SHORT METHODS

Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients

( )
A particular solution of a linear differential equation f D y = R with constants coefficents is given by

1
y= R . For certain forms of R the labour involved in evaluating this symbol may be considerably
( )
f D
shortened, as follows:

1. If R is of the form R0 , R0 is a constant.

( )
(a) If f D = a0 Dn + a1 Dn−1 + a2Dn−2 + ! + an and an ≠ 0 , then

R0
yp =
an

( )
(b) If f D = a0 Dn + a1 Dn−1 + a2Dn−2 + ! + an−k D k and an = 0 , then

R0
yp = xk

Prepared by: Engr. Michael L. Zarco

Administrative Officer
k!an−k

October 21, 2017

ax
2. If R is of the form e .
()
(a) If f a ≠ 0 , then

1 1
y= e ax = e ax
( )
f D ()
f a

()
(b) If f a = 0 , then

1 1 xn
y= e ax = = e ax
( )
f D
(D − a) g (D)
n n! g a ()

Date:
( )
3. If R is of the form sin ax + b or cos ax + b . ( )
( )
(a) If f −a 2 ≠ 0 , then

(i) y=
1
(
sin ax + b =) 1
(
sin ax + b )
( )
f D 2
( )
f −a 2

(ii) y=
1
(
cos ax + b =) 1
(
cos ax + b )
( )
f D 2
( )
f −a 2

( )
(b) If f −a 2 = 0 , then

(i) y=
1
(
sin ax + b =) 1
(
sin ax + b = − ) x
(
cos ax + b )
( )
f D2 ( )
f −a 2 2a

(i) y=
1
(
cos ax + b =) 1
(
cos ax + b = ) x
(
sin ax + b )
( )
f D2 ( )
f −a 2 2a

1
4. If R is of the form x m ,

y=
1
( )
f D
(
x m = a0 + a1 D + a2D 2 + ! + am Dm x m , ) an ≠ 0 ,

1
obtained by expanding in ascending powers of D and suppressing all terms beyond Dn , since
f D ( )
Dn x m = 0 when n > m .

5. If R is of the form e ax g x ,()

y=
f D
1
( ) ()
e ax g x = e ax
(
f D+a
1
) ()
g x

6. If R is of the form xg x , ()
y=
1
()
xg x = x
1
()
g x −
f' D( ) g (x)
f (D) f (D) ⎡ f ( D )⎤
2
⎣ ⎦

Prepared by: Engr. Michael L. Zarco

Administrative Officer
SOLVED PROBLEMS

October 21, 2017

(
1. Find a particular solution of D 2 + 8 y = 36 . )
Solution:
36
A particular solution is y p = = 2.
18

(
2. Find a particular solution of D5 − 9D3 y = 27 . )
Solution:

Date:
27 1
A particular solution is y p = x3 = − x3 .
3! −9( ) 2

(
3. Find a particular solution of D3 − 2D 2 − 5D + 6 y = e4x . )
Solution:
1 1 1 1 4x
A particular solution is y p = e4x = e4x = e4x = e .
( D −1)( D − 3)( D + 2) (4 −1)(4 − 3)(4 + 2) (3)(1)(6) 18

(
4. Find a particular solution of D3 − 2D 2 − 5D + 6 y = e3x . )
Solution:
1 x xe3x
A particular solution is y p = e3x = e3x = .
( D − 3)( D −1)( D + 2) ( )( )
1! 2 5 10

(
5. Find a particular solution of D 2 + 4 y = sin 3x . )
2
 Solution:
1 1 1
A particular solution is y p = sin 3x = sin 3x = − sin 3x .
( D + 4)
2
()
− 3 +4
2 5

(
6. Find a particular solution of D 4 +10D 2 + 9 y = cos 2x + 3 . ) ( )
Solution:

A particular solution is y p =
1
(
cos 2x + 3 = ) ( −31)(5) cos (2x + 3) = − 151 cos (2x + 3) .
( D +1)( D + 9)
2 2

(
7. Find a particular solution of D 2 + 3D − 4 y = sin 2x . )
Solution:
1 1 1 3D + 8
A particular solution is y p = sin 2x = sin 2x = sin 2x = sin 2x
2
D + 3D − 4 ( −4) + 3D − 4 3D − 8 9D 2 − 64

=−
1
(3D + 8) sin 2x = − 100
1
(6cos2x + 8sin 2x ) = − 501 (4sin 2x + 3cos2x ) .

Prepared by: Engr. Michael L. Zarco

100

Administrative Officer
(
8. Find a particular solution of D 2 + 4 y = cos2x . )

October 21, 2017

Solution:
cos2x x 1
A particular solution is y p = = sin 2x = x sin 2x .
D +42
()
2 2 4

9. Find a particular solution of (2D + 2D + 3) y = x

2 2
+ 2x −1 .
Solution:

A particular solution is y p =
2D + 2D + 32( x + 2x −1) = ⎜ − D −
1 ⎛1 2
⎝3 9
2
27
2
D ⎟ ( x + 2x −1)
⎞
⎠
2 2

Date:
= ( x + 2x −1) − ( 2x + 2) − ( 2) = x + x −
1 22 2 1 2 25 2
.
3 9 27 3 9 27

10. Find a particular solution of ( D − 4D + 3D ) y = x .

3 2 2

Solution:
1 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 1 ⎛1 4 13 2 ⎞ 2
A particular solution is y p = x2 = x = ⎜ + D+ D ⎟x
(
D D 2 − 4D + 3 ) ⎜ ⎟
D ⎝ D 2 − 4D + 3 ⎠ D⎝3 9 27 ⎠

1 ⎛1 2 8 26 ⎞ ⎛1 8 26 ⎞ 1 4 26
= ⎜ x + x + ⎟ = ∫ ⎜ x 2 + x + ⎟ dx = x 3 + x 2 + x.
D⎝3 9 27 ⎠ ⎝3 9 27 ⎠ 9 9 27

11. Find a particular solution of ( D − 4) y = x e

2 2 3x
.

Solution:
1 1 1
A particular solution is y p = x 2e3x = e3x x 2 = e3x x2
( D + 3)
2 2 2
D −4 −4 D + 6D + 5

3
 ⎛1 6 31 2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ x 2 12 62 ⎞
= e3x ⎜ − D+ D ⎟ x = e3x ⎜ − x+ ⎟.
⎝ 5 25 125 ⎠ ⎝ 5 25 125 ⎠

12. Find a particular solution of D 2 + 3D + 2 y = x sin 2x .( )

Solution:
1 1 2D + 3
A particular solution is y p = x sin 2x = x sin 2x − sin 2x
( )
2 2 2
D + 3D + 2 D + 3D + 2
D 2 + 3D + 2

1 2D + 3
=x sin 2x − sin 2x
3D − 2 D + 6D +13D 2 +12D + 4
4 3

1 2D + 3
=x sin 2x − sin 2x
3D − 2
( −4) + 6( −4) D +13( −4) +12D + 4
2

3D + 2 1 ( 2D + 3) (3D − 8)
=x sin 2x + sin 2x
9D 2 − 4 4 9D 2 − 64

Prepared by: Engr. Michael L. Zarco

Administrative Officer
=
(
−x 3cos2x + sin 2x ) + 24sin 2x + 7cos2x .
20 200

October 21, 2017

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

Find a particular solution for the following differential equations.

( D − 2D − 5D + 6) y = (e + 3) e4x 3 2x 3
2
3 2 2x
1. Ans. − e +
18 2 2

2. ( D − 5D + 8D − 4 ) y = e + 2e + 3e
1 2 2x 1
2 2 2x x −x
Ans. x e + 2xe x − e −x

Date:
2 6

3. ( D + D + D +1) y = sin 2x + cos3x ( ) ( )

3 2 1 1
Ans. 2cos2x − sin 2x − 3sin 3x + cos3x
15 80

4. ( D − D +1) y = sin 2x ( )
2 1
Ans. 2cos2x − 3sin 2x
13

5. ( D − 2D + 4 ) y = x + 3x − 5x + 2
3 4 2 1 4 1 3 3 2 5 7
Ans. x + x + x − x−
4 2 2 4 8

6. ( D + 2D − 3D ) y = x + 3e + 4sin x ( )
x2
4 3 2 2 2x
Ans. −
108
3x 2 + 8x + 28 +
3 2x 2
20
e + cos x + 2sin x
5
( )
7. ( D + 2D + 4 ) y = e sin x
ex
2 x
Ans. −
73
(
8cos2x − 3sin 2x )
8. ( D − 4D + 3) y = 2xe + 3e cos2x
2 3x x
Ans.
1 3x 2
2
( 3
)
e x − x − e x cos2x + sin 2x
8
( )
9. ( D −1) y = x sin 3x
2 2 25x 2 −13 3
Ans. − sin 3x − x cos3x
250 25

10. ( D − 3D − 6D + 8) y = xe
e −3x
3 2 −3x
Ans. −
784
(
28x + 39 )
4