Foundations of

Group Behavior
Defining
Defining and
and Classifying
Classifying Groups
Groups
Group(s)
Two or more individuals interacting and
interdependent, who have come together
to achieve particular objectives.

Formal Group Informal Group

A designated work A group that is neither
group defined by the formally structured now
organization’s structure. organizationally determined;
appears in response to the
need for social contact.

8–2
Defining
Defining and
and Classifying
Classifying Groups
Groups (cont’d)
(cont’d)

Command Group Task Group

A group composed of Those working together
the individuals who to complete a job or task.
report directly to a
given manager.

Interest Group Friendship Group

Those working together Those brought together
to attain a specific because they share one
objective with which or more common
each is concerned. characteristics.
8–3
Why
Why People
People Join
Join Groups
Groups

• Security
• Status
• Self-esteem
• Affiliation
• Power
• Goal Achievement
The
The Five-Stage
Five-Stage Model
Model of
of Group
Group Development
Development
Forming Stage
The first stage in group development, characterized
by much uncertainty.

Storming Stage
The second stage in group development,
characterized by intragroup conflict.

Norming Stage
The third stage in group development,
characterized by close relationships and
cohesiveness.

8–5
…Group
…Group Development
Development (cont’d)
(cont’d)

Performing Stage
The fourth stage in group development, when the
group is fully functional.

Adjourning Stage
The final stage in group development for temporary
groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up
activities rather than performance.

8–6
An
AnAlternative
Alternative Model:
Model: Temporary
Temporary Groups
Groups with
with
Deadlines
Deadlines

Punctuated-
Equilibrium Model
Temporary groups go
through transitions Sequence
Sequenceof
ofactions:
actions:
between inertia and 1.1. Setting
Settinggroup
groupdirection
direction
activity. 2.2. First
Firstphase
phaseof
ofinertia
inertia
3.3. Half-way
Half-waypoint
pointtransition
transition
4.4. Major
Majorchanges
changes
5.5. Second
Secondphase
phaseofofinertia
inertia
6.6. Accelerated
Acceleratedactivity
activity

8–7
Group
Group Property
Property 11 -- Roles
Roles

Role(s)
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to
someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Role Perception
An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to
act in a given situation.

8–8
Group
Group Property
Property 11 -- Roles
Roles (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Role Expectations
How others believe a person should act in a given
situation.

Psychological Contract
An unwritten agreement that sets out what
management expects from the employee and vice
versa.

Role Conflict
A situation in which an individual is confronted by
divergent role expectations.
8–9
Group
Group Property
Property 22 -- Norms
Norms
Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group
that are shared by the group’s members.

Classes
Classesof
ofNorms:
Norms:
•• Performance
Performancenorms
norms
•• Appearance
Appearancenorms
norms
•• Social
Socialarrangement
arrangementnorms
norms
•• Allocation
Allocationof
ofresources
resources
norms
norms

8–10
The
The Hawthorne
Hawthorne Studies
Studies
Ø A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo at
Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works
in Chicago between 1924 and 1932.
Ø Research Conclusions:
– Worker behavior and sentiments were closely
related.
– Group influences (norms) were significant in
affecting individual behavior.
– Group standards (norms) were highly effective in
establishing individual worker output.
– Money was less a factor in determining worker
output than were group standards, sentiments,
and security.
8–11
Group
Group Property
Property 22 -Norms
-Norms (cont’d)
(cont’d)

Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of
the group.(Asch's Study)

Reference Groups
Important groups to which individuals belong or
hope to belong and with whose norms individuals
are likely to conform.

8–12
Group
Group Property
Property 22 -- Norms
Norms (cont’d)
(cont’d)

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Antisocial actions by organizational members that intentionally
violate established norms and result in negative consequences
for the organization, its members, or both.

Typology of Deviant Workplace Behavior

Performance Coming late or leaving
early
Working slowly
Careless
Material Arson
Sabotage
Stealing
Interpersonal Biased
Verbal Abuse
Blaming others
Sexual harassment 8–13
Group
Group Property
Property 33 -- Status
Status

Status
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or
group members by others.

Group
GroupNorms
Norms

Group
GroupMember
Member
Status
StatusEquity
Equity Status
Status

Group
Group
interaction
interaction

8–14
 Group
Group Property
Property 44 -- Size
Size
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when
working collectively than when working individually.
Performance Ways to Prevent loafing:
● Set group goals
● Increase inter-group competition
● Peer evaluation
g)
d

n
te

fi
● Select members who have high
a
ec

lo motivation and prefer to work in

p

to groups
Ex

ue
l (d ● Base group rewards in part on each
a
tu member's unique contributions
Ac

Group Size
8–15
Group
Group Structure
Structure -- Cohesiveness
Cohesiveness

Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to
each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

Increasing
Increasinggroup
groupcohesiveness:
cohesiveness:
1.1. Make
Makethe
thegroup
groupsmaller.
smaller.
2.2. Encourage
Encourageagreement
agreementwith
withgroup
groupgoals.
goals.
3.3. Increase
Increasetime
timemembers
membersspend
spendtogether.
together.
4.4. Increase
Increasegroup
groupstatus
statusand
andadmission
admissiondifficultly.
difficultly.
5.5. Stimulate
Stimulatecompetition
competitionwith
withother
othergroups.
groups.
6.6. Give
Giverewards
rewardstotothe
thegroup,
group,not
notindividuals.
individuals.
7.7. Physically
Physicallyisolate
isolatethe
thegroup.
group.

8–16
Group
Group Tasks
Tasks
Ø Decision-making
– Large groups facilitate the pooling of information
about complex tasks.
– Smaller groups are better suited to coordinating
and facilitating the implementation of complex
tasks.
– Simple, routine standardized tasks reduce the
requirement that group processes be effective in
order for the group to perform well.

8–17
Group
Group Decision
Decision Making
Making
Ø Strengths Ø Weaknesses
– More complete – More time
information consuming
– Increased (slower)
diversity of – Increased
views pressure to
– Higher quality of conform
decisions (more – Domination by
accuracy) one or a few
– Increased members
acceptance of – Ambiguous
solutions responsibility

8–18
Group
Group Decision
Decision Making
Making (cont’d)
(cont’d)

Groupthink
Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus
overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course
of action.

Groupshift
A change in decision risk between the group’s
decision and the individual decision that member
within the group would make; can be either toward
conservatism or greater risk.

8–19
Symptoms
Symptoms Of
Of The
The Groupthink
Groupthink Phenomenon
Phenomenon

Ø Group members rationalize any resistance to the

assumptions they have made.
Ø Members apply direct pressures on those who
express doubts about shared views or who
question the alternative favored by the
majority.
Ø Members who have doubts or differing points of
view keep silent about misgivings.
Ø There appears to be an illusion of unanimity.

8–20
Group
Group Decision-Making
Decision-Making Techniques
Techniques
Interacting Groups
Typical groups, in which the members interact with
each other face-to-face.

Nominal Group Technique

A group decision-making method in which individual
members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments
in a systematic but independent fashion.

8–21
Group
Group Decision-Making
Decision-Making Techniques
Techniques

Brainstorming
An idea-generation process that specifically
encourages any and all alternatives, while
withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

Electronic Meeting
A meeting in which members interact on computers,
allowing for anonymity of comments and
aggregation of votes.

8–22