Prepared by Kaoutar Bazaz

Master of “Teaching English as a Foreign Language”, Semester 1

Date: 05/02/2020

Phonetics Practicals

Task 2 (p. 34, 35)

Describe the sounds below in terms of the following features, in the order given, as
in the example:
Nasal / oral, voiced / voiceless, place and manner of articulation
Example: [p] → oral voiceless bilabial stop
1. [h] → oral voiceless glottal fricative
2. [ɸ] → oral voiceless bilabial fricative
3. [q] → oral voiceless uvular stop
4. [ʧ] → oral voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
5. [n] → nasal voiced alveolar
6. [k] → oral voiceless velar stop
7. [f] → oral voiceless labiodental fricative
8. [ʃ] → oral voiceless palatal fricative
9. [ʕ] → oral voiced pharyngeal fricative
10. [b] → oral voiced bilabial stop
11. [d] → oral voiced alveolar stop
12. [x] → oral voiceless velar fricative
13. [ʔ] → oral voiceless glottal stop
14. [ʒ] → oral voiced palatal fricative
15. [w] → oral voiced bilabial glide
16. [ħ] → oral voiceless pharyngeal fricative
17. [j] → oral voiced palatal glide
18. [y] → high front rounded vowel
19. [s] → oral voiceless alveolar fricative
 Task 3 (p. 35, 36)
What articulatory feature(s) do the sounds in each set have in common?
Example: [p, b, m] → bilabial
1. [d, n, t, z] → alveolar
2. [œ, y, o, u] → rounded vowels
3. [d, n, l, s] → alveolar
4. [m, ɳ, n, ɲ] → nasal
5. [u, i, y, ɯ] → high vowel
6. [y, œ, ɶ, i] → front vowel
7. [z, ɵ, ɸ, v] → fricative
8. [n, l, s, z] → alveolar
9. [n, w, r, j] → [+ voice]
10. [s, p, Ɵ, f] → [- voice]
11. [c, ɲ, ʎ, j] → palatal

Task 6 (p. 38)

Give at least three sounds that share each of the features below:
Example: [-voice] → [p], [s], and [k]
1. [+voice] → [b], [v], and [z]
2. [+nasal] → [m], [n], and [ɳ]
3. [+alveolar] → [z], [n], and [l]
4. [+back] → [u], [ʌ], and [a]
5. [+sonorant] → [l], [w], and [j]
6. [+continuant] → [e], [ɛ], and [ʃ]
7. [+stop] → [b], [d], and [g]
8. [+front] → [i], [e], and [æ]
9. [-sonorant] → [ʧ], [ʤ], and [ʔ]
10. [-nasal] → [l], [r], and [t]
11. [-round] → [i], [e], and [ʌ]
12. [-low] → [i], [y], and [u]

Task 11 (p. 44, 45)

Fill in the blanks to complete the statements, as in the example. (p. 38)
Example: Phonetics is …. the study of human speech sounds ….
1. A speech sound can be studied in terms of its place and manner of articulation.
2. A vowel can be described with respect to its height, backness, and rounding.
3. Auditory phonetics studies the manner in which speech sounds are perceived.
4. Although speech is physically continuum, it is psychologically regarded as a set of
discontinuous, independent entities.
 5. Phonetic transcription is necessary because there is no correspondence between writing
system and spelling. In many languages one sound is represented by many letters in the
orthography, while one letter stands for many pronunciation (realizations).
6. The most important speech organ is the tongue. It has three main parts: lip, back, and
lamina.
7. A group f sounds sharing the same phonetic feature (s) is referred to as a natural class.
8. Fricatives differ from plosives in that the production of fricative sounds involves
blocking the air at some point in the vocal tract, allowing it to escape through a narrow
opening, while the production of plosives involves stopping the air completely at some
point in the vocal tract and then suddenly releasing it.
9. The difference between nasal consonants and oral stops is that nasal consonants are
produced by lowering the velum, allowing air to get into the nasal cavity and escape
through the nose to the outside, while oral stops are produced by stopping the air
completely at some point in the vocal and then suddenly releasing it.
10. Cardinal vowels serve as reference points in the description of all vowels.
11. The difference between coarticulation and double articulation is that coarticulation is a
subordinate to a primary articulation, while double articulation involves two separate
articulatory gestures of equal importance.
12. A diacritic is a symbol that indicates co-articulation.
13. Velaric airstream involves the following operation: the velum is closed, and part of the
tongue is placed at some point of the roof of the mouth, creating an empty space.
14. The difference between egressive and ingressive air mechanisms is that the egressive
mechanism involves the air coming out of the lungs to produce sounds, while the
ingressive mechanism involves the air flowing from the outside into the vocal tract to
produce sounds.
15. A broad phonetic transcription and a narrow phonetic transcription differ in that a
narrow transcription is a maximally detailed specification of an utterance, recording as
many phonetic characteristics of an articulation as possible, whereas a broad
transcription does not contain any unnecessary phonetics details.

Morphology Practicals
Task 1 (p. 138)

Complete the sentences below.

Example: Morphology … the study of word building in human language …
1. The lexicon of a language is the set of words that is used to convey meaning.
2. The difference between a lexeme and a word-form is that lexemes are the basic forms,
wherein word-forms consist of other forms beside the basic form of a lexeme.
3. The difference between a stem a root is that a root does not contain any affixes,
whereas a stem contains inflectional affixes.
4. Bound and free morphemes differ in that free morphemes can occur in isolation, but
bound morphemes can only occur in combination with other morphemes.
5. A suffix is a bound morphemes or affix that attached after the base.
 6. A superfix is a phonetic element operation above the phones of a word and serving a
grammatical distinction.
7. Agglutinative languages use affixes that stand for single grammatical categories, such
as number, concatenated (placed one after the other) with relatively little phonological
changes.
8. Fusional languages are inflecting languages characterized by considerable
morphophonological alternation.
9. Morphemes in Arabic verbs are not concatenated in a linear way.
10. Inflection is a morphological process whereby affixes are added to a stem to produce a
new word-form, without changing the part of speech of that stem.

Reference:
Alaoui, A., Jmila, M., Afkinish, T. (2019). PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY: A
practical resource. Publications of Interlangues Ltd.