I will discuss argument in logic What beliefs lead them to reject those “givens”?

Argument is a technical term in logic. It need not where can two slides of an argument find
involve disagreement, or controversy unlike in common ground?
real life when we say argument it involves
disagreement or controversy . In logic, argument That is where you will find effective premises to
refers strictly to any group of propositions of reach your conclusion.
which one is claimed to follow from the others,
which are regarded as providing support for the in analyzing an argument, there are two common
truth of that one. For every possible inference techniques
there is a corresponding argument.
When we say paraphrasing it involves setting
What do we mean by inference forth the argument in a clear and precise form.
a process by which one proposition is arrived
The most common, and perhaps the most useful
at and affirmed on the basis of some other
technique for analysis. We paraphrase an
proposition or propositions.
argument by setting forth its propositions in
clear language and in logical order. It is
In other words, This is a process that may tie
fundamentally about making the argument of a
together a cluster of propositions
passage more easily recognizable.
An argument has two structures
Example:
We have the premises
Archimedes will be remembered when
Aeschylus is forgotten, because languages die
Premises are assertions that, when joined
and mathematical ideas do not.”
together, will lead the reader to the conclusion.
The most important part of any premise is that
We may paraphrase this argument by spelling
your audience will accept it AS TRUE. If your
out its claims.
audience rejects even one of your premises, they
will likely also to reject your conclusion, and
This paraphrase enables us to distinguish and
your entire argument will fall apart. When
examine the premises and inferences
constructing premises, it is essential to consider
compressed in this single sentence.
your audience. When you know your audience,
you also know which assertion they will accept
Diagramming is The second technique in
and which they will question.
analyzing an argument. It Involves the laying out
the structure of the argument in two –
While conclusion
dimensional spatial relations.
To make it simple, a conclusion is a statement Premise and conclusion are numbered and
supported by reasons. arranged to identify the relations of support
between propositions
Example of a premise:
To exhibit the structure of an argument it is
Because greenhouse gases are causing the sometimes useful to represent it graphically, to
atmosphere to warm at a rapid rate… diagram it

is this a solid premise? Steps toward proper diagraming:

It depends on your audience. If your readers are
members of an environmental group they will
accept this premise without doubts. If your
readers are oil company executives, they may
reject this premise and your conclusions.
Read the passage carefully.
Identify each claim and number them.
Provide missing parts if needed.

So To construct a solid premises, you need to Determine relation of claims and diagram.
consider the rationales and beliefs of your
opponents Step 1 number each statement

And note each indicator word.

What are the “givens” you accept that they do
not?
Step 2 which of the claims is the conclusion?
Which are premises?
Step 3 use arrows to represent the intended
relationship between the claims.
In this case the premises are independent. Even
though the combined force of both premises
makes the argument stronger, either premise
could stand alone in supporting the conclusion.
Distinguishing premises from conclusions is a
skill that requires both practice and close
attention to the nuances of language. Here are
some tips that will help us separate premises
from conclusions:
We have:
Conclusion indicators and premise indicators
Words like
Premise indicators – words like
The words and phrases we have listed may help
to indicate the presence of an argument or
identify its premises or conclusion, but such
indicators do not necessarily appear. Sometimes
it is just the meaning of the passage, or its
setting, that indicates the presence of an
argument.
For example:
As we send…
Here, there is No premise indicators or
conclusion indicators are used, yet the argument
is clear.
Often, however, the force of an argument can be
appreciated only when one understands the
context in which that argument is presented.
My examples awhile ago where all in declarative
form but Premises may not also be in declarative
form
They may be in
Rhetorical question
It is rhetorical when it suggests or assumes an
answer that is made to serve as the premise of an
argument. The sentence may be interrogative
even though its meaning is declarative.
Example:
Plainly, the critic means to affirm the proposition
that we should not bestow this honor on such
people.
Imperative/command
Here the second clause is a command, and a
command, like a question, is neither true nor
false and cannot express a proposition.
We have unstated proposition
And we called them enthymemes
EXAMPLE
This are propositions that are understood but
not stated.
SO LETS DIFFERENCIATE ARGUMENT AND
EXPLANATION
Argument has a number of different definitions.
Essentially, it is a line of logic that is presented in
order to support the veracity of a statement. It
has combative connotations, but an argument
does not have to be aggressive.
While
Explanation is used to clarify and explicate a
statement. Its aim is to make the listener
understand the statement rather than persuade
him to accept a certain point of view.
EXAMPLE OF AN…
In both cases, the example of snow is used, but
note that the argument is trying to convince
someone of the truth of their statement, whereas
with the explanation it is not a matter of if the
statement is true, but why it is true.
in determining difference, deciding factor is the
INTENTION OF THE AUTHOR.