1

CONCEPT-1
(a) Definition :
b
If f(x) is a continuous single valued function in [a, b] then f (x) dx is defined as the area bounded by
a

the curve, the x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b [Assuming that area above the
x-axis is positive and area below the x-axis is negative].

(b) Evaluation of Integral as limit of a sum :

If f(x) is a continuous and single valued function in the closed interval [a, b], a < b, then
Lim h. [f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n – 1)h)],
h 0

where nh = b – a is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b is written as f x dx.
a
b

Thus, f x = Lim h. [f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n – 1)h)], where nh = b – a.
h 0
a
(c) Some useful summation furmulae :
n 1 n 1
n 1 .n
(i) 1 n (ii) r
r 0 r 0 2
n 1 n 1 2
2 n 1 .n 2n 1 3 n 1n
(iii) r (iv) r
r 0 6 r 0 2

n 1 nh
sin a h sin
2 2
(v) sin a + sin (a + h) + sin (a + 2h) + ... + sin (a + (n– 1) h) = h
sin
2
n 1 nh
cos a h sin
2 2
(vi) cos a + cos (a + h) + cos (a + 2h) + ... + cos (a + (n– 1) h) = h
sin
2
(d) Evaluation of limit of sum using integrals :
If f(x) is an integrable function defined on [a, b] then we define
b
b a
f (x) dx lim h [f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n –1)h)], where h
h 0 n
a

Clearly, as h 0, we have n
b
f (x) dx lim h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n –1)h)] ...(i)
n
a
 2

b a 1 0 1
Putting , a = 0, b = 1, h = in (i), we get
n n n
1 1 1 2 n 1
f (x) dx = nlim f (0) f f ... f
n n n n
0
1 1n 1 r
or, f (x) dx = nlim f
nr 0 n
0
This formula is very useful in finding the summation of infinite sereis which are expressible in the form

1 r
f The following algorithm provides the procedure.
n n
Algorithm :
Step-1 Obtian the given series.

1 b r
Step-2 Express the series in the form lim f
n nr a n

r 1
Step-3 Replace by , by x and by dx.
n n

a
Step-4 Obtain lower limit of integral by computing lim .
n n

b
Step-5 Obtain upper limit of integral by computing lim .
n n
Step-6 Evaluate the integral obtained in previous step. The value so obtained is the required sum of the
given series.

Concept Exercise 1.1 Level-1

Evaluate the following integrals using limit of a sum :

2 2

1. x 4 dx 2. 2x 3 dx
0 1

3
1
3. x 3 dx 4. 2x 2 3 dx
0
1

1 2
5. 3x 2 1 dx 6. x 2 1 dx
0 1

2 3

7. x 2
2 dx 8. 2x 2 5 dx
1 1

5 5
1
9. x2 dx 10. 3x 2 5x dx
2
2 2
 3

2 3
11. x2 5x dx 12. x2 x 2 dx
1 1

3 2

13. 2x 2
3x 5 dx 14. e x dx
0 0

2
1
15. x
e dx 16. e3x 1 dx
0
1

3 1
x
17. e dx 18. e2 3x
dx
1 0

 /2 b

19. cos x dx 20. sin x dx

0 a

b b

21. cos x dx 22. sin 2 x dx

a a

Concept Exercise 1.2 Level-2

1 1 1 1
1. Evaluate : nlim ... .
n 1 n 2 n 3 n n

n n n
2. Evaluate : nlim 2 2 2 2
... 2 .
n 1 n 2 n n2

1m 2m 3m ... n m 1
3. Evaluate : nlim =
nm 1 m 1

1 1 2 4 n
4. Evaluate : nlim 2
sec2 2 2
sec2 2 ... sec2 1 .
n n n n n2

1 1 1 1
5. Evaluate : nlim ... .
n n 1 n 2 3n

1 1 1 1
6. Evaluate : nlim ... .
na na 1 na 2 nb

(n!)1/n
7. Evaluate : lim .
n n
n

8. If np = 1, then evaluate : nlim [1 (rp) 2 ]1/r .

r 1

2/n 2 4/n 2 6/ n 2 2n /n 2
1 22 32 n2
9. Evaluate : nlim 1
n2
1
n2
1
n2
... 1
n2 .
 4

n n
1
r.
r 1 r 1 r
10. Evaluate : lim n
n
r
r 1
n n 1
n n
11. Let Sn = 2 and T n = , for n = 1, 2, 3, .....
k 1n nk k 2 k 0 n 2
nk k2
 
Prove that Sn < , Tn >
3 3 3 3

CONCEPT-2
(a) Fundamental Theorem :
If f(x) is a continuous and single valued function of
a x in the interval [a, b], where a and b are finite and
let F(x) is an antidarivative of f(x) then i.e. F'(x) = f(x)
b
f (x) dx = F(b) – F(a)
a
(b) Definite Integral by substitution :
b g(b)
f[g(x)]g '(x)dx f (t) dt [Putting g(x) = t]
a g(a)

Concept Exercise 2.1 Level-1

Evaluate the following integrals :

3  /4

1. (i) (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) dx (ii) sin 2 x dx

1 0

 /2 / 4
x
(iii) cos 2 dx (iv) (2sec 2 x x3 2)dx .
0
2 0

  /3  /2
1 cos x sin x
2. (i) dx . (ii) dx (iii) cos .cos ec 2  d
/ 2
1 cos x  /6
c os 2 x  /4

1
1 1
3. (i) If f(x) = a + bx + cx , then show that 2 f (x)dx f (0) 4f f (1) .
0
6 2

a / 2 a 1

(ii) If x dx 2a 3
sin x dx, find the value of x dx .
0 0 a

/ 2  /4
x x
4. (i) sin cos x 2 1 dx (ii) sin 2x sin 3x dx
0
2 2 0
 5

 /4 / 4
dx
(iii) (iv) 1 sin 2x dx
0
1 cos 2x 0

 /2

(v) 1 cos 2x dx
0

/ 4 / 4
dx
5. (i) (ii) 1 sin 2x dx
/ 4
1 sin x 0

 /2
 /2
(iii) sin 4 t dt (iv) cos3 x dx
0
0

/ 2 / 4  /4
sin 2  1 sin x
6. (i) d (ii) sec x dx (iii) (tan x cot x) 2 dx .
0
(1 cos ) 2 0
1 sin x 0

 /3 1
(sin x cos x) x4 1
7. (i) Find the value of dx (ii) Evaluate : dx .
0 1 sin 2x 0
x2 1

3
x x2 1 dx
(iii) Evaluate : 1 1
tan tan dx . (iv) Evaluate :
(x 2
a ) (x 2
2
b2 )
.
1
x2 1 x 0

3 1 x  /6  /4
x e sin x
8. (i) 2
dx (ii) dx (iii) dx (iv) sec7  sin 3  d
2
x 1 0 x 0
cos3 x 0

2 2 1
cos x x2 1 x x
9. (i) dx (ii) e dx
0 4 3sin x 1
x2

1  /6
5x
(iii) dx (iv) (1 – cos 3 ) sin 3 d
0
(4 x 2 )2 0

 /4 1
sin 3 x dx
(v) dx (vi)
0
cos 5 x 0
(x 1)3/22

1 1
ex 2x
10. (i) dx (ii) dx
0
1 e 2x 0
1 x2

e2 / 2
dx
(iii) (iv) cos3 x(sin x)1/ 4 dx
1
x(1 log x) 2 0

1/3
 /2  /2
cos ec x . cot x
11. (i) x 2 sin(x 3 ) dx (ii) dx
0  /6
1 cos ec 2 x

3
 /2 2
4 3
(iii) cos x sin x dx (iv) x cos 2 (x 3/ 2 ) dx
0 0
 6

2 a
2 x dx
12. (i) dx (ii) 2
0
2 x 0
(a x 2 )3/2

/ 2  /4
sin 2 
(iii) d (iv) 2 tan 3 x dx
0
(1 cos ) 2 0

 /2 / 2
(sin x cos x)
13. (i) sin  cos5  d (ii) dx
0 0
1 sin x cos x

 /2 / 2
dx (sin x cos x) 2
(iii) (iv) dx
0
cos x(9 16 tan 2 x)
2
0 1 sin 2x

/ 4  /3
sec x tan x
14. (i) (tan 2  tan 4 )d (ii) dx
0 0
1 sec2 x

/ 4 1
tan 1 x
(iii) Prove that : 3
2 tan x dx = 1 – log 2 (iv) dx
0 0
(1 x 2 )

1 2
2x 3 6x 3
15. (i) dx (ii) dx
0
5x 2 1 0
x2 4

3 2
x 1 dx
(iii) 2
dx (iv)
2
x (x 1) 1
x x3

2  /2
5x 2 cos x
16. (i) dx (ii) dx
1
x 2 4x 3 0
(1 sin x)(2 sin x)

1 1
x
(iii) xe dx (iv) (x – 2) (2x + 3)ex dx
0 0

1 1
x
17. (i) log (1 + x) dx (ii) x log 1 dx
0 0
2

(  /2)1/3 / 4
5 3
(iii) x sin x dx (iv) ex sin x dx
0 0

1 2
x 1 x
18. (i) tan x dx–1
(ii) e dx
0 1
x2
1  2 /4

(iii) sin–1 x dx (iv) sin x dx

0 0

1 1 1
1 2x x
19. (i) x tan x dx –1
(ii) sin (iii) xe x sin dx
0 0
1 x2 0
4
 7

Concept Exercise 2.2 Level-2

Evaluate the following integrals :

a / 4
a x sin x
1. (i) dx (ii) dx
a
a x 0
cos 3x 3cos x

 /2 1
dx
(iii) cos x cos3 x (sec2x – 1) cos2 x dx (iv) .
0 1
a e b2e
2 x x

a  /4
a2 x2 sin x cos x
2. (i) dx (ii) dx
a/2
x2 0
9 16sin 2x

 /2
dx
(iii) tan x cot x dx (iv) 2
0 0
(x a )(x 2
2
b2 )

 /2  /4
dx dx
3. (i) (ii)
0
5 3cos x 0
cos x cos x sin 2 x sin 4 x
4 2

/ 2
cos x
(iii) 3
dx
/ 4 x x
cos sin
2 2

 /2  /2
1 cos x dx
4. (i) dx (ii)
 /3
(1 cos x)5/2 0
4 9cos 2 x

1
 /4 sin 2 1 x2
(iii) d (iv) x dx
0 4
sin  cos  0
1 x2

 /2  /2
dx dx
5. (i) (ii)
0
4sin x 5cos 2 x
2
0
a sin x b 2 cos 2 x
2 2

 /2 / 2
cos x dx
6. (i) dx (ii)
0
1 cos x sin x 0
5 4sin x

 /2  /2
dx dx
(iii) (iv)
0
2 cos x 0
3 2sin x cos x

 /4 
dx
7. (i) tan x dx (ii) .
0  (x ) ( x)
 8

1 
–1 2
8. (i) (cos x) dx (ii) cos 2x log sin x dx
0 0

1
1 1 x
(iii) sin 2 tan dx
0
1 x

 /3 / 4
sin x cos x sin x cos x
9. (i) dx (ii) dx
 /6 sin 2x 0
9 16 sin 2x

CONCEPT-3
a

Prop-1 : f (x) dx 0
a
b a

Prop-2 : f (x)dx f (x)dx

a b

b b

Prop-3 : f (x)dx f (z)dz

a a

b c b
Prop-4 : f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx
a a c

Concept Exercise 3.1 Level-1

Evaluate the following integrals :

3
x 2 x, 1 x 2
1. (i) f (x)dx, where f (x)
1
3x, 2 x 3

4
2x 8, 1 x 2
(ii) f (x) dx where f (x)
1 6x, 2 x 4


sin x, if 0 x
2
9

(iii) f (x) dx, where f (x) 1, if x 3
0
2
e x 3 , if 3 x 9

1 1 3
2. (i) | x | dx (ii) e|x| dx (iii) | x | dx
1 1 2

1 2
3 |x|
(iv) x | x | dx (v) dx
1 1
x
 9

8 6 5

3. (i) | x 5 | dx (ii) |x 2 | dx (iii) |x 2 | dx

2 6 5

1 2 2
dx
(iv) | 2x 1| dx (v) | 2x 3 | dx (vi)
1/4 2 2
1 | x 1|

2
3
4. (i) (| x | | x 1|) dx (ii) f (x) dx , where f(x) = | x | + |x – 1| + |x – 2|
2
0

5
(iii) f (x) dx , where f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 3| + |x – 4|.
2

2 2 4
3 2
5. (i) |x x | dx (ii) |x 2x 3 | dx (iii) | x2 4 | dx .
1 0 0

 /2  2
6. (i) | sin x | dx (ii) | cos x | dx (iii) | sin x | dx
 /2 0 0

2  /4

(iv) | cos x | dx (v) | sin x | dx

0  /4

 /2 / 2

7. (i) cos x | sin x | dx (ii) | sin x cos x | dx

 /2 0

/ 2 / 2
8. (i) sin | x | dx (ii) f (x)dx, where f(x) = sin | x | + cos | x |.
/ 2 / 2

 /2

(iii) (sin | x | cos | x |)dx

 /2

1/2 3/2
x 3/2
9. (i) x cos dx (ii) | x sin x | dx (iii) | x cos  x | dx
1/2
2 1 0

4
10. (i) [x] dx, where [x] is the greatest integer function.
0

2
(ii) x 2 [x]dx, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
0

b| x|
11. Prove that : dx | b | | a |
a x
 10

Concept Exercise 3.2 Level-2

2 1
1. The value of x[2x]dx,. 2. The value of [3x 1]dx,.
0 1

2 2
3. Evaluate : [3x]dx,. 4. The value of [x 2 ]dx,.
1 0

1.5 9
5. Evaluate : [x 2 ] dx,. 6. The value of { x} dx,.
0 0

10 2 2
7. The value of [x1/3 1]dx,. 8. Evaluate : x[x ]
[x 2 ]x dx .
0 1

n n(n 1) 2
9. Prove that : [x] dx . 10. The value of [x [x [x]]]dx,.
0 2 0

20 3/ 2
11. The value of [ln x] dx, 12. The value of [2 sin x] dx,.
1 / 2


13. Evaluate : [2 sin x]dx,.
0

x  
14. The value of [cos t] dt, where x (4n 1) ,(4n 3) and n N.
0 2 2

x [x] ([x] 1)
15. Prove that : [t] dt + [x] (x – [x]).
0 2


x sin 2x sin cos x
16. Evaluate :
 2
dx
0 (2x )

17. For any t R and f be continuous function,

1 cos 2 t
Let I1 = x f (x(2 x)) dx and
sin 2 t

1 cos 2 t
I2 = f (x(2 x)) dx, then find I1 : I2.
sin 2 t

2 dx
18. Evaluate : 0 (17 8x 4x 2 )(e6(1 x)
1)

101 dx 101 dx
19. If I1 = and I2 = , then find I1 / I2.
100 (5 2x 2x 2 )(1 e 2 4x
) 100 (5 2x 2x 2 )

2 (2x 7 3x 6 10x 5 7x 3 12x 2 x 1)

20. Evaluate : dx
2 (x 2 2)

 /4 e x sec 2 x
21. Find the value of dx .
 / 4 e 2x 1
 11

CONCEPT-4
b b

Prop-5 : f (x)dx (a b x)dx

a a
a a

Prop-6 : (a) f (x)dx f (a x)dx

0 0
a a
1
(b) f (x)dx f (x) f (a x)dx
0
20
a
a
2 f (x)dx, if f (x) is an even function
Prop-7 : f (x)dx 0
a
0, if f (x) is an odd function
a a

Prop-8 : f (x) dx [f (x) f ( x)] dx

a 0

2a a

Prop-9 : (a) f (x)dx 2 f (x)dx, if f (2a x) f (x)

0 0
0, if f (2a x) f (x)

2a a

(b) f (x)dx f (x) f (2a x)dx

0 0

 /2  /2

Prop-10 log sin x dx log cos x dx log 2
0 0
2

/ 2  /2

log sec x dx log cosec x dx log 2
0 0
2

 /2  /2
log tan x dx log cot x dx 0
0 0

Concept Exercise 4.1 Level-1

Evaluate the following integrals :

 /2  /2
cos x cot x
1. (i) dx (iii) dx
0
sin x cos x 0 cot x tan x

 /2  /2
dx dx
(v) (vi)
0
1 tan x 0
1 cot x

 /3 / 2
dx sin 4 x
2. (i) (ii) dx
 /6 1 cot x 0
sin 4 x cos 4 x
 12

 /3 / 2
dx tan 7 x
(iii) (iv) dx
 /6 1 tan x 0
cot 7 x tan 7 x

 /6 dx
(v)  /3 1 tan 2n x

a 4
x x
3. (i) dx (ii) dx
0 x a x 1 5 x x

3 7 3
4 x x
(iii) dx (iv) 3 3
dx
1 x 4 x 0 x 7 x

 /2  /2
2008sin x 200 sin x 100cos x
4. dx 5. dx
0
2008sin x 2008cos x 0
sin x cos x

 /2 2a
(x) f (x)
6. dx 7. dx
 f (x) f (2a x)
0 (x)  x 0
2

 /2
dx 6
x
8. 9. dx
0
1 tan 3 x 9 x x
3


 /2 x
4
10. dx
0 sin x cos x

 /2
2 1 sin 2 x
11. (i) dx (ii) dx
0 1 esin x 0
sin x cos x

  /2
sin x cos x
(iii) sin 2 x cos 3 x dx (iv) dx
0 0
1 sin x cos x

 /4 1
log(1 x)
12. (i) log(1 tan )d (ii) dx
0 0
1 x2

1
1  /2 4 3sin x
13. (i) log 1 dx (ii) log dx
0
x 0 4 3cos x

1 2

14. (i) x(1 x)3/2 dx (ii) x 2 x dx

0 0

a
dx x dx
15. (i) (ii)
0 x a 2
x 2
0
(1 x) (1 x 2 )
 13

1
sin 1 x
(iii) dx
0
x

/ 2 / 2

16. (i) log (tan x)dx (ii) log (sin x)dx

0 0

 /2 

(iii) log [cos x]dx (iv) log (1 cos x)dx

0 0

/ 2 1
log x
17. (i) (2 log sin x log sin 2x)dx (ii) dx
0 0 1 x2

 
x tan x
18. (i) x sin x cos3 x dx (ii) dx
0 0
sec x cos x

 
x tan x x tan x
(iii) dx (iv) dx
0
sec x cos ec x 0
sec x tan x

  /2
x x dx
19. (i) dx (ii)
0
1 sin x 0
sin x cos x

 
x sin x 2 x sin x 
(iii) Prove that : dx (iv) Show that : dx (  2)
0
1 cos 2 x 4 0
1 sin x 2

/ 2 
x sin x cos x x dx
20. (i) dx (ii)
0
cos 4 sin 4 x 0
a cos x b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

3 / 4

(iii) d
 /4
1 sin 

1 1
1 2x 1 
21. (i) Prove that : tan dx 0 (ii) Prove that : cot 1 (1 x x 2 )dx log 2
0
1 x x2 0
2

/ 2  /4

22. (i) sin 2 x dx (ii) cos 2 x dx

/ 2  /4

1 

(iii) sin 5 x cos 4 x dx (iv) x10 sin 7 x dx

1 

1 1
2 x
23. (i) e|x|dx (ii) log dx
1 1
2 x
 14

/ 2 99

(iii) (x 3 x cos x tan 5 x 1)dx (iv) (x 99 x 49 x19 )dx

/ 2 99

24. (cos ax sin bx) 2 dx



Concept Exercise 4.2 Level-2

Evaluate the following integrals :

  
sin 2kx 
1. dx 2. Show that : x f (sin x)dx f (sin x)dx
0
sin x 0
20
a a
3. Show that f (x)g(x)dx 2 f (x)g(x)dx, if f and g are defined as f(x) = f(a – x) and g(x) + g(a – x) = 4.
0 0

 /2
1 1 sin 8x log (cot x)
4. log x dx . 5. dx
0
1 x2 x 0
cos 2x

2
1
/ 2 x  sin x
6. 4
dx
0
sin x cos x

CONCEPT-5
Let 'T' is the period of the function f(x) and n I
i.e. f(x + T) = f(x).
nT T
Prop-11 : f (x) dx n f (x) dx;
0 0

a nT T
Prop.-12 : f (x)dx n f (x)dx, n I and a R
a 0

nT T
Prop.-13 : f (x)dx (n m) f (x) dx
mT 0

b nT b
Prop.-14 : f (x) dx f (x)dx
a nT a

b nT T b
Prop.-15 : f (x) dx n f (x)dx f (x)dx, where f(x + T) = f(x), n I and a, b R.
a 0 a

b mT b T
Prop.-16 : f (x) dx f (x)dx (m n) f (x)dx, where f(x + T) = f(x), m, n I and a, b R.
a nT a 0

Concept Exercise 5 Level-2

100  199  1 cos 2x

1. Evaluate : (1 cos 2x) dx . 2. Evaluate : dx .
0  2
 15

11 /2 n  / 4
3. Evaluate : (1 cos 2x) dx . 4. Evaluate : | sin x cos x | dx(n N) .
3  /4

a  /2 10   /3
5. Evaluate : (sin 4 x cos 4 x)dx . 6. Evaluate : (sin x cos x)dx .
a 10   /6

n V
7. Show that : | sin x | dx = (2n + 1) – cos V, where n N and 0 V .
0

16  /3 1000 x [x]
8. Evaluate : | sin x | dx 9. Evaluate : e dx,.
0 0

10 500
r
10. Evaluate : Sgn(x [x])dx, 11. The value of ex [x]
dx,
1 r 1
r 1

3
12. The value of cot 1 (cot x)dx


5 2
13. Evaluate : cot–1(tan x) dx = , then find the value of .
2 2

100 x x k[x ]
14. The value of dx, 15. The value of lim (kx [kx]) k dx,
0 2 2 k 0

10 4
16. The value of {2x}dx, 17. The value of { x}dx,
3/2 0

2
18. The value of {x 2 }dx,
0

x
19. If | sin t | dt = – cos x, where x (2n , (2n + 1) ), n N, then the value of is
0

(a) 4n – 1 (b) 4n (c) 4n + 1 (d) 0

32  /3
20. The value of (1 cos 2x) dx is
0

44 3 44 3 44 3 22 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
n t
21. If (| cos x | | sin x |)dx = + sin t – cos t, where x N, then the value of is
0

(a) 4n – 1 (b) 4n (c) 4n + 1 (d) 0

11 /2 / 2
22. If (sin4 x + cos4 x) dx =  (sin4 x + cos4 x) dx, then the value of .
0 0

(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 22 (d) 24

CONCEPT-6
Property-17 :
If on an internval [a, b] (a < b) the function f(x) and g(x) satisfy the condition f(x) g(x), then
b b
f (x)dx g(x)dx .
a a

b
In Particular : If f(x) 0, then f (x)dx 0, x [a, b]
a
 16

Property-18 :
It at every point x of an interval [a, b], the inequalities
g(x) f(x) h(x)
b b b
are fulfilled, then g(x)dx f (x)dx h(x)dx, a b
a a a

Property-19 :
If m is the least value (global minimum) and M is the greatest value (global maximum) of the function
f(x) on the interval [a, b], (estimation of an integral). Then
b
m (b – a) f (x)dx M(b a) (From Prop. 17)
a

Property-20 :
The following inequality is valid :
b b
f (x)dx | f (x) | dx; (a b)
a a

or if a is not necessarily less than b, then

b b
f (x)dx | f (x) | dx ,
a a

If f and | f | are integrable on [a, b]

Property-21 :
If f 2(x) and g2(x) are integrable on the interval [a, b], the Schwarz-Bunyakovsky inequality takes place:

b b 2 b
f (x)g(x) dx f (x)dx g 2 (x)dx
a a a

Concept Exercise 6 Level-2

1 x 1 x2
1. Prove that : e cos 2 x dx e cos 2 x dx .
0 0

6
2. If f(x) is continuous function such that f(x) 0 x [1, 9] and f (x) dx 0, then find the value
3

of f(5).

1 x7 1
3. Prove that : 0 < dx .
0 3
(1 x ) 8 8

1 1/2 dx 
4. Prove that : for n 1.
2 0
(1 x 2n ) 6

 1 dx 
5. Prove that : 6 0 2 3 4 2.
(4 x x )

2 5 x 6
6. Prove that : 1 < dx .
0 9 x2 5

3  /3 sin x 2
7. Prove that : dx .
8  /4 x 6
 17

3
8. Prove that : 4 (3 x 3 ) dx 2 30 .
1

19 sin x
9. Estimate the absolute value of the integral dx .
10 1 x8

1 15
10. Prove that : (1 x)(1 x 3 ) dx .
0 8

2 dx 2 1
11. Let I1 = 1 2 and I2 = dx, then
(1 x ) 1 x
(a) I1 > I2 (b) I2 > I1
(c) I1 = I2 (d) I1 > 2I2
e2 dx 2e
x
12. Let I1 = e ln x and I2 = dx, then
1 x
(a) I1 > I2 (b) I2 > I 1
(c) I2 = I1 (d) I1 > 2I2
 /4  /4
13. If I1 = sin 2 x dx and I2 = cos 2 x dx , then
0 0


(a) I1 > I2 (b) I2 > I1 (c) I1 = I2 (d) I 2 = I1 +
4
/4 x2 / 4 x /4 x2 /4 x2
14. Let I1 = e dx, I2 = e dx, I3 = e cos x dx and I4 = e sin x dx , then
0 0 0 0

(a) I 2 > I2 > I3 > I4 (b) I 2 > I3 > I4 > I1

(c) I 3 > I4 > I1 > I2 (d) I 2 > I1 > I3 > I4
1 dx
15. The smallest interval [a, b] such that [a, b], is given by
0
(1 x 4 )

1 1 3
(a) ,1 (b) [0, 1] (c) ,2 (d) ,1
2 2 4

/ 2 / 2 / 2
16. If S = cos (sin x) dx, K = cos x dx and G = sin (cos x) dx, then
0 0 0

(a) S>G>K (b) G>K>S

(c) K>G>S (d) S>K>G
1 2
17. If I = 1 ex dx , then
0

(a) I (1, 2) (b) I (0, 1)

1 1
(c) 1 ,2 (d) I ,2
e e
1dx
18. If I = , then
01x / 2
 
(a) 2 ln 2 > I > (b) ln 2 < I <
4 4
 18


(c) I < ln 2 (d) I>
4
1 x 1 x2 1 x2
19. Consider the integrals I 1 = e cos 2 x dx, I 2 = e cos 2 x dx, I 3 = e cos 2 dx and
0 0 0

1 (1/2)x 2
I4 = e dx . The greatest of these integrals is
0

(a) I1 (b) I 2 (c) I3 (d) I4

1
20. The value of (1 x)(1 x 4 ) dx is
0

3 3
(a) less than (b) less than or equal to
5 5
3 3
(c) greater than (d) greater than or equal to
5 5

CONCEPT-7

If n N, then the imporper integral e x .x n 1dx is defined as Gamma function and denoted by n.
0

i.e., n= e x .x n 1dx, where n Q+

0

Properties of Gamma Function :

(i) 1 = 1, 0 = , 1/2 = 

(ii) (n + 1) = n n = n(n – 1) (n – 1)

(iii) If n N then n= n 1

m 1 n 1
.
 /2 2 2
(iv) sin m x cos n x dx m > – 1, n > – 1.
0 m n 2
2
2
m 1
 /2  /2 2
sin m x dx cos m x dx .  m 1
(v) 0 0 m 2
2.
2

Concept Exercise 7 Level-2

Evaluate the following integrals :

n 1
x 4
1 1
1. e .x dx . 2. ln dx n N.
0 0 x

/2 /2
3. sin 8 x cos 4 x dx . 4. sin 7 x cos 4 x dx
0 0
 19

 /2  /2
5. sin 6 x cos 4 x dx 6. cos8 x dx
0 0

/2 /2
7. sin 7 x cos x dx 8. sin 7 x cos5 x dx
0 0

/2 / 2
9. sin 9 x cos 4 x dx 10. sin11 x dx
0 0

CONCEPT-8
(a) Definite integral as area under a curve :
If f(x) be a continuous non-negative function in a x b, then the area bounded by the curve y = f(x),
b

the x-axis and ordinates x = a and x = b is given by the definite A = f (x) dx .

a
y = f(x)

(b) Area lying below the x-axis : If f(x) 0 for a x b, then the graph of y = f(x) lies below the x-axis.
Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
b

Area ABCD, A = f (x)dx

a

(c) Area lying above as well as below the x-axis : If f(x) 0 for a x c and f(x) 0 for c x b,
then the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is equal to
c b
A f (x)dx f (x)dx
a c

A
 20

(d) The area bounded by the curve x = f(y), the y-axis and the abscissae y = c and y = d is equal to
d

A= f (y) dy
c

(e) If the curve x = f(y) lies to the left of y-axis, then the area bounded by the curve x = f(y), the y-axis and
the abscissae y = c and y = d is equal to
d
A= f (y) dy .
c

(f) Area between two curves :

Consider the area bounded by two curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and the lines x = a and x = b, where we
assume initially that 0 g(x) f(x) for a x b i.e., both the curves lie above the x-axis and the curve
y = f(x) lies above the curve y = g(x). The area in question is shown shaded in figure.

A = [f (x) g(x)] dx
a
where y = f(x) is the upper curve and y = g(x) is the lower curve.
The above formula can be conveniently remembered as :
b

A= (y upper ylower )dx

a

(g) Area of the region bounded by curves x = f(y), x = g(y), and lines y = a and y = b
b
Area = [f (y) g(y)] dy
a

b
Area = (x R x L ) dy
a
 21

a
A
b
x = g(y) x = f(y)
O
(h) Area bounded by y = f(x), x-axis, x = a and x = b is the same as the area bounded by x = f –1(y), y-axis,
y = a and y = b.
(i) Area bounded by f(x), y-axis and y = a and y = b is the same as the area bounded by f –1(x), x axis and
x = a and x = b.
(j) If y = f(x) is differentiable monotonic function, then area bounded by y = f(x), the straight line y = f(c),
a b
where c (a, b) and the ordinates x = a, x = b (b > a) attains its leat value when y = f , where
2
a b
c= .
2

Concept Exercise 8.1 Level-1

1. (i) Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2y = 5x + 7, x-axis and the lines
x = 2 and x = 8.
(ii) Find the area bounded by the curve y = x, then x-axis and the ordinates x = – 1, x = 2.
(iii) Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2y = – x + 8, x-axis and the lines
x = 2 and x = 4.
(iv) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3x + 2, the x-axis and ordinates x = –1 and
x = 1.
2. Find the area bounded by the curve :
(i) y = – x2, x-axis and the lines x = 0, x = 3.
(ii) Evaluate the area between the curve y = x2, x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2.
(iii) y = x2 – 4, x-axis and the lines x = 0, x = 3.
(iv) Draw a rough sketch of the curve y = x2 – 9 and find the area bounded by the curve, the linex
x = 0, x = 2 and the x-axis.
3. (i) Make a rough sketch of the gaph of the function y = 4 – x2, 0 x 2 and determine the area
enclosed between the curve and the lines x = 0, x = 2 and x-axis.
 22

(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = x – 2, x = 4, x = 6 and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
(iii) Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2, x = 4 and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
(iv) Sketch the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded by y = 9x2, x 0, y = 1 and y = 4. Also
find the area of the region using integration.
4. (i) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 16y, y = 1, y = 4 and the y-axis in the first quadrant.
(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis in the first quadrant.

5. (i) Draw a rough sketch of the curve y = 3x 4 and find the area under the curve, above the
x-axis and between x = 0 and x = 4.

(ii) Make a rough sketch of the curve y = 4 x 1 , 1 x 3 and evaluate the area between the
curve, the x-axis and the line x = 3.
6. (i) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 16x and the line x = 4.
(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y = 4.
7. (i) Find the area bounded by curve y2 = 4ax and the line y = 2a and y-axis.
(ii) Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 4a2 (x – 3) and the lines x = 3, y = 4a.
8. (i) Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = 2x – x2 and the x-axis and find its area, using
integration.
(ii) Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 2y – x and the y-axis.
9. The area between x = y2 and x = 4 is divided into two equal parts by the line x = a. Find the value of a.
10. (i) Find the whole area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = a2.

(ii) Draw the graph of the curve y = 9 x2 , x 0 and find the area bounded by the curve and the
co-ordinate axes.

x2 y2
11. (i) Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 1.
9 4

x2 y2
(ii) Draw a rough sketch of the graph of the curve 1 and evaluate the area of the region
4 9
under the curve and above the x-axis.

x2 y2
(iii) Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 1, a b.
a2 b2

x2 y2
(iv) Find the area bounded by the ellipse 2 1 and the ordinates x = ae and x = 0, where
a b2
b2 = a2 (1 – c2) and e < 1.
(v) Sketch the region {(x, y) : 4x2 + 9y2 = 36} and find its area using intergation.
12. Find the area bounded by the curve xy = 4, the x-axis and the ordinates x = 1, x = 3.
 23

2
13. (i) Sketch the graph of y = |x + 1|. Evaluate | x 1| dx . What does the value of this integral
4
represent on the graph ?
1
(ii) Sketch the graph of y = |x – 5|. Evaluate | x 5 | dx . What does the value of this integral represent
0
on the graph ?
0
(iii) Sketch the graph of y = |x + 3| and evaluate | x 3 | dx .
6

4
| x 2 | 2, x 2
14. Sketch the graph of f (x) . Evaluate f (x) dx. What does the value of this integral
x2 2, x 2 0

represent on the graph.


15. (i) Make a rough sketch of the graph of the function y = sin2 x, 0 x and find the area enclosed
2
between the curve and the x-axis.
(ii) Make a rough sketch of the graph of the function y = cos2 x, 0 x /2 and determine the area
enclosed between the curve and x-axis.
(iii) Draw a rough sketch of the curve y = 1 + 2 sin2 x and find the area between x-axis, the curve and
ordinates x = 0 and x = .
(iv) Compare the areas under the curve y = sin x and y = sin 2x above x-axis and between x = 0 and
x = /3.
(v) Compare the areas under the curves y = cos2 x and y = sin2 x between x = 0 and .

Concept Exercise 8.2 Level-1

1 2
1. (i) Find the area enclosed between the straight line y = x + 2 and the curve y = x + 2.
3
(ii) Draw a sketch of the region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line x = 4y – 2 and determine
its area.
(iii) Find the area cut off from the parabola 4y = 3x2 by the line 2y = 3x + 12.
(iv) Using integration find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = x2 + 2, y = x, x = 0 and x = 3.
(v) Find the area bounded by the parabola x2 = 2y and the line y = x + 4.
2. (i) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x.
(ii) Find the area of the region included between the parabola y2 = x and the straight line x + y = 2.
(iii) Find the area enclosed by the parabola y2 = x and the line y + x = 2 and the x-axis.
3. (i) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 y x}.
(ii) Make a rough sketch of the region {(x, y) : 0 y x2 + 3, 0 y 2x + 3, 0 x 3} and find its
area using method of integration.
 24

4. (i) Find the area of the region included between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay, a > 0.
(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by the two parabola y = x2 and x = y2.
(iii) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabolas y2 = 6x and x2 = 6y.
5. (i) Find the are enclosed between the parabola y2 = 4x and the line 3y = 2x + 4.
(ii) Show that the curves y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y divide the area of the square bounded by x = 0, x = 4 and
y = 0 into the three equal parts.
(iii) Draw a rough sketch of y2 = x + 1 and y2 = – x + 1 and determine the area enclosed by the two
curves.
(iv) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : y2 4, 4x2 + 4y 9}.
6. (i) Find the area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 16, the line y = x and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
(ii) Find the smaller area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line x + y = 2.
(iii) Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line
y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.

a
(iv) Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the line x = .
2
7. (i) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 1 x + y}.

2 y
(ii) Using integration, find the area of the region (x, y) : x y2 x , x, y R .
2

8. (i) Sketch the region common to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the parabola x2 = 6y. Also find the area
of the region using integration.
(ii) Using integration, find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 which is exterior to the parabola
y2 = 6x.
(iii) Find the ratio of the areas into which curve y2 = 6x divides the region bounded by x2 + y2 = 16.

(iv) Find the area lying above x-axis and included between the circle x2 + y2 = 8x and the parabola
y2 = 4x.
9. (i) Find the area of the region : {(x, y) : x2 + y2 2ax, y2 ax, x 0, y 0}.
(ii) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : y2 6ax and x2 + y2 16a2} using method of integration.
(iii) Draw a rough sketch of the region {(x, y) : y2 5x + 5y2 36} and find the area enclosed by the
region using the method of integration.
10. (i) Find the area of the region enclosed by two circles x2 + y2 = 16 and (x – 4)2 + y2 = 16.
(ii) Find the area of the region enclosed between two circles x2 + y2 = 4 and (x – 2)2 + y2 = 4.

2
1
(iii) Calculate the area of the region enclosed between the circles x + y = 1 and x
2 2
+ y2 = 1.
2

(iv) Find the area of the region enclosed by two circles

x2 + y2 = 1 and (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1.
 25

x2 y2 x y
11. (i) Find the area of smaller region bounded by the ellipse 1 and the straight line 1.
16 9 4 3
(ii) AOBA is the part of the ellipse 9x2 + y2 = 36 in the first quadrant such that OA = 2 and OB = 6.
Find the area between the are AB and the chord AB.

x2 y2 x y
(iii) Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse 1 and the straight line 1.
a2 b2 a b

12. (i) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : 0 y x2 + 1, 0 y x + 1, 0 x 2}.

(ii) Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 y |x|}.

(iii) Using integration, find the area of the region {(x, y) : |x – 1| y 5 x 2 }.

13. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(i) (2, 1), (3, 4), (5, 2) (ii) (– 1, 2), (1, 5), (3, 4)
(iii) (– 1, 1), (0, 5), (3, 2) (iv) (2, – 2), (4, 3), (1, 2)
14. (i) Compute the area of the triangle bounded by the lines x + 2y = 2, y – x = 1 and 2x + y = 7
by integration method.
(ii) Using the method of integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines :
2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0.
(iii) Using integration, find the area of triangular region whose sides have the equations
y = 3x + 1, y = 2x + 1 and x = 4.


15. Draw the rough sketch of the curves y = sin x and y = cos x as x varies from 0 and and find the area
2
of the region enclosed by them and (i) the x-axis (ii) the y-axis.
16. Using integration find the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis and tangent and normal to the
circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1, 3 ).

Concept Exercise 8.3 Level-2

1
1. Find the area bounded by the curves y = ln x, y = 2x and two ordinates x = , x = 2.
2

2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) lying between the ordinates x = 0 and
x = 3.
3. Find the area given by x + y 6, x2 + y2 6y and y2 8x.

4. Find the area bounded by the curves y = (5 x 2 ), y = |x – 1|.

5. Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 25, 4y = |4 – x2| and x = 0 above the x-axis.

1
6. The area bounded by | y | = e–| x | – and | x | + | y | = ln 2.
2
 26

3
7. Find the area bounded by the curves y = 2 – |2 – x|, y = .
|x|
8. Find the area enclosed by the curve 4 x 2 + y2 2 (| x | + | y |).
9. Find the area enclosed between the circle x 2 + y 2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0 and the parabola
y = – x2 + 2x + 1 – 2 3 .

10. Let f(x) = max. {x2, (1 – x)2, 2x(1 – x)}, where 0 x 1. Determine the area of the region bounded by
the curves y = f(x), x-axis, x = 0 and x = 1.

1
11. Let f(x) = max. sin x,cos x , then determine the area of the region bounded by the curves
2

y = f(x), x-axis and x = 2 .

x 3 x
12. Let f(x) = min. e , ,1 e ,0 x 1. Find the area bounded by y = f(x), y-axis and the line x = 1.
2

13. Find the area between the curves y = 2x4 – x2, the x-axis and the ordinates of two minima of the curve.

14. If the area bounded by f(x) = (1 x 2 ) , x > 0, the line y = x, y-axis and y = – x + a (a > 1) is k sq. units,

then area bounded by the graph of f–1(x), the line y = x between y = – x + 1 and y = – x + a.
15. Let f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2 and g(x) is the inverse of it. Then the area bounded by g(x), the x-axis and the
ordinates x = – 2 and x = 6.
16. Determine the area of the figure bounded by two branches of the curve (y – x)2 = x3 and the straight
line x = 1.
17. ABCD is a square of side 2a, circles of radius 2a are drawn with centres at A, B, C, D, then find the
common area of these circles.
1
18. Let O(0, 0), A (2, 0) and B 1, be the vertices of a triangle. Let R be the region consisting of all
3
those points P inside OAB which satisfy d(P, OA) min. {d(P, OB), d(P, AB)}, where d denotes the
distance from the point to the corresponding line. Sketch the region R and find its area.

{x} , x I
19. If f(x) = f (x) and g(x) = {x}2, where {.} denotes the fractional part function, then
1 ,x I

bounded by y = f(x) and y = g(x) for x [0, 10].

20. Consider two curves C1 : y = ex and C2 : y = ea–x, where a is positive constant. Let S be the area of the

S
part surrounding by C1, C2 and the y-axis, then lim .
a 0 a2

21. Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = cos x and ( < ) be the roots of the equation 18x2 – 9 x + 2
= 0. Then the
area bounded by the curves y = fog(x), the ordinates x = , x = and the x-axis.
22. If C1 : y2 = 2x – x2, C2 : y = x2 and C3 : x = y2, Aij = the area bounded by the curves Ci and Cj between
x = 0 and x = 1, i j, i, j = 1, 2, 3 (Aij = Aji for i j), then A12 + A23 + A31.
 27


23. If f(x) = sin x, x [0, /2], f(x) + f( – x) = 2, x ,  and f(x) = f(2 – x), x ( , 2 ), then
2
the area enclosed by y = f(x) and x-axis.
24. Let C1 and C2 be the graphs of the functions y = x2 and y = 2x, 0 x 1 respectively. Let C3 be the
graph of a function y = f(x), 0 x 1, f(0) = 0 for a point P on C1, let the lines through P, parallel t the
axes, meet C2 and C3 at Q and R respectively. If for every position of P (on C1), the area of the shaded
regions OPQ and ORP are equal, determine the function f(x).

25. Let C1 and C2 be two curves passing through the origin as shown in the figure. A curve C is said to
"bisect the area" the region between C1 and C2. If for each point P of C, the two shaded regions
A and B shown in the figure have equal areas. Determine the upper curves C2, given that the bisecting
curve Chas the equation y = x2 and the lower curve C1 has the equation y = x2/2.