ขั้วฟาเหนือ

เสน ศนู ยส ตู รฟา

ขั้วฟาใต
 จุดยอดฟา

เมอรเิ ดยี น
N

W E

S
บรเิ วณทรงกลมทอ งฟา ทถี่ กู บงั โดยพนื้ โลก
 ขั้วฟาเหนือ

เสน ศนู ยส ตู รฟา

 เสน ศนู ยฟ า
ขั้วฟาเหนือ ขั้วฟาใต

เสน ขั้วฟาเหนือ
ศู
นย
ส ตู ร
ฟา

ขั้วฟาใต
ขั้วฟาเหนือ

ยิ วถิ ี
เสน สรุ

23.5 o
เสน ศนู ยส ตู รฟา

ขั้วฟาใต
 Zenith

an
ridi
Me

l
stia
Cele

Altitude
N
u t

h
A zi m
เสน ขอบฟา

ขั้วฟาเหนือ

60o
21h h
6h
0 3h

o
30
Dec

เสน ศนู ยส ตู 0o RA

รฟา

-30o

ขั้วฟาใต
 δ

α δ

α δ
 Δα cosδ

Δα

24 h = 360
1h = 15
1m = 15 arcmin
1s = 15 arcsec

15 (δ)
 a ∆x ∆y
∆s = ∆x2 + ∆y 2
∆δ ∆α (δ)

∆δ = δM izar ´ δAlcor = +54 551 312 ´ +54 591 172

= ´31 462
∆α (δ) = (αM izar ´ αAlcor ) (δ)
= (13h 23m 55.5s ´ 13h 25m 13.5s) (55 )
= ´44.7s

∆δ ∆α (δ)
∆α (δ)

∆α (δ) = ´44.7s = ´44.7 ˆ 15 arcsec = ´670 arcsec = ´111 102

b a
θ= ∆δ 2 + (∆α (δ))2 = 2262 + 6702 = 7072 = 111 472

(λ, β, ∆)
(l, b, r)
(x, y, z)
(l)
b = +90
 l
b
 Dec = 72 o

ดาวคo างฟา
18 NCP
W

S 18o N

E
 Dec = -72o

NCP
W

S 18o N
18o
SCP E

Dec = +50° Dec = 0°

Dec = -50°

18o NCP NCP

W W W
o
40 72o 22o 72o
S 18o N S 18o N S 18o N

E E E

˘
 Decd RAd

NCP

วถิ ี
21 มี.ค. เสน สรุ ยิ 21 มิ.ย.

23.5 o
เสน ศนู ยส ตู รฟา
21 ก.ย.
21 ธ.ค.

SCP
 23.5 o

NCP
W
23.5 o
S N

SCP
 NCP

23.5°

S 66.5o N

SCP
d

d d

noon d

now noon +∆

d
 d d d
d

d noon

now
noon

LHAobject = LST ´ αobject

 p

s d
p

s
(p) =
d
d
p

s
p
(p) « p
p s

s
p= d , p

1
1 arcmin = 60
1
1 arcsec = 3600
2π
1 = 360
 p
d

1 AU

(p) « p p

1 AU
d=
p

! " ! "
1 AU 1.496 ˆ 1011 km 3600 ˆ 360 arcsec
d(m) = ˆ ˆ
p(arcsec) 1AU 2π radian

1
d(parsec) =
p(arcsec)
1 parsec = 206264 AU = 3.08 ˆ 1013 km = 3.26 light years
 s
θ=
d
θ = s= d=
R

λ
R=
D
λ= D=
 10 000
km Very Long Baseline Array max.baseline (8611 km)

Hubble Space

20/20 visual acuity

(100 mas)
Telescope

(1 arcminute)
VL (3- 6-1
BA 8 .2
1 000

ra 0 m GH
2
km

dio m z)
ba , or
nd

Hy Li cm
s

dr ne )
og
(2

en
100 km

1
Very Large Array max.baseline (36 km)
Very Large Telescope

10 km
Interferometer

VL 7-4 -0.
in 10m telescope
(4 mas)

Co B (1.
adaptive optics

A 00 074
(
sm ac 06

ra 0 G
(50 mas)

50

dio m H
ic kgr mm
M ou )

ba m, o z)
icr nd

nd r
ow
1 km

s
av
e
Arecibo Observatory (305 m)
100 m
PIONIER in Very Large Telescope (approx.100 m)

European Extremely Large Telescope (39.3 m)

Large Binocular Telescope (22.8 m)
10 m
ult tro 20

Gran Telescopio Canarias (10.4 m)

as 0-3
ra no nm
(1

vio m )

James Webb Space Telescope (6.5 m)

let y

Hubble Space Telescope (2.4 m)

vi
si
bl

1m
e

36-inch telescope
lig

inf ron 00
ht

as 75-3
(0

ra om µm
t
(3

re y )

16-inch telescope
90

d
-7

8-inch telescope
50

100 mm
nm

4-inch telescope
)

60 mm lens
Galileo's 1620 telescope (38 mm)
as -80
X- ono pm

10 mm
(8

ra m )
tr 00
y y

human pupil
(2-9 mm)

1 mm
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
arcsecs arcsecs arcsecs arcsec arcsecs arcsecs
 Js´1 W

L@ L@ = 3.846 ˆ 1026 W

L A

L
F =
A
 S

A
r A
A
2r

3r

A = 4πr2

L
F =
4πr2

W m´2
1362 W m´2

Jy 1Jy =
10´26 W m´2 Hz ´1 1026

Hz ´1
m
 F

! "
F1
m1 ´ m2 = ´2.5 10
F2

m1 m2
F1 F2

mB ´
mA = 2.5 FA /FB = 10
mB ´ mA = 5
FA /FB = 100

1360 W m´2

m1 = ´2, mref = ´27, Fref = 1360 W m´2

# F1
$
(´2) ´ (´27) = ´2.5 10 1360W m´2

25
# F1
$
´2.5 = 10 1360W m´2

25
F1
1360W m´2
= 10 ´2.5

F1 = 1360 ˆ 10´10 W m´2 = 1.36 ˆ 10´7 W m´2

10´10

M
 m M
M = ´19.3
M = ´25.5 M = ´20.5

F 9 r12
d

F (d) 102
= 2
F (10) d
 ! "
F (d)
m´M = ´2.5 10
F (10)
! 2"
10
m´M = ´2.5 10
d2
# 2 2
$
m´M = ´2.5 10 (10 ) ´ 10 (d )
m´M = 5 10 (d) ´5

m
M d

m´M

M m
d

m´M +5
d = 10 5

d=
101 = 10
He+ He2+

He+
 1.4M@

1.4M@

1.4M@
M = ´19.3
σ
c = 2.998 ˆ 108 m/s

9.461 ˆ 1015 m
 λ
f

λˆf =c

hc
E =hˆf =
λ
h = 6.626 ˆ 10´34 J ¨ s
 T=5500K

800

600
) [kJ/nm]

T=5000K

400
u(

T=4500K

200 T=4000K

T=3500K

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
[nm]
 I = σT 4
σ = 5.670 ˆ 10´8 W m 2 K 4

L
I = 4πR2

L = 4πR2 σT 4

2, 900, 000
λmax «
T
 z z = 0

λobs ´ λemit
z=
λemit

λemit λobs

z
z

v
z«
c
v

v
z« c zą1
v
z« c v ăă c
? v
1+
v 1 + z = ?1´ vc z
c

v ą 0.6c
Red

Green

Blue
α

+ 2+
 L9M 3.5

10 1
@ 10,000 = 1000

% &´2.5
10 M
τM S « 10
M@
 @

@
@
 เลนส เลนสตา
กระจกทุติยภูมิ
ดาว
สง จาก
แ Prime focus
ก ดาว
งจา
แส าว
งจากด
แส
กระจกทุติยภูมิ

โฟกัส

เลนสตา กระจกปฐมภูมิ
เลนสตา กระจกปฐมภูมิ
 Raw Image Dark Subtracted Image Calibrated Image

Master Dark
Dark Frames

Master Flat
Raw Flat Fields

Flat Darks
 RI ´ DI
CI =
FI ´ FD
RI DI FI FD
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
 m1 ´ m2 = ´2.5 (F1 /F2 ) F1
F2
m1
m2
 1

2
7
3

4 6

5
σ
σ
H0
 a ˆ 10b

b a
a
1 ď |a| ă 10

103
1023 1020

1 1 ˆ 100 100

30 3 ˆ 101

0.052 5.2 ˆ 10´2

´273 ´2.73 ˆ 102

3, 958.23 3.95823 ˆ 103

c = 299, 792, 458 c =

2.99792458 ˆ 108

9.1093826E 31
9.1093826 ˆ 10´31

5.9736E+24 5.9736E24
5.9736 ˆ 1024
100.0 + 1.111 = 101.1

123, 456 ˆ 7.89 = 947, 000 9.47 ˆ 105

236.248/2 =
118.124 1 + 0.01 = 1.01 29.8 ˆ π = 93.6

10 ˆ
10 (3.000
104 ) = 10 (104 ) + 10 (3.000) « 4 + 0.47712125472 4.4771
10 (104 )
 1 (x´x̄)2
f (x) = ? e´ 2σ2
σ 2π

x̄ σ

x̄ σ
 0.15

0.1

0.05

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

x̄ = 0 σ = 1

n
1 ÿ
x̄ = ¨ xi
n i=1

g
f n
f1 ÿ
σ=e (xi ´ x̄)2
N i=1

´1σ 1σ
´2σ 2σ

x̄ σ
x̄ ´ 2σ x̄ + 2σ

x̄ ˘ σ
x̄ ˘ 2σ
 λk e´λ
f (k; λ) =
k!
f (k; λ) k
λ

?
x̄ = λ σ= λ

?
9˘3 σ= 9

900 ˘ 30
 A B
σA σB
f =A+B f

σf2 = σA
2 2
+ σB
 f = AB
! "2 ' σ (2 ' σ (2
σf A B
= +
f A B

f =a 10 (A)

σA
σf « a
A (10)

1.000 ˘ 0.001
0.999 1.001

˘2σ ˘σ
 10n
Y 1024
Z 1021
E 1018
P 1015
T 1012
G 109
M 106
k 103
h 102
da 101
100
d 10´1
c 10´2
m 10´3
µ 10´6
n 10´9
p 10´12
f 10´15
a 10´18
z 10´21
y 10´24
 c = 2.998 ˆ 108 m/s
m3
G = 6.674 ˆ 10´11 kgˆs 2

h = 6.626 ˆ 10´34 joule ˆ s

σ = 5.670 ˆ 10´8 mwatt
2 ˆK 4

mp = 1.673 ˆ 10´27 kg
me = 9.109 ˆ 10´31 kg
e = 1.602 ˆ 10´19 C

1 1.496 ˆ 1011
1 9.461 ˆ 1015
1 3.26 3.086 ˆ 1016
1 1000 3.26 ˆ 103
1 10 6 3.26 ˆ 106

1 MSun = 2 ˆ 1030 kg
1 RSun = 696, 000 km
1 LSun = 3.8 ˆ 1026 watts
1 MEarth = 5.97 ˆ 1024 kg
1 REarth = 63788 km
g = 9.8 m/s2
vescape = 11 km/s
 b
θ = ∆δ 2 + (∆α (δ))2

s
(p) =
d
p

s
p= d , p

1
d(parsec) =
p(arcsec)

λ
R=
D

L
F =
4πr2

! "
F1
m1 ´ m2 = ´2.5 10
F2
 M m
d

m´M =5 10 (d) ´5

m´M +5
d = 10 5

λˆf =c

hc
E =hˆf =
λ

L = 4πR2 σT 4

2, 900, 000
λmax «
T

λobs ´ λemit
z=
λemit
v
z« c , v ăă c

L9M 3.5

% &´2.5
M
τM S « 1010
M@
 @ 1.99 ˆ 1030 695, 000
A 3.30 ˆ 1023 2440 0.387 0.2409
B 4.87 ˆ 1024 6051 0.723 0.6152
C 5.97 ˆ 1024 6378 1.00 1.0000
D 6.42 ˆ 1023 3397 1.524 1.881
E 1.90 ˆ 1027 71, 492 5.203 11.86
F 5.69 ˆ 1026 60, 268 9.539 29.42
G 8.66 ˆ 1025 25, 559 19.19 84.01
H 1.03 ˆ 1026 24, 764 30.06 164.8
˚ I 1.31 ˆ 1022 1160 39.48 248.0
σ