Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the review of related literature and studies, both foreign and local that further

elaborates the information regarding the concept of the study and its relationship to the present study.

Related Literature

These are the materials published in books, professional journals, magazines, newspaper and other

publications both in the Philippines and other countries.

Foreign Literature

Malunggay Seeds

Seeds in botany are the fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and capable

normally of germination to produce new plant. Malunggay seeds are rich in anti-oxidant which can prevent lifestyle

ailments such as cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, cancer and more.

The new study compares protein from the seeds of different varieties of Moringa trees that are grown in

different countries. It also allows estimates of the optimum amount of seed extract that should be used to minimize

residues in treated water, according to Hellsing.

Neutrons are an ideal tool for understanding the internal structure of these complex organic aggregates

thanks to a contrast matching technique that only highlights the protein components absorbed to the particles, says

Dr Lionel Porcar from the Institut Laue-Langevin.

Water Detoxification

Clean water is essential for good health. In many countries it is still difficult to obtain clean water. Even

developed countries can benefit from a process that treats waste water without addition of further synthetic

chemicals (Rennie, 2013).

Water Detoxification is the process of removing impurities, microorganisms and other foreign bodies on

water. The undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases are also removed. The goal is
to produce water fit for a specific purpose either human consumption (drinking water), medical, pharmacological,

chemical and industrial applications.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the

mainf e d e r a l l a w t h a t e n s u r e s t h e q u a l i t y o f A m e r i c a n drinking water . U n d e r

S D W A , U n i t e d S t a t e s Environmental Protection

Agency (USEPA) sets standardsf o r d r i n k i n g w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d o v e r s e e s t h e s t a t e s ,

l o c a l i t i e s , a n d w a t e r s u p p l i e r s w h o i m p l e m e n t t h o s e standards. SDWA was originally passed

by Congress in1 9 7 4 t o protect

p u b l i c h e a l t h b y r e g u l a t i n g t h e n a t i o n ' s p u b l i c d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l y. T h e

l a w w a s a m e n d e d in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers,

lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of

the nation’s public drinking water supplies.

The Detoxification Process towards Clean Water

1. Screening

Water from lakes, rivers or ground passes through a screen as it enters the water treatment plant. The

smaller the screen’s holes would be better. When the water source is a lake or river, the screen serves an important

function, keeping out large natural contaminants such as plants, woods, rocks, fish and others. If groundwater is

used, screening may not be necessary since the water has passed through layers of the earth in what is essentially a

natural screening function.

2. Coagulation

The screened water may now be added with alum and other chemicals which will cause tiny sticky particles

(also called floc) to form. The floc with positive charges will attract the negatively charged dirt particles, making

them eventually heavy enough to sink to the bottom of the water storage tank.

3. Sedimentation
 The water and floc will flow into a sedimentation basin. As the water sits there, the heavy floc settle to

bottom, where they remain until the next process to remove them.

4. Filtration

Water passes through layers of gravel, sand and perhaps charcoal which serves as the filters to remove any

remaining particles. The gravel layer is often about 1 foot deep and the sand layer is about 2 and ½ feet deep. At this

stage, the water is about to complete the detoxification process.

5. Disinfection

Filtered water goes into a closed tank or reservoir. Chlorine or other disinfecting chemicals kill any

remaining microorganisms or bacteria in the water and help keep the water clean until distribution. If a water

treatment facility uses ground water as its only water source, disinfection may be the only step required to

sufficiently treat the water. After it is disinfected, the purified water sits in the closed tank or reservoir until it flows

through pipes to homes and businesses.

The water may be further finished by packaging and storage on sanitized containers and sealed to ensure

water safety for a specific purpose. Boiling is an essential stage to kill microbial forms of life in water. From about

10 minutes until 30 minutes in maximum to boil water.

Local Literature

P h i l i p p i n e S t a n d a r d s f o r D r i n k i n g Wa t e r 1 9 9 3 (PNSDW 1993) under the provision

of Chapter II Section9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide
the
WaterworksO f f i c i a l s , D e v e l o p e r s a n d O p e r a t o r s o f Wa t e r S u p p l y Systems both Government an
d Private entities, healthand sanitation authorities and the general public and
a l l o t h e r c o n c e r n e d b y s t a n d a r d s c o v e r r e q u i r e m e n t s for the acceptable values of the determined
parameters in measuring water quality.

These parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological

c o m p o s i t i o n s o f t h e w a t e r . T h e s t a n d a r d a l s o delineates value
s established in conforming with them e d i c a l a n d h e a l t h i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s a s o p
p o s e d t o v a l u e s e s t a b l i s h e d p u r e l y t o s a t i s f y aesthetic requirements (DENR
Administrative Order No.26-A, Series 1994).

.
 Researchers in the Philippines are undergoing trials regarding the newly introduced water detoxification

process using Moringa Oleifera. Pagsuyoin’s study has worked on the research to be introduced locally. The goal

with the bio filter is to harness the seed’s proteins and anti-microbial properties while eliminating the chemical ones.

According to Chito A. Chavez, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) researchers claimed in a paper that

the protein in the Malunggay seed kills bacteria by gathering them into clusters that sink into the bottom of a

container. The protein fuses the membranes that protect the bacteria, thus destroying them in one fell swoop.

The proteins are reportedly potent in their cleaning ability when harvested as mature seeds during the rainy

season.

For over the past five years, the Philippines face calamities which greatly affect the potable water supply of

a community.

Finally, the Philippines is now developing bio filter to address the expensive commercial water filters and

replace them with coagulating agents form indigenous materials (Razon, 2014).

Foreign Studies

The important usage of the Moringa Oleifera has been widely accepted and studied all over the world since

ancient times. The medicinal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral and clarifying drinking water are the benefits

given by the said tree.

Due to its rapid growth, the ancient Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians utilized each part of Moringa to

distinguish its specific use and benefit wherein it has been introduced and become naturalized in other parts of India,

Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East and West

Africa (Mahmood, 2010).

In a research study conducted by Suleyman (2009) found out that Malunggay is the best natural coagulant

discovered yet for the current millennium which if studied further can replace aluminum sulfate which is widely

used all over the world as of today. The said study was made to discover a much effective coagulating agent to

address the percentage of chemical compositions used in chemical-based water coagulating agents.
 Comparative studies with aluminum sulfate showed that the Moringa seed paste was way much effective in

the clarification and sedimentation of inorganic, foreign and organic matter in raw water. The reduction of the total

microbial and coliform count was 55% and 65%.

Local Studies

In 2011, Jason D. Ceniza and Emmanuel B. Clapano conducted a research at Lala National High School,

Maranding, LalaLanao del Norte, Philippines. They treated river water from Maranding River with pure powdered

moringa seeds directly applied to the contaminated water. The results showed that there is a total dissolved solids,

turbidity and acidity increases except for pH and alkalinity. In microbiological analysis, Malunggay seeds reduced

the total amount of coliform and heterotrophic bacteria as the concentration of Malunggay seed powder increases.

The seeds they used were dried for 14-21 days.