LAPORAN DISKUSI PEMICU 1

MODUL MUSKULOSKELETAL

Disusun Oleh :
Tama Roma Ida I1011181056
Verina Chantika P S I1011181060
Jesicca Dinanda I1011181061
Vanesa I1011181064
Veren Evelyn Chandra I1011181065
Rivaldy I1011181070
Gloria Gianha Langi I1011181088

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA
2017

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1. Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period Lab Report
A. Pre lab Quiz Results
1. Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by b. tendons.
2. Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called
c. fibers.
3. The term motor unit refers to c. one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle
fibers it innervates.
4. The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called d. the
neuromuscular junction.
5. A twitch is a. one contractile response to a single action potential.

B. Experiment Results
a. Predict Question:
Will changes to the stimulus voltage alter the duration of the latent period?
a. Yes, changing the stimulus voltage will change the latent period duration
proportionately.

b. Stop & Think Questions:

1. What is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an
action potential and the start of muscle tension development in a
muscle fiber? c. the latent period
2. What occurs during the latent period of these isometric contractions?
b. All the steps of excitation contraction coupling occur.

C. Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Passive Total Latent Period

Force Force Force
0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04 ----
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32 24.40
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65 24.00
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81 24.40
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82 23.60

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D. Post-lab Quiz Results
1. An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which
neurotransmitter? b. acetylcholine
2. The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to a. an individual skeletal muscle cell.
3. The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in
response to one action potential from the motor neuron is called c. an EPP
(end-plate potential).
4. Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?
b. hyperpolarization phase
5. A skeletal muscle twitch is a. one contractile response to a single action
potential.
6. Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
d. the contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and
peak muscle tension

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E. Review Sheet Results
1. Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical
stimulus, and latent period.
Skeletal muscle fiber adalah satu sel otot rangka, berbentuk relatif besar,
memanjang, dan membentuk silindris, dengan ukuran garis tengah mulai dari 10
hingga 100 mikrometer dan panjang hingga 750.000 mikrometer atau 2,5 kaki.
Motor unit adalah setiap saraf motorik somatik, bersama dengan serat otot yang
diinervasinya. Skeletal muscle twitch adalah kontraksi kontraksi tunggal yang
dipicu dari seluruh otot rangka. Electrical stimulus adalah elisitasi kontraksi otot
menggunakan impuls listrik. Latent period adalah waktu antara potensial aksi dan
kontraksi otot. [1]

2. What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction?

Peran asetilkolin (Ach) dalam kontraksi otot rangka adalah otot rangka
dirangsang untuk berkontraksi oleh pelepasan asetilkolin (Ach) di taut
neuromuskuler antara terminal neuron motorik dan serat otot. Pengikatan Ach
dengan cakram motorik suatu serat otot menyebabkan perubahan permeabilitas di
serat otot, menghasilkan potensial aksi yang diantarkan ke seluruh permukaan
membran sel otot. Dua struktur membranosa di dalam serat otot berperan penting
dalam menghubungkan eksitasi ke kontraksi ini—tubulus tranversus dan retikulum
sarkoplasma.[1]
.
3. Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers.
Penggabungan eksitasi-kontraksi merujuk ke serangkaian proses yang
mengaitkan eksitasi otot(adanya potensial aksi di serat otot) dengan kontraksi otot
(aktivitas jembatan silang yang menyebabkan filamen-filamen tipis bergeser untuk
memperpendek sarkomer). Pada setiap siklus jembatan silang, jembatan silang
berikatan dengan dengan molekul aktin, menekuk untuk menarik filamen tipis ke
arah dalam selama kayuhan kuat, kemudian melepaskan ikatannya dan kembali
ke konformasinya semula.[1]

4. Describe the three phases of a skeletal muscle twitch.

1. Periode laten: waktu antara potensial aksi dan kontraksi otot.
2. Fase kontraksi: dimulai pada akhir periode laten dan berakhir ketika ketegangan
otot memuncak.
3. Fase relaksasi: periode waktu dari ketegangan puncak hingga akhir kontraksi
otot.[1]

5. Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus
voltages? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Ya, dengan voltase stimulus yang berbeda akan merubah durasi periode laten.
Prediksi dan hasil sudah berjalan dengan baik, disimpulkan bahwa kekuatan aktif
otot meningkat ketika tegangan rangsangan meningkat.[1]

6. At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring
about the membrane depolarization?
Pada ambang batas stimulus, ion natrium mulai bergerak masuk ke dalam sel untuk
menghasilkan depolarisasi membran.[1]

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2. Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Lab Report

A. Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by c. motor neurons.
2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in
d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it
innervates.
3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction
c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur.

B. Experiment Results
a. Predict Question:
As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will
happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus?
a. The active force will continually increase.

b. Stop & Think Questions:

1. What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage
is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make sense?
a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this stimulus.

2. What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal
muscle? b. threshold voltage

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C. Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Passive Total

Force Force Force
0.0 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 75 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 75 0.02 0.0 0.02
1.0 75 0.15 0.0 0.15
1.5 75 0.43 0.0 0.43
2.0 75 0.66 0.0 0.66
2.5 75 0.87 0.0 0.87
3.0 75 1.04 0.0 1.04
3.5 75 1.19 0.0 1.19
4.0 75 1.32 0.0 1.32
4.5 75 1.42 0.0 1.42
5.0 75 1.51 0.0 1.51
5.5 75 1.59 0.0 1.59
6.0 75 1.65 0.0 1.65
6.5 75 1.70 0.0 1.70
7.0 75 1.74 0.0 1.74
7.5 75 1.78 0.0 1.78
8.0 75 1.81 0.0 1.81
8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
9.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
10.0 75 1.82 0.0 1.82

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D. Post-lab Quiz Results
1. Motor unit recruitment refers to
a. an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the force
developed in a muscle.
2. Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from
a. activation of cross bridge cycling via increased intracellular calcium levels.
3. The is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle
plasma membrane (sarcolemma). d. threshold voltage
4. By definition, the is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit all the
muscle fibers into developing active force. c. maximal voltage
5. Why was a maximal voltage observed in this experiment?
b. At the maximal voltage, all the muscle fibers contained in this muscle are
depolarized and they all develop active force (that is, they were all successfully
recruited).
6. A sufficiently strong electrical stimulus applied to an isolated, mounted skeletal
muscle induces the development of muscle force, or muscle tension. Which of the
following statements concerning this observation is true? c. The electrical stimulus
mimics acetylcholine release at a neuromuscular junction

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E. Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle.
Specifically, what happened to the muscle force generated with stronger electrical
stimulations and why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Stimulasi motorik dalam kontraksi otot dengan menggunakan stimulasi listrik
dapat dirangsang melalui depolarisasi membran otot. Pada proses ini, akan
membuat suatu kontraksi sebagai stimulus alami. Aktivitas terus menerus dari
pompa natrium dalam membrane sel saraf, sel saraf terus bergerak,Na+ dari dalam
sel ke luar membran sel sementara tegangan-diaktifkan saluran kalium
memungkinkan K+ untuk pindah ke sel. Ini mempertahankan konsentrasi yang lebih
besar dari K+ pada bagian dalam membran sel. Stimulasi elektris pada prisipnya
harus menimbulkan kontraksi otot sehingga akan merangsang golgi tendon dan
muscle spindle. Rangsangan pada muscle spindle dan golgi tendon akan
diinformasikan melalui aferen ke susunan saraf pusat sehingga akan
mengkontribusikan fasilitasi dan inhibisi. Rangsangan elektris yang diulang–ulang
akan memberikan informasi ke mekanisme supra spinal dan akan mengahasilkan
kontraksi otot berulang-ulang yang akan terjadi suatu ketegangan otot berulang–
ulang sehingga akan meningkatkan tonus otot.
Peningkatan tegangan stimulus pada otot rangka menyebabkan gaya total yang
diproduksi oleh otot meningkat. Seperti yang sudah diprediksikan, gaya aktif
meningkat secara terus menerus, tetapi ketika tegangan maksimum tercapai maka
tidak terjadi peningkatan.[1]

2. How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo?

Peningkatan kekuatan otot terjadi akibat kontraksi otot dari stimulasi listrik yang
ditentukan oleh jumlah motor unit yang terangsang stimulasi tersebut. Perubahan
gaya pada keseluruhan otot tercapai secara in vivo, tempatsatuan motorik
dikerahkan untuk meningkatkan gaya total pada otot yang diproduksi. Awalnya, arus
listrik harus mengalir melewati ambang letup. Ketika stimulus yang berupa tegangan
melewati batas ambang letup maka akan terbentuk gaya pada keseluruhan otot.
Gaya akan meningkat menjadi lebih kuat dengan stimulus tegangan yang lebih tinggi
sampai mencapai batas maksimumnya.[1]

3. What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was
applied?

Otot rangka merupakan jaringan yang membawa arus listrik paling besar karena
otot rangka memiliki proporsi volum yang paling besar dibandingkan jaringan
lainnya. Semakin besar arus listrik yang memasuki tubuh maka semakin parah
kerusakan organ dalam. Jumlah arus listrik yang memasuki tubuh dipengaruhi oleh
variabel-variabel elektrofisik, yaitu besar tegangan listrik, besar tahanan jaringan
tubuh, lama kontak dan luas kontak dengan listrik, medium air (kadar elektrolit dan
suhu air) yang dilalui arus listrik. Semua serat otot pada otot rangka terdepolarisasi
dan seluruhnya menghasilkan gaya aktif.Semua serat otot berperan dalam
menciptakan tegangan maksimum.[1]

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3. Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Lab Report

A. Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. During a single twitch of a skeletalmuscle b. maximal force is never achieved.
2. When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other
and result in a stronger muscle contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This
phenomenon is known as c. wave summation.
3. Wave summation is achieved by a. increasing the stimulus frequency (the rate of
stimulus delivery to the muscle).
4. Wave summation increases the force produced in the muscle. Another way to
increase the force produced by a muscle is to d. increase the number of
activated motor units.

B. Experiment Result
a. Predict Quetion
1. As the stimulus frequency increases, what will happen to the muscle
force generated with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to
this response?
d. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle force
generated by each successive stimulus will first increase and then
decrease as the stimulus frequency becomes very high.
2. In order to produce sustained muscle contractions with an active force
value of 5.2 grams, do you think you will need to increase the stimulus
voltage? a. yes

b. Stop & Think Questions:

1. Was there any change in the force generated by the muscle during the second
stimulated twitch? c. Yes, the second twitch generated more muscle force.
2. Is the total muscle force generated by the higher frequency stimulation greater
than the force generated in previous stimulations? a. Yes, it is greater than the
previous stimulations.
3. Does the force generated by the muscle change with each additional stimulus?
b. As the stimulus frequency increased, the muscle tension generated
by each successive stimulus also increased, and a limiting maximum
value was observed.

C. Experiment Data:

Active Passive Total

Voltage Length Stimulus
Force Force Force
8.5 75 Single 1.83 0.0 1.83
8.5 75 Single 2.42 0.0 2.42
8.5 75 Multiple 3.33 0.0 3.33
8.5 75 Multiple 4.65 0.0 4.65
10 75 Multiple 4.61 0.0 4.61
8.5 75 Multiple 5.21 0.0 5.21

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D. Post-lab Quiz Results
1. Which of the following is not one of the ways that the body can increase the force
produced by a skeletal muscle? d. application of higher voltages to the whole
muscle
2. When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping twitches
to follow each other closely in time such that the peak tension of each twitch rises in
a stepwise fashion up to a plateau value, the result is known as c. treppe.
3. In this experiment the isolated skeletal muscle was repetitively stimulated such that
individual twitches overlapped with each other and resulted in a stronger muscle
contraction than a standalone twitch. This phenomenon is known as
c. wave summation.
4. Wave summation is achieved by a. increasing the rate of stimulus delivery
(frequency) to the muscle.

E. Review Sheet Results

1. What is the difference between stimulus intensity and stimulus frequency?
Intensitas stimulus merupakan kekuatan Amplitudo dari stimulus yang di berikan.
Sedangkan Frekuensi stimulus adalah hitunganberapa kali per unit waku stumulus
diberikan.[1]

2. In this experiment you observed the effect of stimulating the isolated skeletal
muscle multiple times in a short period with complete relaxation between the
stimuli. Describe the force of contraction with each subsequent stimulus. Are
these results called treppe or wave summation?
Ketika memberikan stimulus otot rangka terisolasi beberapa kali dalam waktu
singkat dengan relaksasi lengkap di antara rangsangan jumlah kekuatan antara
stimulus meningkat secara progresif dalam bentuk puncak maksimum seperti
dataran tinggi dari kekuatan yang terjadi. Kejadian ini disebut Treppe. [1]

3. How did the frequency of stimulation affect the amount of force generated by the
isolated skeletal muscle when the frequency of stimulation was increased such that
the muscle twitches did not fully relax between subsequent stimuli? Are these results
called treppe or wave summation? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Saat frekuensi stimulasi meningkat ke titik relaksasi otot tidak terjadi akan
meningkatkan kekuatan. Saat otot berkedut secara tumpang tindih, tidak ada otot
yang rileks, dan rangsangan terjadi satu demi satu dalam waktu singkat. Kontraksi
otot lebih tinggi daripada kontraksi tunggal. Ini di sebut dengan penjumlahan
gelombang.[1]

4. To achieve an active force of 5.2 g, did you have to increase the stimulus voltage
above 8.5 volts? If not, how did you achieve an active force of 5.2 g? How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
Kekuatan tegangan tidak di tambah dan tetap berada pada 8.5 volt. Untuk
mencapai kekuatan aktif pada 5.2 g rangsangan perlu di lakukan secara berurutan
dalam waktu singkat dan tidak memungkinkan terjadinya relaksasi penuh otot. Perlu
dilakukan penjumlahan gelombang untuk mendapat kekuatan aktid 5.2 g.[1]

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 5. Compare and contrast frequency-dependent wave summation with motor unit
recruitment (previously observed by increasing the stimulus voltage). How are they
similar? How was each achieved in the experiment? Explain how each is achieved in
vivo.
Penjumlahan gelombang yang menggunakan frekuensi bergantung stimulasi
oleh sistem saraf. Pengerahan motor bergantung pada jumlah serat motor yang
tersedia.[1]

4. Activity 4: Tetanus in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

A. Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. Stimulus frequency refers to b. the rate that stimulating voltage pulses are
applied to an isolated whole skeletal muscle.
2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of
complete (fused) tetanus? d. Muscle tension increases and decreases during a
state of unfused tetanus.
3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in
force are generated by the muscle, the muscle has reached its a. maximal tetanic
tension.

B. Experiment Results
a. Predict Question:
As the stimulus frequency increases further, what will happen to the muscle tension
and twitch appearance with each successive stimulus? Will there be a limit to this
response? b. As the stimulus frequency increases, the muscle tension
generated by each successive stimulus will increase. There will be a limit to
this increase.

b. Stop & Think Questions:

1. What begins to happen at around 80 msec? c. unfused tetanus develops
2. How does the trace at 130 stimuli/sec compare with the trace at 50 stimuli/sec?
b. Fused tetanus develops at this greater stimulus frequency.
3. How do the traces with 146–150 stimuli per second compare with the trace at
130 stimuli per second? d. Maximal tetanic tension develops with these very
high stimulation frequencies.

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C. Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Stimuli/se Active Passive Total

c Force Force Force
8.5 75 50 5.12 0.0 5.12
8.5 75 130 5.88 0.0 5.88
8.5 75 140 5.91 0.0 5.91
8.5 75 142 5.92 0.0 5.92
8.5 75 144 5.94 0.0 5.94
8.5 75 146 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 148 5.95 0.0 5.95
8.5 75 150 5.95 0.0 5.95

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D. Post-lab Quiz Results
1. The term tetanus refers to b. sustained muscle tension due to very frequent
stimuli.
2. Which of the following distinguishes a state of unfused tetanus from a state of
complete (fused) tetanus? d. Muscle tension increases and decreases between
different values for an unfused tetanus.
3. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in
force are generated by the muscle, the muscle has reached its a. maximal tetanic
tension.

E. Review Sheet Results

1. Describe how increasing the stimulus frequency affected the force
developed by the isolated whole skeletal muscle in this activity. How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Jawaban prediksi saya adalah saat frekuensi stimulus meningkat maka
ketegangan otot akan meningkat juga, dan ada batasan untuk kenaikannya.
Pada eksperimen, saat frekuensi stimulus berada di titik paling rendah, gaya
ketegangan juga ada pada titik terendah. Saat frekuensi stimulus 130
stimuli/s gaya sedikit meningkat, tetapi pada frekuensi yang lebih tinggi,
tetanus terlihat menyatu. Pada eksperimen terakhir yaitu pada stimulus 146-
150 stimuli/s berturut-turut, gaya ketegangan terlihat sudah mencapai
maksimal dan tidak ada peningkatan kekuatan lagi walaupun frekuensi
stimulus terus bertambah. Jadi, prediksi saya salah mengenai frekuensi yang
meningkat akan meningkatkan ketegangan otot terus-menerus.[1]
2. Indicate what type of force was developed by the isolated skeletal muscle in this
activity at the following stimulus frequencies: at 50 stimuli/sec, at 140 stimuli/sec, and
above 146 stimuli/sec.
1) 50 stimuli/s : Unfused tetanus
2) 140 stimuli/s : Fused tetanus
3) 146-150 stimulu/s : Maximal tetanic tension
3. Beyond what stimulus frequency is there no further increase in the peak force? What
is the muscle tension called at this frequency? Maximal tetatic tension

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5. Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

A. Pre-lab Quiz Results

1. When skeletal muscle twitches fuse so that the peaks and valleys of each twitch
become indistinguishable from eachother, the muscle is in a state known as
d. complete (fused) tetanus.
2. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase of
skeletal muscle force can occur, the muscle has reached its c.maximal tetanic
tension.
3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after
prolonged, repetitive stimulation is called c. fatigue.
4. Which of the following is not thought to be a contributing factor to the development
of fatigue? a. buildup of Ca2+ in the muscle fibers

B. Experiment Results
a. Predict Question:
If the stimulator is briefly turned off for defined periods of time, what will happen to
the length of time that the muscle is able to sustain maximal developed tension
when the stimulator is turned on again?
b. The length of the rest period will proportionately increase the length of
time for sustained muscle tension.
b. Stop & Think Questions:
1) Why does the stimulated muscle force begin to decrease over time despite the
maintained stimuli? (Note that a decrease inmaximal force indicates muscle
fatigue is developing.) d. More than one of these answers could be correct.
2) Why did the length of the intervening rest period affect the length of time the
skeletal muscle can maintain maximum tension once the stimulator is turned
on again? c. Intracellular concentrations of ADP and Pi declined during
the rest period.

C. Experiment Data:

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D. Post-lab Quiz Results
1. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the c. power
stroke of the myosin heads.
2. The term tetanus refers to b. sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli.
3. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after
prolonged, repetitive stimulation is called c. fatigue.
4. During fatigue c. the number of active cross bridges begins to decline
although the rate of stimulus delivery (frequency) remains constant.
5. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle c. the
development of fatigue will be delayed.

E. Review Sheet Results

1. When a skeletal muscle fatigues, what happens to the contractile force over time?
Aktivitas kontarktil suatu otot rangka tidak dapat dipertahankan pada tingkat
tertentu secara terus-menerus. Setelah mencapai maximal tetanic tension
tegangan otot akan berkurang seiring dengan munculnya kelelahan.[1]

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2. What are some proposed causes of skeletal muscle fatigue?
a. Meningkatnya fosfat inorganik lokal dari penguraian ATP dianggap merupakan
penyebab utama kelelahan otot. Peningkatan kadar Pi menurunkan kekuatan
kontraksi dengan memengaruhi kayuhan kuat kepala miosin. Selain itu,
peningkatan Pi tampaknya menurunkan sensitivitas protein-protein regulatorik
terhadap Ca2+dan terhadap penurunan jumlah Ca 2+ yang dilepaskan dari
kantonglateral.1
b. Akumulasi produksi asam laktat di dalam otot dan darah. 3
c. Terkurasnya cadangan energi glikogen juga dapat me.nyebabkankelelahan
otot pada otot yang telah lelah.1
d. Berkurangnya pengangkutan oksigen dan nutrisi yang cukup selama kontraksi
terus-meneurs.2
3. Turning the stimulator off allows a small measure of muscle recovery. Thus, the
muscle will produce more force for a longer time period if the stimulator is briefly
turned off than if the stimuli were allowed to continue without interruption. Explain
why this might occur. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Saat stimulator dimatikan berarti tidak adanya aktivitas kontaktil yang memicu
tegangan pada otot sehinga konsentrasi asam laktat, ADP, dan Pi otomatis akan
menurun, periode ini dinamakan periode istirahat. Dikarenakan turunnya
konsentrasi dari asam laktat, ADP, dan Pi selama periode istirahat maka akan
meningkatkan kemampuan otot dalam mempertahakan tegangan maksimum
tergantung lama waktu periode istirahatnya. Hal ini sesuai dengan yang telah
diprediksikan, jadi semakin lama waktu periode istirahat maka akan semakin
meningkatkan kemampuan otot dalam mempertahankan tegangan.1
3. List a few ways that humans could delay the onset of fatigue when they are
vigorously using their skeletal muscles.3
a. Pelatihan fisik
Pelatihan fisik (physical training) memberikan perubahan-perubahan
fisiologis tubuh yang akan menjadi alat untuk menunda kelelahan.Ada
semacam efek glykogen sparing pada atlet terlatih, mereka menggunakan lebih
banyak lemak daripada glikogen sebagai bahan bakarnya. Hal ini
menyebabkan cadangan glikogen otot dan hati dapat irit, sehingga kelelahan
tertunda.
b. Terhidrasi dengan baik (minum ait putih)

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Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 6: The Skeletal Muscle Length-
Tension Relationship Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isometric contraction

You correctly answered: d. the skeletal muscle is generating force, but it remains at a fixed
length.

2. The force that results from muscles being stretched is

You correctly answered: a. passive force.

3. Active force
You correctly answered: b. is determined by the amount of myosin bound to actin.

4. When you generate the isometric length-tension curve, which of the following forces will
not be indicated on your screen?
You correctly answered: c. tetanic force

5. Passive force in skeletal muscle is largely caused by

You correctly answered: c. the protein titin.
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the resting length of the muscle is changed, what will happen to the
amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated twitch?
Your answer : c. Total force can increase or decrease depending upon the starting resting
length.

Stop & Think Questions:

Note the dip in total force at a muscle length of
90 mm as compared to the total force at a muscle length of 80 and 100 mm. Why does this
occur?
You correctly answered: d. At this muscle length, active force has decreased in
value and passive force has not yet increased to a significant value.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Length Active Force Passive Force Total Force

8.5 75 1.82 0.0 1.82
8.5 70 1.75 0.0 1.75
8.5 65 1.55 0.0 1.55
8.5 60 1.21 0.0 1.21
8.5 55 0.73 0.0 0.73
8.5 50 0.11 0.0 0.11
8.5 80 1.75 0.02 1.77
8.5 90 1.21 0.25 1.46

29
8.5 100 0.11 1.75 1.86

30
31
32
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34
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. When a skeletal muscle is stimulated and generates force but remains at a fixed length
You correctly answered: d. the muscle is contracting isometrically.

35
2. Which protein is mostly responsible for the development of passive force in a muscle?
You correctly answered: d. titin

3. In skeletal muscle, active force stimulated through a range of muscle lengths You correctly
answered:
b. will utilize ATP hydrolysis to drive the cross bridge cycle.

4. Which of the following is not depicted in a typical skeletal muscle isometric length-tension
curve?
You correctly answered: a. time

5. Maximal active tension will be produced in a skeletal muscle fiber when

You correctly answered: a. the fiber is at its resting length.

Review Sheet Results

1. What happens to the amount of total force the muscle generates during the stimulated
twitch? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Total force bisa meningkat atau menurun tergantung pada panjanganya waktu istirahat otot.
Jika otot diperpanjang melewati panjang istirahat otot maka kekuatan pasif akan meningkat.
Apabila otot dipendekkan menjadi panjang istirahat otot maka kekuatan aktif akan meningkat.
Jika otot dikontraksikan sesudah periode istirahat yang lama maka, kekuatan kontraksi
permulannya mungkin hanya setengah kekuatan dari 10 sampai 50 kali keduan sesudahnya. [2]

2. What is the key variable in an isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle?

Your answer:
Kontraksi otot dikatakan isometric bila otot tidak memendek selama kontraksi. Pada isometric,
otot berkontraksi melawan transduser kekuatan tanpa mengurangi panjang otot.[2]

3. Based on the unique arrangement of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle sarcomeres,
explain why active force varies with changes in the muscle's resting length.
Your answer:
Kekuatan aktif tergantung pada tingkat kombinasi antara myosin dan aktin. Jika panjang
istirahat otot diperpendek maka akan ada lebih banyak aktin terikat pada myosin yang
meningkatkan kekuatan aktif.[1]

4. What skeletal muscle lengths generated passive force? (Provide a range.)

Your answer:
Panjang otot sari 80 sampai 100 mm yang menimbulkan kekuatan pasif

5. If you were curling a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your bicep muscles be contracting
isometrically?
Your answer:
Dalam situasi ketika otot-otot bisep memperbaiki panjangnya, sebagai contoh ketika mencoba
mengangkat benda yang terlalu berat sedangkan tegangan yang kita mampu bentuk di otot-
otot lengan lebih kecil dari yang dibutuhkan untuk mengangkat benda tersebut maka otot tidak
dapat memendek dan mengangkat benda tetapi panjangnya konstan meskipun terbentuk
tegangan. Selain terjadi ketika beban terlalu berat, kontraksi isometric terjadi ketika tegangan

36
 yang dibentuk di otot secara sengaja di buat lebih kecil daripada yang dibutuhkan untuk
memindahkan benda. Tujuannya untuk menjaga panjang otot tetap meskipun otot tersebut
dapat menghasilkan tengangan yang lebih besar.[1]

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 7: Isotonic Contractions and the

Load-Velocity Relationship Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. During an isotonic concentric contraction, the

You correctly answered: b. force generated by the muscle is greater than the weight of the
attached load.

2. During an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: b. the latent period increases with heavier loads.

3. During the latent period for an isotonic concentric contraction

You correctly answered: c. cross bridges cycle and, when muscle tension exceeds the load,
muscle shortening occurs.

4. Muscle shortening velocity

You correctly answered: a. decreases with heavier loads.

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: As the load on the muscle increases, what will happen to the
latent period, the shortening velocity, the distance that the weight moves, and the
contraction duration?
Your answer : c. The latent period will decrease, the shortening velocity will
decrease, the distance will increase, and the contraction duration will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

What kind of contraction did you observe when you attached the 2.0 gram weight to
the skeletal muscle and stimulated a contraction?
You did not answer this question. Correct answer: c. isometric

Experiment Data:

37
Voltage Length Weight Velocity Twitch Dista
(mm/msec Duratio nce
) n Lifted
(msec) (mm)
8.5 75 0.5 0.100 78.00 4.0
8.5 75 1.0 0.057 49.00 2.0
8.5 75 1.5 0.022 30.00 0.5
8.5 75 2.0 0.000 0.00 0.0

38
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Which of the weights allowed the fastest muscle shortening velocity?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

2. Which of the weights induced the longest latent period of the muscle contraction?
You correctly answered: c. 1.5-g weight

3. Which weight did the muscle contraction move the greatest distance?

39
You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

4. Which of the weights allowed the longest duration of muscle contraction?

You correctly answered: a. 0.5-g weight

5. An isotonic contraction of a muscle is one in which

You correctly answered: a. the length of the muscle changes.

6. When lifting a heavy load

You correctly answered: d. the muscle shortening velocity is decreased in comparison with
lighter loads.

Review Sheet Results

1. If you were using your bicep muscles to curl a 7-kg dumbbell, when would your muscles
be contracting isotonically?
Ketika tegangan mengangkat dumbbell dengan berat 7 kg, maka maka dumbbell
itupun bisa terangkat, dengan keseluruhan otot akan memendek dalam proses
mengangkat ini. Karena berat dumbbell tidak berubah ketika diangkat, jenis kontraksi ini
disebut kontraksi isotonic, Karena susunan mekanis sendi, seiring dengan sudut sendi
yang berubah selama benda diangkat, tegangan otot juga harus berubah untuk
mengimbangi benda. Karena itu, tegangan otot tidak tetap konstan selama periode
pemendekan pada kontraksi isotonik (terlepas dari namanya) meskipun beban tetap
konstan.[1]

2. Explain why the latent period became longer as the load became heavier in the
experiment. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Periode laten menjadi lebih lama karena dibutuhkan lebih banyak waktu untuk
menghasilkan sebuah gaya yang diperhatikan adalah waktu yang diperlukan dalam
pembentukan tegangan otot, Tegangan diproduksi secara internal di dalam sarkomer,
yang dianggap sebagai komponen kontraktil otot, akibat aktivitas jembatan silang dan
pergeseran filamen yang terjadi. Pada saat terjadinya aktivitas jembatan silang ini
diduga bahwa beban yang besar mungkin dapat memengaruhi kecepatan jembatan
silang untuk mengayuh, sehingga menyebabkan periode laten menjadi meningkat
seiring bertambahnya berat beban.[1]
3. Explain why the shortening velocity became slower as the load became heavier in this
experiment. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Pemendekan mengacu pada kecepatan konstriksi dengan mengkangkat berat.
maksimal kecepatan pemendekan dengan beban minimal. ketika mengangkat beban
yang berat, maka kecepatan ototo menurin dengan kecepatan yang lebih lambat.
Mungkin karena diperlukan waktu lebih lama bagi jembatan silang untuk mengayuh
melawan beban yang lebih besar. Hubungan antara beban dan kecepatan pemendekan
sendiri merupakan sifat mendasar dari otot. Selama kontraksi konsentrik, semakin besar
beban, semakin rendah kecepatan saat sebuah serat otot (atau sejumlah konstan serat-
serat yang berkontraksi di dalam suatu otot) memendek. Kecepatan pemendekan
maksimal jika tidak terdapat beban eksternal, secara progresif menurun dengan
bertambahnya beban, dan turun hingga nol (tidak terjadi pemendekan—kontraksi
isometrik) ketika beban tidak dapat diatasi oleh tegangan maksimal.[1]

40
4. Describe how the shortening distance changed as the load became heavier in
this experiment. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Jarak pemendek menurun dengan beban yang lebih berat. Hasil sesuai dengan
prediksi sebelumnya bahwa akan terjadi penurunan shortening distance. 1
5. Explain why it would take you longer to perform 10 repetitions lifting a 10-kg
weight than it would to perform the same number of repetitions with a 5-kg
weight.
Karena seiring dengan meningkatnya beban, dan begitu juga dengan
periode laten dan waktu pemendekan kecepatan. dengan beban yang ringan,
otot berkontraksi lebih lebih cepat. Ini berhubungan dengan hubungan beban-
kecepatan. Anda dapat mengangkat benda-benda ringan dengan cepat,
sementara untuk mengangkat benda yang sangat berat diperlukan waktu
lama, kalaupun dapat. Hubungan antara beban dan kecepatan pemendekan
ini adalah sifat mendasar otot, mungkin karena diperlukan waktu lebih lama
bagi jembatan silang untuk mengayuh melawan beban yang lebih besar.[1]

6. Describe what would happen in the following experiment: A 2.5-g weight is attached to
the end of the isolated whole skeletal muscle used in these experiments.
Simultaneously, the muscle is maximally stimulated by 8.5 volts and the platform
supporting the weight is removed. Will the muscle generate force? Will the muscle
change length? What is the name for this type of contraction?
Otot masih menghasilkan kekuatan dan panjang otot (kontraksi Isotonik). Gaya
tetap akan dihasilkan namun tidak menyebabkan beban terangkat. Tidak terjadi
perubahan panjang otot. Kontraksi ini dinamakan kontraksi isometrik. Pada praktikum
yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa otot yang diobservasi tidak mampu mengangkat
beban 2,5 g. Jika tegangan yang mampu dibentuk di otot-otot lengan lebih kecil
daripada yang dibutuhkan untuk mengangkat benda tersebut (tidak cukup kuat). Dalam
hal ini, otot tidak dapat memendek dan mengangkat benda tetapi panjangnya konstan
meskipun terbentuk tegangan sehingga terjadi kontraksi isometrik ("panjang tetap").
Selain terjadi ketika beban terlalu berat, kontraksi isometrik terjadi ketika tegangan yang
terbentuk di otot secara sengaja dibuat lebih kecil daripada yang dibutuhkan untuk
memindahkan benda. Dalam hal ini, tujuannya adalah untuk menjaga panjang otot tetap
meskipun otot tersebut dapat menghasilkan tegangan yang lebih besar. Kontraksi
isometrik submaksimal ini penting untuk mempertahankan postur (misalnya, menjaga
tungkai lurus ketika berdiri) dan menopang benda dalam posisi tetap (misalnya,
menahan minuman di antara isapan).[1]

41
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Sherwood, L. Fisiologi Manusia: dari Sel ke Sistem. Edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC. 2014.
2. Guyton, A. C, Hall, J. E. Buku ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 12. Jakarta: EGC. 2014.
3. Sarifin G. Kontraksi Otot dan Kelelahan. Jurnal ILARA. 2010 Des;1(2):60.

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