CONCEPT-1

(a) Physical Interpretation of Derivatives :

dy
If a quantity y varies w.r.t. another quantity x according to relation y = f(x) then represent the instantaneous
dx
rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
Let y depends on x as y = f(x)
Let when x = x0 y = y0
y0 = f(x0) ...(1)
Let a small increment of x in x produce an increment y in y.
so, y0 + y = f(x0 + x) ...(2)
(2) – (1) y = f(x0 + x) – f(x0)

y
Rate of change of y = .
x

Instantaneous rate of change of y

y
= lim
x 0 x

f (x 0 x) f (x) dy
= lim = f'(x0) = x x0
x 0 x dx

So derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change.

Concept Exercise 1.1 Level-1

1. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r. How fast is the area changing
with respect to the radius when the radius is 3 cm ?
2. A balloon which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its volume is
increasing with respect to its radius when the radius is 7 cm.
3. x and y are the sides of two squares such that y = x – x2. Find the rate of the change of area of the second
square with respect to the first square.
4. The radius of a balloon is increasing at the rate of 10 cm per second. At what rate is the surface area
of the balloon increasing when its radius is 15 cm.
5. The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 20 cm3/sec. Find the rate of change of its
surface area at the instant when its radius is 8 cm.
6. A spherical soap bubble is expanding so that its radius is increasing at the rate of 0.02 centimetres per
second. At what rate is the surface area increasing when its radius is 4 cm ?
7. A hemisphere is constructed on a circular base. If the radius of the base is increasing at the rate of 0.5
cm/sec, find the rate at which the volume of the hemisphere is increasing when the radius is
10 cm.
 2

8. A spherical ball of salt is dissolving in water in such a manner that the rate of decrease of the volume
at any instant is proportional to the surface. Prove that the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.
9. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is the volume of the
cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long.
10. A cylindrical tank of radius 10 cm is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic metre per hour.
Find the rate at which the depth of the wheat is increasing.
11. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec.
How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base ?
12. The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Prove that the increase in surface area varies
inversely as the length of the edge of the cube.
13. If the area of a circle increases at a uniform rate then prove that perimeter varies inversely as the
radius.
14. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which y-co-ordinate is
changing 8 times as fast as x-co-ordinate.

2 3
15. A particle moves along the curve y = x + 1. Find the points on the curve at which the
3
y-coordinate is changing twice as fast as the x-coordinate.
16. Find the point on the curve y2 = 8x for which the abscissa and ordinate change at the same
rate.
17. At what point of the ellipse 16x2 + 9y2 = 400, does the ordinate decreases at the same rate at which the
abscissa increases.
18. The curve x3 = 12 y, find the interval of values of x for which the abscissa changes at a faster rate than the
ordinate ?

1 3
19. Displacement s of a particle at time t is expressed as s = t – 6t. Find the acceleration at the time when the
2
velocity vanishes (i.e., veloicty tends to zero).
20. The distance covered by a particle moving in a straight line from a fixed point on the line is s, where
s2 = at2 + 2bt + c, then prove that acceleration is proportional to s–3.
21. A car starts from a point P at time t = 0 seconds and stops at point Q. The distance x, in metres,
t
covered by it in t seconds is given by x = t2 2 Find the time taken by it to reach Q and also find
3
distance between P and Q.
22. Two cyclist start from the junction of two perpendicular roads, their velocities being 3u m/min and 4u m/min.
respectively. Find the rate at which the two cyclists separate.
23. Two men P and Q start with velocities u at the same time from the junction of two roads inclined at 45° to
each other. If they travel by different roads, find the rate at which they are being separated.
24. A man 160 cm tall, walks away from a source of light situated at the top of a pole 6 m high at the rate of
1.1 m sec. How fast is the length of his shadow increasing when he is 1 metre away from the pole.
25. A man 2 metres tall walk at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a lamp post 6 metres high. Find the
rate at which the length of his shadow increases.
26. A point source of light along a straight road is at a height of ‘a’ metres. A boy ‘b’ metres in height is
walking along the road. How fast is his shadow increasing if he is walking away from the light at the
rate of ‘c’ metres per minute.
 3

27. A ladder 5m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away
from the wall at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4m away from the wall ?
28. The top of a ladder 6 metres long is resting against a vertical wall on a level pavement, when the ladder
begins to slide outwards. At the moment when the foot of the ladder is 4 metres from the wall, it is
sliding away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 m/sec. How fast is the top-sliding downwards at this
instance.
29. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such
a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height
of the sand-cone increasing when the height is 4 cms ?
30. Water is running out of a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm3/sec. If the radius of the base of the funnel
is 10 cm and the altitude is 20 cm, find the rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 5 cm from
the top.
31. Water is dripping out from a conical funnel at a uniform rate of 4 cm3/sec. through a tiny hole at the vertex
in the bottom. When the slant height of the water is 3 cm, find the rate of decrease of the slant height of the
water, given that the vertical angle of the funnel is 120°.
32. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and vertex lowermost.
Its semi-vertical angle is tan –1 (0.5). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of 5 cubic metre per
minute. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the depth of water in
the tank is 4 m.
33. The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate 2 cm/sec and its altitude is decreasing at the rate of
3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change of volume when radius is 3 cm and altitude 5 cm.
34. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is increasing at the
rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates of change of (i) the perimeter and
(ii) the area of the rectangle.

Concept Exercise 1.2 Level-2

1. A swimming pool is to be drained for cleaning. If L represents the number of litres of water in the pool
t seconds after the pool has been plugged off to drain and L = 200 (10 – t)2. How fast is the water
running out at the end of 5 seconds ? What is the average rate at which the water flows out during the
first 5 seconds ?
2. A kite is moving horizontally at a height of 151.5 metres. If the speed of kite is 10 m/s, how fast is the
string being let out; when the kite is 250 m away from the boy who is flying the kite ? The height of boy
is 1.5 m.
2
3. The ends A and B of a rod of length 5 are sliding along the curve y = 2x . Let xA and xB be the
x-coordinate of the ends. At the moment when A is at (0, 0) and B is at (1, 2), find the value of the derivative

dx B
dx A .

4. Let x be the length of one of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle, and let be the angle between them.
If x is increasing at the rate (1/12)m/h, and is increasing at the rate of /180 radius / h, then find the rate in
m2/h at which the area of the triangle is increasing when x = 12 m and = /4.
 4

5. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness that melts at a rate of
50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then find the rate at which the thickness of ice
decreases.
6. A horse runs along a circle with a speed of 20 km/h. A lantern is at the centre of the circle. A fence is along
the tangent to the circle at the point at which the horse starts. Find the speed with which the shadow of the
horse moves along the fence at the moment when it covers 1/8 of the circle in km/h is.
7. A rectangular tank has a sliding panel S that divides it into two adjustable tanks of width 3 ft. See figure.
Water is poured into the left compartment at the rate of 5 ft3/min. At the same time S is moved to the right
at the rate of 3 ft/min. When the left compartment is 10 ft long it contains 70 ft3 of water. Is the water level
rising or falling and how fast ?

8. Tangent of an angle increases fout times as the angle itself. At what rate the sine of the angle increases
w.r.t. the angle ?

CONCEPT-2 TANGENTS AND NORMALS

(a) Geometrical Meaning : Let y = f(x) is a curve then dy/dx represent the slope of tangent.

(x, y) Q

(x0 y0) P

Let P = (x0y0) is a point on the curve and Q (x, y) is another point on the curve near to P.
Slope of chord

y y0 f (x) f (x 0 )
PQ = x x = x x0
0

now as x x0, Q P
Chord PQ Tangent at P
so Slope of tangent at

P = xlimx 0 slope of PQ

f (x) f (x 0 )
= xlimx 0 x x0 = f '(x0)

so derivative of x0 represents the slope of tangent at P.

 5

(b) Slope and Equations of tangents and normals let P(x1 y1) is a point.

P(x1 y1)

(x1 y1)

dy
(i) Slope of tangent at P =
dx (x1 y1 )
dx
(ii) Slope of normal at P = –
dy (x1 y1 )

dy
(iii) Equation of tangent at P = y – y1 = (x – x1).
dx (x1 y1 )

dy
(iv) Equation of normal at P = y – y1 = – (x – x1).
dx (x1 y1 )
(c) Angle of intersection :

P(x1 y1)
y=f(x)

y=g(x)

Let two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect at point P and

m1 = f '(x1)
m2 = g'(x1)
are slopes of tangents at P the angle between the tangents (normals) at the point of intersection P is
called the angle of intersection between the two curves. It is given by
m1 m 2
tan = 1 mm
1 2

* If = then curves are called orthogonal curves for this

2

either m1.m2 = – 1 or m1 = 0 m2 = or m1 = m2 = 0
* If = 0 then the two curves will have a common tangent at the point of intersection so curve will louch
each other for this m1 = m2.

y=f(x)

y=g(x)
 6

(d) Length of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal :

Let tangent and normal at point P of the curve intersect the x-axis at point T and N respectively. From figure

dy
tan =
dx

y = f(x)

y
T 90°
P' N

(i) Length of tangent PT = y 1 (dx / dy) 2

(ii) Length of normal PN = y 1 (dy / dx) 2

dx
(iii) Length of subtangent = P'T = y.
dy

dy
(iv) Length of subnormal = P'N = y.
dx

(d) Shortest distance between two curves : The shortest distance between two non-intersecting curves is
found along the common normal of the two curves. In fact if the two curves also have the Largest distance
between them, then it is also found along the common normal.

Q
B
A

O
P

In the diagram the minimum distance between curves is AB and maximum distance is PQ, both are along
the common normal.

Concept Exercise 2.1 Level-1

1. Find the slopes of tangents and normals to the following curves :

(i) y = 3x2 – 4x at x = 2 (ii) y = x3 – x + 1 at x = 2
(iii) y = 2x2 + 3 sin x at x = 0 (iv) x = a cos3 , y = a sin3 at = /4
2. (i) Find the piont on the curve y = 3x2 – 12x + 6 at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
(ii) Find the points on the curve x2 + y2 – 2x – 3 = 0 at which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis.
3. At what points on the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0, the tangents is
(a) parallel to x-axis (b) parallel to y-axis.
 7

4. Find the points on the curve y = x2 at which the slope of the tangent is equal to the y-coordinate of the point.
5. Find the point on the curve y = x3 – 11x + 5 at which the tangent has the equation y = x – 11.
6. Find the points on the circle x2 + y2 = 13, at which the tangent is parallel to the line 2x + 3y = 7.
7. Find the points on the curve 4x 2 + 9y2 = 1 where the tangents are perpendicular to the line
2y + x = 0.

8. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve x y = 4 at which tangent is equally inclined to
the axes.
9. Find the points on the curve 9y2 = x3, where the normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with
the axes.
10. Find the equation of the normals to the curve :

8
(i) y = 2 sin2 3x at x = /6 (ii) y = cos (3x + 4) at x =
6

(iii) y = (sin 2x + cot x + 2)2 at x = (iv) y = sec4x – tan4x at x =

2 3

(v) y = sin2x + cot2x + 3 at x =

4
11. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = 2 at the point (1, 1).

12. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 2 sin x + sin 2x at x = .
3
13. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve 16x2 + 9y2 = 144 at (x1,y1) where x1= 2,y1 > 0.
14. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y = x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 10x + 5 at the point
x = 1.
15. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y (x – 2) (x – 3) – x + 7 = 0 at the point where it cuts the
x-axis.

x2 y2
16. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 1 at the point ( 2 a, b).
a2 b2
x2 y2 xx1 yy1
17. Show that the equation of tangent to the ellipse 2 = 1at (x1, y1) is = 1.
a2 b a2 b2

x 2 y2 xx 0 yy 0
18. Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 1 at (x0, y0) is 2 1.
a 2
b 2 a b2
19. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y2 = 4ax at the point (at2, 2at).

20. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x = + sin , y = 1 + cos at = .
2
21. Find the equation of normal at any point t on the curve x = 3 cos t – cos3 t and y = 3 sin t – sin3t.
22. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x = 1 – cos , y = – sin at /4.
23. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the following curves at the indicated points:

c c 2at 2 2at 3 1
(a) c 2(x2 + y2) = x2y2 at , (b) x = 2 , y = 2 at t =
cos sin 1 t 1 t 2
 8

24. Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point ‘t’ to the curve x = a sin3 t, y = b cos3t. Also

find the equation of tangent at t = .

2
25. Show that the equation of normal at any point on the curve
x = 3 cos – cos3 , y = 3 sin – sin3 is 4 (y cos3 – x sin 3 ) = 3 sin 4 .
26. The normal to the curve x = a(1 + cos ), y = a sin at . Prove that it always passes through a fixed point
and find that fixed point.
27. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x = a cos t + at sin t, y = a sin t – at cos t at any
point ‘t’. Also show that the normal to the curve is at a constant distance from origin.
28. Find the equations of normal lines to the curve y = x 3 + 2x + 6 which are parallel to the line
x + 14y + 4 = 0.
29. Find the equations of tangent to the curve 3x2 – y2 = 3, which are perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 2.
30. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x2 + 3y = 3 which is parallel to the line y – 4x + 5 = 0.
31. Find the equations of tangents to the curve y = 4x3 – 3x + 5 which are perpendicular to the line
9y + x + 3 = 0.
32. Find the equation of tangents to the curve y = x 3 + 2x – 4, which are perpendicular to line
x + 14y + 3 = 0.
33. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x2 – 2x + 7 which is
(i) parallel to the line 2x – y + 9 = 0 (ii) perpendicular to the line 5y – 15x = 13.
34. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 5x 3 – 2 which is parallel to the line 4x–2y + 3 = 0.
35. Find the equation of a normal to the curve y = x loge x which is parallel to the line 2x–2y + 3 = 0.
36. Find the equation of the normal at a point on the curve x2 = 4y which passes through the point (1, 2).
Also find the equation of the corresponding tangent.
37. Find the equation of the normal to the curve 2y = x2, which passes through the point (2, 1).

4
38. Find the equations of tangents to the curve 3x2 – y2 = 8, which passes through the point ,0 .
3

39. For the curve y = 4x3 – 2x5, find all the points at which the tangent passes through the origin.
40. Find the angle of intersection of the curves y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y.
41. Find the angle between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by at their point of intersection other than the
origin.
42. Show that the curves 2x = y2 and 2xy = k cut at right angles if k2 = 8.
43. Prove that the curve x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angle if 8k2 = 1.
44. Find the values of p for which the curves x2 = 9p (9 – y) and x2 = p(y + 1) cut each other at right angles.
x 2 y2
45. Find the condition for the curves 1 ; xy = c 2 to intersect orthogonally..
a 2 b2
46. Show that the curves xy = a2 and x2 + y2 = 2a2 touch each other.
x y
47. Show that the line 1 touches the curve y = be–x/a at the point where the curve crosses the axis
a b
of y.
48. Find the equation of tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), – 2 x 2 that are parallel to the line
x + 2y = 0.
 9

Concept Exercise 2.2 Level-2

x2 y2
1. If the straight line x cos + y sin = p touches the curve = 1, then prove that
a2 b2
a2 cos2 + b 2 sin 2 = p 2.
2. Show that the straight line x cos + y sin = p touches the curve xy = a2, if p2 = 4a2 cos sin .
3. Prove that the tangent drawn at any point to the curve f(x) = x5 + 3x3 + 4x + 8 would make an acute angle
with the x-axis.
4. Find the equation of normal to the curve x + y = xy, where it cuts the x-axis.
5. Show that the curve y – exy + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at (1, 0).

3
6. If the curve y = ax2 – 6x + b passes through (0, 2) and has its tangent parallel to the x-axis at x = , then find
2
the value of a and b.
7. Find the equation of normal to the curve y = |x2 – x | x || at x = – 2.
8. Show that the tangent to the curve 3xy2 – 2x2y = 1 at (1, 1) meets the curve again at the point
(– 16/5, –1/20).
9. Tangent at P(2, 8) on the curve y = x3 meets the curve again at Q. Find coordinates of Q.
10. If the equation of the tangent to the curve y2 = ax3 + b at point (2, 3) is y = 4x – 5, then find the values of
a and b.
n n
x y x y
11. Find the value of n N such that the curve 2 touches the straight line 2 at the
a b a b
point (a, b).
12. If the tangent at any point (4m2, 8m3) of x3 – y2 = 0 is a normal to the curve x3 – y2 = 0, then find the value
of m.
13. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x3 + y3 = 8xy at the point where it meets the curve y2 = 4x other
than the origin.
14. For the curve xy = c, prove that the portion of the tangent intercepted between the coordinate axes is
bisected at the point of contact.
15. Find all the lines that pass through the point (1, 1) and are tangent to the curve represented parametrically as
x = 2t – t2 and y = t + t2.
16. The tangent at a point P1 other than (0, 0) on the curve y = x3 meets the curve again at P2. The tangent at P2
meets the curve at P3, and so on. Show that the abscissa of P1, P2, P3, ...., Pn, form a G.P. Also find the ratio

area ( P1P2 P3 )
of .
area ( P2 P3 P4 )

17. Show that the normal to the curve 5x5 – 10x3 + x + 2y + 6 = 0 at P(0, – 3) meets the curve again at two
points. Find the equation of the tangents to the curve at these points.
 10

18. Tangents are drawn from the origin to the curve y = sin x. Prove that their points of contact lie on
x2y2 = x2 – y2.
19. Find the angle between curves y2 = 4x and y = e–x/2.
20. The cosine of the angle of intersection of curves f(x) = 2x loge x and g(x) = x2x – 1 is.
21. Find the angle between the curves 2y2 = x3 and y2 = 32 x.
22. Find the values of a if the curves x2/a2 + y2/4 = 1 and y3 = 16x cut orthogonally.
23. Find the angle of intersection of y = ax and y = bx.
x
24. Find the locus of point on the curve y2 = 4a x a sin where tangents are parallel to the axis of x.
a
25. Find the length of sub-tangent to the curve y = ex/a.
26. Find the length of the tangent for the curve y = x3 + 3x2 + 4x – 1 at point x = 0.

27. Find the length of normal to the curve, x = a( + sin ), y = a(1 – cos ), at = .
2

28. Determine p such that the length of the sub-tangent and sub-normal is equal for the curve y = epx + px at the
point (0, 1).
29. If the sub-normal at any point on y = a1–n xn is of constant length, then find the value of n.
30. In the curve xm+n = am–n y2n. Prove that the mth power of the sub-tangent varies as the nth power of the
sub-normal.

31. Find the shortest distance between the line y = x – 2 and the parabola y = x2 + 3x + 2.

32. Find the point on the curve 3x2 – 4y2 = 72 which is nearest to the line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0.
33. Find the shortet distance between the line y = x – 2 and the parabola y = x2 + 3x + 2.

CONCEPT-3 ROLLE'S THEOREM

(a) Statement : If a function f(x) is such that
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b)

Then at least one c (a, b) such that f '(c) = 0.

(b) Geometrical Interpretetion : If graph of f(x) is unbroken from A(a, f(a)) to B(b, f(b)) and smooth
between A and B, and the ordinates of A and B are equal them there exist at least one point between A and B
where the tangent is | | to x-axis.

A B
 11

(c) Algebraic Interpretetion : If and are two roots of equation f(x) = 0, where f(x) is a continuous and
differentiable function then the equation f '(x) = 0 has at least one root between and .
Note : It follow that if a polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has all its roots real then the equation P'(x) = 0. P"(x) = 0.
etc. will have real roots only.

Concept Exercise 3.1 Level-1

Verify Rolle's theorem for the following functions in the given intervals : [1-20]
1. f(x) = x2 + 2 on [– 2, 2] 2. f(x) = x2 + x – 6 in [– 3, 2]
3. f(x) = (x2 – 1) (x – 2) in [– 1, 2] 4. f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) in [1, 3]
2
5. f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) in [1, 2] 6. f(x) = x (x – 1)2 in [0, 1]

7. f(x) = (x – a)m (x – b)n in [a, b], m, n N 8. f(x) = 4 x 2 in [– 2, 2]

  
9. f(x) = cos 2x in , 10. f(x) = sin 2x in 0,
4 4 2

 5
11. f(x) = sin 3x in [0, ] 12. f(x) = sin x – 1 in ,
2 2


13. f(x) = sin x + cos x in 0, 14. f(x) = sin x – sin 2x in [0, ]
2


15. f(x) = sin4x + cos4x in 0, 16. f(x) = ex sin x on [0, ]
2

   5
17. f(x) = ex cos x on , 18. f(x) = ex (sin x – cos x) in ,
2 2 4 4

x 2 ab
19. f(x) = x (x + 3) e–x/2 in [– 3, 0] 20. f(x) = log (a b)x in [a, b], a > 0.

21. Using Rolle's theorem, find the point on the curve y = x(x – 4), x [0, 4] where the tangent is parallel to
x-axis.


22. Using Rolle's theorem, find a point on the curve, y = sin x + cos x – 1, x 0, , where the tangent is
2
parallel to the x-axis.
23. Apply Rolle's theorem to find point (or points) on the following curves where the tangent is parallel to x-axis:
y = – 1 + cos x on [0, 2 ].
24. If Rolle's theorem holds for the function f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx in [1, 2] at the point x = 4/3, then what are values
of a and b ?

1
25. It is given that for the function f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax + 5 on [1, 3] Rolle's theorem holds with c = 2 + . Find
3
the values of a and b.
26. What can you say about the applicability of Rolle's theorem for the following functions in the indicated
intervals ?
 12

(i) f(x) = x1/3 [– 1, 1] (ii) f(x) = x2/3 in [– 2, 2]

(iii) f(x) = 1 + |x – 2| in [0, 4] (iv) f(x) = tan x in [0, ]

x(x 2)
(v) f(x) = in [0, 2] (vi) f(x) = x2 + 1 in [– 1, 2]
x 1

27. Examine the applicability of Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x2 – 1 in [– 1, 2].

28. Discuss the applicability of Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = | x | in [– 2, 2].

29. Examine if Rolle's theorem is applicable to the function f(x) = [x] for x [– 2, 2].

30. Examine if Rolle's theorem is applicable to the function f(x) = [x] for x [5, 9].

31. If f : [– 5, 5] R is a differentiable function and if f '(x) is not zero anywhere, then prove that f(–5) f(5).

Concept Exercise 3.2 Level-2

1. Show that the derivative of the polynomial f(x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1 possesses a real root on the open interval
(–1, 1).

2. Prove that the equation 3x5 + 15x – 8 = 0 has only one real root.

3. Show that there is no real number k for which the equation x3 – 3x + k = 0 has two distinct roots in (0, 1).

4. Taking the function f(x) = (x – 3) ln x, prove that there is atleast one value of x in (1, 3) which satisfies x in
x = 3 – x.

5. Show that the equation x cos x = sin x has a root between and 2 .

6. Show that between any two roots of e–x – cos x = 0, there exists at least one root of sin x – e–x = 0.

7. Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c), a < b < c, show that f '(x) = 0 has two roots one in (a, b) and the other in
(b, c).

8. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then prove that at least one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 lies in the interval
(0, 1).

a0 a1 a2 a
9. If ... n 1 + an = 0, show that equation a0xn + a1xn–1 + ... + an–1x + an = 0 will have at
n 1 n n 1 2
least one root between 0 and 1.

10. Let P(x) be a polynomial with real coefficients, let a and b (a < b), be two consecutive real roots of P(x).
Show that there exists c such that a < c < b and P'(c) + 10 P(c) = 0.

11. Let P (x) be a polynomial with real coefficients. Let a, b R, a < b, be two consecutive roots of P(x). Show
that there exists c such that a c b and P'(c) + 100 P(c) = 0.

12. Let f be a continuous function on [0, 1], differentiable in (0, 1) such that f(1) = 0, then prove that there exists
some c (0, 1) such that : cf '(c) + f(c) = 0.

13. If the equatioon ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two positive and real roots, then prove that the equation

ax2 + (b + 6a)x + (c + 3b) = 0 has atleast one positive real root.

 13

CONCEPT-4
(a) Statement : If f(x) is
(i) Continuous in [a, b]
(ii) differentiable in (a, b)
then at least one c (a, b) such that
f (b) f (a)
f '(c) =
b a
(b) Geometrical Meaning : If graph of f(x) is unbroken from A(a, f(a)) to B(b, f(b)) and smooth in between
A and B the there exist at least one point between A and B where the tangent is parallel to chord joining A and B.

f(c))
C (c
B (bf(b))

A (af(a))

Concept Exercise 4.1 Level-1

Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following functions in the given interval and find 'c'
of this theorem. [1-14] :
1. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3 in [4, 6] 2. f(x) = x3 – 5x2 – 3x in [1, 3]
3. f(x) = px2 + qx + r, p 0, in [a, b] 4. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 3 on [0, 1]
5. f(x) = (x – 3) (x – 6) (x – 9) in [3, 5] 6. f(x) = (x – 4) (x – 6) (x – 8) on [4, 8]

1
7. f(x) = in [1, 4] 8. f(x) = x 2 x in [1, 4]
4x 1

9. f(x) = 25 x 2 in [1, 5] 10. f(x) = sin x in 0,
2
11. f(x) = 2 sin x + sin 2x on [0, ] 12. f(x) = sin x – sin 2x on [0, ]
13. f(x) = x – 2 sin x in [– ] 14. f(x) = tan–1 x in [0, 1]
15. Find a point on the curve y = (x – 3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points (3, 0) and
(4, 1).
16. Using mean value theorem, prove that there is a point on the curve y = 2x2 – 5x + 3 between the points
A (1, 0) and B (2, 1), where tangent is parallel to the chrod AB. Also, find that point.

17. Use Lagrange's mean value theorem to determine a point on the curve y x 2 where the tangent is
parallel to the chord joining the points (2, 0) and (3, 1).
What can you say about the applicability of Lagrange's mean value theorem for the following
functions in the indicated intervals ?
18. f(x) = x1/3 in [– 1, 2] 19. f(x) = | x | in [– 2, 3]
20. f(x) = 3 – (2 – x)2/3in [0, 3]
 14

Concept Exercise 4.2 Level-2

1. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = – 2 and f '(x) 2 for all x [1, 6], then find the range of values of
f(6).
2. Let f : [2, 7] [0, ) be a continuous and differentiable function. Then show that

(f (7)) 2 (f (2)) 2 f (2)f (7)

(f(7) – f(2) = 5f 2(c)f '(c), where c (2, 7).
3
3. Let f : [0, ) (0, ] be a continuous and differentiable function. Then show that

(f (4)2 (f (2)f (4)

(f(4) – f(2) = 2f 2(c)f '(c), where c (2, 4).
3
4. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions in [a, b] and are differentiable in (a, b), then prove that there exists
at least one c (a, b) for which

f (a) f (b) f (a) f '(c)

= (b – a) where a < c < b.
g(a) g(b) g(a) g '(c)
5. Using Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem prove that |cos a – cos b| |a – b|.
6. Show that |sin x – sin y| |x – y| for numbers and y by applying the Mean Value Theorem.

bn a n
7. Prove that if n is an even natural number then nan–1 < nbn–1 for b > a.
b a

8. Prove that ( – ) sec2 < tan – tan < ( – ) sec2 , where 0 < < < .
2

9. Using means value theorem, show that 2 < tan–1 – tan–1 < 2 , > > 0.
1 1

b a b b a
10. Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, prove that log , where 0 < a < b.
b a a

11. Use LMVT to prove that tan x > x for x 0, .

2
12. Prove that sin x < x x (0, /2)

CONCEPT-5
(a) Monotonicity at a point :
(i) f(x) is called montonically increasing (MI) at x = a if f(a – h) < f(a) < f(a + h) for small +ve values
of h.

a–h a a+h a a
 15

(ii) f(x) is monotonically decreasing (MD) at x = a if f(a – h) > f(a) > f(a + h) for small positive values
of h.

a–h a a+h a
(iii) To talk about monotonicity of f(x) at x = a, f(x) should be defined at x = a. It may or may not be
continuous or differentiable at x = a.
(b) Monotonicity in an interval :
(i) f(x) is called strictly increasing (s.i.) in interval I if for x1, x2 I x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2)

f(x1) f(x2)

x1 x2
I
(ii) f(x) is called strictly decreasing (s.d.) in interval I if for x1, x2 I x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2).

f(x1) f(x2)

x1 x2
I
(iii) f(x) is called increasing [non decreasing] in I if for x1, x2 I x1 < x2 f(x1) f(x2).

I I
(iv) f(x) is called decreasing [non increasing] in I y for x1, x2 I x1 < x2 f(x1) f(x2).
(c) Monotonic Function : A function is called monotonic if it is either increasing or decreasing in its domain.
(d) Conditions for monotonicity in an Interval :
(i) f(x) will be s.i. in I if f '(x) > 0 x I
(ii) f(x) will be s.i. in I if f '(x) > 0 x I, except at discrete points where f '(x) = 0.
(iii) f(x) will be non decreasing in I if f '(x) > 0 x I except in some subinterval(s) of I where f '(x) = 0

f'(x) > 0 f'(x) 0 f'(x) 0

s.i. s.i.
(n.d.)

I I I
 16

(iv) f(x) will be s.d. in I if f '(x) < 0 x I

(v) f(x) will be s.d. in I if f '(x) < 0 x I, except at discrete points where f '(x) = 0.
(vi) f(x) will be non decreasing in I if f '(x) > 0 x I except in some subinterval(s) of I where f '(x) = 0

f'(x) < 0 f'(x) 0 f'(x) 0

s.d. s.d. (n.i.)

(vii) In case of non continuous or non differentiable functions monotonicity is determined by the definition
of by the graph of the function.
(e) Critical point : A point c Df is called a critical point if f '(c) = 0 or f '(c) does not exist.
(f) Stationary point : A point C Df is called a stationary point if f '(c) = 0.
(g) Concavity :
(i) A curve is called concave up at a point P, when in the immediate neighbourhood of P it lies wholly
above the tangent at P.

P P

(ii) Curve is called concave downward at P if in the immediate neighbourhood of P, the curve lies
completely below the tangent at P.

P P

(h) Point of inflection : The point which seperate the concave up and concave down arc of a curve is called
the point of inflection.
At point of inflection the tangent intersect the curve.

(i) Conditions for concavity and point of inflection :

(i) Curve will be concave up in interval I if f"(x) > 0 in I.
(ii) Curve will be concave down in interval I if f"(x) < 0 in I.
(iii) A point P(x = c) will be point of inflection of f"(c) = 0 and f"(x) changes the sign at P.
 17

Concept Exercise 5.1 Level-1

Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or strictly
decreasing. [1-9] :
1. f(x) = x2 + 2x – 5 2. f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
3. 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 30 4. – 2x3 + 3x2 + 12x + 6

x3
5. f(x) = x4 – 6. f(x) = x4 – 2x2
3

7. f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2)2 8. f(x) = (x – 1)3 (x – 2)2

9. f(x) = [x(x – 2)]2
10. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = (x + 2)e –x is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.

x
11. Find the intervals in which f(x) = is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
log x

12. Find the intervals in which f(x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1 is increasing or decreasing.

2x
13. Show that y = log (1 + x) – is an increasing function of x for all values of x > – 1.
x 2
14. Prove that the function f(x) = logax is increasing on (0, ) if a > 1 and decreasing on (0, ),
if 0 < a < 1.
Determine the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or
decreasing. [15-20] :
15. f(x) = sin x + cos x, 0 x 2 16. f(x) = sin x – cos x; 0 x 2

17. f(x) = sin x – 3 cos x, 0 x 2 18. f(x) = sin 3x – cos 3x, 0 x

4sin x 2x x cos x
19. f(x) = sin 4 x + cos4 x, 0 x /2 20. f(x) = ,0 x 2
2 cos x
21. Prove that the function x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 18 is increasing on R.
22. Show that the function f(x) = x + sin x, for all x is increasing.
23. Show that the function given by f(x) = e2x is strictly increasing on R.
24. Show that the function f(x) = x2 – [x], x [1, 2) is strictly increasing.

25. Show that f(x) = 2x + cot–1 x + log ( 1 x 2 – x) is increasing in R.

26. Show that f(x) = tan –1 (sin x + cos x) is a strictly increasing function in the interval 0, .
4

27. Show that the function f(x) = cot–1 (sin x + cos x) is a strictly decreasing function on the interval

0, .
4

3 7
28. Determine whether g(x) = cos 2x is an increasing or decreasing function for <x< .
4 8 8
 18

x
29. Show that the function f(x) = + sin x is strictly increasing on , .
2 3 3

30. Prove that f(x) = tan x – 4x is strictly decreasing on , .

3 3

4sin
31. Prove that y = is an increasing function of on 0, .
(2 cos ) 2

1
32. Let I be any interval disjoint from (– 1, 1). Prove that the function x + is strictly increasing on I.
x
33. Prove that the function f given f(x) = x – | x | is strictly increasing on (0, 1).

Concept Exercise 5.2 Level-2

1. If fogoh(x) is an increasing function, then which of the following is not possible ?

(i) f(x), g(x) and h(x) are increasing
(ii) f(x) and g(x) are decreasing and h(x) is increasing.
(iii) f(x), g(x) and h(x) are decreasing.
2. Separate the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions :
(a) f(x) = – sin3x + 3sin2x + 5, x [– /2, /2] (b) f(x) = (2x – 1) (2x – 2)2.
3. Find the interval of monotonicity of the function f(x) = |x – 1|/x2.

4. Find the intervals of decreasing and increase for the function f(x) = cos .
x
5. A function y = f(x) is represnted parametrically as follows :
x = (t) = t5 – 5t3 – 20t + 7
y= (t) = 4t3 – 3t2 – 18t + 3
–2<t<2
Find the intervals of monotonocity.

2 x 2 2x, 1 x 0
x 2x, 1 x 0
6. Show that f(x) = is strictly increasing in [–1, 1], but g(x) = 3x, 0 x 1
3x, 0 x 1
1, x 1
is not strictly increasing in [– 1, 1].

ln x
7. Prove that the function f(x) = is strictly decreasing in (e, ). Hence, prove that 303202 < 202303.
x
8. If f(x) = x3 – x2 + 100x + 2000, then prove that
1 1
(i) f(1000) < f(1001) (ii) f >f
2000 2001
(iii) f(x – 1) > f(x – 2) (iv) f(2x – 3) > f(x) for x > 3.
9. Let g(x) = f(x) + f(1 – x) and f"(x) > 0, x (0, 1). Find the intervals of increase and decrease of g(x).

x2
2
10. Find the intervals of increase of g(x), where g(x) = 2f 2 + f(6 – x ) x R, given that f"(x) > 0 x R.

11. Find the least value of k for which the function x2 + kx + 1 is an increasing function in the interval 1 < x < 2.

12. Find the values of p if f(x) = cos x – 2px is invertible.

 19

13. Find the values of a if f(x) = 2ex – aex + (2a + 1) x – 3 is increasing for all values of x.

(a 4)
14. Find the set of all values of 'a' for which f(x) = 1 x5 – 3x + ln 5 decreases for all x.
(1 a)

15. Find possible values of a such that f(x) = e2x – (a + 1)ex + 2x is strictly increasing for x R.

16. Find all possible values of the parameter b for each of which the function,

f(x) = sin 2x – 8(b + 2) cos x – (4b2 + 16b + 6)x

is strictly decreasing throughout the number line and has no critical points.

17. Let f(x) and g(x) be two continuous function defined from R R, such that f(x1) > f(x2) and g(x1) < g(x2),
2
x1 > x2, then find the solution set of f(g( – 2 )) > f(g(3 – 4)).

CONCEPT-6
(a) Local maxima :
x = x0 is called local maxima for function f(x) if f(x0 + h) < f(x0) for small values of h.

O x0 x+h
0 O x0 O x0

(b) Local minima :

x = x0 is called local minima for function f(x) if f(x0 + h) > f(x) for small values of h.

O x0 O x0 O x0

(c) Location of local maxima and minima :

Local maxima or minima may occur only at critical points i.e. the points where f '(x) = 0 or f '(x) is not
defined.
(d) First derivative test :
Let x = x0 is a critical point such that f '(x0) = 0
(i) x = x0 will be a local maxima if f'(x) changes sign from +ve to –ve in crossing x0 from left to right.

f'(x) > 0 f'(x) < 0

f(x0)

O x0
 20

(ii) x = x0 will be a local minima if f'(x) changes sign from – ve to + ve in crossing x0 from left to right.

f'(x) < 0 f'(x) > 0

O x0

(iii) x = x0 is point of inflection if f '(x) does not change its sign in crossing x = x0.

f'(x) < 0 f'(x) < 0

f'(x) > 0
f'(x) > 0

O x0 O x0

(e) Second derivative test :

Let x = x0 is a critical point such that f '(x0) = 0
(i) x = x0 is local maxima if f"(x0) < 0.
(ii) x = x0 is local minima if f"(x0) > 0.
(iii) This test foils if f"(x0) = 0.
(f) Higher derivative test :
The procedure of testing is given in the following flow chart.

f i(x0) = 0

(L.Max.) f ii(x0) < 0 f ii(x0) > 0 (L.Min.)

ii
f (x0) = 0

f iii(x0) 0 (P.O.I.)

f iii(x0) = 0
(L.Max.) f iv(x0) < 0 f iv(x0) 0 (L.Min.)

f iv(x0) = 0

f v(x0) 0 (P.O.I.)
 21

Concept Exercise 6.1 Level-1

Find the point of local maximum or local minimum and point of inflexion for the following
functions. Also find the local maximum and local minimum values. [1-8] :
1. x3 – 3x 2. f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 6x + 5
3. f(x) = (x – 3)4 4. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 7

5. y = (x – 2)3 (x – 3)2 6. f(x) = x 32 x

x4 x 2
7. y= ,x 1 8. ,x 0
x 1 2 x

Find the local maximum values and local minimum values : [9-12]

1
9. f(x) = sin x – cos x; 0 < x < 2 10. f(x) = sin x + cos 2x in [0, /2]
2
11. f(x) = sin 4 x + cos4 x in 0 < x < /2 12. f(x) = sec x + log cos2x, 0 < x < 2
13. If f(x) = a log | x | + bx2 + x has extreme values at x = – 1 and at x = 2, then find a and b.

x2
ax b
14. The curve y = has a turning point at (4, 1). Find the values of a and b and also show that y
x 10
is maximum at this point.

ax b
15. If y = has a turning point at P(2, – 1), find the values of a and b and show that y is
(x 1)(x 4)
maximum at P.

Concept Exercise 6.2 Level-2

x2 , x 0
1. Let f(x) = . Investigate the function for extremum at x = 0.
2sin x, x 0

x3 x 2 10x, x 0
2. Let f(x) = . Investigate the function for extremum at x = 0.
3sin x, x 0

x
cos , x 0
3. f(x) = 2 . Find the values of a if x = 0 is a point of maxima.
x a, x 0

| x 2 | a 2 9a 9, if x 2
4. Let f(x) = . Find the value of 'a' for which f(x) has local minimum at x = 2.
2x 3, if x 2

| x 1| a, x 1
5. Let f(x) = . If f(x) has a local minima at x = 1, then find all possible values of a.
2x 3, x 1
6. The function f(x) = |ax – b| + c |x| x (– ), where a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Find the condition if f(x) attains
the minimum value only at one point.
 22

7. If a < b < c < d and x R then find the points of extrema of the function.
f(x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c| + |x – d|
x3 x 2 10x, x 0
8. Let f(x) = . Investigate x = 0 for local maxima/minima.
3sin x, x 0

CONCEPT-7
(a) Absolute maxima :
a D is called absolute maxima of f(x) is domain D if f(a) f(x) x D.
In this case f(x) will be the greatest value of f(x) in D.
(b) Absolute minima :
a D is called absolute minima of f(x) is domain D if f(a) f(x) x D.
In this case f(x) will be the least value of f(x) in D.
(c) Absolute maxima and minima of continuous function in [a, b] :
Let C1, C2, ..., Cn are critical points of f(x) in [a, b] then
(i) Absolute maxima value M1 = Max {f(a), f(C1) ...... f(Cn) f(b)}
(ii) Absolute minima value M2 = Max {f(a), f(C1) ...... f(Cn) f(b)} of continuous function.
(d) Absolute maximum and minimum in (a, b) :
Let C1, C2, ..., Cn are critical points of f(x) in (a, b) and
M1 = Max {f(C1), f(C2) ... f(Cn)}
M2 = Min {f(C1), f(C2) ... f(Cn)}
If M1 > lim f(x) and M1 > lim f(x) then M1 will be absolute maximum value otherwise absolute maximum
x a x b
value does not exist.

Similarly if M2 < lim f(x) and M2 > lim f(x) then M2 will be absolute minimum value otherwise absolute minimum
x a x b
value does not exist.
(e) Absolute maxima and minima of discontinuous functions :
For this find values of function at critical points and end points and LHL and RHL at points of discontinuity.
The highest among there will be the absolute maximum value provided, it is value of the function and not the limit.
(f) Unique extremum theorem :
It is continuous function has a unique local extremum in interal I then that unique extremum is also the
absolute extremum on I.

Concept Exercise 7.1 Level-1

Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the following functions : [1-8]
1. 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1 on [1, 5] 2. 2x3 – 24x + 107 on [– 3, – 1]
3. f(x) = x50 – x20 on [0, 1] 4. f(x) = 12x4/3 – 6x1/3 on [– 1, 1]
5. f(x) = sin x + cos x on [0, ] 6. f(x) = cos2 x + sin x, x [0, ]
2
7. f(x) = sin x + cos x, x [0, ] 8. f(x) = 2 cos 2x – cos 4x, 0 x
 23

Concept Exercise 7.2 Level-2

1
1. Find the global maximum of f(x) = – 1 on R.
x2 1

2. Find the global minimum of the function f(x) = cos x + |x|.

3. Suppose that the equations of motion for a paper airplane during its first 10 seconds of flight are
x = t – 3 sin t, y = 4 – 3 cos t (0 t 10)
What are the highest and lowest points in the trajectory, and when is the airplane at those points ?
4. Find the greatest and least values of
f(x) = – x, – 1 x<0
2
= 2 – (x – 1) , 0 x 2.

x3 x 2 10x 5, x 1
5. Let f(x) = . Find all possible real values of b such that f(x) has greatest value at
2x log 2 (b 2 2), x 1
x = 1.

(b3 b 2 b 1)
x3 , 0 x 1
6. Let f(x) = (b 2 3b 2) . Find all possible real values of b such that f(x) has the
2x 3 ,1 x 3
smallest value of x = 1.
7. Let f(x) = ax2 – 4ax + b (a > 0) be defined in 1 x 5. Suppose the average of the maximum value and the
minimum value of the function is 14, and the difference between the maximum value and minimum value
is 18. Find the value of a2 + b2.

n
8. Find the largest term in the sequence an = 2 (n N).
n 10

1
9. Discuss the global maxima and global minima of f(x) = tan–1 x – logex in , 3 .
3

10. Find the range of the function f(x) = 2 x 2 4 x.

11. Find the global maximum of f(x) = 1 + 12|x| – 3x2 on [– 1, 4].
12. Find the absolute etrema of f(x) = x2/3 (5 – 2x) on the interval [– 1, 2].
13. Find the greatest value of the function f(x) = 2.33x – 32x . 4 + 2.3x in the interval [– 1, 1].

2ln x
14. Find the absolute maximum value of f(x) = .
x

CONCEPT-8
To Solve a word problem based on maxima and minima we should follow the following steps.
I. Identify the unknown quantities in the problem and assume them in the form of unknown variable like
x, y, o, r, h etc.
 24

II. Define the condition which gives the relation between unknown variables.
III. Define the function to be maximised or minimized.
IV. Reduce the function into single variable using the condition.
V. Differentiate the function and find critical points using f '(x) = 0.
VI. Check the maxima and minima by fist derivative test or second derivative test.
VII. Give the final answer in required form.

Concept Exercise 8 Level-1

1. Divide 30 into two parts such that their product is maxium.

2. Determine two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and sum of whose squares is minimum.
3. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes is minimum.
4. Divide the number 4 into two positive numbers such that the sum of the squares of one and the cube of
the other is minimum.
5. Find two positive numbers, x and y such that their sum is 35 and the product x2y5 is maixmum.
6. Prove that the area of rectangle of given perimeter is maximum when it is a square.
7. Show that among the rectangles of given area, the square has the least perimeter.
8. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of area 96 sq. cm. and least perimeter. Find the perimeter also.
9. Show that the rectangle of maximum area, that can be inscribed in a circle of radius r is a square of
side 2 r..
10. Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of radius a is a
square of side a 2 .
11. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of its sides on the diameter of the
semi-circle. Find the dimension of the rectangle so that its area is maximum. Also find this area.
12. Prove that the area of a right angled triangle of given hypotenuse is maximum when triangle is isosceles.
13. Two sides of a triangle have lengths ‘a’ and ‘b’ and the angle between them is . What value of will
maximize the area of the triangle. Also find the maximum area of the triangle.
14. The perimeter of a triangle is 8 cm. One of the sides is 3 cm. Find the other two sides such that the
triangle has maximum area.
15. Find the maximum area of a trapezium when the length of its three sides other than the base are 10 cm.
16. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right angled triangle is given, show that the
area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is /3.
17. The sum of the perimeter of the circle and a square is k, where k is some constant. Prove that the sum
of their areas is least when the side of the square is double the radius of the circle.
18. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distances a and b from the sides of the triangle. Show
that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is (a 2/3 + b 2/3)3/2.
19. A wire of length 28 metres is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be converted into a
square and the other into a circle. From where should the wire be cut so that combined area is minimum.
20. A wire of lenth 36 cm. is cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square and other
into an equilateral triangle. Find the length of each piece so that the sum of the areas of the square and
the triangle is minimum.
 25

21. A window is in form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The total perimeter of the
window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window so as to admit maximum light through the whole
opening.
22. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounded by an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the
window is 12 m, find the dimensions of the rectangle that will produce the largest area of the
window.
23. A figure consists of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. Given the perimeter of the figure,
find its dimension in order that the area may be maximum.
r

x x

2r
2
24. Find the point on the parabola y = 2x which is nearest to the point (1, 4) the distance PQ should be
minimum.
25. Find the shortest distance of the point (0, c) from the parabola y = x2, where 0 c 5.
26. A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square from each
corner and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that
the volume of the box is maximum thereby keeping the wastage to the minimum ? Also find this maximum
volume.
27. An open topped box is to be constructed by removing equal squares from each corner of a 3 metre by
8 metre rectangular sheet of aluminium and folding up the sides. Find the volume of the largest such
box.
28. A rectangular sheet to tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting off squares
from the corners and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the
volume of the box is maximum possible.
29. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume is minimum when it
is a cube.
30. Show that the volume of a closed box with square base and given surface area is maximum when it is
a cube.
31. If 40 sq. feet of sheet metal are to be used in the construction of an open than with a square base; find
the dimensionss for maximum volume.
32. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of area c2 square
c3
units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is cubic units.
6 3
33. A tank with open surface and square base is to contain 500 cubic feet of water. Find the least cost of
lining is with tin at the rate of Rs. 60 per sq. feet.
34. An open tank with square base of side x metres and vertical height h metres is to be constructed so as
to contain c cubic metres of water. Show that the expenses on lining the inside of the tank with lead

x
would be least if h = .
2
 26

35. A square tank of capacity 250 cubic metres has to be dug out. The cost of land is Rs. 50 per square
metre. The cost of digging increases with the depth and for the whole tank is 400 × (depth)2 rupees.
Find the dimensions of the tank for the least cost.
36. A tank with rectangular bae and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so that its depth
is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs. 70 per sq. metres for the base and Rs. 45 per
square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank ?
37. Show that a closed right circular cylinder of given total surface and maximum volume is such that its
height is equal to diameter of its base.
38. Show that a right circular cylinder which is open at the top and has a given surface area, will have the
greatest volume if its height is equal to the radius of its base.
39. Show that a right circular cylinder of given volume, open at the top, has minimum total surface area
provided its height is equal to the radius of its base.
40. A cylinder is closed at both ends. Its volume is 10 cubic inches. Find the base radius when total external
surface is least.
41. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as large as
possible when revolved about one of its sides.
42. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a half circular cylinder with a rectangular base and semi-
circular ends. Show that in order that the total surface area may be minimum, the ratio of the length of
the cylinder to the diameter of its semi-circular ends is : ( + 2).
43. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of maximum volume and given slant height is
tan –1 2 .
44. Show that the semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume

1
is sin –1 .
3

45. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal to 2
times the radius of the base.
46. Find the volume of the greatest right circular cone, that can be described by the revolution about the
side of a right angle of hypotenuse 1 ft.
47. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R

2R
is . Also find the maximum volume.
3

48. Show that the maximum volume of the cylinder which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 5 3 cm is
500 cm3.

8
49. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of the
27
volume of sphere.
50. Find the altitude of a right circular cone of maximum curved surface which can be inscribed in a sphere
of radius R.
51. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of height h and semi-

4
vertical angle 30° is h 3.
81
 27

52. Show that the height of the right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can be insscribed in a given

1 4
right circular cone of height h is h and prove that the maximum volume is h3 tan 2 , where is
3 27
the semi-vertical angles of the cone.
53. A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a cone. Show that the curved surface area of the cylinder is
maximum when the diameter of the cylinder is equal to the radius of the base of the cone.
x2 y2
54. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse 1.
a2 b2
x2 y2
55. Show that the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse 1 with its vertex
a2 b2
3 3
at one end of the major axis is ab sq. units.
4
56. If the sum of the surface areas of a cube and a sphere is constant, what is the ratio of an edge of the
cube to the diameter of the sphere when the sum of their volumes is minimum ?
57. The sum of the surface area of a reactangular parallelopiped with sides x, 2x and x/3 and a sphere is
given to be constant. Prove that the sum of their volumes is minimum, if x is equal to three times the
radius of the sphere. Also find the minimum value of the sum of their volumes.

48
58. The cost C of manufacturing a certain article is given by the formula C = 5 + + 3x2, where x is the
x
number of articles manufactured. Find the minimum value of C.

x
59. A manufacturer can sell petrol operated x items at a price of Rs. 5 each. The cost price of
100
x
petrol operated x items is Rs. 500 . Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum
5
profit.
60. A magazine seller has 500 subscribers and collects annual subscription charges of Rs. 300 per subscriber.
She proposes to increase the annual subscription charges and it is believed that for every increase of
Re 1, one subscriber will discontinue. What increase will bring maximum income to her ? Make
appropriate assumptions in order to apply derivatives to reach the solution. Write one important role of
magazines in our lives.
61. A telephone company in a town has 500 subscribers on its list and collects fixed charges of Rs. 300 per
subscriber per year. The company proposes to increase the annual subscription and it is believed that
for every increase of Re 1 one subscriber will discontinue the service. Find what increase will bring
maximum profit ?
62. The cost of fuel for running a bus is proportional to the square of the speed generated in km/hr. It costs
Rs. 48 per hour when the bus is moving at the speed of 20 km/hr. What is the most economical speed
if the fixed charges are Rs. 108 for an hour, over and above the running charges.

v3
63. The total cost per hour for running a ship is 3.75 + , where v is the speed in km. per hour. What
1800
value of the speed will make the total cost of voyage of 1000 km, a minimum ?
64. A given rectangular area is to be fenced off in a field whose length lies along a straight river. If no
fencing is needed along the river, show that the least length of fencing will be required when length of
the field is twice its breadth.
 28

CONCEPT-9
(a) Approximation :
Let a quantity y depends on x according to relation y = f(x)
Let x is small increment in x and y is corresponding increment in y, then
y + y = f(x + x)
y = f(x + x) – f(x)

y f (x x) f (x)
=
x x

y f (x x) f (x)
lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x

y dy
lim
x 0 x dx

y dy
so (approx.)
x dx

dy
y x.
dx

so If x is the change in the value of x, then the corresponding change in the value of y is given by

dy
y x.
dx

(b) Errors :
(I) Absolute error :
The actual error commited in the measurement of a quantity x is called the absolute error. It is
denoted by x.
x = |Measured value – Actual value|.
(II) Relative error :
It is defined as the ratio of absolute error and actual value.

x
relative error =
x

(III) Percentage error :

It is defined as

x
percentage error = × 100
x
 29

Concept Exercise 9 Level-1

Use differentials to approximate the following : [1-11]

1. 0.37 2. 64.3 3. 0.48 4. 36.6

1/ 4
1/3 1/3
17
5. (28) 6. (25) 7. 8. (31.9) 1/5
81

9. (0.999) 1/10 10 . (3.968)3/2 11. (1.999)6

12. Use differentials to calculate approximate value of log 9.01.
13. If 1° = radians, then find the approximate value of cos 60°1'.
14. Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following :
loge 4.04, it being given that log10 4 = 0.6021 and log10 e = 0.4343.
15. Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following :
cos 61°, it being given that sin 60° = 0.86603 and 1° = 0.01745 radians
16. Find the approximate value of f(2.01), where f(x) = 4x2+ 5x + 2.
17. Find the approximate value of f(3.02), where f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 3.
18. Find the approximate value of f(5.001), where f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 15.
19. If y = x4 – 10 and if x changes from 2 to 1.99, what is the approximate change in y.

22
20. If y = sin x and x changes from to , what is the approximate change in y ?
2 14
[Give = 355/113]
21. A circular metal plate expands under heating so that its radius increases by 2%. Find the approximate
increase in the area of the plate if the radius of the plate before heating is 10 cm.
22. Find the approximate change in the surface area of the cube of side x metres caused by decreasing the
side by 1%.

mv 2
23. If the kinetic energy, T = ; find the approximate change in T as m changes from 49 to 49.5 and v
2
changes from 1600 to 1590.
24. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02 m, find the approximate error in
calculating its volume.
25. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
calculating its volume.
26. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error
in calculating its surface area.
27. The radius of a sphere is found to be 10 cm with a possible error of 0.02 cm. What is the relative error
in computing the volume.
28. Show that the relative error in computing the volume of a sphere, due to an error in measuring the
radius, is approximately equal to three times the relative error in the radius.
29. Find the percentage error in the area of a rectangle when an error of 1% is made in measuring its
length and breadth.
 30

30. Find the approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x metres caused by increasing the side by
2%.
31. The pressure p and the volume v of a gas are connected by the relation pv1.4 = const. Find the percentage
error in p corresponding to a decrease of 1/2% in v.

4 3
32. A person measures the radius of a sphere to be 6 in and use the formula V = r to calculate the volume.
3
If his measurement of the radius is accurate to within 1%, approximately how accurate (to the nearest
percent) in his calculation of the volume ?
33. The edge of a cube was found to be 30 cm with a possible error in measurement of 0.1 cm. Use differentials
to estimate the maximum possible error, relative error and percentage error in computing (a) the volume of
the cube and (b) the surface area of the cube.
34. The circumference of a sphere was measured to be 84 cm with a possible error of 0.5 cm.
(a) Use differentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculate surface area. What is the relative error?
(b) Use differentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculated volume. What is the relative error ?
35. The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21 cm with a possible error in measurement of atmost
0.05 cm. What is the maximum error in using this value of the radius to compute the volume of the sphere ?

CONCEPT-10
(a) A.M., G.M. Inequality :

a1 a 2 , ... a n
(i) If ai > 0 then (a1, a2, ..., an)1/n [Equality holds for a1 = a2 = .... = a2]
n

1
(ii) If x > 0 then x + 2 [Equality for x = 1]
x

1
(iii) If x < 0 then x + –2 [Equality for x = – 1]
x

Ex-1. If – < < , then the minimum value of cos3 + sec2 is

2 2

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these

Ex-2. If a > 1, b > 1, then the minimum value of logb a + loga b is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
Ex-3. The minimum value of 9x + 91–x, x R, is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) none of these

a b c
Ex-4. If a, b, c are three non-zero numbers of the same sign, then the value of lies in the interval
b c a

(a) [2, ) (b) [3, ) (c) (3, ) (d) [– , 3)

Ex-5. If a, b are positive real numbers such that ab = 1, then the least value of the expression (1 + a) (1 + b) is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) none of these
 31

Ex-6. If a = log53 + log75 + log9 7, then

3 1 3
(a) a , (b) a , (c) a , (d) none of these
2 21/3 21/3

Ex-7. If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers, then

(a) a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca (b) a2 + b2 + c2 < ab + bc + ca
(c) a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca (d) a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca

1 1 1
Ex-8. If a1 > 0 for all i = 1, 2, ..., n. Then, the least value of (a1 + a2 + .... + an) a ...
1 a2 a n , is

(a) n2 (b) 2n (c) n (d) 1/n

b c c a a b
Ex-9. If a, b, c are three distinct positive real numbers such that > k, then the greatest value
a b c
of k is
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
(b) Weighted A.M., G.M. inequality : If a1, a2, ..., an are n positive real numbers and m1, m2, ..., mn are n
positive rational numbers, then

1
m1a1 m 2 a 2 ... m n a n
a1m1 .a 2m2 ....a nmn m1 m 2 ... mn
m1 m 2 ... m n

i.e. Weighted A.M. > Weighted G.M.

a b c
a 2 b 2 c2
Ex-10. If a, b, c are positive integers, then ax by cz, then
a b c

(a) x = a, y = b, z = c (b) x = b, y = a, z = c
(c) x = 1/a, y = 1/b, z = 1/c (d) x = y = z = 1
(c) If ai > 0 i, then

n
N
(i) If a1 + a2 + ... + an = N then Max a1, a2,..., an = [when a1 = a2= ... = an]
n

(ii) If a1 a2, ... an = N then Min a1 + a2 + ... + an = n(N)1/n [when a1 = a2= ... = an]
(d) If ai > 0 & mi > 0 i, then
r1 r 2 rn
(i) If m1a1 + m2a2 + ... + mnan = N then Max value of a1 a 2 ... a n occur when

m1a1 m2a 2 mna n N

...
r1 r2 rn r1 r2 ... rn

r1 r2 ... rn
(ii) If a1 a2 ... a n = N then Min value of m1a1 + m2a2 + .... + mnan occur when

m1a1 m2a 2 mn a n
...
r1 r2 rn .
 32

Ex-11. If 3x + 4y = 5, the greatest value of x2y3 is then

(a) 3/4 (b) 3/8 (c) 3/16 (d) 1/16
2
Ex-12. If x is a positive real numbers, then the greatest value of (7 – x) (x + 5) is
(a) 256 (b) 128 (c) 64 (d) 16
2 3
Ex-13. If x + y = a, then the greatest value of x y is

108 a 108 a 54 a 108 a 4

(a) (b) (c) (d)
3125 625 3125 3125

Ex-14. If x and y are positive real numbers such that x2y3 = 32 then the least value of 2x + 3y is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 15
(e) If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are distinct positive real numbers and p, q, r are natural numbers, then

a1p q r
a p2 q r
... a pn q r
a1p a p2 ... a np a1q a q2 ... a qn a1r a r2 ... a rn
n n n n

Ex-15. If x, y, z are positive real numbers such that x + y + z = a, then

1 1 1 a 1 1 1 9
(a) (b)
x y z 9 x y z a

1 1 1 9 1 1 1 a2
(c) (d)
x y z a2 x y z 9

m
m m m m
n 1
Ex-16. If m > 1 and m N, such that 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n > n . Then, k =
k

(a) 2 (b) n (c) m (d) 1

Concept Exercise 10 Level-2

1. If p, q, r be three distinct real numbers, then the value of (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) is

(a) > 8 pqr (b) < 8 pqr (c) 8 pqr (d) none of these
b c c a a b
2. If a, b, c are three positive real numbers, then the minimum value of is
a b c
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these
2 2 2
3. If a + b + c = 1, then ab + bc + ca lies in the interval
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1/2, 1] (c) [0, 1/2] (d) [1, 2]

1 1 1 1
4. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + = 4, b + = 1, c + = 4 and d + = 1, then
b c d a
(a) a = c and b = d (b) b = d and a c (c) ab = 1 and cd 1 (d) cd = 1 and ab 1
5. If the product of a positive numbers is 1, then their sum is
(a) a positive integer (b) divisible by n
1
(c) equal to n + (d) greater than or equal to n
n
 33

1 1 1
6. If a, b, c are positive real numbers, then the least value of (a + b + c) , is
c a b
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 10/3 (d) none of these
7. If a1 > 0 for i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and a1 a2 ... an = 1, then the minimum value of (1 + a1) (1 + a2) ... (1 + an), is
(a) 2n/2 (b) 2n (c) 22n (d) 1

a b c
8. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle, then
b c a c a b a b c
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2
9. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that abc is the minimum value of a(b + c )+ b(c2 + a2) + c(a2 + b2),
2 2

then =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
10. If Pn denotes the product of first n natural numbers, then for all n N.
n
n 1
(a) Pn nn (b) Pn+1 nn (c) Pn (d) none of these
2

11. If xn > 1 for all n N, then the minimum value of the expression
logx x1 + logx x2 + .... + logx xn–1 + logx xn is
2 3 n 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these

(1 a a 2 )(1 b b 2 )(1 c c 2 )
12. If a, b, c are three distinct positive real numbers, then the least value of , is
abc
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) none of these

(1 a a 2 )(1 b b 2 )(1 c c 2 )
13. If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that a < b < c, then lies in the
abc
interval

a 2 c2 a c c2 a 2 b2 c2
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
c a c2 a 2 a c c b

an
14. For any positive real numbers a and for any n N, the greatest value of is
1 a a2 ... a 2n
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2n 2n 1 2n 1
15. If a, b, c are distinct positive numbers such that b + c – a, c + a – b and a + b – c are positive, then the
expression (b + c – a) (c + a – b) (a + b – c) – abc is
(a) positive (b) negative (c) non-positive (d) non-negative
16. The leastg value of 2 log100 a – loga 0.0001, a > 1, is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) none of these
17. If a, b, c are positive real numbers, then the minimum value of
alog b – log c + blog c – log a + clog a – log b is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 9 (d) 16
18. If a, b, c R, then which one of the following is true
1
(a) max (a, b) < max (a, b, c) (b) min (a, b) = [a + b – |a – b|]
2
(c) min (a, b) < min (a, b, c) (d) none of these
 34

19. If a1, a2, ..., an are (n > 1) real numbers, then

n n 2 n n 2 n n 2

(a) n a i2 ai (b) a i2 ai (c) a i2 ai (d) none of these

i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1


20. If 0 < x < , then the minimum value of (sin x + cos x + cosec 2x), is
2

27 25
(a) 27 (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 4

x2
21. If x R and = , then lies in the interval
1 x4
(a) [0, 2] (b) [0, 1] (c) [0, 1/2] (d) none of these
4 3 2
22. If the equation x – 4x + ax + bx + 1 = 0 has four positive roots, then
(a) a = 6, b = – 4 (b) a = – 4, b = 6 (c) a = – 6, b = 4 (d) a = – 6, b = – 4
sin x cos x
23. The least value of 2 +2 is

(a) 21/ 2
(b) 21 2 1/ 2 (c) 21 2 1/ 2 (d) 21 2

24. If ai (– , 2 ) for i = 2, 3, ..., n, then the number of solutions of the inequality

2 2 2 2
21/sin a2
.31/sin a3
.41/sin a4
...n1/sin an
n! is
(a) infinite (b) 2n–1 (c) 3n–1 (d) 3n
1
25. If a, b, c are three positive real numbers such that abc2 has the greatest value , then
64
1 1 1 1 1
(a) a = b = ,c= (b) a = b = , c = (c) a = b = c = (d) none of these
2 4 4 2 3
26. If a + b + c = 1 and a, b, c are positive real numbers such that
((1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c) abc, then =
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
27. If a + b + c = 18 and a, b, c ae positive real numbers, then the greatest value of a2b3c4, is
(a) 219 × 32 (b) 219 × 33 (c) 218 × 33 (d) none of these
3 2 4
28. If x, y, z are positive real numbers such that x y z = 7, then the least value of 2x + 5y + 3z, is
1/9 1/9 1/9
525 525 525
(a) (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) none of these
128 128 128

29. Let a1, a2, ..., an be a non-negative real numbers such that a1 + a2 + ... + an = m and let S = a i a j , then
i j

m2 m2 m m2
(a) S (b) S > (c) S < (d) S >
2 4 2 2
30. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d) satisfies the relation
(a) 0 M 1 (b) 1 M 2 (c) 2 M 3 (d) 3 M 4
31. If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed numbers c, then the minimum value of
a1 + a2 + ... + 2an, is
(a) n (2c)1/n (b) (n + 1)c1/n (c) 2n c1/n (d) (n + 1) (2c)1/n
 35

tan 2 
32. If (0, /2) then x2 x is always greater than or equal to
x2 x

(a) 2 tan (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) sec2

(1 x x 2 ) (1 y y 2 )
33. For all positive values of x and y, the value of , is
xy

(a) 9 (b) < 9 (c) 9 (d) > 9

1 1 1
34. If x + y + z = 1, then the least value of , is
x y z

(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 1

35. If x, y, z are non-negative real numbers satisfying x + y + z = 1, then the minimum value of

1 1 1
1 1 1 , is
x y z

(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64

36. If a1, a2, a3, .... an are n distinct odd natural numbers not divisible by any prime greater than or equal to 7, then

1 1 1
the value of a ...
1 a2 a n is always less than

(a) 1 (b) 15/8 (c) 1/2 (d) 3/4

n n
37. For any n positive numbers a1, a2, ..., an such that ai  , the least value of a i 1 , is
i 1 i 1

3n n(n 1) n2
(a) 2n – (b) (c) (d)
  


38. For 0 < x < , (1 + 4 cosec x) (1 + 8 sec x), is
2
(a) 81 (b) > 81 (c) 83 (d) > 83

ab bc ca
39. If a + b + c = 1, the greatest value of , is
a b b c c a

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 2 2 4

1 1
40. If a, b > 0, a + b = 1, then the least value of 1 1 , is
a b

(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

41. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1, then the greatest value of
(1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c), is

1 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 9
27 27 27
 36

(a b c) 2
42. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle, then always belongs to
ab bc ca
(a) [1, 2] (b) [2, 3] (c) [3, 4] (d) [4, 5]
43. A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the circumcircle
of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is not the centre of the circumcircle, then

1 1 2 1 1 2
(a) PS ST QS SR (b) PS ST QS SR

1 1 4 1 1 4
(c) (d)
PS ST QR PS ST QR

44. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers a–5, a–4, 3a–3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
ASSERTION-REASON
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is also true; Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is also true; Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) None of these

2x 2
45. Statement-1 : For any real number x, 1
1 x4
Statement-2 : A.M. G.M.

1
46. Statement-1 : If angles A, B, C of ABC are acute, then cot A cot B cot C .
3 3

Statement-2 : If a, b, c are positive real numbers and 0 < m < 1, then

m
am bm cm a b c
3 3

47. Statement-1 : If x, y are positie real number satisfying x + y = 1, then x1/3 + y1/3 > 22/3
n
xn yn x y
Statement-2 : , if 0 < n < 1 and x, y > 0.
2 2

48. Statement-1 : If a, b are positive real numbers such that a3+ b3 = 16, then a + b 4.
n
an bn a b
Statement-2 : If a, b are positive real numbers and n > 1, then
2 2

49. Statement-1 : 13 + 33 + 53 + 73 + ... + (2n – 1)3 < n4, n N.

Statement-2 : If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are n distinct positive real numbers and m > 1, then

m
a1m am
2 ... a m
n a1 a 2 ... a b
n n
 37

n 2 (n 1)
50. Statement-1 : If n N, then 1 2 3 ... n
2

Statement-2 : If 0 < m < 1, then Arithmetic mean of mth powers < mth power of Arithmetic mean

1 1 1 1
51. Statement-1 : For every natural number n 2, ... n.
1 2 3 n

Statement-2 : For every natural number n 2, n(n 1) < n + 1

1 1 1
52. Statement-1 : If a, b, c are positive numbers in AP such that = 1, then the least value of b is
ab bc ca
3.
Statement-2 : A.M. G.M.
53. If a, b, c are three unequal positive numbers, then
Statement-1 : The product of their sum and the sum of their reciprocals exceeds 9.
Statement-2 : AM of n positive numbers exceeds their HM.

CONCEPT-11
3
Ex-1. Prove that cos A + cos B + cos C where A + B + C = . Also prove that if in a ABC,
2
3
cos A + cos + cos C = then the triangle is equilateral.
2
Sol. cos A + cos B + cos C
A B A B C
= 2 cos .cos + 1 – 2 sin2 .
2 2 2

C A B C C C
= 2 sin . cos sin + 1 ( A + B = – C) 2sin 1 sin +1
2 2 2 2 2

A B
( the greatest value of cos is 1)
2

A B
and equality holds when cos =1 ...(1)
2

2 C C
cos A + cos B + cos C 1 – 2 sin sin
2 2

2 C C 1 1
= 1 – 2 sin sin 2.
2 2 4 4

2
3 C 1 3
= 2 sin
2 2 2 2

C 1
equality holding when sin ...(2)
2 2
 38

3
Thus, cos A + cos B + cos C ...(3)
2
equality holding when (1) and (2) hold.
Now, in ABC, A + B + C = ; so (3) is true.
3
If cos A + cos B + cos C = then in (3) equality holds.
2
(1) and (2) are true,
A B C 1
i.e., cos = 1 and sin = 0.
2 2 2

A B
cos =1 A – B = 0, i.e. A = B
2

C 1 C
sin =0 = 30°, i.e. C = 60°.
2 2 2
Clearly, A + B + C = 180°, A = B and C = 60°
A = B = C = 60°; so the ABC is equilateral.
A B C
Ex-2. Prove that in an acute-angled ABC, tan2 + tan2 + tan2 1.
2 2 2

B C A
Sol.: Here A + B + C = ;
2 2 2

B C A A
tan = tan = cot
2 2 2 2

B
C
tan tan
2
2 1
or B C A
1 tan .tan tan
2 2 2

A B C B C
or tan tan tan = 1 – tan . tan
2 2 2 2 2

A B B C C A
or tan . tan + tan . tan + tan . tan =1 ..(1)
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C
Now, tan2 + tan2 + tan2 – 1
2 2 2

A B C A B B C C A
= tan2 + tan2 + tan2 – tan .tan tan .tan tan .tan , using (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2
1 A B B C C A
= 2 tan tan tan tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2

because a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab
1
= {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2} 0,
2
and sum of square of real numbers is positive. Here equality holds when
 39

A B C
tan = tan = tan , i.e., A = B = C.
2 2 2

A B C
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 – 1 0,
2 2 2

A B C
i.e., tan2 + tan2 + tan2 1,
2 2 2
equality holding when A = B = C, i.e., the triangle is equilateral.
Ex-3. Prove that in an acute angled ABC, tan A . tan B . tan C 3 3.
Also prove that the triangle is equilateral if the equality holds.
Sol.: As the triangle is acute, tan A, tan B and tan C are positive.
AM GM
tan A tan B tan C 3
tan A.tan B.tan C ...(1)
3
equality holding if the numbers are equal, i.e.,
tan A = tan B = tan C ...(2)
Now, A + B + C = ; B + C = – A
tan (B + C) = tan ( – A)
tan B tan C
or tan A
1 tan B.tan C
or tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A . tan B . tan C = x(say)
x x3
from (1), 3
x; or x.
3 27
As x > 0, x2 27; x 27 = 3 3
tan A . tan B . tan C 3 3,
equality holding when (2) is true, i.e.,
tan A = tan B = tan C
A = B = C, i.e., the triangle is equilateral.

3 3
Ex-4. Prove that in a ABC, sin A . sin B . sin C .
8
Sol.: Sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
1 1
= (1 – cos 2A) + (1 – cos 2B) + sin2 C
2 2
1
= 1 – (cos 2A + cos 2B) + sin2 C
2
1
= 1 – {2 cos(A + B) . cos (A – B)} + sin2 C
2
= 1 + cos C . cos (A – B) + 1 – cos2 C
= 2 – cos2 C + cos C . cos (A – B)
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C 2 – cos2C + cos C [ the greatest value of cos (A – B) = 1]
= 2 – (cos2C – cos C)
1 1
= 2 – (cos2C – cos C + )+
4 4

9 1
= = (cos C – )2
4 2
 40

9
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C ..(1)
4
Now, for positive quantities, AM GM

sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C 3

sin 2 A sin 2 Bsin 2 C
3

9/4 sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C

from (1), (sin A sin B sin C)2/3
3 3
3
(sin A sin B sin C)2/3
4
3/ 2
3 3 3
or sin A sin B sin C , i.e., .
4 8

Concept Exercise 11 Level-2

A B C 1
1. Prove that in a ABC, sin , sin , sin . Also prove that equality holds if the triangle is equilateral.
2 2 2 8
2. Prove that, in a triangle ABC,
1 1
cos A . cos B . cos C . Also prove that if cos A. cos B . cos C = , the triangle will be equilateral.
8 8
3
3. Prove that in ABC, cos2A + cos2B + cos2C .
4
3
4. In ABC is acute angled then prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C < .
2
1
5. If where > 0 then prove that (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) (1 – cos ) .
8
6. Prove that in a ABC, cot2A + cot2B + cot2C 1. Also prove that, if equality holds then the triangle is
equilateral.
7. Prove that in a ABC, cot A + cot B + cot C 3 . Also prove that if cot A + cot B + cot C = 3 , the
triangle will be equilateral.
8. Prove that in an acute-angled triangle ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C 3 3 . If equality holds, the triangle will
be equilateral.
A B C 3 3
9. If A + B + C = , prove that cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2 8
3 3
10. Show that the greatest value of sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C in a triangle ABC is .
2
2 2 2
11. Prove that in an acute angled ABC, tan A + tan B + tan C 9.
A B C
12. Prove that in a ABC, cot . cot . cot 3 3 and the triangle is equilateral if equality holds.
2 2 2
A B C
13. Prove that in ABC, cosec + cosec + cosec 6.
2 2 2

14. If A + B + C = and A, B, C 0, then prove that sec A + sec B + sec C 6.
2
A B C 3
15. Prove that in a ABC, sin2 + sin2 + sin2 .
2 2 2 4