Professional Documents
Culture Documents
01 Air Density and Its Uncertainty - Manuel Salazar & Maria Vega PDF
01 Air Density and Its Uncertainty - Manuel Salazar & Maria Vega PDF
UNCERTAINTY
Manuel Salazar
Maria Vega
CONTENTS
Air and its composition
Ways to calculate the air density
Chart
CIPM Equation
Approximate equation
Uncertainty
Air and its composition
The air is a mixture of several gases dry air, and water in steam
form. Troposphere is the inferior layer of the terrestrial atmosphere,
terrestrial surface altitude of 6 to 18 kilometers, the air we breathed is
concentrated there.
The dry air as the water steam behaves like ideal gases. They have been
developed to empirical laws that relate the macroscopic values, in ideal
gases, these values include pressure (p), volume (V) and temperature (T)
NO3NH4. Xenón 1 10
-5
4 10
-5
Ways to calculate the air
density
Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the
relative mass of objects with a constant volume
As function of altitude
Using a refractometer
Air buoyancy artefacts methods
Equation CIPM /81
Approximate equation
Ways to calculate the air density
AS FUNCTION OF ALTITUDE
Atmospheric pressure drops
about or about 1.1 mbar (kPa)
for each 100 meters. Density
decreases
Ways to calculate the air density
AS FUNCTION OF ALTITUDE
L = 6,5 temperature lapse rate, deg K/km
H = geopotencial altitude
Z = geometrical altitude
To = Temperature ºK
Po = Atmospheric Pressure
Ways to calculate the air density
REFRACTROMETRY
Changes in air density can be determined with good precision using
an optical method based on the high correlation between air
density and air index of refraction.
ν vacio laser frequency locked to one transmission peak of the interferometer under vacuum
ν aire the frequency locked to the same peak of the interferometer placed in air.
Ways to calculate the air density
AIR BUOYANCY ARTEFACTS METHODS
The method is based on the weighing of two artefacts having the same
nominal mass and the same surface area but with very different
volumes. Two weightings are necessary to determine the air density ρ ,
one in air and one in vacuum
∆maire = I 1 − I 2 + ρ (Vm1 − Vm 2 )
[ ]
M a = 28,9635 + 12,011( xco2 − 0,0004) *10 −3 kgmol −1
p sv (t )
Where x v = hf ( p, t )
p
P pressure
T thermodynamic temperature 273,15 + t
Mv molar mass of the water
Z compressibility factor
R molar gases constant
Ways to calculate the air density
APPROXIMATE EQUATION
From BIPM formula we obtain one
numerical approximate equation :
ARTEFACT METHOD
psychrometer Thermodynamic
Hygrometer of dew
Condensation
point
Hygrometer of Chemist
Gravimetric
absorption
Variation of
Hygrometer digital electrical
properties
Ways to calculate the air density
PSYCHROMETRY
Psychrometer and aspiro
psychrometer Consist two
thermometers, one normal
(dry) and another with their
bulb permanently humidified
thanks to a cloth or wet gauze
that it recovers it.
The humidity can be measured
between both starting from
the difference of temperature
apparatuses
Ways to calculate the air density
PSYCHROMETRY
Diagram Carrier.
- The T represents (ºC) in the
abscissa axis (axis x) and the
mixture reason or humidity (X, in
kg of water/kg of dry air) in the
axis of orderly (axis and, to the
right).
- The saturation curve (HR = 100%)
it ascends toward the right and it
represents the end of the
diagram. In this curve the
temperatures of humid
thermometer and the
temperatures of dew are located.
- - The curves of humidity relative
constant are similar to that of
saturation, advancing down (lying
down more) as it diminishes the
humidity of the air.
Ways to calculate the air density
CHART
0.8 1.2
.8 1.2
0.79 1.16
0.78 1.12
ρ a( 19, 40 %, p) ρ a( 19 , 50% , p )
0.77 1.08
ρ a( 20, 40 %, p) 0.76 ρ a( 20 , 50% , p ) 1.04
0.75 1
ρ a( 21, 40 %, p) ρ a( 21 , 50% , p )
0.74 0.96
ρ a( 24, 40 %, p) 0.73 ρ a( 24 , 50% , p ) 0.92
0.72 0.88
0.84
0.71
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
660 694 728 762 796 830 864 898 932 966 1000
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
660 p 1000
600 p 700
ρ a( 20 , h r , 700)
0.95
0.9
ρ a( 20 , h r , 600) 0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7 0.7
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
40 hr 60
Air density evaluated with
Relative humidity 40 % - 60 %,
temperature 20 ºC ,
pressure 600 mbar – 1000 mbar
Ways to calculate the air density
CHART
1.2
1.189
1.17
1.14
1.11
ρ a( t , 40 , 1000) 1.08
1.05
ρ a( t , 40 , 800)
1.02
0.99
0.96
0.93
0.929 0.9
19 19.6 20.2 20.8 21.4 22 22.6 23.2 23.8 24.4 25
19 t 25
pM a M v
1 − x v 1 −
ZRT M a
Where:
p Pressure of air in Pa.
Ma molar mass of dry air.
Z Compressibility factor
R Universal constant of ideal gases
T Temperature of air in K
Xv molar fraction of water steam
Mv molar mass of water
Molar mass of dry air, Ma
If it considers constant of air component
p
[ ] p2
(
Z = 1 − a 0 + a1t + a 2 t + (b0 + b1t )x v + (c 0 + c1t )x v + 2 d + ex v2
T
2 2
T
)
Where:
p Air pressure in Pa
T Air temperature in K
t Environmental temperature in oC
a0 1, 581 23 X 10-6 K Pa-1
a1 -2,9331 x 10-8 Pa-1
a2 1,1043 x 10-10 K-1 Pa-1
b0 5,707 x 10-6 K Pa-1
b1 -2,051 X 10-8 Pa-1
C0 1.9898 x 10-4 K Pa-1
C1 - 2,376 x 10-6 Pa-1
d 1,83 x 10-11K2Pa-2
e -0,765 x 10-8 K2Pa-2
Universal Constant of ideal gases, R
R = 8.314510 ± 8,4 x lO-6 J . mol-1 . K-1
Molar
psv fraction of water steam, Xv
In function of relative humidity, h
p sv (t )
x v = hf ( p, t )
p
p sv
In function of temperature of dew point, tr
p sv (t r )
X v = f ( p, t r )
p
Where:
h Relative humidity
p sv Pressure of saturated steam
f ( p, tr ) Fugacity factor
Enhancement factor f f(p,tr)
f = α + βp + γt 2
Where:
α 1,000 62
p Air pressure in Pa
D
p sv = 1Pax exp AT 2 + BT + C +
T
Where:
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY
Atmospheric temperature
up = u 2p1 + u 2p 2 + u 2p 3
• Calibration of barometric UB
u p1 =
k
• Resolution of barometric dB
u p2 =
12
• Variation of
p+ − p−
atmospheric pressure up3 =
during calibration 24
Environmental conditions
Ut
• Calibration of thermometer u t1 =
k
dt
• Resolution of instrument ut 2 =
12
dh
• Resolution of hygrometer uh2 =
12
Pressure
∂ρa ∂ρa ∂Z ∂ρa ∂Z ∂X v ∂f ∂ρa ∂Z ∂X v ∂ρa ∂X v ∂f ∂ρa ∂Xv
cp = + + + + +
∂p ∂Z ∂p ∂Z ∂X v ∂f ∂p ∂Z ∂X v ∂p ∂X v ∂f ∂p ∂Xv ∂ p
Temperature
∂ρa ∂Z ∂T ∂ρa ∂Z ∂ρa ∂Z ∂Xv ∂f ∂ρa ∂Z ∂Xv ∂Psv ∂T
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∂Z ∂T ∂t ∂Z ∂t ∂Z ∂Xv ∂f ∂t ∂Z ∂Xv ∂Psv ∂T ∂t
ct =
+ ∂ρ ∂T ∂ρ ∂X ∂f ∂ρ ∂X ∂P ∂T
a
⋅ + a
⋅ v
⋅ + a
⋅ v
⋅ sv
⋅
∂T ∂t ∂Xv ∂f ∂t ∂Xv ∂Psv ∂T ∂t
Relative humidity.
∂ρa ∂Z ∂Xv ∂ρa ∂Xv
Ch = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅
∂Z ∂X v ∂h ∂X v ∂h
Where:
∂T
=1
∂t
∂Psv D D
= exp AT 2 + BT + C + 2 AT + B − 2
∂T T T
∂f
= β = 3,14 x10 −8 Pa −1
∂p
∂f
= 2γt
∂t
∂X v fPsv
=
∂h p
∂x v hPsv
=
∂f p
∂xv − hfPsv ∂X v hf
= =
∂p p2 ∂Psv p
∂Z −1
=
∂p T
[ ]
2p
(
a0 + a1t + a2t + (b0 + b1t )X v + (C0 + C1t ) X v + 2 d + exv2
2 2
T
)
∂Z p
[ ] ( )
2
2p
= 2 a0 + a1t + a2t 2 +(b0 +b1t)Xv +(Co +C1t)Xv2 − 3 d +ex2v
∂T T T
∂Z − p
∂t
=
T
(
a1 + 2a 2 t + b1 X v + c1X v2 )
∂Z − p 2 p 2 eX v
= (b 0 + b1t + 2 c o x v + 2 c1tx v ) +
∂X v T T2
∂ρ Ma Mv
= 1 − Xv1 −
∂p ZRT Ma
∂ρ − pM a M v
= 2 1 − x v 1 −
∂Z Z RT M a
∂ρ − pM a M v
= 1 − X
v 1 −
∂T ZRT 2 M a
∂ρ − pM a M v
= 1 −
∂X v ZRT M a
∂ρ − pM a M v
= − Xv1 −
∂R ZR 2T M a
Constant R
∂ρ a
CR = CR = −0,114203618 kgm 3 j −1molK
∂R
Equation C ec = 1
Uncertainty evalation
∑ [c ⋅ u(x )]
2
up = i i
t
Degrees of freedom
uγ4 u ρ4
vef = 4
=
n
u u 4put4 u h4 u R4 uec4
∑t v xt
+ + +
v p vt vh vR vec
+
t
Expanded uncertainty
U = k ⋅up
: Consider that the atmospheric pressure, temperature and
relative humidity are correlated, its uncertainty:
N −1
c c u (x )u (x )r (x , x )
N
∑ (c ⋅ u(x )) + 2∑ ∑
2
up = i i i j i j i j
i ( )
i =1 j i +1
Where :
( )( )
n
1
∑ t k − t pk − p
n(n − 1) k =1
r (t , p ) =
()( )
st s p
( )( )
n
1
∑
n(n − 1) k =1
p k − p hk − h
r ( p, h ) =
( )( )
s psh
( )( )
n
1
∑
n(n − 1) k =1
t k − t hk − h
r (t , h ) =
()( )
st sh
Reference
Estimaciòn de la incertidumbre en la determinaciòn de la
densidad del aire, Luis Omar Becerra Santiago y marìa Elena
Guardado gonzàlez, CENAM , Abril 2003.
Equation for the determination of the density of Moir Air, R.S.
Davis, Metrologia 1992,29,67-70.
Equation for the dertimination of the density of moist air, P.
giacomo.Metrologia 18,33-40 1982.
Three methods of determining the density of moist air during
mass comparisons, A. Picard y –h. Fang. Metrologia 2002, 39,
31-40.
Discrepancies in air density determination between the
thermodynamic formula and a gravimetric method: evidence
for a new value of the mole fraction of argon in air, A Picard,
H. Fang, Metrologia 41, 396-400
Thanks for the
attention