SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Surgery came from the Latin word, ”chirurgia” which means cutting operations.

Surgery is a branch of medicine that treats injury, deformities, or disease by operation or

manipulation. The following are some of the most common surgical procedures.

1. Ablation / Extirpation / Excision

It is the removal or destruction of tissue, a part of the body, or an abnormal growth. For
example, ablation therapy is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of breast cancer; it
allows accurate targeting of tumors guided by MRI scanning.

2. Amputation
It is the removal of a limb, part of a limb), or any other portion of the body (such as a breast or
the rectum). Amputation may be performed when circulation to a limb is inadequate and an
infection or gangrene develops.

3. Angioplasty
It is the repair or reconstruction of a narrowed or completely obstructed blood vessel. In
modern practice, it commonly refers to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (balloon
angioplasty), in which an inflatable balloon, mounted on the tip of a flexible catheter, is placed
within the lumen of lhe aIfected vessel at the site of the narrowing/blockage, under x-ray
control.

4. Arthroplasty
It is a surgical refashioning of a diseased joint to relieve pain and to maintain or regain
movement. An excision (or resection) arthroplasty involves the excision of enough bone to
create a gap at which movement can occur.

5. Arthroscopy
It is a minimally invasive operation to repair a damaged joint. The surgeon examines the joint
with an arthroscope while making repairs through a small incision.

6. Brain Surgery
Any surgical procedure involving the brain.

7. Bypass
It is the surgical procedure to divert the flow of blood or other fluid from one anatomic
structure to another. It can be temporary or permanent and is commonly performed in the
treatment of cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders.

8. Cardiac Catheterization
It entails the introduction of special catheters, usually via the femoral blood vessels in the groin,
into the chambers of the heart.
9. Castration
It is a surgical removal of the testes or ovaries (usually to inhibit hormone secretion in cases
ofbreast cancer in women or prostate cancer in men), bilateral castration results in sterilization.

10. Catheterization
It is the introduction of a catheter into a hollow organ or vessel. This is most often performed as
ureth ral catheterization, when a catheter is introduced into the bladder to relieve obstruction
to the outflow of urine.

11. Cauterization
It is used to destroy tissues by direct application of a heated instrument, electric currents, or
caustic agent; used for the removal of smallwarts or other small growths and to stop the
bleeding ofsmall bloodvessels.

12. Chemosurgery
The use of chemical to destroy diseased or malignant tissue; used in treatment of skin cancer.

13. Craniotomy
A surgical opening through the skull.

14. Cryosurgery
It is the use of extreme cold in a localized part of the body to freeze and destroy unwanted
tissues. It is usually undertaken with an instrument called a cryoprobe, which has a fine tip
cooled by allowing carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide gas to expand within it. It is commonly used
for the treatment of detached retina, the destruction of certain bone tumors, and the
obliteration of skin blemishes.

15. Curettage
It is the scrapping of the skin or the internal surface of an organ or body cavity by means of a
spoon-shaped instrument (curet), usually to remove diseased tissue or to obtain a specimen for
diagnostic purposes.

16. Debridement
It is the process of cleaning an open wound by removal of foreign material and dead tissue, so
that healing may occur without hindrance.

17. Decortication
It is the removal of the outside layer (cortex) from an organ or structure, such as the kidney. It
is also an operation for removing the blood clot and scar tissue that forms after bleeding into
the chest cavity.

18. Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

It is an operation in which the cervix (neck) of the uterus is dilated, using an instrument called a
dilator, and the lining of the uterus is lightly scraped off with a manual curet. Special types of
curets to which suction is applied may be used to obtain a specimen of cndometrium or to
remove the products of conception in abortion.

19. Electrosurgery
It is a surgery that uses a high-frequency electric current from a fine wire electrode to cut
tissue. The ground electrode is a large metal plate. When used correctly, little heat spreads to
the surrounding tissues, in contrast to electrocautery.

20. Enteretomy
It is a surgical removal of part of the intestine.

21. Enucleation
It is the complete removal of an organ, tumor, or cyst leaving surrounding structures intact. In
ophthalmology, it is an operation in which the eyeball is removed but the other structures in
the socket are left in place.

22. Fenestration
It is a surgical operation in which a new opening is formed in the bonylabyrinth of the inner car
as part of the treatment of deafness due to otosclerosis.

23. Evisceration
It is a surgical removal of an organ (or the contents of an organ) from a patient.

24. Exenteration
It is a surgical removal of the organs within a body cavity (as those of the pelvis).

25. Eye Surgery

Any surgical procedure involving the eyes.

26. Gastrectomy
It is a surgical removal of all or any part of the stomach.

27. Gastroenterostomy
It is a surgical erection of an opening between the stomach wall and the small intestine;
performed when the normal opening has been eliminated.

28. Heart Surgery

Any surgical procedure involving the heart.

29. Hemorrhoidectomy
It is a surgical procedure for tying the hemorrhoids and excising them.
30. Hemostasis
These are various surgical procedures used to stop bleeding.

31. Hysterotomy
It is a surgical incision into the uterus (cesarean section).

32. Implantation
It is the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus, which occurs at the
blastocyst stage of development, six to eight days after ovulation; the placing of a substance or
an object within a tissue; and the surgical replacement of damaged tissue with a healthy tissue.

33. Incision
It is the surgical cutting of soft tissues, such as skin or muscle, with a knife or scalpel.

34. Intestinal Bypass

It is a surgical operation that shortens the small intestine used in treating obesity.

35. Major surgery

Any surgical procedure that involves anesthesia or respiratory assistance.

36. Microsurgery It is a surgery using operating microscope and miniaturized precision

instruments to perform intricate procedures on very small structures.

37. Minor surgery Any surgical procedure that does not involve anesthesia or respiratory
assistance.

38. Suprapubic Catheterization

Catheters are passed above the pubis through the abdominal wall directly into an enlarged
bladder if urethral calheterization is not possible.

39. Vascular Catheterization It enables the introduction of the following into the arteries or
veins:
● Contrast medium for radiography;
● Drugs to constrict or expand vessels or to dissolve a Lhrombus;
● Metal coils or other solid materials to block bleeding vessels or to thrombose aneurysms;
●Devices for monitoring pressures within important vessels;
●Balloons and stent to relieve obstructions.
● Castration
●It is the removal of the sex glands (testes or ovaries) usually as part of hormonal treatment for
cancer.