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Alkalinity is one of the basic variables, which determine geochemical characteristics of natural waters and
participate in processes changing concentrations of various contaminants either directly or indirectly. However, not a
few laboratories and researchers of Korea still use alkalinity-measurement methods not appropriate for
groundwaters, and which becomes one of the major reasons for the poor ion balance errors of the geochemical
analysis. This study was performed to review alkalinity-measurement methods, to discuss their advantages and
disadvantages, and, thus, to help researchers and analytical specialists in analyzing alkalinity of groundwaters. The
pH-titration-curve-inflection-point (PTC-IP) methods, which finds the alkalinity end point from the inflection point
of the pH titration curve are revealed to be most accurate. Gran titration technique among them are likely to be
most appropriate for accurate estimation of titrant volume to the end point. In contrast, other titration methods such
as pH indicator method and pre-selected pH method, which are still commonly being used, are likely to cause
erroneous results especially for groundwaters of low ionic strength and alkalinity.
Key words : Gran titration, pH titration curve, inflection point, pH indicator, partial pressure of carbon dioxide
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509
510 김강주 · 함세영 · 김락현 · 김현구
경우에 따라서는 물속의 [OH-]와 [H+]농도가 closed system. This figure shows that the alkalinity end
+ -
point where [H ] = [HCO ] changes according to DIC.
[HCO3-], 2[CO32-]에 비하여 매우 작다고 생각하고
3
Table 1. Alkalinity values (meq/L) of Korean groundwaters measured using the Gran titration technique
Ave.
Location Mean Med Stdev Max Min n Reference
ABS(IBE)*
Kunsan 1.61 1.23 1.53 8.92 0.09 3.36% 197 Kim et al. (2004)
Gyeongju, Pohang 1.88 1.47 1.29 6.14 0.197 1.60% 55 Kim and Jeong (2005)
Namwon 1.05 0.956 0.538 3.06 0.054 3.86% 279 Kim et al. (2005)
Kim et al. (2008, 2009)
Mankyeong River Basin 1.74 1.69 1.10 5.42 0.127 3.2% 167
Choi et al. (2008)
Mankyeong River Basin 2.12 1.95 0.886 3.69 0.350 2.99% 168 unpublished
Geumsan 2.43 2.41 1.07 4.85 0.586 1.60% 87 Kim et al. (2012)
Haman 4.86 3.67 3.57 15.6 1.18 4.04% 31 unpublished
Jangseong 1.10 0.676 0.928 4.05 0.113 3.0% 22 unpublished
Deokjin Park, Jeonju 2.23 1.70 1.44 6.23 0.336 3.7% 63 Choi et al. (2016)
Med-median, Stdev-standard deviation, Max-maximum, Min-minimum
*Average of absolute values of ion balance errors (Eq. 1)
Table 3. Estimation of alkalinity contribution from various components indicated in Standard Methods (APHA et al., 2012a)
Titration result Hydroxide alkalinity Carbonate alkalinity Bicarbonate alkalinity
1 P_alk = 0 0 0 = T_alk
2 P_alk = T_alk = T_alk 0 0
3 P_alk < ½T_alk 0 = P_alk×2 = T_alk - P_alk×2
4 P_alk = ½T-alk 0 = T_alk 0
5 P_alk > ½T-alk = P_alk×2 – T_alk = (T_alk - P_alk)×2 0
P_alk = phenolphthalein alkalinity
T_alk = total alkalnity (= hydroxide alk. + carbonate alk + bicarbonate alk.)
Table 4. The pH ranges for color changes of various pH 한 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 아울러, 물의 알칼리도에
indicators used for alkalinity measurements
따라 다른 종점 pH를 정해놓고 있다(Table 5). 이는
pH range
Indicator
Color changes
of the 시료의 DIC에 따라 당량점이 다른 점을 고려한 것이
(low to high pH)
color change 다. 즉, 시료의 알칼리도가 대략 30 mg/L CaCO3이면
Bromocresol green Yellow to Blue 3.8 to 5.4 pH 4.9, 대략 150 mg/L CaCO3이면 pH 4.6, 대략
Methyl red Red to Yellow 4.8 to 6.0
500 mg/L CaCO3이면 pH 4.3을 종점으로 제시하고
Methyl orange Red to Yellow 3.2 to 4.4
있다.
9.3. 토의
9.1. 개요
본 방법은 종점pH가 명확히 정해져 사람에 따라 분
본 방법은 알칼리도 적정을 위한 종점 pH를 미리
석자마다 종점이 다를 수 있는 여지가 다소 줄어들었
정하고 pH미터를 이용하여 그 지점까지 적정하는 방
다는 점에서는 지시약을 이용한 방법보다는 다소 진전
법이다. 지시약의 색이 특정 pH에서 변화되는 것이 아
된 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 지시약법과는 달리
니라 일정한 범위에서 변화되는 것을 어느 정도 극복
10. 발색법 (colorimetric method) Fig. 2. The relation between alkalinity end point and pH
titration curve. End point exactly matches with the
inflection point of pH titration curve at pH between 4 and
10.1. 개요 5. This diagram was prepared with the DIC condition of
USEPA는 알칼리도 분석법으로 자동화된 발색법을 5.4 mmol/L and pCO of –1.0.
2
11.2. 토의
Jo et al.(2009)는 본 방법 및 DIC분석법, 역적정법,
침전법으로 탄산수의 알칼리도를 분석하고, 그 결과를
비교한 결과 변곡점법이 가장 좋은 정확도와 정밀도를
보이는 것으로 보고하였다.
12.1. 개요
Gran적정법은 다음과 같은 Gran함수(Gran function) Fig. 3. An illustration of Gran titration method based on
를 바탕으로 한다(Gran, 1952). actual data.
이러한 장점에도 불구하고 Gran적정법은 일부 연구 Clark, I.D. and Fritz, P. (1997) Environmental Isotopes in
Hydrogeology. Lewis Publishers, NewYork, p.328.
기관에서 지화학적연구를 위하여 이 사용되는 경우(예: Drever, J.I. (1997) The geochemistry of natural waters:
Kim et al., 2005; Kim and Jeong, 2005; Koh et surface and groundwater environments. 3rd(ed.),
al., 2006; Jung et al., 2010)를 제외하고는 흔하게 사 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632.
Dyrssen, D. and Sillen, L.G. (1967) Alkalinity and total
용되어지지는 않고 있다. 특히, 지하수오염조사나 지하 carbonate in seawater. Tellus, v.19, p.110.
수수질측정망의 이화학분석에 있어서도 사용되어지지 Fresenius, W., Quentin, K.E. and Schneider, W. (1988)
Water analysis: a practical guide to physico-chemical,
않고 있다. 본 논문을 통하여 당 분석법이 널리 사용 chemical and microbiological water examination and
될 수 있었으면 하는 바람이다. quality assurance. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
Germany, p.804.
Gran, G. (1952) Determination of equivalence point in
사 사 potentiometric titrations. Part II. Analyst 77, 661-671.
Jo, M., Chae, G.T., Koh, D.C., Yu, Y. and Choi, B.Y. (2009)
A comparison study of alkalinity and total carbon
본 논문은 환경부의 재원으로 국립환경과학원의 일 measurements in CO2-rich water. J. Soil Groundw.
부 지원을 받아 수행하였습니다(NIER-SP2014-385). Environ., v.14(3), p.1-13.
Jung, Y.-Y., Koh, D.-C., Yu, Y.-J. and Ko, K.-S. (2010)
Analysis of groundwater flow systems for springs in
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