New Era University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Civil Engineering

HARME, JAYLORD Z. ENGR. BENJAMIN V. RAMOS

2CE-1 ENGINEERING UTILITIES ASSIGNMENT

1. ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF WASTE

DISPOSAL IN A BUILDING.
Solid Waste Open Burning

Solid waste open burning is not the perfect method in the present scenario.

Sea Dumping Process

This sea dumping process can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly procedure and
not environment friendly.
Solid wastes sanitary landfills

Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and effective. In this procedure, layers are
compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and compacted. A deep
trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-organisms act on the organic matter and degrade them. In this
procedure, refuse depth is generally limited to 2m. Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter
into simpler water soluble organics.

Incineration method

Incineration method is suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and construction are
involved in this procedure. This method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling
are not available. It can be used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling.
Composting process

Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing countries.

Decomposable organic matter is separated and composted in this procedure. Yields are stable end
products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a base for fertilizers.

Two methods have been used in this process:

a) Open Windrow Composting

b) Mechanical Composting
Disposal by Ploughing into the fields

Disposal by ploughing into the fields are not commonly used. These disposals are not environment
friendly in general.

Disposal by hog feeding

Disposal by hog feeding is not general procedure in India. Garbage disposal into sewers including BOD
and TSS increases by 20-30%. Refuse is ground well in grinders and then fed into sewers.
Salvaging procedure

Materials such as metal, paper, glass, rags, certain types of plastic and so on can be salvaged,
recycled, and reused.

Fermentation/biological digestion

Biodegradable wastes are converted to compost and recycling can be done whenever possible.
Hazardous wastes can be disposed using suitable methods.
Job Site Sorting

efficient identification and sorting of materials are implemented at the project level by superintendents
and project managers. They utilize project specifications prepared by architects and engineers for
information on diversion target rates and general performance requirements. Materials may be sorted
into a number of containers for specific types of waste on the job site.

Collection and Hauling

containers containing construction and demolition waste are collected and transported to diversion
facilities by trucks.
Tipping

(identification of loads on arrival at construction and demolition debris are important to ensure the
materials are appropriately handled). Facility management will know which materials can be accepted
and those that are not accepted will be turned away and most likely disposed in a sanitary landfill. The
four hazardous waste characteristics are: corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity and toxicity.

Picking

materials are typically handled with equipment specifically designed to support heavy loads and resist
abrasion. Materials are discharged from containers onto a tipping floor and a wheel loader will stockpile
materials which will be picked through. Steel reinforcing bar, carpeting, large pieces of wood, concrete
and materials with dimensions greater than 3 feet are usually picked out before the sorting process.

Sorting

materials are loaded onto a chain belt and passed across a manual storyline. Materials are identified,
grabbed and deposited in vertical openings at each sort station.

Containerization and transport

picked and sorted materials are deposited into industrial containers of various types. Combination
compactor-balers are used in some applications to produce dense bales of materials which are then
loaded into shipping containers to be transported. Containers of all types are destined for local, regional,
national and international transport via road, rail or barge. Once the materials have been containerized,
recyclable materials are commoditized and traded in the global marketplace.
Diversion or disposal

diversion materials are processed for reuse or become recycled material for new products. Materials
destined for disposal in landfills include refuse, materials contaminated with waste and materials where
markets do not exist.

2. WHAT IS DRAIN-WASTE-VENT (DWV) SYSTEM?

The drain-waste-vent system, also known as the sanitary system, is all of the
plumbing in your home minus the water supply system. This includes the drainpipes,
drains, and vents. When wastewater enters the drain system, it has to flow past the drain
trap—a U- or P-shaped piece of pipe that creates a water seal to prevent sewer gases from
entering the home. Every drain in your home should have a goosenecked P-trap.
 The drainpipes send water to the main sewer line, located underground. The main
sewer line sends water to the municipal sewer system or septic tank, if you have one.
The drainpipes are attached to a system of vent pipes, which bring fresh air to the
drain system. This helps prevent suction that could slow or stop drain water from flowing
freely. The vent pipes usually exit the home via a roof vent.
Wastewater ends up in the main waste and vent stack, which curves to become the
main sewer line that exits the house near the foundation. If you are connected to a
municipal system, the sewer line connects with the main sewer line located near the front
curb. If there is no sewer service available, the sewage would empty into a septic system.

The DWV system is one of the most important and complicated systems in the
home. Contractors usually install it first and plumbing codes help ensure proper safety
and sanitation. Strict regulations, such as pipe size, slope, and fixture height, must be
followed to keep contaminants out of the house.

3. HOW DOES A PLUMBING VENT SYSTEM WORK? Explain.

In plumbing, a vent, or more precisely, a drain waste vent, helps to remove

sewage and greywater from a building or home. The vent also helps to regulate air
pressure in the plumbing pipes to ensure that the water flows freely through them.
Drain waste vent systems help to keep the air pressure in the pipe neutral, meaning that the pressure
is the same throughout the length of the pipe. This allows water and sewage to flow freely down
the pipes by the force of gravity alone.

TRAPS

Every plumbing fixture in the house, such as drains, faucets, toilets, must
have a trap, which is a bend or loop in the pipe near the fixture. Because of the bend,
this section of pipe holds or traps water, and this prevents noxious gases from
entering the house.

VENTS

Plumbing vents are pipes that extend from the waste pipes to the outside of
the building, often going through the roof. The vent pipes allow the sewer gases to
escape to the outside, rather than being released inside the house. The vent pipes also
allow oxygen into the waste pipes. This enables bacteria to break down the sewage
aerobically, meaning by the use of oxygen.

The vents also keep the air pressure the same on both sides of the trap. And
this keeps the water in the trap. If the air pressure were unequal, the water would be
sucked out toward the section of the pipe with the lower pressure.

As mentioned, the air pressure in sewer pipes is the same up and down the
length of the pipe. But when water moves through the pipe, it compresses the air
ahead of it, creating a positive pressure. This pressure buildup must be released
somehow, or the positive pressure will push back on the water. If the air were
allowed to push back, this would cause the wastewater to back up through the
plumbing fixture and come out the drain, which would have obvious health
consequences, to say nothing of the odor.

Similarly, if the air is not replaced behind the water as it moves, it would create
negative pressure, sucking the water out of the trap.

Vent pipes are placed strategically, near all plumbing fixtures, for example, to
prevent both negative and positive pressure from occurring in the pipe
4. WHAT ARE TRAPS IN A PLUMBING SYSTEM?

A Plumbing Trap is a simple device of shape bending pipe that allows the passing of
waste material. It also retains fluid for the prevention of the sewer gases from entering the
building. Mostly, U, J, Q, or S-shaped pipes are located just beneath or within a plumbing
fixture in domestic applications.

In comparison, a P-shaped plumbing trap is most commonly preferred. There are various
Plumbing Trap Types available in the market.

A work that is essentially linked to the disposal of sewage and water supply is Plumbing
work. The plumbing pipes framework will stay scentless gave; it is planned ably and
introduced tolerably. A plumbing trap has the accompanying highlights.

It very well might be made as an essential trap with the machine as in some European
WC models, or it very well might be a different fitting called a joined trap, which is
associated with waste or foul water outlet of apparatuses.

The traps ought to be of a self-cleaning design. Traps for use in homegrown waste ought
to be helpful for cleaning. A decent trap ought to keep an effective water seal under all states
of a stream.
 The plumbing traps are situated underneath or inside a pipe apparatus and hold a limited
quantity of water. The holding water makes a water seal that prevents foul gases from
returning to the channel pipes’ structure.

Hence all pipes installations, for example, sinks, washbasins, baths, latrines, and so
forth, are outfitted with traps. This article discloses to you the highlights of traps, different
sorts of traps.

5. ENUMERATE THE TYPES OF TRAPS IN PLUMBING SYSTEM. DEFINE AND

SHOW ITS APPEARANCE.

Plumbing Trap Types

1. Gully Trap 8. Running Trap

2. P Trap 9. Drum Trap
3. S Trap 10. Straight-Through Trap
4. Q Trap 11. Low-Level Bath Trap
5. Floor Trap / Nahni Trap 12. Building Trap
6. Bottle Trap 13. Bell Trap
7. Intercepting Trap
14. Grease Trap

The types of traps in plumbing as follows,

Gully Trap

These plumbing traps are built external to the building to carry wastewater release from
sinks, washbasin, restroom, and so on, and are associated with the most nearby building drain or
sewer so that foul gases from the sewer don’t go to the house. These are profound seal traps.
 The profundity of the water seal ought to be 50 mm at least. It additionally keeps
cockroaches and different bugs from sewer lines to squander pipes carrying wastewater. Gully
traps are available in the following three shapes:

 P Trap
 S Trap
 Q Trap

P Trap

This trap is utilized with the Indian water closet (ORISSA Pattern). The traps are
produced using cast iron or UPV sheet. This trap likewise has a water seal and forestalls
section of foul gases to the house.
Q Trap

This plumbing trap types are utilized in the latrine submerged storage room. It is
practically like an S trap and is being used in the upper storey other than the ground floor.

S Trap

This plumbing trap types are like a P-shaped trap and is utilized for fixing water
closets in latrines. The lone contrast between the P trap and the S trap is that the P-shaped
trap is being used for an outlet through the wall while the S-shaped trap is utilized for an
outlet through the floor.
Floor Trap | Nahni Trap

The floor traps are additionally called Nahni Trap. Nahni Trap is given to forestall
the foul gasses going into the building by providing the water seal.
At least 50 mm profundity of water seal ought to be given. If squander water is
streaming, floor trap forestalls the foul gases (awful stenches) to enter the building.
To gather wastewater from the bathroom, wash zone, washbowl, kitchen sinks,
and so on, a floor trap or Nahni trap is provided into the floor. Floor traps are accessible
in PVC, UPVC, and CI; they are without vent pipe, yet removable grinding is shown at
the Traps’ highest point.

Floor traps or Nahni traps (Nahni implies washing place) arrive in an assortment
of shapes, sizes, and outlet conditions. Many don’t have a water seal by any stretch of the
imagination and have a non-uniform and unpleasant bore.
Nahni traps are a wellspring of significant spillages because of their helpless plan,
projecting, and low quality. It is forestalled by utilizing just profound seal P traps with
multi-gulf fitting/traps with associations from washbowls and other fitting to give a
positive joint.
This plumbing trap types are introduced in the regions may lose their water seal
because of dissipation. The arrangement should be made to re-establish the seal by
adding water intermittently. This should be possible by associating a waste apparatus to
the trap (for example, a washbowl, and so forth).
Likewise, recharging is accomplished by introducing a refined water supply valve with a
reverse avoidance gadget associated with the trap. Care must be taken to forestall the
establishment of traps that are presented to freezing conditions.
The floor trap’s length is 310 mm, with at least 80 mm distance across at the
channel end, 30 mm width close to outlet end, and 73 mm breadth outside the floor trap
outlet. What’s more, 95 mm grinding size gave the highest point of floor trap with 8 mm
measurement openings.

Bottle Trap

A bottle pumbling trap is given to get squander from washbasin, kitchen sinks and
different machines where the apparatuses don’t have an underlying trap.

Intercepting Trap
Intercepting plumbing trap types are given into the Interceptor Manhole
(Interceptor Chamber). An Interceptor sewer vent is provided at the interference of
building sewer and Public sewer. That blocking type of trap is given to keep the foul
gases from public sewers entering into the building sewer by providing a water seal.
 Intercepting Trap

Running trap

A depressed U-shaped section of pipe in a drain; allows the free passage of fluid, but always remains full,
whatever the state of the pipe, so that it forms a seal against the passage of gases.

Drum trap
In plumbing, a cylindrical trap, with its axis in a vertical direction, having a cover plate which may be unscrewed
for access; commonly used on the drainpipe from a bathtub or under a bathroom floor.

Grease Trap
A grease trap is introduced in the waste line from at least one installations to
isolate grease from the fluid and hold it.
This kind of trap is a gadget to gather the grease substance of waste and can be
cleaned from the surface. This is mostly utilized in the food handling unit.
Grease Trap