Sanitary System

Sewers / Sewage / Sewerage /

Group 3

Diego, Ma. Dorothy Jane

Duenas, Christianne Reign
Fajardo, Stun Angelus
Flores, Mark Stephen
Francisco, Kimberly
Garcia, Valerie Gayle L.
Geonanga, Sean Aron
Sanitation System

What is Sanitation System?

- In order to safeguard people and the environment, sanitation systems are a collection of several
functional units that together enable managing, reusing, or discarding the various waste flows from
households, institutions, agriculture, or industry. The systems are made to address the entire water
cycle as well as the nutrient cycle, starting with the person using the toilet and the production of
wastewater and continuing through collection, treatment, and reuse or disposal.

What are the processes the sanitation system is undergoing?

- Sanitation system is a process to collect, assess, and treat sewage water.

CONTAINMENT > EMPTYING > TRANSPORT > TREATMENT > REUSE/DISPOSAL

1. Containment:
- Containment refers to the initial stage of the sanitation process where human waste and wastewater are

kept within designated facilities or systems. This includes the use of toilets, latrines, or other sanitation

facilities to prevent waste from being openly disposed of in the environment. Containment helps to

minimize the risk of disease transmission and environmental pollution.

2. Emptying:

- Emptying is the process of removing accumulated human waste and wastewater from containment

systems such as pit latrines, septic tanks, or sanitation facilities. This step is necessary when the

containment system reaches its capacity. Emptying can be done manually using appropriate equipment or,

in more advanced systems, mechanically through sewer networks.

3. Transport:

- Transport involves the movement of the collected waste and wastewater from the emptying location to a treatment
or disposal site. This can include the use of specialized vehicles, such as vacuum trucks, to safely transport the

waste without causing spills or contamination.

4. Treatment:

- Treatment is the process of removing contaminants, pathogens, and pollutants from the collected wastewater and
human waste before it is released back into the environment. Treatment methods can range from simple settling and

filtration to more complex biological, chemical, and physical processes that purify the water and reduce its potential

to cause harm.

5. Reuse/Disposal:

- After treatment, the resulting treated water (effluent) might be suitable for various purposes depending on its

quality. Reuse involves utilizing treated wastewater for non-potable purposes like irrigation, industrial processes, or
flushing toilets, which conserves freshwater resources. Disposal refers to the safe release of treated effluent into the

environment, such as rivers or oceans.

There are two types of Sanitation System

i. Conservation Sanitation System

ii. Water Carriage Sanitation System

CONSERVATION SANITATION SYSTEM

• Different sorts of trash or rubbish are collected, transported, and disposed of individually

under the conservancy sanitation system using techniques like burning, filling, burying, etc.

• Trucks transport waste or refuse to the disposal site after being gathered in dustbins. Then,

the components that are combustible and non-combustible are divided.

• Combustible materials such as waste paper, plastics, furniture, and dry leaves are burned,

and any leftover residue is buried.

• For filling the low-level areas, non-combustible materials such as sand, silt, clay, etc. are

used.
WATER CARRIAGE SANITATION SYSTEM

• In a water carriage sanitation system, waste is transported by water from the point of

production to the point of treatment before being disposed of.

• Due to the significant amount of water (99.9%) carried by the sewers, the wastes turn

liquid.

• A sewer is a wastewater-transporting pipe or conduit. Because they could clog the

sewers, solid waste materials like rubbish are collected separately in the conservancy

system.

• Every individual consumes 5 to 10 liters of water for hygiene, and any excess water is

used to keep the sewers flushed.

• Additionally, wastewater from bathrooms, kitchens, washbasins, businesses, and other

locations is directed into the sewers and used for flushing.

Sanitary
Sewer System
Your sanitary sewer system is very much like your water heater -
you don't think about it much until it doesn't work. Sewers are
something that are taken for granted - out of sight, out of mind -
until the out of sight part stops working.
A basic understanding of the plumbing and sanitary sewer
systems in your house will help you to know what to do if waste-
water does not drain from your house:
•The sanitary sewer system begins with the drains inside your
house. Al of the drains from the sinks, toilets, etc. are piped to
the sewer service line that exits your house underground and
connects to the sewer main under the street.
•Each drain has a "trap" that prevents sewer gases and odors
from entering the house. Each drain also has a roof vent pipe
that exhausts gases through a chimney-like stack and admits
fresh air to the drains.
•Vents maintain the pressure behind the flow of drain water and
wastes, thus preventing water from being siphoned out of the
traps.
 Drain Pipes & Vent
Pipes
Drain pipes and vent pipes, collectively called the drain-waste vent,
or DWV system, must work together to drain water and waste. If a vent pipe
is plugged, the drain will burp and bubble as water drains out.
If only one section of plumbing does not drain, it is usually an internal
plumbing problem. However, if no drains work or the entire system drains
slowly, or the worst case scenario occurs, waste water comes back up
through the basement floor drain, the problem is outside of the house in
either the sewer service line or the sewer main.
The sewer service line is typically a 4-inch diameter cast iron pipe, plastic in
homes built after 1980, and is installed under the basement floor.
Clean-Out Opening
A clean-out opening is normally installed at the basement floor line just before
the pipe leaves the house.
In case of a blockage in the sewer service line, plumbers use this clean-out
opening to eliminate blockages occurring between the house and the sewer
main.
The typical length of the sewer service line from the house to the center line of
the street, or the sewer main, is 60 feet. The first 30 feet of the sewer service
line is typically cast iron, and the remaining 30-foot run to the sewer main is clay
pipe.
 KEY ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS
1. Collection Network: The system begins 2. Manholes: Manholes are access points built 3. Pump Stations: In cases where the
with a network of pipes that collect along the sewer lines. They provide entry terrain is not conducive to gravity flow,
wastewater from various sources such as points for maintenance and inspection, as well pump stations are installed to lift the
toilets, sinks, showers, and industrial as facilitate changes in direction or slope of the wastewater to a higher elevation, allowing
processes. These pipes are typically gravity- pipes. it to continue flowing towards treatment
fed, meaning they rely on the force of gravity facilities.
to transport the wastewater.
 KEY ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS
4. Treatment Plants: Collected wastewater is transported to treatment
plants where it undergoes various processes to remove contaminants and
pollutants. Treatment processes may include physical, chemical, and
biological treatments to separate solids, break down organic matter, and
disinfect the water before it's released back into the environment.
5. Separation of Stormwater and Wastewater: In many
places, stormwater (rainwater) and wastewater are kept
separate to prevent overwhelming the treatment plants
during heavy rainfall. Stormwater is often directed to
separate stormwater systems that may lead to natural water
bodies.
 KEY ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS
6. Combined Sewer Systems: In some older urban
areas, combined sewer systems exist, where
stormwater and wastewater are carried through the
same pipes. During heavy rainfall, these systems can
overflow, causing pollution and potential health risks.
7. Maintenance and Inspection: Regular maintenance and inspection are
crucial to ensure the proper functioning of the system. Blockages, leaks, and
other issues can occur, leading to backups and environmental problems if not
promptly addressed.
 KEY ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS

8. Environmental Impact: Properly functioning sanitary sewer systems 9. Public Health: Sanitary sewer systems are
play a crucial role in protecting the environment by preventing the a cornerstone of public health infrastructure,
contamination of water sources, which can harm aquatic life and pose preventing the spread of waterborne diseases
health risks to humans. and maintaining hygienic living conditions.
 KEY ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS
10. Regulations and Standards: The design, construction, and operation
of sanitary sewer systems are regulated by local, regional, and national
authorities to ensure compliance with environmental and health standards.
11. Infrastructure Challenges: Many regions face
challenges related to maintaining and upgrading aging sewer
infrastructure. Investments are required to address issues
such as sewer pipe deterioration and system capacity
limitations.
Principles and Design of Soil and Waste Pipe
The pipework must be designed and installed professionally to ensure no smells enter the building from the pipework and all waste products are
disposed of safely.

SOIL PIPE
•A pipe which conveys soil water either alone or together with waste water or rainwater or both
•Soil water is used water contaminated with solid waste or trade effluent
•Soil fitment is those which are used to remove soil water and human excrete.
•A soil pipe is a PVC or cast iron pipe used in plumbing installations to remove soiled
contaminated water from toilets.
•Generally, the diameter of soil pipe is larger and are designed specifically to remove solid
waste from toilets
•Soil pipe substantially larger than a regular waste water pipe. Average inside diameter around
10cm.

WASTE PIPE

•A pipe which convey waste water alone or with rainwater. (no soil water and solid waste)
•Waste water is used water not contaminated by soil water and trade affluent.
•Waste water fitments is those which are used to remove waste water from washing and
preparation of food.
•Modern waste pipes are fitted with 2 screw caps. Both type of cap should be unscrewed
carefully, exerting only minimum amount of pressure
• All the pipers are laid out to a slope of ‘fall’ to allow the water to drain away without
leaving behind any dirt or debris in the pipe.

• It is necessary to place a trap on all the appliance connections to the drainage system in
order to prevent smell of gases enters the building.

For vertical pipes, vent caps are needed to cover the end of pipes, stopping the flow of
fluids and protecting pipe threads. They are often used to direct flow to a particular end in
a multi-end fitting.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOIL PIPE AND WASTE PIPE

WASTE PIPE DIFFERENCE SOIL PIPE

Designed to only have liquids

PLACE TO Used for toilets, urinals,
from kitchen, basins, drink
INSTALL bidets and sluice sinks
fountains and tundishes.

Waste Vents TYPE OF VENT Soil Vents

Types of Sanitary System

There are a few types of sanitary system that used in a house or building for collecting or
conveying a waste water. This sanitary system will collect all wasting water straight to the
public sewer or domestic septic tank. As below, it is the types of sanitary system:

1. One Pipe System

As image shown, one pipe system is a system that collect all soil and waste
water into one common pipes. All the branch ventilating pipes will connect to the
one main ventilating pipe. This one pipe system is usually used by multi storey
building. It is because, this pipe will replace the two-pipe system.

• A large number of sanitary appliances in ranges.

• Each trap with an anti-siphon or vent pipe connected to the discharge

pipe in direction of the flow of water at a point between 75 – 450 mm
from trap crown.

• Vent stack connected to the discharge stack near to the bend to

remove compressed air at this point.
Types of Sanitary System

2. Two Pipe System

Two pipe systems are a system that having a waste stank that received the
discharge of fitments and conveyed to the ground level. This pipe is having to
delivered it above of the water seal in a trapped gully that is connected to the
drainage system. Meanwhile, for the soil stack, it will have received the discharge
of soil appliances and will directly brought it to the underground drainage system.
This system is can be seen in the image above.

• The waste stack received the discharge ablutionary fitments and

conveyed this to the ground level where it was delivered above the water
seal in a trapped gully connected to the drainage system.

• The soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and delivered it
direct to the underground drainage system. The waste and soil water did
not combine until they reached the below ground drainage system.
Types of Sanitary System

3. Single Stack System

The single stack system is a very economical system in sanitary system. It is

because it can be reducing the cost of soil and waste systems. This type also
does not need a branch vent pipes.

• Reduces the cost of soil and waste system

• Branch vent pipes are not required

• To prevent loss of trap water seals:-The trap water seals on the waste
traps must be 76 mm deep.

• The slopes of the branch pipes are: sink and bath, 18 to 19 mm/m; basin
20-120 mm/m; WC 18 mm/m(min.).

• Vertical stack at 200 mm below the centre of the WC branch connection.

Types of Sanitary System

4. Modified single stack system

Modified single stack system is a close grouping of the sanitary appliances. It is

mean that the installation of the branch waste and soil pipes will not be need by
the individual branch of ventilating pipes.

• The improved form of single stack system, where the traps of the water
closets are ventilated, by a separate vent pipe, called relief vent pipe.

• This system uses two pipes as in single pipe system.

• The single soil and waste pipe is connected to vent pipe and thus cost are
reduced.
Types of Sanitary System

5. Fully ventilated one pipe system

This type of sanitary system is a many sanitary appliance in ranges. It is because

all the trap will have an anti-siphon or the vent pipe each. At this point, the vent
stack will be connected to the discharge stack near to the bend to remove
compressed air.
 Sewer and Sewerage

1. Sewer

- A sewer is an underground pipe that carries sewage or transports the sewage

from homes and commercial buildings to the sewage treatment plants, where
the sewage can be treated.
- conduit that carries wastewater from its source to a point of treatment and
disposal. The wastewater may be domestic (sanitary) sewage, industrial
sewage, storm runoff, or a mixture of the three.

2. Sewerage

- A sewerage system is a system for wastewater collection.

- It is a network of pipes, and pumping stations, that convey sewage from its
point of origin to the point of treatment and disposal.
- sewerage or sewers are the structure through which waste flows. This
generally includes the pipes and drains in which sewage flows through and
into a treatment plant or disposal facility. There are systems of sewers found
underneath towns and cities which connect to the main sewer, which then
drains the waste.
 Understanding the Importance of Sewer Line
Maintenance

• Sewer lines are responsible for carrying wastewater from your house to the street, ensuring a clean and
healthy living environment. However, sewer line issues can lead to significant damage and expensive
repairs. Common problems include clogs, tree roots infiltrating the line, and broken sewer lines. To avoid
these problems, it's crucial to perform regular sewer line cleaning and maintenance.

Tips for Preventive Sewer Line Maintenance:

1. Schedule Biannual Sewer Line Cleaning: Hire professionals every two years to clean your sewer line
using high-pressure water jets, removing debris and preventing clogs.
2. Avoid Tree Root Intrusion: Be cautious when landscaping and avoid planting trees or shrubs near
sewer lines, as roots can cause blockages and damage.
3. Perform Regular Sewer Line Inspections: Use a professional service to inspect your sewer line for
issues like cracks or blockages, preventing costly replacements.
4. Perform Regular Sewer Line Inspections: Use a professional service to inspect your sewer line for
issues like cracks or blockages, preventing costly replacements.
5. Install Backwater Prevention Valves: Protect your home from sewage backups during heavy rainfall
or flooding by installing backwater prevention valves.
6. Maintain Septic Systems: If your home has a septic system, ensure regular pumping and inspections
to prevent sewer line clogs and ensure proper wastewater management.
7. Use Quality Sewer Line Materials: Invest in durable, corrosion-resistant materials for sewer line
repairs or replacements to prolong the life of your line and reduce future issues.
 3 Types of Sewers

1. Sanitary Sewers

- Is a system of underground pipes that carries sewage from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and

other plumbing components to a wastewater treatment plant where it is filtered, treated and

discharged.

- Sanitary sewer systems collect and transport domestic, commercial, and industrial

wastewater and limited amounts of stormwater and infiltrated ground water to treatment

facilities for appropriate treatment.

- Occasionally, sanitary sewers will release raw sewage. These types of releases are called

sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). SSOs can contaminate our waters, causing serious

water quality problems, and back-up into homes, causing property damage and threatening

public health.

- Possible causes of SSOs include:

• blockages, line breaks, sewer defects that allow stormwater and groundwater to

overload the system, power failures, improper sewer design, and vandalism.
 3 Types of Sewers

2. Storm Sewer

- is a system designed to carry rainfall runoff and other drainage. It is not designed to carry

sewage or accept hazardous wastes. The runoff is carried in underground pipes or open

ditches and discharges untreated into local streams, rivers and other surface water bodies.

Storm drain inlets are typically found in curbs and low-lying outdoor areas.

- There are many types of stormwater sewer systems, but the key to understanding them —

and the difference between them and sanitary sewers — is that their job is to safely move

stormwater (water from rain, hail, snow, and other precipitation) into a nearby body of water in

order to prevent flooding. Stormwater systems can include catch basins, gutters, channels,

pipes and tunnels.

- Most important to understand is that they do not transport water to a water treatment facility.

Instead, the stormwater is guided directly to a water source such as a creek, stream, river,

lake or pond, which is often part of a local drinking water system. This is why it is so important

to treat stormwater sewer systems and sanitary sewer systems differently. Human waste, pet

waste and other contamination should NEVER go into a stormwater drain.

 3 Types of Sewers

3. Combined Sewer

- Combined systems do just what they say — they combine sewer and stormwater systems into one.

These are rarely used anymore, as the excess stormwater that enters sewage treatment facilities is

costly to clean. Combined sewer systems also have a harder time handling wet weather events and

often result in a Combined Sewer Overflow (something similar to an SSO) that can seriously pollute local

environments.

- This system was introduced in the mid-19th century and was a great improvement over the existing

sanitary system.

- The combined sewer system is designed to discharge all the waste to the sewage treatment plant where

it is treated and then released into a water body. However; during times of overflow as in the case of

heavy rainfall, the sewer system exceeds capacity prompting discharge of waste water including human

waste, and industrial effluents to be directly dumped into the water body. This problem has prompted

authorities to stop the installation of combined sewer systems in new constructions.

- It is no longer feasible in today’s society owing to densely populated cities with high sanitary load, and

commercial needs, and industrial effluents also requiring proper treatment and disposal.
 Sewage

• A combination of the water-carried wastes from residences, business buildings,

institutions, and industrial establishments, together with such ground, surface,
and storm waters as may be present.
• It is the water that is released from households after being used for various
purposes such as dishwashing, laundry, and toilet flushing.
• The refuse liquids or waste matter usually carried off by sewers.

Sub-types of Sewage

• Grey water – wastewater from washing, whether it is from bathing, doing

dishes, or doing laundry.
• Black water – the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste
that it flushes away. Other various waste materials such as paper wrappings,
sanitary products, soap residues, and dirt.
Sewage Water Causes:

1. The use of toilets as garbage cans. Waste materials such as papers, sanitary products, and some even flush plastics into the toilets. These
results to sewage line blockage that cause the toilets served by that sewer to overflow.
2. Fats used in cooking quickly accumulates at the walls of the pipes, forming coverings that reduce the diameter of the pipe system that drains
wastewater into the sewer. Continued disposal of fats, oils, and grease in sinks results in complete clogging of the sewage system.
3. Wastewater overcapacity - sewers are designed to handle a specific amount of wastewater. Nonetheless, sewers overflow for a variety of
reasons, which is hazardous to human health and can result in acute viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases such as giardiasis, typhoid,
gastroenteritis, and Hepatitis A.
4. Flooding is another factor that contributes to an increase in waste water.
5. Improper wastewater handling. Industries use a lot of water, the majority of it is discharged as wastewater. As expected, industries should treat
the same water and reintroduce it into industry machinery for reuse. However, most industries in areas with lax environmental policies discharge
raw sewage into waterways without any treatment.
DRAINPIPE
The first part of your wastewater’s journey begins at the literal drain–that piece that you see at the floor of your shower or tub, or in the basin of your sink. You usually have
some sort of covering on it to protect larger objects from getting washed down the drain. The pipe right at the mouth of the drain is known as the drain pipe. Water from
your tub, sink, washing machine, or toilet descends into the drainpipe until it hits a curve. Which brings us to the next stop.
TRAPS
Traps do exactly what they sound like. They trap standing water and keep smelly gasses from ascending up the drainpipe and into your home. The standing water acts as
a barrier to these gases, and you may start to smell a faint sewage smell if this water begins to evaporate. Clogs can also happen in this area.
BRANCH DRAIN LINES
From the traps, wastewater enters horizontal pipes called branch drain lines. These pipes must slant at a downward pitch to facilitate the continued movement of
your wastewater. Eventually, the branch drain lines will all lead to the main drain line. Clogs most often happen in branch drain lines, and are usually easy to repair,
especially with the help of a professional.
SOIL STACKS AND VENTILATION
Your wastewater then drops off from the branch drain line into vertical pipes called soil stacks. These soil stacks, or main drain stacks, take your wastewater and other
solid waste into the main sewer line and on to the sewer and septic system of your city. The tops of the soil stack pipes are actually vented and go up through your roof
to let out harmful fumes and maintain a balanced air pressure within your sewer system. This allows waste to move easily downward throughout the system without
pulling behind it the important standing water from the drain traps.
THE CLEAN-OUT
The sewer line clean-out is an area outside your home or in your basement where you can access your main line in the event of a clog. Most of the time, you will not
need to use the clean-out, but it is useful to know where it is located and how to open it. If you do have a clog and don’t feel comfortable clearing it yourself, a
professional can do this for you.
MAIN DRAIN LINE
Once your wastewater leaves the soil stack of a branch drain line, it enters the main drain line. This pipe is larger in diameter than the other pipes in your sewer
system and is the destination of your branch drain lines. A clog in a branch drain line may only affect one toilet or sink, but a clog in a main drain line can affect
several areas in your home. If you have water backing up or slowly draining in multiple places, you know you have a main line clog.
SEWER MAIN
Your wastewater has now left the premises of your property and entered your city’s main sewer line. This line serves multiple homes and businesses in your area,
and clogs here can have a huge effect on nearby buildings. However, any clog that happens in the city’s main sewer line is not your responsibility to fix.
 WHY KNOW THE PARTS OF YOUR SEWER SYSTEM
Your home’s sewer system is intricate, and it works well to keep your home safe and free of stinky odors and noxious fumes. Clogs are common, and they should never be
ignored. Sometimes they are easy to fix yourself through the use of a plunger or a snake, but often they require the help of a professional, such as the ones at A&L
Cesspool. Now that you
know the parts of your sewer system, you’ll have a much better idea of what’s happening if you do experience any issues!
As always, our professionals are here to help you with all of your sewer system needs!
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