 Microwave links are still used to carry telephone signals.

T
 Microwave links carry analog data only. F
 Microwave links carry video signals for television. T
 Microwave links are point-to-point. T
 Microwave links are always "multi-hop". F
 Microwave links are line-of-sight. T
 Because of reliability, microwave links typically suffer about one hour of "downtime" a
month. F
 Microwave systems should use as few repeaters as possible. T
 In analog microwave systems, additional links add to the noise level. T
 In digital microwave systems, additional links have no negative affects. F
 Microwave links typically use power levels under 10 watts. T
 The "line-of-sight" distance for microwaves is about a third longer than it is for visible
light. T
 Diffraction is not an issue with microwave links. F
 Antenna height for microwave links must be below the "Fresnel zone". F
 For microwave links, it is more convenient to use noise temperature than noise figure. T
 For digital microwave links, energy per bit is a key parameter. T
 Above 10 GHz, fading due to rain is not a problem. F
 One cause of fading in a microwave system is "ducting". T
 Compensation for fading due to multipath reception is usually done using "diversity". T
 Diversity can be achieved by mounting two antennas on a tower, one above the other. T
 Diversity can be achieved by using two microwave frequencies. T
 Repeaters typically receive a signal and retransmit it on the same frequency. F
 Analog microwave repeaters can be either "baseband" or "IF" repeaters. T
 MMDS systems are bidirectional. F
 LMDS systems are bidirectional. T
 Another term for a single microwave link is hop
 Microwave systems use FM, SSB & QAM
 The typical reliability of a microwave system is 99.99%
 A typical microwave system uses a transmitted power of about 2 watts
 In analog microwave systems, additional repeaters increase the noise level
 In digital microwave systems, additional repeaters increase the jitter
 The microwave signal path should clear obstacles by at least 60% of the Fresnel zone
 Fading is caused by multipath reception, ducting, attenuation due to weather
 The effects of fading due to multipath reception are often reduced using diversity
 Repeaters are used in a microwave system when distance exceeds line-of-sight
 An advantage of digital techniques over analog in a microwave system is accumulation of
noise is reduced
 MMDS stands for Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System
 MMDS is unidirectional
 LMDS stands for Local Multipoint Distribution System
 LMDS is bidirectional
 STL stands for studio-to-transmitter links
 A typical microwave system has about one hour per year or less of downtime.
 In microwave systems, it is more convenient to use noise temperature than noise figure in
calculations.
 Multipath reception can cause 20 dB or more of fading
 Two antennas stacked one above the other on a tower is an example of space diversity.
 The ability to use two frequencies simultaneously is an example of diversity
 Microwave systems generally use less than 10watts of power.
 Repeaters are necessary in a microwave system that extends beyond the line-of-sight
distance.
 Availability Downtime per Year
90% 36.5 Days
99% 3.65 Days
99.9% 8.76 hrs.
99.99% 52.56 mins.
99.999% 5.26 mins.
99.9999% 31.5s
99.99999% 3.15s

1. Suppose that the transmitter and receiver towers have equal height. How high would they
have to be to communicate over a distance of 40 km?
2. A line – of – sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6 GHz has a separation of 40 km
between antennas. An obstacle in the path is located 10km from the transmitting antenna.
By how much must be beam clear the obstacle?
3. In a microwave system, the antenna sees a sky temperature of 120 K, and the antenna
feedline has a loss of 2dB. Calculate the noise temperature of the antenna/feedline
system, referenced to the receiver input.
4. A receiver has a noise figure of 2dB. Calculate its equivalent noise temperature.
5. The antenna and feedline combination from number 4 is used with the receiver from
number 5. Calculate the thermal noise power in dBm, referred to the receiver input, if the
receiver has a bandwidth of 20 MHz
Sa problem solving, Malaki ka na HAHAHAHA.