Sanitary Engineering

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Definition of common terms

1.2 Necessity of waster water and solid waste management
1.3 Waste water and solid waste management methods
1.4 Objective of sewage disposal
1.5 Sanitation Systems
1.6 Sewerage Systems

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1.1 Definition of common terms
Sanitary Engineering is the branch of Public Health Engineering which deals with
collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of waste produce in community.
A. Refuse:
• Rejected/left as worthless liquid, semi liquid and solid wastes.
a. Garbage:
• dry refuse including waste paper, decayed fruits and vegetables, grass, leaves,
street sweepings, sweeping from markets/public places.
b. Rubbish:
• dry and combustible from offices, residences, building material wastes, broken
furniture, paper etc.
c. Sullage:
• wastewater from bathroom, kitchen, wash basins and other washing places
• It doesn’t create bad smell because of negligible presence of organic matters.
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1.1 Definition of common terms
d. Subsoil water:
• portion of ground water entering into the sewer through faulty joints and leakages.
e. Storm water:
• rain water of the locality.
f. Night Soil:
• human and animal excreta.
g. Sewage:
• liquid wastes (called wastewater nowadays) sullage, discharge from toilet, urinals,
groundwater, storm water, surface water, industrial wastewater etc.
• contain disease causing bacteria and its decomposition produce foul gases

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1.1 Definition of common terms
Type of sewage
i Storm Sewage:
• rainwater and it is not so harmful.
Ii Sanitary Sewage:
• sewage derived from residential and industrial establishments.
a Domestic Sewage:
• Wasted from lavatory basins, urinals, water closets of residential buildings, offices,
theaters and other institutions
• It contains human excreta and urine hence foul in nature.
b Industrial sewage:
• wastewater obtained from the industrial and commercial establishments

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1.1 Definition of common terms
B. Sewer:
• underground conduit (generally closed and partial flowing) through which sewage is
carried to the point of discharge or disposal.
a. Separate sewer:
• carrying domestic and industrial sewage.
b. Storm sewer:
• carrying storm water of the locality.
c. Combined sewer:
• carrying domestic, industrial and storm sewage.
d. Main or trunk sewer:
• receives sewage from a branch or sub mains and serves as an outlet for a large area

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1.1 Definition of common terms
e. Branch or sub main sewer:
• receives sewage from a no of lateral sewers and delivers it to main sewer.
f. Lateral sewer:
• receives sewage from house through house sewer and delivers it to a branch or sub
main sewer. It indicates the first stage of sewage collection.
g. House sewer:
• carries sewage from house and delivers it to a street or lateral sewer.
h. Outfall sewer:
• receives sewage from collection system and delivers it to a point of final discharge or
disposal point.
C. Sewerage:
• It includes the structures, device, equipment used for removal of sewage. In other
word: indicates the entire science of collection and carrying of sewage through sewers
by water carriage system.
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1.2 Necessity of waster water and solid waste management
• To take the waste of community away from the community and con troll the pollution
• To prevent the spread of epidemic diseases
1.3 Waste water and solid waste management methods
a. Collection works
• includes the house drainage works and networks of sewers laid in the town to collect
the wastewater from houses, industrial and public places etc.
• Solid waste and refuge are collected separately into individual or public bins
• wastewater is collected through house drainage system and properly laid sewer
networks.
b. Conveyance Works
• conveyed outside the city either by loading them into trolleys, or trucks to the point of
treatment or disposal place.
• Conveyed wastewater through sewer lines to the point of treatment or disposal is done.
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1.3 Waste water and solid waste management methods
c. Treatment Works
• Treatment of waste water in essential to reduce the spread of disease caused by
pathogenic organisms present in the sewage and to prevent pollution of surface and
ground water
• The treatment of wastewater is carried out by the combination of physical, chemical
and biological processes before the end products are safely disposed off.
d. Disposal Works
• papers, plastics, metals etc. can be recycled or reused.
• Treated wastewater effluent is safe to use in agriculture, industrial cooling and ground
water recharge.
• Wastewater after treatment may be disposed safely in rivers or streams or other natural
watercourses.
• Disposal should be such that it mayn't cause harm to Public Health. Solid waste may
be disposed-off by sanitary landfill or incineration etc.

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1.4 Objective of sewage disposal
• To dispose human excreta in a safe place before the start of decomposition, to protect
in-sanitary conditions to the locality.
• To take out all wastewater from the locality immediately after use so that mosquito,
flies, bacteria etc. mayn't breed in it.
• To dispose sewage on natural water bodies after treatment so that the receiving water
and land may not get polluted.
• To utilize the fertilizing value of sewage for growing crops.
• To dispose on the land after treatment so that it may not affect the subsoil.
• To dispose sewage scientifically to protect the public and community health from bad
smell, foul gases, mosquito, bacteria etc. that reduces the dander of spreading of
diseases like typhoid, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
• To prevent the spoiling of aesthetic appearance on community

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1.5 Sanitation Systems
A. Conservancy System
• very old system /called dry system and even used nowadays in underdeveloped areas.
• wastes are collected, conveyed and disposed separately by different methods.
• Garbage or dry refuge is collected in the baskets, pans then dust bins placed along the
roads and conveyed by trucks, carts and disposed-off to the disposal point.
• Non-combustible garbage such as sand, dust etc. are used in sanitary landfill
• combustible portions such as leaves, waste paper are burnt and the decaying matters
such as fruits, vegetable wastes are first dried then burnt to make the manure.
• Human excreta or night soil is collected in privies or latrines and removed by human
agency and buried in the trenches after 2 – 3 years it is used as manure.
• Sullage and storm waters are carried separately in closed or open drains to the
disposal point (water courses, land for farming)

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1.5 Sanitation Systems
Merits
• Quantity reaching to the treatment plant is low.
• No silting problem in open drain
• Initial cost is low
• No skilled manpower is required for its operation
• No heavy equipments are required for the conveyance of sewage
Demerits
• Unhygienic and chances of spreading of diseases.
• Difficult to construct drains in the crowded area.
• More land is required for burring human excreta.
• Possibility of pollution of underground water.
• Aesthetic appearance of the city can't be improved.
• Decomposition of sewage causes in-sanitary conditions and danger to public health.

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1.5 Sanitation Systems
B Water Carriage System
• In this system, collection and conveyance and disposal of various wastes are carried
out with the help of water.
• In this system water and night soil is mixed and then conveyed through properly
designed sewerage systems then disposed off.
• Sufficient quantity of water is required to be mixed with waste so that dilution ratio is so
great that the mixture may flow just like water.
• This system is very hygienic as night soil and other waste carried out through closed
conduit which is not directly exposed to atmosphere.
• All these matters remain in suspension and does not change the specific gravity of
water hence all the hydraulic formula is used to design the sewerage system.

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1.5 Sanitation Systems
Merits
• Hygienic because no use of human agency.
• No nuisance in streets and towns due to closed sewers.
• Less and underground space is used for sewer.
• Self-cleaning velocity can be easily obtained.
• Building and latrine can be designed in one unit.
• Less land is required for disposal work.
• Usual water supply is sufficient and no additional water is required.
• Sewage after treatment can be used for various purposes.
Demerits
• High initial and maintenance cost.
• Large quantity of sewage is to be treated during monsoon.
• Skilled manpower is required
• Heavy conduits are required for the conveyance of sewage

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Difference between conservancy and water carriage system
S.N Conservancy System
1 No heavy conduits are required for
the conveyance of sewage
2 No skilled manpower is required for
its operation
3 System is unhygienic as everything
is visible
4 Suitable for rural area
5 More labor force is required for its
operation
6 Initial cost is low
7 There is more chance of outbreak of
epidemic
S.N Water Carriage System
1 heavy conduits are required for the
conveyance of sewage
2 Skilled manpower is required for its
operation
3 System is hygienic as sewage is
carried out in close sewer
4 Suitable for urban area
5 Less labor force is required for its
operation
6 Initial cost is high
7 There is less chance of outbreak of
epidemic

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
1. Combined system
2. Separate System
3. Partially separate system

1. Combined system
• The combined system provides only one sewer to carry both the sewage as well as the
rain water. The sewage and rain water are carried to the sewage treatment plant,
before its final disposal.
• The combined system is advocated on the ground that the street surface washings are
as impure as the sewage itself, and should therefore be suitably treated before being
allowed to enter the natural stream.

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
Merits
• The system requires only one set of sewers. Hence the maintenance costs are
reduced.
• There is more air in the larger sewers than in smaller ones of the separate system.
Hence the sewer gas that may be formed gets diluted. Thus the chances of foul smell
are reduced.
• In congested area it is easy to lay one large sewer.
• No problem of flush because self-cleaning velocity is available due to more quantity of
sewage.
• Rainwater dilutes the sewage so treatment process is easy and economical.
• No chances of choking due to larger size and availability of rainwater.
• House plumbing is easy and economical because only one set of pipe is required.

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
• Demerits
• High initial cost due to more depth of laying because of large size of sewer.
• Not suitable for areas having very less rainfall because self cleansing velocity can't be
achieved in the dry period but may get problem of silting.
• Uneconomical for such huge quantity if pumping is required.
• Rainwater is unnecessarily polluted and overflow may
• occur during heavy rain which causes harm to the public health.
2. Separate System
• When the sanitary sewage is taken in one set of sewers, whereas storm and surface
water are taken in another set of sewers, it is called separate system.
•The storm water may be carried in open drains or closed conduits
• The sanitary sewage should be led to treatment works while storm water can be
discharged directly into natural streams without any treatment

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
Merits
• Quantity of sewage to be treated is small as sewage flows in separate conduits.
• Cheaper because storm sewage can be conveyed through open drains and sanitary
sewage only through closed drains.
• Cheaper if pumping is required.
• No fear of pollution created by overflow during heavy rain.
Demerits
• Due to small quantity of sewage, self-cleansing velocity mayn’t be available in all
periods hence flushing system may be required.
• Two set of sewer are laid, their maintenance cost is high.
• Maintenance cost high due to two sets of sewers and lying in congested area is
difficult.
• Uneasy in house plumbing two sets of pipes for storm and sanitary sewage separately.

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
3. Partially separate System:
• If a portion of storm water is allowed to enter in the sanitary sewage-carrying sewer
and remaining storm sewage into another sewer, the system is called partially separate
system.
• In this system, storm water from roof, pavement and yards are allowed together with
sewer and remaining storm water is drained off from other drain.
• t is suitable in areas of rainfall throughout the year and when the self-cleansing velocity
is not available due to smaller quantity of sewage.
Merits
• The sewers are of reasonable size so cleaning is not very difficult.
• The storm water permitted in the sewers eliminates its chances of chocking. The
sewers are completely cleaned during rainy season.
• The problem of disposing off storm water from homes is simplified.

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1.6 Types Sewerage Systems (Water Carriage system)
Demerits
• During the dry weather, when there is no rain water, the velocity of flow will be low.
Thus self-cleansing velocity may not be achieved.
• The storm water increases the load on treatment units.
• The storm water also increases the cost of pumping.

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Difference between separate and combined system
S.N Separate System
1 Less quantity / cheap.
2 Suitable for more rainfall intensity area.
3 Pumping cost is low due to less quantity.
4 Cheaper because storm water can be 4
conveyed in open drain and only sanitary
sewer is closed and under
grounded.
5 Less degree of sanitation is achieved as 5
storm water is directly disposed without
treatment.
6 Difficult to lay in narrow streets.
7 House plumbing and municipal sewer 7
laying is uneasy due to two set of pipe
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S.N Combined System
1 High quantity / costlier.
2 Suitable for area having less rainfall
intensity
3 Pumping cost is high due to large quantity.
Expensive because both storm water and
sanitary sewage is conveyed through one
large closed and under grounded.
High degree of sanitation can be achieved.
6 Suitable in narrow streets.
House plumbing and municipal sewer
laying is easy due to one set of pipe.
Thank You

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