3 Design of Pad Foundations According To EC2 PDF

3.
Design of RC Pad Foundations to Eurocodes

CTR11101/CTR11501 Foundation to Design to Eurocode 7
3. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

PAD FOUNDATIONS TO ENROCODES
Dr. Ben Zhang

SEBE, Edinburgh Napier University
3. Design of RC Pad Foundations to Eurocodes
Foundations
 Those structural elements, primarily designed to distribute
the pressure more evenly onto the soil ground.
CTR11101/CTR11501
Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 2

Influencing Factors on Foundation Type
 The magnitude and type of applied loading (dead loads,

imposed loads, wind loads, etc.)
 The pressure the ground can safely support (permissible
bearing pressure)
 The acceptable levels of settlement
 The location and proximity of adjacent structures (structural
interactions)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Requirements for Foundation Design (EC2)
 Where ground-structure interaction has significant influence

on the effects of actions in the structure, the properties of the
soil and the effects of the interaction should be considered to
EN 1997-1.
 When significant differential settlements are likely, their
influence on the effects of actions in the structure should be
checked.
 Concrete foundation size should be determined to EN 1997-1.
 Where relevant, the design should include the effects of
phenomena such as subsidence, heave, freezing, thawing,
erosion, etc.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Special Requirements for Foundation Design

 Where ground-structure interaction has significant influence, the
properties of the soil and the effects of the interaction should be
considered to EN 1997-1.
 For the design of spread foundations, simplified models for soil-
structure interaction may be used. For simple pad footings and pile
caps, however, such effects may be ignored.
 For the strength design of individual piles, the actions should be
determined including the interaction between the piles, the pile cap
and the supporting soil.
 Where the piles are located in several rows, the action on each
pile should be evaluated by considering the interaction between
the piles.
 This interaction may be ignored when the clear distance between
the piles is greater than two times the pile diameter.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design

 Two parts:
BS EN 1997-1 : 2004 General rules
BS EN 1997-2 : 2007 Ground investigation and testing
 BS EN 1997-1 gives design guidance and actions for
geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works.
 BS EN 1997-1 is intended for clients, designers, contractors
and public authorities and is intended to be used with
EN 1990 and EN 1991 to EN 1999.
 BS EN 1997-1 contains a total of 12 sections and 1 normative
and 8 informative annexes.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Assumptions and Conditions (1.3 of EC7-1)

 Data required are well collected, recorded and interpreted;
 Structures are designed by qualified and experienced personnel;
 Adequate continuity and communication exist between the
personnel in data collection, design and construction;
 Adequate supervision and quality control are provided;
 Execution is carried out according to the relevant standards and
specifications by skilful personnel;
 Construction materials and products are used as specified in this
standard or in the relevant material or product specifications;
 The structure will be adequately maintained to ensure its safety
and serviceability for the designed service life;
 The structure will be used for the purpose defined.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Relevant BS Codes for Geotechnical Design

 BS 1377 Part 1 - Part 8 : 1990 Methods of test for soils for
civil engineering purposes
 BS 5930 : 1999 Code of practice for site investigations
 BS 6031 : 1981 Code of practice for earthworks
 BS 8002 : 1994 Code of practice for earth retaining structures
 BS 8004 : 1986 Code of practice for foundations
 BS 8008 : 1996 + A1 : 2008 Safety precautions and
procedures for the construction and descent of machine-
bored shafts for piling and other purposes
 BS 8081 : 1989 Code of practice for ground anchorages
CTR11101/CTR11501

Ultimate Limit States for Geotechnical Design

 EQU: loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, considered
as a rigid body, in which the strengths of structural materials and
the ground are insignificant in providing resistance;
 STR: internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or
structural elements, including footings, piles or basement walls, in
which the strength of structural materials is significant in providing
resistance;
 GEO: failure or excessive deformation of the ground, in which the
strength of soil or rock is significant in providing resistance;
 UPL: loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground due to uplift
by water pressure (buoyancy) or other vertical actions;
 HYD: hydraulic heave, internal erosion and piping in the ground
caused by hydraulic gradients.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Serviceability Limit States for Geo-Design
 Serviceability limit states (SLS) needs to be verified for design

of individual foundations.
 Limit state GEO often governs the dimensions of structural
elements, e.g. foundations and retaining structures, and
sometimes the resistance of structural elements.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Geotechnical Categories of Structures

Category Description Risk of failure Examples in EC7-1 Responsibility
1 Small and relatively Negligible N/A Structural
simple structures engineers
2 Conventional types of Non-exceptional Spread foundations Structural
structure and foundation Raft foundations engineers or
with no difficult soil or Pile foundations geotechnical
loading conditions Retaining walls engineers
Excavations
……
3 All other structures or Exceptional Very large or unusual structures Geotechnical
parts of structures Structures with unusual or engineers
exceptionally difficult ground or
loading conditions
Structures in highly seismic areas
Structures in areas of probable
site instability or persistent
ground movements
CTR11101/CTR11501

Characteristic Values  Actions
 Characteristic and representative values of actions should be

derived in accordance with EN 1990 and various parts of
EN 1991.
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Characteristic Values  Geo-Parameters

 Effective stress c' and tan' 
- Geological and other background information
- Variability of measured properties and other info
- Extent of the field and laboratory investigation
- Type and number of samples
- Extent of the zone of ground
- Ability of the geotechnical structure to transfer loads from
weak to strong zones in the ground
CTR11101/CTR11501

Characteristic Values  Geo-Data

 Ground levels
 Ground water levels
 Free water levels
 Dimensions of geotechnical structures or elements
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Values  Actions
Fd = F Frep (Eq.(2.1a) of EN 1997-1

& Eq.(6.1a) of EN 1990)
with Frep =  Fk
where
Fk is the characteristic value of the action
Frep is the relevant representative value of the action
F is a partial factor
 is either 1,00 or 0, 1 or 2
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Values  Geo-Parameters
Xd = Xk / M (Eq.(6.3) of EN 1990)
where
Xk is the characteristic value of the geotechnical parameter
M is a partial factor for the geotechnical parameter
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Values  Geometrical Data
ad = anom + Da (Eq.(2.3) of EN 1997-1

& Eq.(6.5) of EN 1990)
where
anom is the nominal value of geometrical data
Da is the deviation in geotechnical data
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Values  Material or Product
 Concrete
fcd = acc fck / C (Eq.(3.15) of EN 1992-1)
fctd = act fctk,0,05 / C (Eq.(3.16) of EN 1992-1)
 Reinforcement
fyd = fyk / S (Figure 3.8 of EN 1992-1)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of Static Equilibrium (EQU)
Edst;d ≤ Estb;d + Td (Eq.(2.4) of EN 1997-1)
where
Edst;d = E{F Frep; Xk / M; ad}dst (Eq.(2.4a) of EC7-1)
Estb;d = E{F Frep; Xk /M; ad}stb (Eq.(2.4b) of EC7-1)
Td is the design total shearing resistance around a block of
ground where a group of tension piles is placed
 Use Tables A.NA.1 and A.NA.2 of UK NA to EN 1997-1!
CTR11101/CTR11501

 Effect of actions for EQU
Ed    G,j Gk,j " "  P P " "  Q,1 Qk,1 " "   Q,i  0,i Qk,i
j 1 i 1
(Eq.(6.10) of EN 1990)
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Table A.NA.1 of UK NA to EN 1997-1
Partial factors on actions (F)
Partial factors on actions (F)
Permanent Variable
Action a b a b
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
Symbol G;dst G;stb Q;dst Q;stb
Recommended 1,1 0,9
1,5 0
Alternative 1,35 1,1
a b
Destabilising; Stabilising.
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Partial factors for geotechnical parameters (M)

Geotechnical Angle of shearing Effective Undrained Unconfined Weight
parameter resistance cohesion shear strength strength density
(applied to tan')
Symbol ' c' cu qu 
Value 1,1 (1,25) 1,1 (1,25) 1,2 (1,4) 1,2 (1,4) (1,0)
Note: The values of partial factors for soil parameters in the

brackets are quotes from Table A.2 of EN 1997-1.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of resistance for structural and

ground limit states (STR and GEO)
Ed ≤ Rd (Eq.(2.5) of EN 1997-1)
where
Ed = E{F Frep; Xk/M; ad} (Eq.(2.4a) of EC7-1)
Ed = E E{Frep; Xk/M; ad} (Eq.(2.4b) of EC7-1)
E is the partial factor for the effect of actions
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Effect of actions for STR and GEO
   G,j Gk,j " "  P P " "  Q,1  0,1 Qk,1 " "   Q,i  0,i Qk,i
 j 1 i 1
Ed  
   j  G,j Gk,j " "  P P " "  Q,1 Qk,1 " "   Q,i  0,i Qk,i
 j 1 i 1
(Eqs.(6.10a) and (6.10b) of EN 1990)
CTR11101/CTR11501


(Tables NA.A1.2(B) and NA.A1.2(C) of UK NA to EN 1990)
Partial factors on actions (F) or on the effects of action (E)

Permanent Variable
Action
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
Symbol G Q
Set A1 1,35 1,0 1,5 0
Set A2 1,0 1,0 1,3 0
CTR11101/CTR11501



Geotechnical Angle of shearing Effective Undrained Unconfined Weight
parameter resistance cohesion shear strength strength density
(applied to tan')
Symbol ' c' cu qu 
Set M1 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0) (1,0)
Set M2 1,25 (1,25) 1,25 (1,25) 1,4 (1,4) 1,4 (1,4) (1,0)
Note: The values of partial factors for soil parameters in the

brackets are quotes from Table A.4 of EN 1997-1.
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Design resistance Rd (ground properties Xd)
Rd = R{F Frep; Xk/M; ad} (Eq.(2.7a) of EC7-1)
Rd = R{F Frep; Xk; ad}/R (Eq.(2.7b) of EC7-1)
Rd = R{F Frep; Xk/M; ad}/R (Eq.(2.7c) of EC7-1)

where R is the partial factor for a resistance
 Use Tables A.NA.5 to A.NA.8 and A.NA.12 to A.NA.14 of

UK NA to EN 1997-1!
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of resistance for STR and GEO

 Tables A.NA.5, A.NA.13 & A.NA.14 of UK NA to EN 1997-1
Partial resistance factors (R)
Resistance Bearing Sliding Earth
Symbol R;v R;h R;e
For spread foundations
Set R1 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0) /
Set R2 (1,4) (1,1) /
Set R3 (1,0) (1,0) /
For retaining structures
Set R1 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0) 1,0 (1,0)
Set R2 (1,4) (1,1) (1,4)
Set R3 (1,0) (1,0) (1,0)
For slopes and overall stability
Set R1 / / 1,0 (1,0)
Set R2 / / (1,1)
Set R3 / / (1,0)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of Uplift (UPL)
Vdst,d ≤ Gstb;d + Rd (Eq.(2.8) of EN 1997-1)
with Vdst,d = Gdst;d + Qdst;d
where
Gdst;d is the design destabilising permanent actions;
Qdst;d is the design destabilising variable actions.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of Seepage of Ground Water (HYD)

udst;d ≤ sstb;d (Eq.(2.9a) of EN 1997-1)
Sdst;d ≤ G'stb;d (Eq.(2.9b) of EN 1997-1)
where
udst;d is the design value of the destabilising total pore water
pressure at the bottom of the column
sstb;d is the design stabilising total vertical stress
Sdst;d is the design value of the seepage force in the column
Qdst;d is the design value of the submerged weight of the
column
 Use Table A.NA.17 of UK NA to EN 1997-1!
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of Serviceability Limit States
Ed ≤ Cd (Eq.(2.10) of EN 1997-1 or
Eq.(6.13) of EN 1990)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Verification of Serviceability Limit States

 Characteristic combination (Prescriptive method for spread)
 Gk,j " " P " " Qk,1 " "  0,i Qk,i (Eq.(6.14b) of EN 1990)
j 1 i1
Normally used for irreversible SLS.
 Frequent combination (Direct method for foundation size)

 Gk, j " " P " " Ad " "1,1 Qk,1 " "  2,i Qk,i (Eq.(6.15b) of EN 1990)
j 1 i 1
Normally used for reversible SLS.
 Quasi-permanent combination (Direct method for settlement)

 Gk, j " " P " "  2,i Qk,i (Eq.(6.16b) of EN 1990)
j 1 i1
Normally used for long-term effects and appearance of the structure.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Approaches for Geotechnical Design

 Design Approach 1 (Adopted in the UK!)
(not applicable for axially loaded piles and anchors)
Combination 1: A1 “+” M1 “+” R1

where
“+” denotes “to be combined with”;
A denotes actions;
M denotes ground strength;
R denotes ground resistance.
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Design Approach 1 (Adopted in the UK!)
(applicable for axially loaded piles and anchors)

Combination 2: A2 “+” (M1 or M2) “+” R4
where
“+” denotes “to be combined with”;
A denotes actions;
M denotes ground strength;
R denotes ground resistance.
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Design Approach 2 (Adopted in France!)
Combination: A1 “+” M1 “+” R2

where
“+” denotes “to be combined with”
A denotes actions
M denotes ground strength
R denotes ground resistance
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Design Approach 3 (Adopted in Germany!)
Combination: (A1a or A2b) “+” M2 “+” R3

where
a F on structural actions
b F on geotechnical actions
“+” denotes “to be combined with”
A denotes actions
M denotes ground strength
R denotes ground resistance
CTR11101/CTR11501

Geotechnical Design Report

(from Ground Investigation Report)
 a description of the site and surroundings
 a description of the ground conditions
 a description of the proposed construction, including actions
 characteristic and design values of soil and rock properties
 statements on the codes and standards applied
 statements on the suitability of the site for the proposed construction and
the level of acceptable risks
 geotechnical design calculations and drawings, e.g. limit states,
combinations, etc.
 foundation design recommendations
 a note of items to be checked during construction or requiring
maintenance or monitoring
CTR11101/CTR11501

Geotechnical Design Report

 the purpose of observations or measurements
 the parts of the structure to be monitored and observed
 the frequency of readings
 the methods of evaluation
 the range of expected results
 the period of post-construction monitoring time
 the parties responsible for making measurements and
observations, for interpreting the results obtained and for
maintaining the instruments
CTR11101/CTR11501

Spread Foundations
 Pad foundations
Rectangular
Rectangularpad
pad
Square foundation
foundation
Squarepad
pad
foundation
foundation
CTR11101/CTR11501

Rectangular combined
foundation
Spread Foundations
 Combined foundations
Trapezoidal combined
foundation Combined rectangular
foundation
Reversed T-section
foundation
CTR11101/CTR11501

Spread Foundations
Strip
 Strip foundations foundation
Strip
foundation
CTR11101/CTR11501

Limit States for Spread Foundations

 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
̶ loss of overall stability
̶ bearing resistance failure, punching failure, squeezing
̶ failure by sliding
̶ combined failure in the ground and in the structure
̶ structural failure due to foundation movement
 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

̶ excessive settlements
̶ excessive heave due to swelling, frost and other causes
̶ unacceptable vibrations
CTR11101/CTR11501

Methods for Spread Foundation Design

 Direct method: Separate analyses are carried out for each
limit state. For ULS, the model should be close to the failure
mechanism. For SLS, a settlement calculation should be
used.
 Indirect method: Experience and field or laboratory are
used to determine SLS loads.
 Prescriptive method: A presumed bearing resistance is
used where calculation models are not available or not
necessary. These involve conventional and generally
conservative rules in the design, and attention is paid to
specification and control of materials, workmanship,
protection and maintenance procedures. (UK!)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Presumed Allowable Bearing Values

 For Category 1 and Category 2 structures (BS 8004)
Category Types of soil Presumed allowable Remarks
bearing values (kN/m2)
Non- Dense gravel, or dense sand and gravel > 600 Foundation width
not less than 1 m.
cohesive Medium dense gravel, or medium dense sand and gravel < 200 to 600
soils Loose gravel, or loose sand and gravel < 200 Groundwater level
assumed to be
Compact sand > 300 below the base of
Medium dense sand 100 to 300 the foundation.
Loose sand < 100
Cohesive Very stiff boulder clays and hard clays 300 to 600 Susceptible to
long-term
soils Stiff clays 150 to 300 consolidation
Firm clays 75 to 150 settlement.
Soft clays and silts < 75
Very soft clays and silts Not applicable
Note: These values are for preliminary design purposes only.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Effects of Actions for Foundations
 Horizontal forces due to lateral loading or friction between

the underside of the base and the soil
 Vertical forces from columns and/or walls and bearing
pressure from the ground underneath
 Moments due to loading from columns and/or walls, etc.
V
CTR11101/CTR11501

Base Pressure Distribution at the ULS

V
V/B(L – 2e)
e
V
e = M/V
CTR11101/CTR11501

Middle Third Rule at the SLS
 If the eccentricity e of the load lies within the middle third of

the base length, i.e. e ≤ L/6, then no tension will occur under
the base.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Base Pressure Distribution at the SLS

 Case 1 (uniform full compression): e = 0
Uniform compression and no tension
V / BL
L
V
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Case 2 (full compression): e ≤ L/6
Linearly distributed compression and no tension
V
V  6e 
1   V  6e 
BL  L  1 + 
L BL  L
Pmax e = M/V
V Pmax
CTR11101/CTR11501


 Case 3 (partial compression): e > L/6
Linearly distributed partial compression and no tension
M
B
4V
L 3 B(L - 2e)
e = M/V
V
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Procedure for Shallow Foundations

1. Start the design process.
2. Obtain soil parameters from Ground Investigation Report.
3. Decide if Direct Method is used. If not, go to Step 5.
4. Determine the foundation size (geotechnical design) using the worst of
Combinations 1 or 2 (ULS) for actions and geotechnical material properties.
Combination 2 will usually govern. Go to Step 6.
5. Use Prescriptive Method to determine the foundation size (geotechnical
design) using SLS for actions and presumed bearing resistance.
6. Check if there is an overturning moment. If not, go to Step 8.
7. Check overturning using EQU limit state for actions and GEO Combination
2 for material properties.
8. Design foundation (structural design) using the worst of Combinations 1
and 2 (ULS) for actions and geotechnical material properties.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design of Reinforced Concrete Pad Footings
 sufficient reinforcement to resist bending moments

 punching shear strength
 direct shear strength
CTR11101/CTR11501

Critical Shear Surfaces for Pad Foundations

Punching shear perimeters,
Direct shear faces
(load within deducted from VEd)
2d
Bends may be
d
required
h d
CTR11101/CTR11501

Punching Shear for Pad Footings at ULS
CTR11101/CTR11501

Critical Punching Shear Checks for Pad

Foundations
 At the column perimeter, or the perimeter of the loaded area
vEd < vRd,max
 Punching shear reinforcement not required
vEd ≤ vRd
 Punching shear reinforcement required
vEd > vRd
CTR11101/CTR11501

Net Punching Shear Force VEd,red
VEd,red = VEd - ΔVEd Eq.(6.48) of EN 1992-1-1
where
VEd is the design value of the applied shear force;
ΔVEd is the design value of the net upward force within the
control perimeter considered, i.e. upward pressure from
soil minus self-weight of the base.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Punching Shear Stress vEd
vEd = b VEd,red / (u1 d) Eq.(6.51) of EN 1992-1-1

where
d is the mean effective depth of the pad footing, which may
be taken as (dy + dz)/2
dy, dz are the effective depths in the y- and z-directions of the
control section
u1 is the length of the control perimeter being considered
CTR11101/CTR11501

Typical basic control perimeters around

loaded areas, u1
CTR11101/CTR11501

Basic control perimeters for loaded areas

close to or at edge or corner, u1
2d u1
2d
2d
u1 u1
2d
2d 2d
CTR11101/CTR11501

For concentric loading to the control perimeter
b = 1,0 (Eq.(6.49) of EC2-1-1)
CTR11101/CTR11501

For eccentric loading to the control perimeter

M Ed u1
β  1+ k  (Eq.(6.51) of EC2-1-1)
VEd,red W1
where
k is a coefficient dependent on the ratio between the column
dimensions c1 and c2, its value depending on the proportions of
the unbalanced moment transmitted by uneven shear and by
bending and torsion, see Slide 62
W1 corresponds to a distribution of shear as shown in the figure in
Slide 62 and is a function of the basic control perimeter u1 as
u
 0 e dl
1
dl is a length increment of the perimeter W 1
e is the distance of dl from the axis the moment MEd acts about
CTR11101/CTR11501

Parameters k and W1
c1/c2  0,5 1,0 2,0  3,0
k 0,45 0,60 0,70 0,80
 For rectangular column

c12
W1  +c1 c2 + 4 c2 d  16 d 2  2 π d c1 (Eq.(6.41) of EC2-1-1)
2
CTR11101/CTR11501

Parameter b
 For internal circular columns
e
β  1  0, 6 π (Eq.(6.42) of EC2-1-1)
D  4d
where D is the diameter of the circular column
CTR11101/CTR11501

2d u1
Parameter b
2d
2d
u1 u1
 For edge columns 2d
2d 2d
u1 u1
β k epar (Eq.(6.44) of EC2-1-1)
u1* W1
where
u1 is the basic control perimeter, see the figure in Slide 59
u1* is the reduced basic control perimeter, see the figures in Slides 65 and 66
epar is the eccentricity parallel to the pad edge caused by a moment about an
axis perpendicular to the pad edge
k may be determined from the table in Slide 62 with c1/c2 replaced by c1/2c2
W1 is calculated for the basic control perimeter u1, see the figure in Slide 62
CTR11101/CTR11501

Parameters W1 and u1* ≤ 1,5d

≤ 0,5c1
 For a rectangular column
c22
W1  + c1 c2 + 4 c1 d  8 d 2  π d c2 2d
2
(Eq.(6.45) of EC2-1-1) c2
u1*
c1 2d
CTR11101/CTR11501

≤ 1,5d
Parameter
≤ 0,5c1 b
 For corner columns
β  u1 / u1* 2d c2 ≤ 1,5d
≤ 0,5c2
(Eq.(6.46) of EC2-1-1) c1
c2 u1* 2d
u1*
2d
c1 2d ≤ 1,5d
≤ 0,5c1
CTR11101/CTR11501

Punching Shear Resistance Without Shear

Reinforcement
vRd  CRd,c k (100 l fck )1/ 3 (2d / a)  vmin (2d / a)
(Eq.(6.47) of EC2-1-1)
where
k is a parameter considering size effect and k = min [ 1+ 200 / d ; 2,0]
 
1 is a tension reinforcement ratio and 1 = min 1y  1z ; 0, 02
1y, 1z are the tension reinforcement ratios relating to the bonded tension
steel in y- and z-directions respectively
Ac is the area of concrete according to the definition of NEd
CRd,c is a parameter and CRd,c = 0,18 / C = 0,18 / 1,5 = 0,12
a is the distance from the column periphery to the control perimeter
CTR11101/CTR11501

Punching Shear Resistance with Shear

Reinforcement
vRd,cs = 0,75vRd,c + 1,5(d/sr) Asw fywd,ef [1/(u1d)] sina
(Eq.(6.52) of EC2-1-1)
where
Asw is the area of one perimeter of shear reinforcement around the column
sr is the radial spacing of perimeters of shear reinforcement
fywd,ef is the effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement,
according to fywd,ef = 250 + 0,25 d ≤ fywd, see the table in Slide 70
d is the mean of the effective depths in the orthogonal directions in mm
a is the angle between shear reinforcement and the plane of pad footing
CTR11101/CTR11501

Punching Shear at Periphery of the Column
b VEd,red
vEd =  vRd,max (Eq.(6.47) of EC2-1-1)
u0 d
where
u0 is the periphery for calculations
u0 = length of column periphery in mm for an interior column
u0 = c2 + 3d ≤ c2 + 2 c1 in mm for an edge column
u0 = 3d ≤ c1 + c2 in mm for a corner column
c1, c2 are the column dimensions as shown in the figure of Slide 62
b see Clauses 6.4.3 (3), (4) and (5)
CTR11101/CTR11501

Maximum Design Punching Shear Strength
 fck  fck  fck 

vRd,max  0,5n f cd  0,5  0,6 1   a cc  0, 2a cc f ck 1  
 250  C  250 
(UK NA to EC2-1-1)
where
n is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
 f ck 
n  0, 6 1  (Eq.(6.6) of EC2-1-1)
 250 
fck (MPa) 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
vRd,max (MPa) 3,13 3,83 4,23 4,49 4,74 5,12 5,71 6,27 6,80
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Procedure for Checking Punching Shear

Capacity of Pad Foundations
1. Start the design process.
2. Determine the value of b.
3. Determine the punching design shear stress at column face, vEd,max, from
Eq.(6.53)
vEd,max = b (VEd  DVEd) / (u0 d)
4. Determine the value of vRd,max from the table in Slide 70.
5. Check if vEd < vRd,max . If yes, go to Step 6. Otherwise redesign the pad
footing.
6. Determine the punching design shear stress, vEd, from Eq.(6.51)
vEd = b (VEd  DVEd) / (u1 d)
The control perimeter is normally located at 2d from the column surface.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design Procedure for Checking Punching Shear

Capacity of Pad Foundations (cont.)
7. Determine concrete punching shear capacity without shear
reinforcement, vRd, for a = 2d
where l = (ly lz)0,5.
8. Check if vEd ≤ vRd .
If yes, punching shear reinforcement is not required. Go to Step 9.
Otherwise either increase main steel area, or provide punching
shear reinforcement required. However, there are no
recommendations for foundations.
9. Finish.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design of Raft Foundation
 Lightly loaded structures on soft ground

 Heavy structures on normal ground
 Structures on ground with uneven
settlement
 Mining subsidence
Raft foundation
CTR11101/CTR11501

Piled Foundations
 Often used for transferring loads through strata with a low bearing
capacity to strata with a higher capacity or to rock.
 Also used for resisting high uplift forces or to transfer horizontal
loads through poor soil.
 Essentially long, slender members, mostly under compression.
Pile cap: resisting vertical and
horizontal loads and moments
Column
Piles
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design of Piled Foundations

 Both direct shear and punching shear should be checked
/5 Direct shear: ≤ d from column
face
/5
Punching shear: ≤ 2d from column

face

CTR11101/CTR11501

Design of Piled Foundations

 When assessing the shear capacity in a pile cap, only the
tension reinforcement placed within the compressed zone
should be considered as contributing to the shear capacity.
A 45
A  Compressed zone
≥ 50
mm
CTR11101/CTR11501

Design of Plain Concrete Foundations

 acc,pl = 0,6 and act,pl = 0,6 should be taken.
 The following needs to be verified
0,85 hF 9 s gd

a f ctd
hF
Eq.(12.13) of EC2-1-1
a a
where
bF
hF is the foundation depth
a is the projection from the column face
sgd is the design ground pressure
CTR11101/CTR11501

Crack Control: Crack width wk
 wk = 0,3 mm for all exposure classes under the quasi-

permanent combination, in the absence of specific
durability requirements (e.g. water tightness)
 wk = 0,4 mm for exposure classes X0 and XC1, in the
absence of requirements for appearance
 wk = 0,2 mm for prestressed members with bonded
tendons under the frequent load combination.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Crack Control
Maximum bar size s,max or spacing sr,max to wk
Steel stress Crack width wk = 0,4 mm Crack width wk = 0,3 mm Crack width wk = 0,2 mm
ss s,max sr,max *s,max sr,max *s,max sr,max
(MPa) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
160 40 300 32 300 26 200
200 32 300 25 250 16 150
240 20 250 16 200 12 100
280 16 or 200 12 or 150 8 or 50
320 12 150 10 100 6 /
360 10 100 8 50 5 /
400 8 / 6 / 4 /
450 6 / 5 / / /
Notes:
s,max is the maximum bar diameter, and sr,max is the maximum bar spacing.
The values in the table are based on the following assumptions
c = 25mm; fct,eff = 2,9MPa; hcr = 0,5; (h-d) = 0,1h; k1 = 0,8; k2 = 0,5; kc = 0,4; k = 1,0; kt = 0,4 and k' = 1,0.
CTR11101/CTR11501

Minimum area of principal steel
As,min = max [0,26 fctm bt d / fyk; 0,0013 bt d ]

(Eq.(9.1(N)) of EC2-1-1)
where
bt is the mean width of the tension zone
fctm is the mean tensile concrete strength which should be
determined with respect to the relevant strength class
according to Table 3.1 of EN 1992-1-1
CTR11101/CTR11501

Maximum area of reinforcement
As,max = 0,04 Ac
where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the concrete
CTR11101/CTR11501

Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement
smin,slabs = smin,clear + s
= max [(k1 s); (dg + k2); 20 mm] + s
where
s is the bar diameter in mm
dg is the maximum aggregate size in mm
k1 is a parameter which is recommended as k1 = 1,0
k2 is a parameter which is recommended as k2 = 5 mm
CTR11101/CTR11501

Deep elements (Section 9.7 of EN 1992-1-1)
 A reinforcement ratio of 0,2% provided in each face

 The distance between adjacent bars of the mesh not
exceeding the lesser of twice the beam depth or 300 mm
CTR11101/CTR11501

Thank you!
CTR11101/CTR11501

3 Design of Pad Foundations According To EC2 PDF

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3 Design of Pad Foundations According To EC2 PDF

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3.

Design of RC Pad Foundations to Eurocodes

3. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Dr. Ben Zhang

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 2

Influencing Factors on Foundation Type

 The magnitude and type of applied loading (dead loads,

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 3

Requirements for Foundation Design (EC2)

 Where ground-structure interaction has significant influence

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 4

Special Requirements for Foundation Design

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 5

Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 6

Assumptions and Conditions (1.3 of EC7-1)

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 7

Relevant BS Codes for Geotechnical Design

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 8

Ultimate Limit States for Geotechnical Design

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 9

Serviceability Limit States for Geo-Design

 Serviceability limit states (SLS) needs to be verified for design

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 10

Geotechnical Categories of Structures

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 11

Characteristic Values  Actions

 Characteristic and representative values of actions should be

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 12

Characteristic Values  Geo-Parameters

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 13

Characteristic Values  Geo-Data

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 14

Design Values  Actions

Fd = F Frep (Eq.(2.1a) of EN 1997-1

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 15

Design Values  Geo-Parameters

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 16

Design Values  Geometrical Data

ad = anom + Da (Eq.(2.3) of EN 1997-1

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 17

Design Values  Material or Product

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 18

Verification of Static Equilibrium (EQU)

Edst;d ≤ Estb;d + Td (Eq.(2.4) of EN 1997-1)

 Use Tables A.NA.1 and A.NA.2 of UK NA to EN 1997-1!

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 19

Verification of Static Equilibrium (EQU)

 Effect of actions for EQU

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 20

Verification of Static Equilibrium (EQU)

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 21

Verification of Static Equilibrium (EQU)

Partial factors for geotechnical parameters (M)

Note: The values of partial factors for soil parameters in the

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 22

Verification of resistance for structural and

 Use Tables A.NA.3 and A.NA.4 of UK NA to EN 1997-1!

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 23

Verification of resistance for structural and

 Effect of actions for STR and GEO

(Eqs.(6.10a) and (6.10b) of EN 1990)

Dr. Ben Zhang FOUNDATION DESIGN TO EUROCODE 7 24