VARD 848-851 Guideline - Hull - Penetration Standard

Vard
Penetration standard
Tulcea SA
Code: Rev No: 0 Valid: 12.03.2014 Page: 1/15
PURPOSE
This document is intended to provide the designer with information necessary to determinate the correct
way of placing structural penetrations in hull for electrical cables and pipes. This document will give the
reader a guideline where to place standard penetrations without calculations and still maintaining strength
requirement.
FIELD OF APPLICATION
This guidelines will determinate

Situation in which penetration of ship structure is not permitted.
Acceptable location and orientation of structural penetrations.
Situations in which compensation for penetration of ship structure is required.
Situations in which compensation for penetration of ship structure is not required.
Situations in which hull technical departament must be consulted.
DEFINITIONS
penetration- (Technical) Interior cut of a piece after a given form.
structural decks/bulkheads- are those which define a watertight compartment or tank boundary or which provide
suport for ship structure.(e.g. bulkheads whose stiffeners are snipped back are NOT
structural bulkheads).
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
IACS REC_47 rev.7, June.2013.
Hull structural design,ships with length 100 metres and above , January 2014.
GA.
HVAC arrangement.
Piping documentation.
Electro documentation.
Hull documentation.
CONTENT:
1) General considerations...........................................................................................................................2
2) Girders, beams and stiffeners penetrations............................................................................................7
3) Structural decks and bulkheads penetrations........................................................................................9
4) Penetration in floors and longitudinal girders in double bottoms..........................................................10
5) Penetration in side shell web frames.................................................................................................10
6) Compensation.......................................................................................................................................11
7) Examples..............................................................................................................................................12
8) Summary...............................................................................................................................................15
9) Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................15
CHECKED Basic Design Departament
PREPARED: Basic Design Departament VERIFIED: Basic Design Departament
Document controlled on electronic support. Printed copies of this document is uncontrolled copy. Check revision validity!
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1.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 This standard is NOT applicable to the design of the following:
-large deck openings.
-door openings.
-snipes, drainholes, airholes or clearance holes for erection butts.
-seachest openings.
-weld relief cuts.
-lightening holes.
1.2 This standard is applicable for the design of penetrations in hull for electrical cables and pipes. This document
refers to penetration in hull structure after the end of basic design stage. For penetration in superstructure during
basic design stage consult “Vard basic design guideline for penetrations in superstructure”.
1)
1.3 Penetrations are NOT allowed in the following locations:
-web, girder, beam or stiffeners brackets.
-web, girder, beam or stiffeners flanges.
Fig.No.1
-structural bulkheads directly above or below a pillar or stanchion
-pillars, stanchions or the web girder directly above or below a pillar or stanchion
Fig.No.2 Penetration above or bilow pillars/girders below main deck

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Fig.No.3 Pillars in superstructure
-sheer strakes and strength deck stringer plates in the midship 0.6L.
Fig.No.4
,where “S” represents minimum width of shear strake as determined by class society rules. Acc. DNV Pt.3 Ch.1
Sec.7 Side structures C201:
S=800+5L [mm], S max=1800 [mm]

e.g. for L=100 m=>S=800+5x100=1300[mm]
Obs: Penetrations will be considered in these area only with support of a technical plan or with advice of structural
department (e.g. for tank ventilation system, “Tank vent. pipe system ” plan will be used).
1.4 1)Multiple penetrations in main transverse bulkheads should be minimized by employing pipe tunnels or utility
trunks.
1)
1.5 No compensation is required for penetrations through non-structural steel bulkheads or flats, such as
deckhouse decks, deckhouse interior bulkheads, or intermediate platforms.
1)
1.6 Square cornered penetrations are not allowed. Corners of non-circular penetrations must be well
rounded, a minimum of 1/8 depth of opening, but not less than 25mm (min. 75mm below cargo deck) will be
required (50mm within 450mm of side or bottom shell). Openings less than 150mm in depth will be fully radiused;
i.e, circular or oval, but not rounded rectangles. Depth is as defined:
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Fig.No.5 Depth definition
Fig.No.6 Non-circular penetrations corners
1.7 All welding of steel used for compensation must be in accordance with regulation body requirements and
VARD welding procedures.
1.8 1)Penetration dimensions are based on the clear cut dimensions unless a sleeve or ring is installed, in which
case the inside dimensions of the sleeve or ring are to be used.
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Fig.No.7 Penetration dimension
1.9 For proximity of penetrations to weld seams use next values:
Fig.No.8 Proximity of penetrations to weld

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Obs: These distances are applicable for compensated and uncompensated penetrations.
1)
1.10 In general, no more than 25% of the structure in one frame spacing should be taken up with penetrations.
Situations where this would be violated must be reviewed with structural departament. Note that the area being
deducted must include the lost area due to stiffener cutouts, and assumes that the penetrations are "legal"
regarding rules listed elsewhere.
Fig.No.9 Penetration surface
Fig.No.10 Penetration forbidden areas
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2.GIRDERS, BEAMS AND STIFFENERS PENETRATIONS
2.1 1)Non-circular openings will be oriented with the longer dimension in the direction of the span and the shorter
dimension in the direction of the depth.
2.2 If possible, the opening should be centered at 1/3 depth of penetrated beam, or, between this point and the
supported plate. Avoid penetrating near the beam flange. Min. distance between penetration and beam
flange will be 100mm and min. distance between deck and penetration will be 100mm or min insulation
height(which is bigger). If these conditions can not be respected, than penetration will be agreed with structural
department.
Fig.No.11 Distance between penetration and girder flange/deck
2.3 Penetration width will be max. 40% of remaining space. Any penetration that exceed this value will be
approved with structural department.
2.3 1)Openings are not permitted in way of the end 1/16 span. The span is defined as the unsupported length of the
beam and is usually the distance covered by the beam or girder between supports such as larger girders,
stanchions, bulkheads, or decks. For the purposes of this document, brackets are not considered when
determining span. Direct any questions regarding the definition of beam span to hull department.
2.4 Penetration in way of girder extremities will be avoided. If penetration in these areas should be executed than
structural department will be consulted.
Fig.No.12 Penetration in way of girder extremities
2.4 The minimum distance from any opening to the supported plating is 100mm. Any other solution will be
agreed with structural department.
3)
2.5 Acc. DNV small openings are generally to be kept well clear of other openings in longitudinal strength
members. Edges of small unreinforced openings shall be located at a transverse distance not less than four times
the opening breadth from the edge of any other opening[Pt.3Ch.1 Sec.5 E104].
2.6 Min. distance between penetrations will be 75mm. If distance between penetrations is smaller than 75mm,
penetration will be conbinated in a single penetration.
Fig.No.13 Min. distance between penetrations

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2.7 We seek to place the openings in the space between stiffeners to avoid that these strength members influence
the needed steel around the openings (enough shear area). The minimum distance between opening and stiffener
cutout must be greater than 75mm acc. IACS.
Fig.No.14 Distance between opening and stiffener cutout
3.STRUCTURAL DECKS AND BULKHEADS PENETRATIONS
1)
3.1 Structural decks and bulkheads are those which define a watertight compartment or tank boundary or which
provide support for propulsion or outfit machinery or other primary load bearing ship structure. Bulkheads whose
stiffeners are snipped back (not attached) to decks are not constructed to be structural bulkhead.
1)
3.2 Non-circular openings through strength decks are to be oriented so that the longer dimension runs fore
and aft.
1)
3.3 Openings should be well separated and should not be located on the same line transversely or vertically.
1)
3.4 Multiple openings will be compensated or combined to form a single opening when the minimum
distance between the openings is less than 75mm.
3.5. Avoid penetrating near bhd. or decks. Min. distance between penetration and bhd. will be 150mm and
min. distance between deck and penetration will be 150mm. If these conditions can not be respected, than
penetration will be agreed with structural department.
Fig.No.15 Structural decks and bulkheads penetration
3.6 Penetrations in structural bulkheads above doors and arches should be avoided.
- penetrations in this area will be kept at minimum.
- min. distance above door hole will be greater than 150mm.
- min. distance below deck will be greater than 100mm or min. insulation height(which is bigger).
- penetration height will be smaller than 40% of remaining space.
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Fig.No.16 Penetration above doors
3)
3.7 Penetrations in structural decks near the corners of large openings, such as hatches, and in longitudinal
bulkheads near the ends of breaks in superstructure or deckhouses should be avoided. Large openings are those
that result in break of existing stiffening. Acc. DNV, [Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.5 Longitudinal strength E102] openings in
strength deck within 0.6 L amidships (for «open» ships within cargo hold region) are as far as practicable to be
located inside the line of large hatch openings. Necessary openings outside this line shall be kept well clear of
ship's side and hatch corners. Openings in lower decks shall be kept clear of main hatch corners and other areas
with high stresses.
Fig.No.17 Penetrations in structural decks

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4.PENETRATION IN FLOORS AND LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS IN DOUBLE BOTTOMS
4.1 This section addresses to longitudinal girders outside the midship 0.6L. Any penetration through a
longitudinal girder within the midship 0.6L will be approved by structural department.
4.2 Designers will use existing cut outs in hull structure. If this is not possible than, any openings in floors and
longitudinal girders will be centered at or near the mid-depth of the member. See:
Fig.No.18 Penetration in double bottom
4.3 Use of doubling plates for compensation in water ballast tanks is forbidden.
5.PENETRATION IN SIDE SHELL WEB FRAMES
5.1 The penetration of side shell web frames should be kept to a minimum.
3)
5.2 Acc DNV openings in side shell, longitudinal bulkheads and longitudinal girders shall be located not less than
twice the opening breadth below strength deck or termination of rounded deck corner[Pt.3Ch.1 Sec.5 E103].
5.3 When penetrating the frames, next rules should be applied with consultation of structural department:
Fig.No.19 Penetration in shell web frames
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6. COMPENSATION
6.1 3)Acc. DNV [Pt.3Ch.1 Sec.5 E401], in strength deck and outer bottom within 0.6 L amidships (for «open» ships
within the total cargo hold region), circular openings with diameter equal to or greater than 0.325 m shall have
edge reinforcement. The cross-sectional area of edge reinforcements shall not be less than:
2.5 bt
b = diameter of opening
t = plating thickness
Fig.No.20 Compensation rules

3)
6.2 The reinforcement is normally to be a vertical ring welded to the plate edge. Alternative arrangements
may be accepted but the distance from plating edge to reinforcement is in no case to exceed :
0.05 b
3)
6.3 In strength deck and outer bottom within 0.6 L amidships elliptical openings with breadth greater than 0.5
m shall have edge reinforcement if their length/breadth ratio is less than 2. The reinforcement shall be as
required in 6.1 for circular openings, taking b as the breadth of the opening.
3)
6.4 Acc. DNV [Pt.3Ch.1 Sec.5 C606], the web plate shall be specially stiffened at openings when the mean shear
stress exceeds 60 N/mm2. Stiffeners shall be fitted along the free edges of the openings parallel to the vertical
and horizontal axis of the opening. Edge reinforcement may be used as an alternative to stiffeners, see below.
Scallops for longitudinals, frames or stiffeners deeper than 500 mm shall be stiffened along their free edge.
Fig.No.21 Alternative reinforcement
6.5 Alternative solution can be applied as insertion or flat bar ring. Compensation criteria will be respected, the
cross-sectional area of reinforcements shall not be less than:
2.5 bt
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Fig.No.22 Alternative reinforcement with insertion
6.6 If the space between the stiffener and the opening is under 75 mm or if there is uncertainty, lap lug or full
collar is required:
Fig.No.23 Use of collars
7.EXAMPLES
7.1 Regular transversal view:
Fig.No.24 E.g. Transversal view
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7.2 Transversal view, girder above/below:
Fig.No.25 E.g. Girder above/below
7.3 Structural bulckhead:
Fig.No.26 E.g. Structural bulckhead
7.4 Flat bar compensation:
Fig.No.27 E.g. flat bar compensation

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D=450 (web height)

t=10 (web thickness)
b=100 (penetration height)
An –compensated area needed
An =2.5bt = 2500=>2xFB section =2500=>FB section=1250=>FB125x10 (or FB100x12.5, or…).
Obs. Flat bar compensation is recommended. Hull designer have to assure structural continuity of flat
bars around penetration.
7.5 Ring flat bar compensation:
Fig.No.28 E.g. ring flat bar compensation
D=450 (web height)

An –compensated area needed
An =2.5bt = 2500=>2xFB section =2500=>FB section=1250=>FB125x10 (or FB100x12.5, or…).
Obs. Not recommended if thickness of ring flat bar is bigger than 15mm.
7.6 Plate insertion compensation:
Fig.No.29 E.g. flat bar compensation

D=450 (web height)
t1- insertion thickness
An – compensated area needed
An = (D-b)t+2.5bt = (D-b)t1 => t1 = => t1=17.14=> t1=18.0
Obs. To be used only for extreme loads with advice of structural department.
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8.SUMMARY
8.1 When having regulamentar penetration in girders and structural deck or bulckheads will be used next structural
rules:
-The cutout should be centrally placed in the web, and eccentricity of the opening is avoided as far as possible.
-The longitudinal side of penetration will be oriented on longitudinal side of the girder.
-All penetration will be well rounded, no corners allowed.
-Avoid penetration in the area close to the support of the beam.
-Avoid cutouts under concentrated loads.
-Respect min. distances presented in this document.
8.2 Penetrations of structural members carrying extreme and concentrated loads or situation that can not
respect the therms of this document should be referred to structural department.
8.3 It is important to keep penetrations under control and for this to happen, special meeting will be held between
hull department, piping department and Vard Electro. These meethings:
- will be held before hull department starts a new project.
- will establish preliminary routes of piping and cables based on GA and class documentation.
- will try to head off conflict situations between body structure and these routes and if necessary will give solutions
or recommendations depending on each case.
8.4 Hull designers have the responsibility of checking if a penetration respects indications presented in this
document. If there is a mismatch situation, these situations will be discussed and the optimal solution will be
applied.
8.5 Hull department will inform pipe department or Vard Electro if the penetrations through girders can not be
performed as requested. Alternative solutions will be found and collaterally agreed.
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
No.Crt. Source Element

Nassco Outfitting design for producibility manual Fig.No 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17,
1 1)
Section 19- General penetration guidelines Informational content labelled with
Guideline, Standard penetrations in accomodation Fig.No 3,
2 2)
area- Vard Design Informational content labelled with
Fig.No 21
3 DNV Pt.3Ch.1 3)
Informational content labelled with

VARD 848-851 Guideline - Hull - Penetration Standard

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This guidelines will determinate

CHECKED Basic Design Departament

PREPARED: Basic Design Departament VERIFIED: Basic Design Departament

Fig.No.2 Penetration above or bilow pillars/girders below main deck

Fig.No.3 Pillars in superstructure

S=800+5L [mm], S max=1800 [mm]

Fig.No.5 Depth definition

Fig.No.6 Non-circular penetrations corners

Fig.No.7 Penetration dimension

1.9 For proximity of penetrations to weld seams use next values:

Fig.No.8 Proximity of penetrations to weld

Fig.No.9 Penetration surface

Fig.No.10 Penetration forbidden areas

2.GIRDERS, BEAMS AND STIFFENERS PENETRATIONS

Fig.No.11 Distance between penetration and girder flange/deck

Fig.No.12 Penetration in way of girder extremities

Fig.No.13 Min. distance between penetrations

Fig.No.14 Distance between opening and stiffener cutout

3.STRUCTURAL DECKS AND BULKHEADS PENETRATIONS

Fig.No.15 Structural decks and bulkheads penetration

Fig.No.16 Penetration above doors

Fig.No.17 Penetrations in structural decks

4.PENETRATION IN FLOORS AND LONGITUDINAL GIRDERS IN DOUBLE BOTTOMS

Fig.No.18 Penetration in double bottom

5.PENETRATION IN SIDE SHELL WEB FRAMES

Fig.No.19 Penetration in shell web frames

Fig.No.20 Compensation rules

Fig.No.21 Alternative reinforcement

Fig.No.22 Alternative reinforcement with insertion

Fig.No.23 Use of collars

7.1 Regular transversal view:

Fig.No.24 E.g. Transversal view

7.2 Transversal view, girder above/below:

Fig.No.25 E.g. Girder above/below

7.3 Structural bulckhead:

Fig.No.26 E.g. Structural bulckhead

7.4 Flat bar compensation:

Fig.No.27 E.g. flat bar compensation

D=450 (web height)

An =2.5bt = 2500=>2xFB section =2500=>FB section=1250=>FB125x10 (or FB100x12.5, or…).

7.5 Ring flat bar compensation:

Fig.No.28 E.g. ring flat bar compensation

D=450 (web height)

An =2.5bt = 2500=>2xFB section =2500=>FB section=1250=>FB125x10 (or FB100x12.5, or…).

7.6 Plate insertion compensation:

Fig.No.29 E.g. flat bar compensation

No.Crt. Source Element

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