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Well Logging Questions and Answers
Well Logging Questions and Answers
arab-oil-naturalgas.com/well-logging-questions-and-answers/
April 29,
2018
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♦ SP log is used to:
– detect permeable beds
– detect boundaries of permeable beds
– determine formation water resistivity RW
– determine the volume of shale in permeable beds.
b- Gr
♦ Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity in formations and because of this
measurement, they can be used for identifying lithologies and correlating zones.
♦ Shale free sand stones and carbonates have low concentration of radioactive material.
And give low gamma ray readings. As shale content increase, the gamma ray log
response increase because of the concentration of radioactive material in shale.
♦ May be used in calculation of volume of shale:
IGR= (GRlog-GRmin)/(GRmax-GRmin)
c- Sonic
♦ The sonic log is a porosity log that measures interval transit time (Δt) of a
compressional sound wave traveling through one foot of formation.
♦ The sonic log device consists of one or more sound transmitters and two or more
receivers.
♦ Interval transit time (Δt) in microseconds per foot is the reciprocal of the velocity of a
compressional sound wave in feet per second.
♦The interval transit time is dependent up on both lithology and porosity. There for, a
formation’s matrix velocity must be known to derive sonic porosity either by chart or by
formula
Phisonic = ((Δt)log-(Δt)ma) / ((Δt)f -(Δt) ma)
d- Neutron
♦ Neutron log is a porosity log that Measures the hydrogen ions concentration in a
formation
♦ In clean formations where the porosity is filled with water or oil, the neutron log
measures the liquid-filled porosity.
♦ Neutrons are created from a chemical source in the neutron logging tool. The
chemical source may be a mixture of americium and beryllium which will continuously
emit neutrons. The neutrons collide with nuclei of formation’s material result in losing
some of its energy. Because the hydrogen atom is almost equal in mass to the neutron,
maximum energy loss occurs when neutron collide with hydrogen atom. So, the
maximum amount of energy loss is a function of hydrogen concentration because
hydrogen in a porous formation, so the energy loss can be related to the formation’s
porosity.
e- Density
♦ The formation density log is a porosity log that measures electron density of
formation.
♦ It can assist the geologist to :
1. identify the evaporate minerals
2. Detect gas bearing zone
3. Determine HC density
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4. Evaluate shaly-sand reservoir and complex lithology.
♦ The density logging device consists of a medium energy gamma ray source that emits
gamma rays into a formation. The gamma ray source is either Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137.
♦ Gamma ray collides with electrons in the formation the collisions result in a loss of
energy from the gamma ray particle.
♦ Scattered gamma rays – which reach the detector located a fixed distance from the
gamma ray source – are counted as an indicator of formation density.
♦ The of Compton scattering collisions is a direct function of the of electrons in a
formation (electron density).
f- Resistivity
♦ Resistivity logs are electric logs which are used to:
– Determine HC versus water bearing zones.
♦ Because the rocks matrix or grains are non-conductive the ability of the rock to transit
a current is almost entirely a function of water in the bores.
♦ Hydrocarbons, like the rock’s matrix, are non-conductive; therefore, as the
hydrocarbon saturation of the bores increase, the rock’s resistivity also increases.
♦ A geologist, by knowing a formation’s water resistivity (RW), its porosity (PHI), and a
value for cementation exponent (m), can determine a formation water saturation (SW)
from the Archie equation :
♦ The two basics types of logs which are used to measure the formation resistivity are;
– Induction log
– Electrode log
g- Caliper
♦ A caliper log is a well logging tool that provides a continuous measurement of the size
and shape of a borehole along its depthThe measurements that are recorded can be an
important indicator of cave ins or shale swelling in the borehole.
h- Dip meter
♦ A dip log produced by reading of the direction and angle of formation dip as analyzed
from impulses from a dipmeter consisting of three electrodes 120° apart in a plane
perpendicular to the borehole.
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