’s Faculty of Science, as did many other worthy Croatian geographers and university professors, laying
the foundations of Croatian Geography in the latter half of the 20th century through their teaching and
scientific research work, and the publication of a great number of scientific and expert articles, books, text-
books and encyclopaedia entries:
Professor Emeritus Dr. Ivan Crkvenčić (1923 - 2011), in the Department 1950 - 1994, awarded his
doctorate in 1956, full professor from 1971, concerned with Economic and Regional Geography, cooper-
ated in postgraduate studies in Zagreb (Urbanism and Spatial Planning) etc. Publications: Centralna naselja
i gradovi SRH (Central Places and Towns in the Socialist Republic of Croatia), 1974, the university textbooks
Afrika (Africa) and Agrarna geografija (Agrarian Geography), etc.
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Dr. Mirko Brazda (1924 - 2009), 1971 to 1978, Academy of Pedagogy in Zagreb; later, until his retire-
ment (1993), part-time (1997) in the Department, awarded his doctorate in 1984, appointed junior fellow
in 1984. Concerned with Regional Geography and the methodology of teaching.
Professor Emeritus Dr. Veljko Rogić (1925 - ), in the Department 1951 - 1999, awarded his doctorate in
1957, full professor from 1972, Emeritus from 2000, concerned with Regional and Historical Geography, co-
operated in postgraduate studies in Zagreb (Urbanism and Spatial Planning), in studies in Zadar etc. Publica-
tions: university textbook Regionalna geografija Jugoslavije 1 (Regional Geography of Yugoslavia 1), 1982, etc.
Professor Emeritus Dr. Mladen Friganović (1927 - ), in the Department 1954 - 1999, awarded his
doctorate in 1959, full professor from 1973, concerned with Demogeography and Regional Geography, co-
operated in postgraduate studies in Zagreb (Urbanism and Spatial Planning) etc. Publications: university
textbook Demogeografija (Demogeography), 1990.
Prof. Dr. Josip Riđanović (1929 - 2009), in the Department 1955 - 2000, awarded his doctorate in
1963, full professor from 1978, worked in Regional Geography and Hydrogeography; collaborated in un-
dergraduate and postgraduate studies in Zadar. Publications: university textbook Hidrogeografija (Hidroge-
ography), 1989, Geografija mora (Geography of the Sea), 2002.
Prof. Dr. Tomislav Šegota (1929 - 2014 ), in the Department 1961 - 2000, Yugoslav Institute of Lexicog-
raphy 1954 - 1961, awarded his doctorate in 1961, full professor from 1978, associate member of the Croa-
tian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1983, worked in Climatology and Regional Geography. Publications:
university textbooks: Klimatologija za geografe (Climatology for Geographers), 1976, 1988 (co-author Anita
Filipčić), 1996, Geografija Južne Evrope (The Geography of South Europe), 1982, Geografija Australije and Oce-
anije (The Geography of Australia and Oceania), 2000 and 2004 (co-author Anita Filipčić) etc.
Prof. Dr. Ivo Baučić (1929 -), in the Department 1956 - 1977, awarded his doctorate in 1966, Vice-Dean
1972 - 1974, worked in Karstology, founder of the Centre for Migration, 1971, to which he went in1977,
later moved to the Economics Faculty in Split, 1984, and the Dubrovnik Maritime Faculty, Split Depart-
ment,1988.; worked in Regional Geography, Maritime Geography and Demogeography. Publications: Zeml-
jopis (Geography) with Vlatka Baučić, 1963.
Dr. Sven Kulušić (1930 - ), in the Department in the 1960s, worked in Regional Geography, awarded his
doctorate in 1997.
Prof. Dr. Zlatko Pepeonik (1934 - 2004), in the Department from 1960, awarded his doctorate in 1973,
full professor 1988, worked in Demogeography, Speleology, Regional and Tourism Geography), associate
member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1992 – 2004, engaged in international activities to
a significant extent.
Dr. Petrica Novosel-Žic (1931 - ), in the Department 1961 - 2000, awarded her doctorate in 1978, as-
sociate professor from 1988, worked in Cartography and Regional Geography. Publications: Otok Krk (The
Island of Krk), 1987.
Prof. Dr. Milan Vresk (1937 - 2003), in the Department from 1965, awarded his doctorate in 1972, full
professor from 1988, worked in Urban and Regional Geography and the theory of Geography), cooperated
in postgraduate studies in Zagreb (Urbanism and Spatial Planning) etc. Publications: university textbooks
Grad i urbanizacija: Osnove urbane geografije (The City and Urbanisation: Basics of Urban Geography), 1980,
Razvoj urbanih Sistema (Urban Systems Development), 1984, 2002, Uvod u geografiju (An Introduction to
Geography), 1997, etc.
Prof. Dr. Miroslav Sić (1932 - ), in the Department 1958 - 2005, awarded his doctorate in 1974, full
professor from 1989, worked in Regional and Transportation Geography.
Academician Prof. Dr. Andrija Bognar (1937 – ), town planner from 1964, at the Faculty of Political
Sciences 1968 - 1975, in the Department from 1975 to 2008, awarded his doctorate in 1982, full professor
from 1991, full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1998; worked in Geomorphology and
Geoecology. Publications: Geomorfologija Baranje (The Geomorphology of Baranya), 1990, etc.
Prof. Dr. Dragutin Feletar (1941 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1982, in the Department 1983 - 2006,
full professor 1993, associate member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 2006, worked in
Economic, Industrial and Regional Geography and publishing activities (Meridijani and Podravina journals,
many books: Legrad, 1971, Općina Donja Dubrava (Donja Dubrava Municipality), 2008, etc.
538

Prof. Dr. Adolf Malić (1941 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1979, in the Department 1980 - 1999, full pro-
fessor 1992,1999 - 2011 at the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, worked in Agrarian and Transpor-
tation Geography. Publications: Geoprometna obilježja svijeta (Geo-Traffic Features of the World), 1995, etc.
Among the geographers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries who worked in the Geography Depart-
ment of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, implementing new scientific methods and defining
modern theoretical approaches to Geography, the following deserve special mention:
Prof. Dr. Ivo Nejašmić (1948 - ), 1976 – 1984 at the Centre for Migration Research, 1984 – 1987 at
the Republican Bureau of Statistics, then Faculty of Teacher Education in Zagreb, awarded his doctorate in
1990, 2002 to 2011, full professor in the Department, and from 2011, again at the Faculty of Teacher Edu-
cation, works in Demogeography. Publications: Osnove opće geografije (Basics of General Geography), 1999,
Stanovništvo Hrvatske (The Population of Croatia), 2008).
Prof. Dr. Dane Pejnović (1950 - ), in the Department from 1977, works in Regional Geography and
Rural Geography, awarded his doctorate in 1994, full professor from 2010. Publications: Zapadna Hrvatska:
Socijalno-geografska preobrazba u drugoj polovini 20. stoljeća (Western Croatia: Socio-Geographic Transfor-
mation in the Second Half of the 20th Century), 2009.
Dr. Stjepan Šterc (1953 - ), in the Department 1980 - 1991 and from 2003, awarded his doctorate in
2012, works in Demogeography, Historical Geography, and theoretic geographical approaches. 1991 – 2003,
Director of the Special War Department at the Ministry of Defence, adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Assistant Minister of Renewal and Development, and Assistant Minister of Defence in the Government of the
Republic of Croatia. Publications: Grafičke metode u nastavi (Graphical Methods in Teaching), 1990.
Prof. Dr. Borna Fürst-Bjeliš (1960 - ), works in Historical Geography, History of the Environment, His-
tory of Cartography, Regional Identities and Regional Geography, 1984 - 1989 in the Cartographic Depart-
ment of the ‘Miroslav Krleža’ Institute of Lexicography, from 1989 in the Department, awarded her doctor-
ate in 1996, full professor from 2008.
Prof. Dr. Laura Šakaja (1958 - ), awarded her doctorate in 1997, from 2004 in the Department, 2001
– 2004, Institute for Migration and Ethnicity, works in Social, Cultural and Regional Geography), full pro-
fessor from 2013. Publications: Kultura i prostor : prostorna organizacija kulturnih djelatnosti u Hrvat-
skoj (Culture and Space: the Spatial Organisation of Cultural Activities in Croatia), 1999.
Dr. Darko Mihljević (1960 - ), in the Department 1984 - 1996, awarded his doctorate in 1995, works
in Geomorphology.
Prof. Dr. Zoran Stiperski (1962 - ), works in Economic and Regional Geography, from 1991 in the De-
partment, awarded his doctorate in 1995, full professor from 2009. Publications: Nafta kao pokretač usp-
jeha i kriza čovječanstva (Oil as the Driver of Success and the Crisis of Humanity), 2002, Megagradovi Svijeta
(Megacities of the World), 2003.
Prof. Dr. Zoran Curić (1963 - ), works in the methodology of teaching geography and Tourism Geogra-
phy, in the Department from 1991, awarded his doctorate in 1993, full professor from 2010. Publications:
Školski geografski leksikon (A School Geography Lexicon) with Božica Curić, 1999.
Prof. Dr. Dražen Njegač (1964 - ), in the Department from 1988, awarded his doctorate in 1995, full
professor from 2011, works in Regional and Urban Geography.
Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Toskić (1965 - ), employed in the Department from 1992, awarded his doctorate
in 1998, full professor from 2010, works in Cartography, GIS and Regional Geography.
Dr. Milan Ilić (1965 - 2007), from 1990 in the Department, awarded his doctorate in 2001, from 2003
assistant professor, works in Transportation, Economic and Regional Geography and GIS.
Dr. Ksenija Bašić (1965 - ), in the Department from 1990, awarded her doctorate in 1993, works in De-
mogeography and Urban Geography, statistical methods in Geography, etc. Assistant professor from 2007.
Dr. Danijel Orešić (1966 - ), employed in the Department from 1990, awarded his doctorate in 2000,
associate professor from 2011, works in Hydrogeography and Geography of the Sea.
Prof. Dr. Sanja Faivre (1967 - ), from 1991 in the Department, awarded her doctorate in 1999, full pro-
fessor from 2013, works in Geoecology and Geomorphology.
Dr. Anita Filipčić (1968 - ), from 1991 in the Department, awarded her doctorate in 1999, from 2005
associate professor, works in Climatology and Regional Geography. Publications: university textbooks Kli-
matologija za geografe, 1988 (co-author Tomislav Šegota), and Geografija Australije i Oceanije, 2004 (co-
author Tomislav Šegota)
539

Dr. Neven Bočić (1972 - ), from 2002 in the Department, awarded his doctorate in 2009, works in Physi-
cal Geography, particularly Geomorphology, Hydrogeography and Speleology, assistant professor from 2011.
Dr. Nenad Buzjak (1968 - ), awarded his doctorate in 2006, in the Department from 2009, assistant
professor from 2009, works in Physical Geography, Geomorphology, particularly Geoecology and Environ-
mental Protection, and Speleology.
Dr. Martina Jakovčić (1977 - ), from 2004 in the Department, awarded her doctorate in 2008, works in
Economic, Transportation and Commercial Geography, assistant professor from 2009.
Dr. Aleksandar Lukić (1977 - ), from 2001 in the Department, works in Rural Geography and Regional and
Spatial Planning, assistant professor from 2010. Publications: Mozaik izvan grada: tipologija ruralnih i urban-
iziranih naselja Hrvatske (Mosaic Outside the City: Typology of Rural and Urban Settlements in Croatia), 2012.
Dr. Vuk Tvrtko Opačić (1976 - ), from 2001 in the Department, works in Tourism Geography, award-
ed his doctorate in 2008, associate professor from 2013. Publications: Vikendaštvo u hrvatskom priobalju:
jučer, danas, sutra (Second Homes in the Croatian Coastal Area: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow), 2012.
Dr. Vedran Prelogović (1976 - ), from 2000 in the Department, awarded his doctorate in 2008, works
in Urban and Regional Geography, assistant professor from 2010.
Dr. Ivan Zupanc (1975 - ), from 2001 in the Department, awarded his doctorate in 2010, works in His-
torical Geography and Cultural Landscapes, assistant professor from 2011.
Dr. Dubravka Spevec (1976 - ), from 2004 in the Department, awarded her doctorate in 2011,works in
Demogeography, Urban Geography, Cartography and GIS, assistant professor from 2012.
Dr. Ružica Vuk (1967 - ), from 2006 at the Department, assistant professor from 2013; works in Re-
gional Geography and the methodology of teaching geography, assistant professor from 2013.
Younger Doctors of Science: Dr. Jelena Lončar, works in Regional Geography, Industrial and Political
Geography, Dr. Mladen Maradin, works in Climatology, Dr. Lana Slavuj, works in Regional and Cultural
Geography, Dr. Ivan Čanjevac, works in Hydrogeography.
In 2013, Marin Cvitanović, Slaven Gašparović, Petra Radeljak and Ivan Šulc have worked as doctoral
students in the Department.
Many geographers have worked or are still working outside the Geography Department of the Faculty
of Science (University of Zagreb), contributing to the development of geographical expertise and science in
Croatia. The best known include:
Dr. Zvonimir Dugački (1903 - 1975), assistant professor, Geography Department in Zagreb, 1934 - 1945,
then taught at the Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium, and 1949 - 1974 worked in the “Učila” Cartography
Department in Zagreb. Publications: Industrijska geografija svijeta (Industrial World Geography), 1958.
Dr. Nikola Peršić (1908 - 1965), between the two world wars worked at the Economics and Commer-
cial College in Zagreb; his most important works were a paper on Zagreb’s population (1935) and a paper
on Hlebine (1938). Worked in Economic Geography and Demogeography. Published Geografija SHS (1939)
with Filip Lukas and Ekonomska geografija FNR Jugoslavije (Economic Geography of the Federal People’s
Republic of Yugoslavia), Zagreb (1949).
Dr. Otto Oppitz (1903 - 1979), awarded his doctorate in 1929, Geography Department of the Faculty of
Science in Zagreb, previously at the Faculty of Philosophy, 1933 - 1946, and the Institute of Lexicography,
1949 – 1979.
Andro Jutronić (1895 - 1977), 1945 - 1953, at the Higher Business College in Split.
Dr. Radovan Bošnjak (1900 - 1987), awarded his doctorate in 1937, from 1946 until his retirement
in 1970, lecturer at the Higher Pedagogy College, later the Academy of Pedagogy in Zagreb. Publications:
with Toma Ćubelić, Pregled zemljopisa Federativne narodne republike Jugoslavije (Geographic Review of the
Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia), 1946, worked in Physical and Regional Geography.
Prof. Dr. Rudolf (Rude) Petrović (1906 - 1980), full professor, awarded his doctorate in 1942, taught
Regional Geography and Economic Geography for short periods in the 1950s and 60s. Co-editor with Ivo
Rubić of Geografije svijeta (authors Zvonimir Dugački, Petar Mardešić, Jura Medarić etc.), 1957 – 1958. Pub-
lications: Narodna Republika Hrvatska (The People’s Republic of Croatia), 1959.
Dr. Vladimir Blašković (1901 - 1990), from 1951 until his retirement in 1971 at the Faculty of Econom-
ics in Zagreb, worked in Economic and Regional Geography, awarded his doctorate in 1957.
540

Dr. Pavao Kurtek (1912 - 1995), 1961 - 1966 at the Higher College of Economics, awarded his doctorate
in 1965, 1966 – 1981 at the Higher College for Foreign Trade in Zagreb,
Alfons Cvitanović, (1914 - 2005), editor for Školska knjiga, 1962 - 1975, worked in the methodology of
teaching Geography, author of the first large Dictionary of Geography (Geografski rječnik), Zadar, 2002, etc.
Marijan Šašek (1914 - 2002), Lecturer at the Academy of Pedagogy in Zagreb and the Basic Organisa-
tion for Cooperative Work (OOUR) in Educational Science, 1978 - 1982, worked in the methodology of
teaching geography.
Dr. Ratimir Kalmeta (1916 - 2005), teaching assistant in Geography Department in Zagreb 1947 -
1950, 1950 - 1961 at the Academy of Pedagogy in Zagreb, 1961 – 1972 at the Faculty of Economics in
Rijeka, awarded his doctorate in 1965, associate professor from 1965, worked in General and Economic
Geography. Publications: Zemljopisne rasprave (Geographic Discussions), 2009.
Prof. Dr. Ivan Jelen (1922 - ),1957 – 1992 at the Faculty of Economics in Zagreb, full professor from 1979,
worked in Economic Geography and Regionalisation. Publications: Ekonomska geografija Jugoslavije, 1978.
Dr. Klement Derado (1924 - 2004), 1957 – 1974 at the Academy of Pedagogy in Split, awarded his doctor-
ate in 1965, 1971 – 1974 part-time lecturer at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of Zagreb, Department of Eco-
nomic Geography in Split, then moved to the newly established Faculty of Economics in Split, where he was a
full professor until his retirement in 1992. Worked in Economic and Regional Geography and Demogeography.
Prof. Emeritus Dr. Nikola Stražičić, (1924 -), Academy of Pedagogy in Rijeka, 1960 - 1978, founder
and leader of the Geography Department, Maritime Faculty in Rijeka, 1978 - 1999, awarded his doctorate in
1979, full professor, worked in Maritime and Regional Geography. Publications: Pomorska geografija svijeta
(pomorsko-ekonomska regionalna geografija svijeta)(Maritime World Geography – Maritime-Economic Re-
gional World Geography), 1984, Pomorska geografija svijeta (regionalna pomorska geografija svijeta) (Mari-
time World Geography - Regional Maritime World Geography), 1996, etc.
Dr. Mirko Marković (1929 - 2009.), member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1963,
associate member from 1980, awarded his doctorate in 1965, worked in Cartography and Ethnography.
Publications: Descriptio Croatiae, 1993, Hrvatska na starim zemljovidima (Croatia on Old Maps), 2002, etc.
Prof. Dr. Radovan Pavić (1933 -), 1960 - 1963 at the College for Foreign Trade, 1963 – 2002 at the Faculty
of Political Sciences, awarded his doctorate in 1979, full professor, worked in Geopolitics and Political Geogra-
phy; Publications: Geografija Gorske Hrvatske (The Geography of Mountainous Croatia), 2012.
Dr. Hrvoje Turk (1937 - 2004.), 1965 - 1975 at the Academy of Pedagogy in Rijeka, 1975 – 2000 at the Ca-
tering and Tourism College, or Faculty for Tourism and Hotel Management in Opatija, awarded his doctorate in
1988, associate professor from 1998, worked in Tourism, Economic Geography and Transportation Geography.
Dr. Zoran Vučak (1932 - 1997), 1954. – 1990, Hydrographical Institute in Split, scientific adviser from
1986, worked in Physical Oceanography.
Zorislav Perković (1933 - 1997), worked in Urbanism and Spatial Planning, worked in the City of Za-
greb’s Urbanism Institute.
Prof. Dr. Stanko Žuljić (1925 -), awarded his doctorate in 1963, worked in Economic Geography, Ur-
banism and Spatial Planning, 1954 - 1963 in the Croatian Urbanism Institute, from 1963, scientific adviser
to the Economics Institute in Zagreb, lectured in postgraduate studies in USP at the University of Zagreb
Faculty of Architecture etc. Scientist Emeritus from 2005. Publications: Urbanizacija na području Jugoslavije
(Urbanisation in Yugoslavia), 1973, Prostorno planiranje i prostorno istraživanje (Spatial Planning and Spatial
Research),1983, Srpski etnos and velikosrpstvo (The Serbian Ethnos and Greater Serbianism), 1997, etc.
Dr. Ivan Malkoč (1937 - 2006), worked in the methodology of teaching geography, in the Department of
Geography, Faculty of Science,1978 – 1980, awarded his doctorate in 1980, Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute,
1980 - 1985, Faculty of Political Sciences,1985 - 2000, associate professor from 1990. Publications: Programirana
nastava geografije: priručnik za nastavnike (Programmatic Geography Teaching: a Manual for Teachers), 1981, etc.
Dr. Tonko Žabica (1933 - ), Dubrovnik Faculty of Tourism and Foreign Trade, full professor, worked in
General, Regional and Tourism Geography.
Dr. Mate Matas (1942 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1993, from 1998, Teacher Training College in Petrin-
ja, associate professor, worked in the methodology of teaching geography and Regional Geography. Publi-
cations: Metodika nastave geografije (Methods of Teaching Geography), 1998, Geografski pristup okolišu (A
Geographic Approach to the Environment), 2001, Krš Hrvatske (The Croatian Karst), 2009, etc.
541

Prof. Dr. Ivan Blažević (1931 - ), 1988 – 2003, full professor at faculties in Pula and Opatija, worked
in Tourism Geography. Publications: Turistička geografija Hrvatske (Tourism Geography of Croatia), 1994.
Dr. Vesna Mikačić (1944 -), 1970 – 1976, Department of Geography Library, Faculty of Science, Uni-
versity of Zagreb, 1978 – 1986, Centre for Migration Research, Zagreb, 1986, Institute for Tourism, Zagreb.
Worked in Tourism Geography;
Dr. Rade Knežević (1950 - ), 1997 – 2003, Faculty of Pedagogy, Rijeka, 2003, Faculty of Tourism and Hotel
Management, Opatija, works in Tourism Geography, awarded his doctorate in 1990, associate professor from
2008. Publications: Turistička geografija Hrvatske (Tourism Geography of Croatia), with Ivan Blažević, 2007, etc.
Dr. Željko Skala (1935 - ), 1963 - 1999, Faculty of Economics, awarded his doctorate in 1984, assistant
professor from 1983, worked in Economic Geography, Development of the Croatian Economy, and Ecology.
Dr. Mirko Bilen (1943 - ), full professor, awarded his doctorate in 1980, 1986, Faculty of Economics in
Zagreb, works in Economic Geography.
Dr. Zoran Klarić (1959 - ), 1985, Institute for Tourism,
awarded his doctorate in 1990, 1999. – 2003, Maritime Fac-
ulty in Rijeka, 2002, Dean of the private College of Tourism
and Management. Works in Tourism Geography. Dean and
lecturer at the Zagreb School of Management, worked in
Tourism and Maritime Geography;
Dr. Dražen Živić (1968 - ), “Ivo Pilar” Institute for Social
Sciences in Zagreb, works in Demogeography, awarded his
doctorate in 2000. Publications: Stanovništvo Vukovarsko-
srijemske županije (The Population of Vukovar-Srijem County),
2006.
Dr. Nenad Pokos (1965 - ), “Ivo Pilar” Institute for Social
Sciences, Zagreb, works in Demogeography and Political ge-
Building which houses the Department of Geography,
University of Zadar
ography, awarded his doctorate in 2000. Associate professor
at the Centre for Croatian Studies at the University of Zagreb.
Dr. Rebeka Mesarić Žabčić (1971 - ), graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of For-
eign Affairs and European Integration in 2008, awarded her doctorate in 2005, Institute for Migration and
Ethnicity from 2000, senior research associate, works in Demogeography.
Mladen Klemenčić, M.Sc. (1957 - ), Geography Department, Faculty of Science, 1981 - 1992, from 1992
editor, “Miroslav Krleža” Lexicographical Institute, concerned with Political Geography.
Dr. Tomislav Jelić (1959 - ), 1989 – 1991, National and University Library, Zagreb, 1991 – 2000, edi-
tor for Školska knjiga, awarded his doctorate in 1995, 2000, editor for Alfa publishing house. Publications:
Gradišćanski Hrvati u Austriji: analiza hrvatskih naselja u Gradišću (Burgenland Croats in Austria: an Analysis
of Croatian Settlements in Burgenland/Gradišće), 1997.
Ivan Bertić (1948 - 2013), Geography editor for Školska knjiga until 2000. Worked on geographical
textbooks and atlases. Publications: Zemljopisni atlas Republike Hrvatske (Geographical Atlas of the Republic
of Croatia), 1992.
Dr. Mirela Slukan Altić (1969 - ), awarded her doctorate in 1999, 1994 – 2004, junior researcher and
Director of the Archives Institute of the State Historical Archives in Zagreb, 2005, scientific adviser for “Ivo
Pilar” Institute for Social Sciences. Publications: Katastar Istre (The Cadastre of Istria), 2001, Povijesna kar-
tografija (Historical Cartography), 2003.
Dr. Mladen Pahernik (1966 - ), awarded his doctorate in 2005, assistant professor from 2012, em-
ployed in the Ministry of Defence, Croatian Military College, Zagreb, Geography Department external asso-
ciate, concerned with GIS, Military Geography and Geomorphology. Publications: Uvod u geografske infor-
macijske sustave (An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems), 2006.
Dr. Roko Mišetić (1969 - ), awarded his doctorate in 2010, 2002 – 2012, Institute for Migration and
Ethnicity. From 2012, Croatian Catholic University, from 2011, assistant professor. Publications: Otočni
logaritam: aktualno stanje i suvremeni demografski procesi na jadranskim otocima (The Insular Logarithm:
Current Status and Contemporary Demographic Processes on the Adriatic Islands), with Ivan Lajić, 2006.
542

Dr. Antonije Dukić (1946 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1984 in Skopje, from 1986, Maritime Studies in
Dubrovnik, associate professor from 1997.
Dr. Nikola Glamuzina (1970 - ), 1996 – 2005, Department of Geography, Faculty of Philosophy, Uni-
versity of Zadar, awarded his doctorate in 2002. Moved to the University of Split, Faculty of Philosophy and
Economy. Associate professor from 2008, concerned with Tourism Geography. Publications: Pelješac , 2009.
Dr. Sanja Klempic Bogadi (1975 - ), 2000, Centre for Migration Research, Department for Migration
and Demographic Research, Zagreb, awarded her doctorate 2008 in Zagreb, Demogeography, Migrations,
Ageing, Life Quality, Geography of Islands.
There are several Croatian geographers working abroad, for example:
Prof. Dr. Zoran Roca (1949 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1985, full professor in Lisbon (Portugal),
Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias from 1995. Publications: Demografsko-ekološki slom
: mit o demografskoj eksploziji i ekološkoj katastrofi (Demographic and Ecological Collapse: the Myth of the
Demographic Explosion and Ecological Disaster), 1987.
Dr. Vera Pavlaković Koči (1947 - ), employed at the Department of Geography in Zagreb in the early
1970s, awarded her doctorate at Kent State University in 1985, from 1986 worked at the University of Ari-
zona, Tucson (USA). Associate Professor. Publications: Challenged Borderlands: Transcending Political and
Cultural Boundaries, with Barbara J. Morehouse, 2004.
Dr. Maja Saletto-Janković (1971 - ), started in the Department of Geography in Zagreb 1992-1997;
awarded her doctorate in 1997, concerned with Geoecology and Environmental Studies. Since the late
1990s, in Toronto (Canada), Director of Strategic Investments.
In the more recent development of Geography in Croatia, the foundation and activities of these institu-
tions have been particularly important: the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar,
University of Split (1994), which became to Department of Geography in 2003, when the University of
Zadar was established, the Centre for Karst and Coastal Research of the University of Zadar (2003) and the
Zadar branch of the Croatian Geographic Society (1995).
The founder and first Head of the Department and leader of the Centre was Prof. Dr. Damir Magaš (1953
- ), 1976 – 1993, Zadar Institute for Urbanism, 1993, Faculty of Philosophy, Zadar, 1994, Department of Geogra-
phy, Faculty of Philosophy, Zadar, i.e. Department of Geography, University of Zadar from 2003. Full professor
from 2001, concerned with Regional, Urban and Historical Geography. Publications: Otok Sestrunj (The Island
of Sestrunj), 1983, Povijesno-zemljopisne osnove urbanog razvoja Nina (Historic-Geographical Outlines of Nin’s
Urban Development), 1994, Zadarsko-kninska županija (Zadar-Knin County), 1996, Geografija Hrvatske (The Ge-
ography of Croatia), 2013, etc. Launched the journal Geoadria in 1996.
The following participate or have participated in the work of the Department of Geography, University of
Zadar (or previously, at the Faculty of Philosophy):
Prof. Dr. Ante Kalogjera (1931 - ), 1962 – 1978, Academy of Pedagogy, Šibenik and Split, awarded his
doctorate in 1965, 1988 – 1994, Faculty of Science, Split, 1978 - 1988 and 1994 – 2001, Department of
Geography Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar, full professor from 1988, concerned with the methodology of
teaching geography and Physical Geography.
Dr. Martin Glamuzina (1941 - ), awarded his doctorate in 1985, associate professor from 2002, Depart-
ment of Geography, Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar, i.e. Department of Geography, University of Zadar from
1997 to 2013, concerned with Demogeography and Regional Geography.
Prof. Dr. Željka Šiljković (1961 - ), awarded her doctorate in 1995, from 1997, Department of Geog-
raphy, 2006 - 2010, Academy of Teacher Education in Zagreb, full professor from 2010, concerned with
Economic Geography (agrarian, traffic, industrial etc.) and geographic aspects of ecology. Publications: In-
dustrijska geografija (Industrial Geography), 2012.
Prof. Dr. Josip Faričić (1976 -), 1999, Department of Geography, awarded his doctorate in 2006, full
professor from 2015, concerned with Cartography, Historical Geography and Regional Geography. Publica-
tions: Geografija sjevernodalmatinskih otoka (The Geography of the North Dalmatian Islands), 2012.
Dr. Snježana Mrđen (1956 - ), 1997. Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2000, associ-
ate professor from 2011, concerned with Demography, Regional and Political Geography.
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Dr. Dražen Perica (1960 - ), 1990 – 2002, Geography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Za-
greb, awarded his doctorate in 1998, 2002 – 2005, Faculty of Agronomy in Zagreb, 2005, Department of Geog-
raphy, University of Zagreb, associate professor from 2012, concerned with Geomorphology and Karstology.
Dr. Sanja Lozić (1965 - ), 1992 – 2005, Geography Department , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb,
awarded her doctorate in 2000, assistant professor from 2005, 2007-2014 at the Department of Geography
in Zadar, concerned with Geomorphology, Climatology and Regional Geography.
Dr. Marica Mamut (1970 - ), 1995, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2005; assistant
professor from 2011, concerned with Geomorphology and Regional Geography.
Dr. Vera Graovac (1978 - ), 2002, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2009, assistant
professor from 2010, concerned with Demogeography.
Dr. Anica Čuka (1977 - ), 2002, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2011, assistant
professor from 2011, concerned with Social Geography and Rural Geography.
Dr. Robert Lončarić (1976 - ), 2004, Department of Geography, awarded his doctorate in 2010, assis-
tant professor from 2011, concerned with Regional and Urban Geography.
Dr. Lena Mirošević (1977 - ), 2009, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2011, assistant
professor from 2012, concerned with Cultural and Historical Geography.
Dr. Ana Pejdo (1977 - ), 2005, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2012, assistant pro-
fessor from 2013, concerned with Economic and Transportation Geography.
Dr. Nina Lončar (1977 - ), 2006, Department of Geography, awarded her doctorate in 2012, assistant
professor from 2012, concerned with Physical Geography.
Dr. Ante Šiljeg (1982 - ) 2007, Department of Geography, awarded his doctorate in 2013, concerned with
Geographical Information System, Digital Cartography, and Spatial Planning. Assistant Professor from 2014.
Dr. Branimir Vukosav (1980 - ), 2005, Department of Geography, awarded his doctorate in 2012, con-
cerned with Social Geography.
Dr. Ante Blaće (1985 - ), 2009, Department of Geography, awarded his doctorate in 2015, concerned
with the Regional geography and Litoralization.
Kata Magaš, (1953 - ), 2008, Department of Geography, concerned with the methodology of teaching
geography.
Dr. Dražen Jašić (1965 - ), Maritime Department of the University of Zadar since 2007. External associ-
ate, Teacher Training College in Split. Taught Tourism and Catering in the University of Split’s expert studies
programme. Awarded his doctorate in 1999, assistant professor from 2004.
Silvija Šiljeg (1983 - ), teaching assistant, and Denis Radoš (1987 - ), junior researchers, are pursuing
doctoral studies in the Department of Geography, University of Zadar.
9. 3. OTHER CONTEMPORARY ACTIVITIES

Geographical scientific and expert work is presented through publications and papers in scientific journals
such as Hrvatski geografski glasnik, Acta Geographica Croatica, Geographical Papers, Geoadria, Podravina,
in the specialist journal Geografski horizont and the popular magazine Meridijani (originally Hrvatski zem-
ljopis). In 1961, the Geographical Institute was established alongside the Department of Geography of Zagreb
University’s Faculty of Science. Many geographers have contributed to the publication of the Lexicographical In-
stitute (Opća enciklopedija, Pomorska enciklopedija, Atlas svijeta, Atlas Europe, etc.). Their work is also important
within other institutions, particularly in spatial organisation and planning departments and institutes of higher
education, especially those dealing with teacher training, economics and maritime affairs. In 1997, the Croatian
Geographical Society celebrated its centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of its restoration, and in 2012 reached
the 115th anniversary of its foundation and 65th year of uninterrupted work.
One particular aspect of the work of the Department of Geography (Faculty of Science, University of Za-
greb) has been the provision of postgraduate studies, and since 2006, the doctoral course in Geographic
Basics of Spatial Planning and Organisation (up to 2011, a natural sciences course, but from then, inter-
disciplinary) offers degrees at the master’s and doctoral levels. However, the organisation and focus of this
postgraduate course do not meet all Geography graduates’ needs in terms of professional scientific training,
544

and this means that updated, different courses are required in postgraduate Geography studies in Croatia, in
line with modern trends in geography in Europe and the world.
In 1994, the Department of Geography was founded by Damir Magaš at the Faculty and since 2003, of the
University of Zadar. This launched the work of a second, Croatian higher education, geographic hub. Its success
has been confirmed as one of the most prominent departments of the Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar. It is well
staffed (twenty full-time employees and several external associates), and has a library fund of several thou-
sand titles, making it the second largest geographical library in the country. In 2002, the postgraduate course in
Geographical Bases for the Littoralisation of Croatia was set up (lasting until 2014), and in 2010, the joint
doctoral programme The Adriatic – Linking Continents was introduced in conjunction with the Department of
History. Up to 2011, masters’ and doctoral degrees were awarded in the natural sciences, but since then, the de-
grees have been interdisciplinary. The scientific research activities of the Department have been complemented
since 2003 by the work of the Centre for Karst and Coastal Research. In cooperation with the Zadar branch of the
Croatian Geographical Society, founded in 1989 (but which really only started working in 1995, due to the war),
the Zadar Department of Geography publishes a scientific journal, Geoadria, launched in 1996 (and from 2006,
also in English). This journal has achieved high standing, alongside well established, globally acknowledged ge-
ography journals published in Zagreb, and this has been confirmed by references in relevant secondary publica-
tions and exchanges with geographic journals and others in related sciences in Croatia and abroad.
The success of the Zagreb and Zadar Departments of Geography is evident in their large numbers of
graduates, many of whom find employment in elementary and secondary schools, or in higher education
institutions throughout Croatia.
Since independence, five geography congresses have been held in Croatia (Zagreb, 1995, Lovran, 1999,
Zadar, 2003, Poreč, 2007 and Osijek, 2011), and a great number of meetings, seminars, round table discus-
sions, workshops, etc., particularly in Zagreb and Zadar.
The most recent contribution to the development and promotion of geography in Croatia is a project
launched by the Croatian Geographical Society (www.geografija.hr), an internet portal providing a variety
of resources in geography and related sciences. Young geographers from the Departments of Geography of
the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, and University of Zadar are jointly creating a permanent inter-
net interface for Croatian geography with the domestic and foreign public.
9. 4. THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER DISCIPLINES AND SCHOLARS

OUTSIDE CROATIA
Many Croatian archaeologists, historians, palaeontologists, geologists, surveyors, economists and town plan-
ners have in the past contributed to our knowledge of the individual aspects of geographic features of the Croa-
tian area (Mavro Orbini, Dr. Miho Barada, Dr. Josip Lučić, Academician Mate Suić, Academician Stjepan Antoljak,
Dr. Eduard Peričić, Academician Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, Dr. Zvonimir Jelinović, Dr. Ante Marinović-
Uzelac (architect, completed a doctorate in Geography in 1976), Dr. Paško Lovrić, Dr. Ivo Šimunović, Dr. Ivan
Lajić, Academician Petar Šimunović, Dr. Petar Skok, Dr. Mithad Kozličić, Dr. Miljenko Lapaine and many others).
Particular mention must be made of geographers, cartographers, travel writers, geologists and others
from foreign countries, who studied and dealt with what is today the modern Croatian area and general
knowledge about Croatia, directly or peripherally, in their work. Their number is extremely large, so only
a few can be listed: Pseudo Scylax (6th c. BC), Marcian (5th c. BC). Herodotus (5th c. BC), Eratosthenes (3rd
c. BC), Scymnus (2nd c. BC), Polybius (2nd c. BC), Diodorus of Sicily (1st c. BC), Titus Livius (Livy) (1st c. BC),
Strabo (1st c. BC), Pomponius Mela (1st c. AD), Pliny the Elder (1st c.), Appian (2nd c.), Ptolemy (2nd c.), the Ge-
ographer of Ravenna (7th c.), Paul the Deacon (8th c.), Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (10th c.), Muhammed
al-Idrisi (first person to use the name Croatia on a map) (12th c.), Matteo Pagano (16th c.), Piri Reis (16th c.),
Gerardus Mercator (16th c.), Willem Janszoon Blaeu (16-17th c.), Janez Vajkard Valvasor (17th c.), Vincenzo
Maria Coronelli (17-18th c.), Danielle Farlati (17-18th c.), Gianbatista Albrizzi (18th c.), Alberto Fortis (18th
c.), Franz Julius Fras (18th c.), Balthazar Hacquet and Ami Boue (19th c.), Ján Čaplovič (19th c.), John Gardner
Wilkinson (19th c.), Albrecht Penck, Alfred Grund, Norbert Krebs, Emil Tietze, Rikard Schubert, Franz Koss-
mat, Fritz Kerner, Karl von Terzaghi, Jovan Cvijić (19-20th c.), Borivoje Milojević (20th c.) and many others.
545

COMPLETE LITERATURE
Literature: CHAPTER 9 – OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY
CRKVENČIĆ, I. (1964): Osnovni geografski problemi Hrvatske, Proceedings of the 7th Congress of Geographers from
the SFRY, Zagreb, 49-66.
CRKVENČIĆ, I. (2004): Hrvatska geografija: kako se razvijala i kuda ide?, 4. hrvatski geografski kongres: Geografsko
vrednovanje prostornih resursa, Bajs, Lj., Čelant-Hromatko, Jakovčić, M., Maradin, M., Prelogović, V., Vuk, R. (ed.), Croa-
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OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY

Chapter · July 2015

1996-2006 Geographical Basis of Small Croatian Islands Development View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

9. OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT

9. 1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN CROATIA UP TO

tian ethnic and national area. The

works of Herman Dalmatin (c.

I N 1110 - post 1143), an astronomer

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9. 1. 2. The modern period up to institutionalisation in the nineteenth century

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Map of Krbava and Lika, 1780, by Marko Lovre Ruić

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An exceptionally crucial contributor to the development

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9. 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN CROATIA

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9. 2. 2. The period between the two World Wars

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9. 3. OTHER CONTEMPORARY ACTIVITIES

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9. 4. THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER DISCIPLINES AND SCHOLARS

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Literature: CHAPTER 9 – OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROATIAN GEOGRAPHY

Geografija Hrvatske I-VI, various authors, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1974/75.

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