INTRODUCTION

TO
SANITARY ENGINEERING

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Common Terms used in Sanitary Engineering

• Sewer
A closed drain carrying night-soil and other water-borne waste.

• Sewerage
The branch of engineering which deals with the collection and
carrying of sewage through underground sewers by water carriage
system away from the towns and dispose it of in such an order, that
it may not cause any danger to the human health.

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• Refuse
It includes all kinds of dry wastes of the community i.e. street and
house sweeping, garbage etc.

• Garbage
It includes all kinds of semi-solid and solid wastes food and
products as vegetables, peelings of fruits , waste meats etc.

• Rubbish
It means all sundry solid wastes as paper, broken furniture, pottery,
waste building materials etc.

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• Sewage
It includes all kinds of liquid wastes of a community.
It is further classified as (a) Storm Sewage
& (b) Sanitary Sewage

• Storm Sewage
It includes surface runoff developed during and immediately
after rainfall over the concerned area.

• Sanitary Sewage
It includes wastes of domestic and industrial places.
This sewage is extremely foul in nature and required to be
disposed of very carefully.
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• Sanitary Engineering starts at a point where water supply
engineering ends.

• Sanitary works can be broadly classified as :

(a) Collection works
(b) Treatment works
(c) Disposal work

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 Various types of waste products of a town or city
and various methods used in their collection and disposal

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Sanitary Works

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Sanitary Works

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 Collection works
• The collection works include the house drainage works and
network of sewers laid to the town to collect the wastewater from
individual houses, public places and industries.

• The drainage system should not allow disease bacteria and foul
gases to escape into the atmosphere.

• The system employed should be self-cleaning, hydraulically

tight and economical.

• The system should be such that waste matters can be transported

quickly and steadily to the treatment works.

• Refuse and Sewage are collected separately.

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 Treatment works
• Wastewater treatment works are required to treat the sewage
before disposal so that it may not pollute the atmosphere and
the waterbody in which it will be disposed of.

• The types of treatment works depend on nature of the

hygienic, aesthetic and economical aspects.

• While designing the treatment process, they should be designed

in such a way that treated water becomes so pure that it can be
used for general purposes although it may not be used.

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 Disposal works
The works which are done to dispose of the wastewater are called
disposal works.

• Aims and objectives of Sewage-disposal

(1) Proper disposal of human excreta to a safe place before it cause

insanitary conditions in the locality.

(2) To take out all kinds of wastewater from the locality, immediately
after its use, so that mosquitoes, flies, bacteria etc. may not breed in
it and cause nuisance.

(3) Final disposal of the sewage on land or any other water-courses after
treatment so that receiving land or water may not get polluted and
unsafe for its further use.

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(4)The fertilizing elements of sewage may be used in growing crops through
sewage farming.

(5) In unsewered areas, the treatment of sewage from individual household

should be done by septic tank or other suitable means, and the effluent should be
disposed of.

(6) If the sewage is disposed of on the land, it should have such a degree of
treatment that it may not effect the sub-soil in any way.

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 END
OF
THE CHAPTER

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